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Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Eurya Acuminata (Theaceae)

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Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Eurya Acuminata (Theaceae) Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Eurya acuminata (Theaceae) Tahmid Faisal1, Monira Ahsan1, Jakir Ahmed Choudhury2 and 1 A.T.M. Zafrul Azam 1Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. 2Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh. (Received: March 28, 2016; Accepted: September 19, 2016; Published (web): December 27, 2016) ABSTRACT: The methanol extract of the powdered leaf of Eurya acuminata was investigated for isolation of secondary metabolites and two compounds were obtained by using VLC, column chromatography and TLC. The compounds were identified as phytol (1) and β-sitosterol by extensive spectroscopic studies, including high field NMR analyses as well as co-TLC with authentic samples. The methanol extract of leaf of E. acuminata and its organic and aqueous soluble partitioning materials were evaluated for cytotoxic, thrombolytic and antimicrobial properties. In the cytotoxicity study the aqueous fraction of crude methanolic extract showed significant lethality towards brine shrimp having LC50 value 8.821 µg/ml as compared to standard vincristine sulfate (0.404 µg/ml). In the study for thrombolytic property, different extract of E. acuminata exhibited various thrombolytic activity ranging from 13.66 to 31.89 % as compared to standard streptokinase (46.51 %). No antimicrobial activity was observed from leaf extracts. Key words: Eurya acuminata, phytol, β-sitosterol, brine shrimp lethality, thrombolytic, antimicrobial. INTRODUCTION Eurya is regarded as a genus of the family phytol, an acyclic diterpene, for the first time from Theaceae. The genus has 326 species of which 156 this plant and the evaluation the cytotoxic, have accepted names. Euryaacuminata (DC) thrombolytic and antimicrobial activities. (Bengali name: Lopat, Sagolerbori) is an evergreen shrub upto 3.5 m height, having narrowly oblong- MATERIALS AND METHODS elliptic, serrulate attenuate leaves approximately 5- General experimental procedures. Preparative 7.6 cm long. It is found widely in Japan, China, India, TLC was conducted over glass plates coated with Srilanka, Thiland, Vietnam, Taiwan1 and in the hilly silica gel 60 PF (0.5 mm thickness, Merck) and forests of Bangladesh. 254 compounds were detected with vanillin H2SO4 spray Chemical investigations of various Eurya species reagent. Gel permeation chromatography was reported various compounds like anthrocyanins, performed using Sephadex LH-20. 1H NMR spectra ellagic acid, caffeine, flavone, flavonols, β-D- were recorded in CDCl3 (δ values were reported in glucopyranoside2, euryanoside3, chrysoeriol etc. The reference to CHCl3 at 7.25 ppm) on a Bruker Avance present study has been undertaken to isolate and 100 and 400 MHz Ultrashield NMR identify biologically active secondary metabolites. Spectrophotometer equipped with broadband and We, herein, report the isolation of β-sitosterol and selective (1H and 13C) inverse probes. Correspondence to: A.T.M. ZafrulAzam, Plant material. E. acuminate (D.C.) was Tel. +880-2-9661900/8190; +880-1710-880064; Fax: +880-2-9667222, Email: [email protected] collected from Moulvibazar Eco park, Sylhet, Bangladesh in the month of January, 2015 and was identified by the taxonomist of Bangladesh National Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 15(2): 151-154, 2016 (December) 152 Faisal et al. Herberium, Dhaka, Bangladesh. A voucher specimen Thrombolytic property. The thrombolytic (Accession no. DACB 40862) of the plant has been property was assessed by standard Streptokinase (100 deposited in National Herbarium, Mirpur, Dhaka, µl) as positive control and water as negative control.7 Bangladesh for future reference. Aliquots (5 ml) of venous blood were drawn from Extraction and isolation. The powdered leaf healthy volunteers who were distributed in ten (900 g) of E. acuminata was soaked in methanol (3L) different pre-weighed sterile eppendorf tubes (0.5 for 15 days and filtered through a cotton plug ml/tube) and incubated at 37º C for 45 minutes. After followed by Whatman filter paper number 1. The clot formation, the serum was completely removed extract was then concentrated with a Buchii rotary without disturbing the clot and each eppendorf tube evaporator. An aliquot of the crude methanolic having clot was again weighed to determine the clot extract (32.5 g) was fractionated by vacuum liquid weight (clot weight = weight of clot containing tube - chromatographic (VLC) technique using silica gel weight of tube alone). To each eppendorf tube 60H and petroleum ether, petroleum ether- containing pre-weighted clot, 100 µl aqueous solution dichloromethane, dichloromethane-ethyl acetate, of different extract along with the crude extract, ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate-methanol and methanol in positive and negative control were added separately increasing order of polarity. This provided 32 VLC to the eppendorf tubes. All the eppendorf tubes were fractions. Following TLC screening of fractions of then incubated at 37º C for 90 mins and observed for VLC, fractions 7-11 and 16 were subjected to column clot lysis. Then the released fluid was removed and chromatography over lipophilic Sephadex (LH-20) tubes were again weighed to observe the difference in and petroleum ether-chloroform combination as weight after clot disruption. Clot lysis was expressed mobile phase. VLC fraction 11 and column fraction as percentage: 19 yielded two compounds namely phytol (1, Rf = % Clot lysis = (Weight of the lysis clot / Weight 0.60 in ethyl acetate-toluene, 15:85) and β-sitosterol of clot before lysis) × 100 % (Rf = 0.60 in ethyl acetate-toluene, 15:85). In vitro antimicrobial activity. The samples Sample preparation for biological were tested for antimicrobial activity by the disc investigations. Crude extract was undertaken for diffusion method.8 The screening was done against 13 solvent-solvent partitioning by using the protocol strains of bacteria. The results thus obtained were designed by Kupchan4 and modified by VanWagenen compared with standard antibiotic, vancomycin (30 et al.5 The crude extract of leaf (5 g) was dissolved in µg/disc). 10 % aqueous methanol to make the mother solution which was successively partitioned by petroleum RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ether, dichloromethane, chloroform in order of The chemical study of leaf of E. acuminata led increasing polarity by using separating funnel. to the isolation and identification of two bioactive Cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality compounds 1 (phytol), an acyclic diterperne and 6 bioassay. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay β-sitosterol. dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as a solvent 1 The H NMR spectral data (400 MHz, CDCl3) of and negative control while vincristine sulfate (VS) compound 1 demonstrated a triplet with coupling served as the positive control. For cytotoxicity constant J = 6.8 Hz at δ 5.40 indicating the presence screening, DMSO solutions of the test samples were of a monosubstituted olefinic group. Doublet at δ applied against Artemia salina in a 1-day in vivo 4.14 (J = 6.8 Hz) stands for oxymethylene proton. assay. For the experiment, 4 mg of each of the test Four singlet at δ 0.83, 0.84, 0.85 and 0.86 revealed samples was dissolved in DMSO and solutions of the presence of four angular methyl groups. Another varying concentrations (400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.50, singlet at δ 1.66 indicated the presence of methyl 6.25, 3.125, 1.563 and 0.781 µg/ml) were obtained by group substituted on olefinic carbon. Also, there are 9 serial dilution. Phytochemical and Biological Investigations of Eurya acuminata 153 peaks for 9 methylene groups. The 13C NMR showed H-17/C-15. Considering the above data as well as by the presence of 20 carbon atoms along with 2 olefinic comparison with published 13C NMR data revealed 9 carbons at δc 123.1 and 140.4. Oxymethylene carbon the compound to be phytol. This is the first report of was evident from the chemical shift at δc 59.46. isolation of phytol from this plant. HMBC spectrum shows significance proton β-sitosterol was identified by co-TLC with the carbon correlation. Prominent peaks were observed authentic sample in different solvent systems. for H-1/C-2, H-20/C-3, H-19/C-7, H-18/C-11 and OH 1 Cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality Table 2. Thrombolytic activity of leaf extract of E. acuminata bioassay. In the cytotoxicity screening the LC50 Sample % of clot lysis leaf part values obtained from the best fit line slope were AQF 13.66 found to be significant (in comparison with VS, DCMF 14.38 0.404 µg/ml) for AQF (8.821 ± 0.31 µg/ml), DCMF CFF 17.01 (9.1097 ± 0.58 µg/ml), CFF(11.806 ± 0.85 µg/ml) PEF 31.89 (Table 1). MEF 25.52 Blank 13.67 Table 1. Cytotoxic activity of Leaf extracts of E. acuminata Standard 46.51 (streptokinase) Sample Cytotoxic activity (LC in µg/ml) 50 AQF 8.821±.31 In vitro antimicrobial activity. In vitro DCMF 9.109±0.58 antibacterial activity of the test samples was CFF 11.806±0.85 investigated against six gram positive and seven gram PEF 60.402± 10.79 negative bacteria. All the test samples were found to MEF 130.231±8.853 be inactive (data not shown). Standard 0.404 (vincristine sulphate) CONCLUSION Two compounds were isolated by successive AQF = Aqueous fraction, DCMF = chromatographic separation and purification of a Dichloromethane soluble fraction, CFF = Chloroform crude methanolic extract of E. acuminata. The brine soluble fraction, PEF = Pet ether soluble fraction, shrimp lethality bioassay indicated the presence of MEF = Methanol soluble fraction. moderate cytotoxic principles in the tested Thrombolytic activity. The extractives of leaf extractives. In thrombolytic study, the crude of E. acuminata were assayed for thrombolytic methanolic extract and its partitioning fractions activity to determine the ability of clot lysis. Standard (petroleum ether, dichloromethane, chloroform and streptokinase at 37 °C showed 46.51 % lysis of the aqueous) of the leaf of E.
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