DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Eurya (Ternstroemiaceae) from Taiwan, As Inferred from ITS Sequence Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Eurya (Ternstroemiaceae) from Taiwan, As Inferred from ITS Sequence Data Botanical Studies (2007) 48: 97-116. TAXONOMY Phylogeny and taxonomy of Eurya (Ternstroemiaceae) from Taiwan, as inferred from ITS sequence data Chi-ChihWU,Zhi-FuHSU,andChih-HuaTSOU* Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. (ReceivedMay,192006;AcceptedAugust24,2006) ABSTRACT. EuryaisthelargestgenusintheTernstroemiaceae.The13EuryaspeciesinTaiwanconstitute animportantelementinvarioushabitatsfromlowtohighelevatedforestsintheisland.Inanattemptto understandtheinterspeciesrelationshipsandgeographicalhistoryofthese13species,wesequenced123 samplesrepresenting32EuryaspeciesfromTaiwan,theRyukyus,continentalChina,andSoutheastAsia at the nuclear ITS region. Sixteen species of five other genera of Ternstroemiaceae were also incorporated. MolecularphylogenetictreesshowthattheEuryaspeciesstudiedformamonophyleticgroup,organizedinto five clades with geographical correlations. All the 17 EuryaspeciesfromTaiwanandtheRyukyusstudied, exceptE. loquaiana,togetherconstitutetwocoherent,butdistantlyrelatedclades:onecladestandsatabasal and isolated position, with four out of its five species endemic to these two regions; they are probably Tertiary elementsofnorthernChinaortheirdirectdescendants.Theothercladeismuchmoreadvancedandhasstrong affinity to the EuryainsoutheastChina,whichsuggeststhatthememberswereprobablyoriginatedfromthe QuaternaryfloraofsoutheastChina.Ecologicalpartitioningisthoughttobethemajormechanismforthe speciationoffourTaiwan-endemicspeciesfromE. chinensis. Keywords:Eurya;ITS;Ternstroemiaceae;Phylogeny;Taiwan;TheRyukyus. INTRODUCTION theRyukyuslistedinthe“FloraoftheRyukyus,Southof AmamiIsland”(HatusimaandAmano,1994)alsoreveals TaiwanissituatedatthejunctionoftheRyukyuand that96%(650outof672)ofitsnativegeneraarealso theLuzonArcs,andisseparatedfromFujianProvince, nativetoTaiwan. Chinabythe150kmwideTaiwanStrait(Figure1).When theoverallfloraofthisregionbecameexploredinthe early20th century, it became clear that the flora of Taiwan mainlyoriginatedfromcontinentalChina(Wilson,1920; Masamune,1934;Kanehira,1936;Li,1957;Hosokawa, 1958)andtheelementsfromthePhilippineswerelimited andrestrictedtotheverysouth(Merrill,1926;Liand Keng, 1950; Li, 1953); while the flora of the Ryukyus (up totheAmamigroup)wasconsideredasanextensionofthe flora of Taiwan,separated from the flora of Japan (Kyushu Islandandtothenorth)(Masamune,1934;Sonoharaet al.,1952;Hosokawa,1958).Theseearlierviewpointson the floristic affinities have been supported by later floristic analyses(LiuandTeruya,1980;Hsiehetal.,1994;Shen, 1997;Hsieh,2002).Awellacceptedexplanationbased ongeological/geographicalinformationisthattheTaiwan Straitismostlyonly60-80mdeepandservedasabridge connectingcontinentalChinaandTaiwanseveraltimes duringthePleistoceneglacialepisodes,whereastheBashi StraitbetweenTaiwanandLuzonIslandisdeeperthan 2,000mandtheseislandshaveneverbeenconnected (Shen,1996).Ourcomparisononthenativegeneraof *Correspondingauthor:E-mail:[email protected]. Figure 1. MapofSEAsiaandEAsia. 98 Botanical Studies, Vol. 48, 2007 ThesephytogeographicalstudiesofTaiwanwerelarge- MATERIALS AND METHODS scaledanalysesoftheentireflorasorligneousflorasof theseregions.Inrecentyears,adoptingmoleculartools Sampling:Allthe13Euryaspeciesdistributedin inphytogeographicalstudiesontheplantsofTaiwanhas Taiwan, five out of the seven occurring in the Ryukyus, becomeprevalent;however,themajoritywerefocused and12outofthe18occurringinFujian,Chinawere ontheinter-polulationrelationshipswithinasingle collected in the field. (The 12 Fujian species were species,e.g.,Cycas taitungensis(Huangetal.,2001), collectedfromFujian,Guangdong,and/orHongKong). Cyclobalanopsis glauca(Huangetal.,2002);Kandelia Euryaspeciesfromotherareasandfiveothergenera candel(Chiangetal.,2001),Michelia formosana(Lin, inTernstroemioideae,includingAdinandra,Cleyera, 2001;Luetal.,2002),Myrica japonica(Chengetal., andEuryodendronoftribeFreziereaeandAnneslea 2000),Trochodendron aralioides (Wuetal.,2001),and andTernstroemiaoftribeTernstroemieae,werealso Tritanotrichun oldhamii(Wangetal.,2004).Congeneric incorporated(Table1,Appendix1).Leafmaterialswere specieshaverarelybeeninvestigated,e.g.,Gentiana immediatelyputinsilicagelafterdetachmentinthe (Chen,2001).Thegoalofourstudyistoapproachthe field;whilevoucherspecimensweredepositedinthe phylogeographyofagenusfromTaiwanbyanalyzingit herbarialistedinTable1.Sequencingforchloroplast togetherwithcongenericspeciesoccurringintheRyukyus DNAregionspsbA-trnHandtrnL-trnFwascarriedout andFujianProvince,China.ThegenusEuryawaschosen in24and4species,respectively(Appendix2);because forthreereasons.First,wehavebeenworkingona theirrespectivesequencevariationsweretoolowfor revisionofEuryainTaiwanandhaveacquiredanessential interspecies comparison, no more sequencing was speciesconceptofthegenusinthisregion.Second,the continued(detailsprovidedintheResults).Sequencing total19Eurya speciesoccurringintheRyukyusand forthenuclearITS(internaltranscribedspacer)DNA Taiwanexhibitcomplexdistributionpatterns.Fiveare regionwascarriedoutin123samplesof32Euryaspecies endemictotheRyukyus(E. osimensis,E. ryukyuensis, and 23 samples of 14 species from the other five genera E.sakishimensis,E. yaeyamensis,andE. zigzag),eight (Table1).Theratherextensivesamplingwasintended toTaiwan(E. crenatifolia,E. glaberrima,E.hayatai,E. tohaveapreliminarysurveyontheITSintraspecific leptophylla,E. nanjenshanensis,E. rengechinensis,E. variationofEuryaspeciesandtoascertainthesuitability septata,andE. strigillosa).ThreeoccurinbothTaiwan ofinferringITSsequencesinthepresentphylogenetic andSEChina,butnotinJapan/theRyukyus(E. chinensis, study.ThedesignofthesamplingwasthatforeachEurya E. loquaiana,E. nitida).OneispresentinTaiwanand speciesoccurringinTaiwanandtheRyukyusatleast probablyinthePhilippinesaswell(E. gnaphalocarpa) threesamplesshouldbesequenced.Whentwoormore (Ling,1998),oneispresentintheRyukyus(andJapan) con-specificsamplesexhibitedidenticalsequences,no andChina,butnotinTaiwan(E. japonica),andoneoccurs moresequencingforthatspecieswasrequiredandthat inallthreeregions(E. emarginata).Thirdly,theratioof sequencetypewouldbechosentorepresentthespecies endemicEurya speciesishighinTaiwan(8/13=62%)and andregisteredintheGenBank;otherwise,moresamples theRyukyus(5/7=71%);thus,Euryaappearstobeagood should be sequenced until the requirement was fulfilled. subjectforphytogeographicalresearch. Asforthespeciesfromotherregionsandofothergenera, Eurya, comprising c. 130 species (Ling, 1998), theamountofsampleswasnotverymany,thusmostof was the largest of the nine genera in the subfamily the samples were sequenced. The number of con-specific Ternstroemioideae ofTheaceae; but in the recent samplesinthisstudyrangedfromoneto27.Forthose angiospermphylogenysystem,Ternstroemioideaeis Euryaspecieswithwidedistributionranges,multiple removedfromTheaceaeandcombinedwithPentaphyllax con-specific samples were usually chosen from different (Pentaphyllacaceae)toformTernstroemiaceae(Stevens, countries/islands. 2006).ThegenusEuryadistributesfromSEAsia,EAsia, DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing. tothePacifics,withcontinentalChinaasthecenterof Total DNA was extracted from silica gel-dried or diversity(Ling,1998).ThespeciesofEuryaareoften herbariummaterialfollowingtheprotocolsdescribedin commonorevendominantinvarioushabitatsinTaiwan, Struweetal.(1998). suchasriverbanks,coastalforests,windymountainslops, ITS. Amplificationoftheinternaltranscribedspacer orcoldandhumidforests.Inthisstudy,forthetaxonomic (ITS)regionwhichiscomposedofITS1,the5.8gene,and treatmentofEurya,wefollowedtheManualofTaiwan ITS2wasdonebyusingprimersITSleu1(Urbatschetal., VascularPlants(Liuetal.,1998)forthespeciesin 2000)andITS4(Whiteetal.,1990).ThePCRprogram Taiwan,withtheadditionofonenewspecies,E. septata wassetas94°Cfor5minfollowedby35cyclesof94°C (Wuetal.,2003).ForEuryaintheRyukyus,besidesthe for1min,56°Cfor1min,72°C1min,andasinglecycle sixspeciesrecognizedintheFloraofOkinawaandthe of72°Cfor7min.SequencingwasdonebyusingITSleu1 SouthernRyukyuIslands(Walker,1976)andtheCheck andITS4primers. ListVascularFlorasofRyukyusIslands(Shimabaku, trnL-trnF. AmplificationofthetrnL-trnFwhich 1997),wealsoacceptedE. ryukyuensisasanindependent iscomposedoftrnLintron,trnL3’geneandtrnL-trnF species.ForEuryaincontinentalChina,theFloraof intergenicspacerwasdonebyusingprimersTabCand China(Ling,1998)wasfollowed. WU et al. — Phylogeny and taxonomy of andtaxonomy —Phylogeny WU etal. Table 1. ListofITSsequencingsamples.Thetotal146samplesinclude123of32Eurya species and 23 of 14 species of other five genera of Ternstroemiaceae. The registered accession number and sequence variation among the con-specific samples are provided. Vouchers are deposited at HAST (Herbarium of Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC). Three sequences obtainedfromGenBankarelistedasfootnotes. Con-speciessampleswithidenticalITS GenBank Sampleswith1,2,or3sitesdifferent No.of Speciesname Distributionrange sequence.Thesequenceandonevoucher(the accession fromtheregisteredsequenceafter samples onewith*)areregisteredintheGenbank number alignment Eurya acuminata DC.var.acuminata SChina,SEAsia 1 Tsou 1538* AY626852 Eurya acuminatavar.wallichiana Dyer Thailand 1 Maxwell 2004-233* AY626883 Eurya acuminatissima Merr.&Chun C&SChina 2 Tsou et al. 1813*, 1814 AY626853 Eurya amplexifolia Dunn SChina(incl.Fujian) 1 Tsou 1578* AY626854 Eurya chinensis R.Br.var.chinensis(E. Taiwan,SEChina(Fujian) 10 Tsou et al. 1250, 1327, 1330*, 1378, 1379, AY626855 1site:Tsou et al. 1269 Eurya chinensis-T) 1423, 1425 2sites:Tsou et al. 1258, 1720 Eurya chinensis R.Br.var.chinensis(E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Medicinal Practices of Sacred Natural Sites: a Socio-Religious Approach for Successful Implementation of Primary
    Medicinal practices of sacred natural sites: a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services Rajasri Ray and Avik Ray Review Correspondence Abstract Rajasri Ray*, Avik Ray Centre for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity and Background: Sacred groves are model systems that Sustainability (CEiBa), Malda - 732103, West have the potential to contribute to rural healthcare Bengal, India owing to their medicinal floral diversity and strong social acceptance. *Corresponding Author: Rajasri Ray; [email protected] Methods: We examined this idea employing ethnomedicinal plants and their application Ethnobotany Research & Applications documented from sacred groves across India. A total 20:34 (2020) of 65 published documents were shortlisted for the Key words: AYUSH; Ethnomedicine; Medicinal plant; preparation of database and statistical analysis. Sacred grove; Spatial fidelity; Tropical diseases Standard ethnobotanical indices and mapping were used to capture the current trend. Background Results: A total of 1247 species from 152 families Human-nature interaction has been long entwined in has been documented for use against eighteen the history of humanity. Apart from deriving natural categories of diseases common in tropical and sub- resources, humans have a deep rooted tradition of tropical landscapes. Though the reported species venerating nature which is extensively observed are clustered around a few widely distributed across continents (Verschuuren 2010). The tradition families, 71% of them are uniquely represented from has attracted attention of researchers and policy- any single biogeographic region. The use of multiple makers for its impact on local ecological and socio- species in treating an ailment, high use value of the economic dynamics. Ethnomedicine that emanated popular plants, and cross-community similarity in from this tradition, deals health issues with nature- disease treatment reflects rich community wisdom to derived resources.
    [Show full text]
  • List 01 Hawaiian Names 01 Plants
    V\.{). 3 v BOTANICAL BULLETIN NO.2 JUNE. 1913 TERRITORY OF HAWAII BOARD OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY List 01 Hawaiian Names 01 Plants BY JOSEPH F. ROCK Consulting Botanist, Board of Agriculture and Forestry HONOLULU: HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD. 1913 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF HAWAIIAN NAMES OF PLANTS. The following list of Hawaiian plant-names has been compiled from various sources. Hillebrand in his valuable Flora of the Hawaiian Islands has given many Hawaiian names, especially of the more common species; these are incorporated in this list with a few corrections. Nearly all Hawaiian plant-names found in this list and not in Hillebrand's Flora were secured from Mr. Francis Gay of the Island of Kauai, an old resident in this Terri­ tory and well acquainted with its plants from a layman's stand­ point. It was the writer's privilege to camp with Mr. Gay in the mountains of Kauai collecting botanical material; for almost every species he could give the native name, which he had se­ cured in the early days from old and reliable natives. Mr. Gay had made spatter prints of many of the native plants in a large record book with their names and uses, as well as their symbolic meaning when occurring in mele (songs) or olioli (chants), at­ tached to them. For all this information the writer is indebted mainly to Mr. Francis Gay and also to Mr. Augustus F. Knudsen of the same Island. The writer also secured Hawaiian names from old na­ tives and Kahunas (priests) in the various islands of the group.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae Linda M
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 24 | Issue 1 Article 8 2007 A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae Linda M. Prince Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Prince, Linda M. (2007) "A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 24: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol24/iss1/8 Aliso 24, pp. 105–121 ᭧ 2007, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden A BRIEF NOMENCLATURAL REVIEW OF GENERA AND TRIBES IN THEACEAE LINDA M. PRINCE Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Ave., Claremont, California 91711-3157, USA ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The angiosperm family Theaceae has been investigated extensively with a rich publication record of anatomical, cytological, paleontological, and palynological data analyses and interpretation. Recent developmental and molecular data sets and the application of cladistic analytical methods support dramatic changes in circumscription at the familial, tribal, and generic levels. Growing interest in the family outside the taxonomic and systematic fields warrants a brief review of the recent nomenclatural history (mainly 20th century), some of the classification systems currently in use, and an explanation of which data support various classification schemes. An abridged bibliography with critical nomen- clatural references is provided. Key words: anatomy, classification, morphology, nomenclature, systematics, Theaceae. INTRODUCTION acters that were restricted to the family and could be used to circumscribe it.
    [Show full text]
  • DATING PHYLOGENETICALLY BASAL EUDICOTS USING Rbcl SEQUENCES and MULTIPLE FOSSIL REFERENCE POINTS1
    American Journal of Botany 92(10): 1737±1748. 2005. DATING PHYLOGENETICALLY BASAL EUDICOTS USING rbcL SEQUENCES AND MULTIPLE FOSSIL REFERENCE POINTS1 CAJSA LISA ANDERSON,2,5 KAÊ RE BREMER,3 AND ELSE MARIE FRIIS4 2Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, NorbyvaÈgen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; 3Stockholm University, Blom's House, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; and 4Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden A molecular dating of the phylogenetically basal eudicots (Ranunculales, Proteales, Sabiales, Buxales and Trochodendrales sensu Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II) has been performed using several fossils as minimum age constraints. All rbcL sequences available in GenBank were sampled for the taxa in focus. Dating was performed using penalized likelihood, and results were compared with nonparametric rate smoothing. Fourteen eudicot fossils, all with a Cretaceous record, were included in this study for age constraints. Nine of these are assigned to basal eudicots and the remaining ®ve taxa represent core eudicots. Our study shows that the choice of methods and fossil constraints has a great impact on the age estimates, and that removing one single fossil change the results in the magnitude of tens of million years. The use of several fossil constraints increase the probability of approaching the true ages. Our results suggest a rapid diversi®cation during the late Early Cretaceous, with all the lineages of basal eudicots emerging during the latest part of the Early Cretaceous. The age of Ranunculales was estimated to 120 my, Proteales to 119 my, Sabiales to 118 my, Buxales to 117 my, and Trochodendrales to 116 my.
    [Show full text]
  • Lymantria (Nyctria) flavida by Paul W
    he Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 Tby the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This book was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ Cover design by J. Marie Metz and Chuck Benedict. Photo of Lymantria (Nyctria) flavida by Paul W. Schaefer. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for information only and does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper. A REVIEW OF SELECTED SPECIES OF LYMANTRIA HÜBNER [1819] (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE: LYMANTRIINAE) FROM SUBTROPICAL AND TEMPERATE REGIONS OF ASIA, INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES, SOME POTENTIALLY INVASIVE TO NORTH AMERICA Michael G.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Eurya Acuminata (Theaceae)
    Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Eurya acuminata (Theaceae) Tahmid Faisal1, Monira Ahsan1, Jakir Ahmed Choudhury2 and 1 A.T.M. Zafrul Azam 1Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. (Received: March 28, 2016; Accepted: September 19, 2016; Published (web): December 27, 2016) ABSTRACT: The methanol extract of the powdered leaf of Eurya acuminata was investigated for isolation of secondary metabolites and two compounds were obtained by using VLC, column chromatography and TLC. The compounds were identified as phytol (1) and β-sitosterol by extensive spectroscopic studies, including high field NMR analyses as well as co-TLC with authentic samples. The methanol extract of leaf of E. acuminata and its organic and aqueous soluble partitioning materials were evaluated for cytotoxic, thrombolytic and antimicrobial properties. In the cytotoxicity study the aqueous fraction of crude methanolic extract showed significant lethality towards brine shrimp having LC50 value 8.821 µg/ml as compared to standard vincristine sulfate (0.404 µg/ml). In the study for thrombolytic property, different extract of E. acuminata exhibited various thrombolytic activity ranging from 13.66 to 31.89 % as compared to standard streptokinase (46.51 %). No antimicrobial activity was observed from leaf extracts. Key words: Eurya acuminata, phytol, β-sitosterol, brine shrimp lethality, thrombolytic, antimicrobial. INTRODUCTION Eurya is regarded as a genus of the family phytol, an acyclic diterpene, for the first time from Theaceae. The genus has 326 species of which 156 this plant and the evaluation the cytotoxic, have accepted names.
    [Show full text]
  • Whiteflies（Homoptera: Aleyrodidae）Intercepted at Japanese Plant Quarantine from Fresh-Cut Twigs of Cleyera Japonica and Eurya Japonica （Theaceae）Imported from China
    RES.BULL.PL.PROT.JAPAN No. 41: 87～93（2005） Scientific Notes Whiteflies（Homoptera: Aleyrodidae）Intercepted at Japanese Plant Quarantine from Fresh-Cut Twigs of Cleyera japonica and Eurya japonica （Theaceae）Imported from China Goro TOKIHIRO Yokohama Plant Protection Station 5-57 Kitanakadohri, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0003, Japan Abstract: Fourteen species of whiteflies were found at Japanese plant quarantine from fresh-cut twigs of Cleyera japonica and Eurya japonica（Theaceae）imported from China. Of these, nine species including two indeterminate species, have been unknown to occur in Japan. Brief notes on their morphology and condi- tion of parasitism are provided with images of puparia. Key words: whitefly, plant quarantine, Cleyera japonica, Eurya japonica, China Introduction In Japan, two species of theacean trees: Cleyera japonica and Eurya japonica, are widely used for religious service. Large quantities of cut twigs of these trees are imported from China, to compen- sate for shortage of domestic product in Japan. A total of 870 million twigs were imported in 2002. This is the largest amount among all kinds of cut flowers and cut twigs imported to Japan. According to the export phytosanitary certificates, these twigs came mainly from Hangzhou, Xinchang, and Ningbo, of Zhejang Province, China. Since these areas and Japan are located on nearly the same latitude, high risk can be surmised that some insect pests accidentally introduced with their host trees will establish habitats not only on the theacean trees but also on other plants cultivated in Japan. To prevent their invasion to Japan, it is most important to know what insect pests have been imported with these trees.
    [Show full text]
  • A Primary Study of Breeding System of Ziziphus Jujuba Var. Spinosa
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN A primary study of breeding system of Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa Feng Wang1,2,3, Xiaohan Sun1,2,3, Jibin Dong1,2,3, Rong Cui1,2,3, Xiao Liu1,2,3, Xiangxiang Li1,2,3, Hui Wang1,2,3, Tongli He1,2,3, Peiming Zheng1,2,3* & Renqing Wang1,2,3 Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa has been used as a windbreak and for soil conservation and water retention. Previous studies focused on pharmacological efects and extraction of chemical components in this species, and very few explored the breeding system. The present study combined the analysis of foral morphology, behavior of fower visitors, and artifcial pollination to reveal reproductive characteristics of the species. Its fowers are characterized by dichogamy, herkogamy, and stamen movement, which are evolutionary adaptations to its breeding system. There were more than 40 species of visiting insects, mainly Hymenoptera and Diptera, and the characteristics of dichogamous and herkogamous fower adapted to the visiting insects. The breeding system is outcrossing, partially self-compatible, and demand for pollinators. The fruit setting rate after natural pollination was 2%. Geitonogamy and xenogamy did not signifcantly increase the fruit setting rate, indicating that the low fruit setting rate was not due to pollen limitation by likely caused by resource limitation or fruit consumption. The fruit setting rate of zero in emasculated and in naturally and hand self-pollinated individuals suggested the absence of apomixis and spontaneous self-pollination. The above results can be utilized in studies on evolution and cultivation of Z. jujuba var. spinosa. Breeding system in plants is an essential part of their life cycle and an important factor in their evolution 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Japanese Plants in UK Gardens
    Conservation of threatened Japanese plants in UK gardens Ildikó Whitton and Suzanne Sharrock Conservation of threatened Japanese plants in UK gardens By Ildikó Whitton and Suzanne Sharrock August 2011 Recommended citation: Whitton, I. and Sharrock, S., 2011. Conservation of threatened Japanese plants in UK gardens. Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Richmond, UK. ISBN: 978-1-905164-36-3 Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK Front cover image: Rosa hirtula (Ildikó Whitton) Back cover image: Bletilla striata (John Anderson) Design: John Morgan, Seacape. www.seascapedesign.co.uk Acknowledgements This project was supported by the Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation. BGCI is grateful for the efforts made by botanic gardens around the world to supply plant data to the PlantSearch database. We also acknowledge the contribution of the participating institutions that responded to our survey and provided information about their collections, especially our case study contributors. Particular thanks are due to Owen Johnson (The Tree Register) and Noelia Alvarez (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) for providing additional data, Meirion Jones at BGCI for assistance with data analysis, and Junko Katayama for translation into Japanese and coordination of contacts with the Japanese Association of Botanic Gardens. Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) Linking more than 800 botanic gardens and other partners in some 120 countries, BGCI forms the world’s largest plant conservation network. From grass-roots action to global policy development, BGCI operates at all levels to achieve plant conservation, environmental education and development goals. We aim to ensure that plants are recognised as one of the world’s most important natural resources, providing essential ecosystem services and underpinning all life on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography, and Diversification of Angiosperm
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 122 (2018) 59–79 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ympev Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order T Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections ⁎ Jeffrey P. Rosea, , Thomas J. Kleistb, Stefan D. Löfstrandc, Bryan T. Drewd, Jürg Schönenbergere, Kenneth J. Sytsmaa a Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA b Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama St., Stanford, CA 94305, USA c Department of Ecology, Environment and Botany, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden d Department of Biology, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, USA e Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, AT-1030, Vienna, Austria ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Inferring interfamilial relationships within the eudicot order Ericales has remained one of the more recalcitrant Ericaceae problems in angiosperm phylogenetics, likely due to a rapid, ancient radiation. As a result, no comprehensive Ericales time-calibrated tree or biogeographical analysis of the order has been published. Here, we elucidate phyloge- Long distance dispersal netic relationships within the order and then conduct time-dependent biogeographical and diversification Supermatrix analyses by using a taxon and locus-rich supermatrix approach on one-third of the extant species diversity
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Diversity 38 (2016) 125E132
    Plant Diversity 38 (2016) 125e132 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Plant Diversity journal homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/plant-diversity/ http://journal.kib.ac.cn New fossil seeds of Eurya (Theaceae) from East Asia and their paleobiogeographic implications ** * Hai Zhu a, c, Yong-Jiang Huang a, d, , Tao Su b, Zhe-Kun Zhou a, b, a Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China b Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China c University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China d State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China article info abstract Article history: Eurya has an excellent fossil record in Europe, but it has only a few fossil occurrences in East Asia though Received 2 March 2016 this vast area houses the highest modern diversity of the genus. In this study, three-dimensionally Received in revised form preserved fossil seeds of Eurya stigmosa (Ludwig) Mai from the late Pliocene of northwestern Yunnan, 19 April 2016 southwestern China are described. The seeds are compressed and flattened, slightly campylotropous, and Accepted 28 April 2016 nearly circular to slightly angular in shape. The surface of the seeds is sculptured by a distinctive Available online 14 May 2016 foveolate pattern, consisting of funnel-shaped and finely pitted cells. Each seed valve contains a reniform or horseshoe-shaped embryo cavity, a characteristic condyle structure and an internal raphe.
    [Show full text]
  • Cambodian Journal of Natural History
    Cambodian Journal of Natural History New orchid records Ethnobotanical knowledge Carbon stocks and dynamics A homage to Pauline Dy Phon National Biodiversity Action Plan Movement of Siamese crocodiles Payments for Ecosystem Services Camera trapping of large mammals June 2017 Vol. 2017 No. 1 Cambodian Journal of Natural History Editors Email: [email protected] • Dr Neil M. Furey, Chief Editor, Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia. • Dr Jenny C. Daltry, Senior Conservation Biologist, Fauna & Flora International, UK. • Dr Nicholas J. Souter, Mekong Case Study Manager, Conservation International, Cambodia. • Dr Ith Saveng, Project Manager, University Capacity Building Project, Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia. International Editorial Board • Dr Stephen J. Browne, Fauna & Flora International, • Dr Sovanmoly Hul, Muséum National d’Histoire U.K. Naturelle, France. • Dr Martin Fisher, Editor of Oryx – The International • Dr Andy L. Maxwell, World Wide Fund for Nature, Journal of Conservation, U.K. Cambodia. • Dr L. Lee Grismer, La Sierra University, California, • Dr Brad Pett itt , Murdoch University, Australia. USA. • Dr Campbell O. Webb, Harvard University Herbaria, • Dr Knud E. Heller, Nykøbing Falster Zoo, Denmark. USA. Other peer reviewers • Prof. Henrik Balslev, Aarhus University, Denmark. • Dr Le Phat Quoi, Institute for Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh National University, Vietnam. • Dr Chou Ly, Virginia Tech, USA. • Dr Benjamin Rawson, World Wide Fund For Nature, • Dr J.W. Duckworth, IUCN SSC Asian Species Action Vietnam. Partnership, UK. • Dr Sasaki Nophea, Asian Institute of Technology, • Jonathan Eames, BirdLife International Cambodia Thailand. Programme. • Dr André Schuiteman, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, • Dr Tracy Farrell, Conservation International, Cambodia. UK. • Paul Herbertson, Fauna & Flora International, UK.
    [Show full text]