Tuesday, November 7, 2000
Part II
Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determinations of Whether Designation of Critical Habitat is Prudent for 81 Plants and Proposed Designations for 76 Plants From the Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii; Proposed Rule
VerDate 11
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR designation of critical habitat is not by appointment, during normal business prudent for five species. The remaining hours at the Pacific Islands Office. Fish and Wildlife Service 14 species historically found on Kauai FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: and/or Niihau, no longer occur on these Christa Russell, Coordinator for Listing 50 CFR Part 17 islands. However, these species do and Recovery of Plants and occur on other islands, so proposed RIN 1018±AG71 Invertebrates, Pacific Islands Office (see prudency determinations will be made ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/ Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in future rules addressing plants on 541–3441; facsimile: 808/541–3470). and Plants; Determinations of Whether those islands. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Designation of Critical Habitat Is This proposed rule also proposes Prudent for 81 Plants and Proposed designation of critical habitat for the 76 Background Designations for 76 Plants From the species. Twenty-three critical habitat Islands of Kauai and Niihau, Hawaii units, covering a total of 24,539.23 We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife hectares (60,636.42 acres), are proposed Service (Service), have reconsidered our AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, for designation on the islands of Kauai findings concerning whether Interior. and Niihau. designating critical habitat for 81 ACTION: Proposed rule and notice of We solicit data and comments from federally protected plants from the determinations of whether designation the public on all aspects of this islands of Kauai and Niihau, Kauai of critical habitat is prudent. proposal, including data on the County, Hawaii, is prudent. In the Lists economic and other impacts of the of Endangered and Threatened Plants SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and proposed designations. We may revise (50 CFR 17.12), there are 95 plant Wildlife Service, have reconsidered our this proposal to incorporate or address species that, at the time of listing, were findings concerning whether new information received during the found on the islands of Kauai and designating critical habitat for 81 comment period. Niihau (Table 1). Currently, 55 of these federally protected plant species DATES: We must receive comments from species are endemic to the islands of currently found on the islands of Kauai all interested parties by December 7, Kauai and/or Niihau, while 24 species and Niihau is prudent. A total of 95 2000. Public hearing requests must be are known from one or more other species historically found on these two received by December 22, 2000. islands, as well as Kauai and/or Niihau. islands were listed as endangered or ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, Two species (Melicope quadrangularis threatened species under the you may submit your comments and and Phyllostegia waimeae) are thought Endangered Species Act of 1973, as materials concerning this proposal by to be extinct since they have not been amended (Act), between 1991 and 1996. any one of several methods: seen recently in the wild and no viable Some of these species may also occur on (1) You may submit written comments genetic material of these species is other Hawaiian islands. At the time and information to the Field Supervisor, known to exist. The remaining 14 each plant was listed, we determined U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific species, Acaena exigua, Achyranthes that designation of critical habitat was Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., mutica, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia not prudent because designation would P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, HI 96850– erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, increase the degree of threat to the 0001. Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum species and/or would not benefit the (2) You may send comments by byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, species. electronic mail (e-mail) to Mariscus pennatiformis, Phlegmariurus Due to litigation, we reconsidered our KAandNIcrithab [email protected]. mannii, Phlegmariurus nutans, Silene previous prudency determinations for (3) You may hand-deliver written lanceolata, Solanum incompletum, and the 95 plants. From this review, we are comments to our Pacific Islands Office Vigna o-wahuensis, are known only proposing that critical habitat is prudent at 300 Ala Moana Blvd., Room 3–122, from historical records (pre-1970) on for 76 of these species because the Honolulu, HI. Kauai and/or Niihau, or from potential benefits of designating critical Comments and materials received, as undocumented observations, or are no habitat essential for the conservation of well as supporting documentation used longer extant in the wild on these these species outweigh the risks of in the preparation of this proposed rule, islands. These species do occur on other designation. We are proposing that the will be available for public inspection, islands, however.
TABLE 1.ÐSUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU
Island Distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau
Acaena exigua (liliwai) ...... H C Achyranthes mutica (NCN) ...... H C Adenophorus periens (NCN) ...... CHCRRC Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) ...... C C C C Alsinidendron lychnoides (kuawawaunohu) ...... C Alsinidendron viscosum (NCN) ...... C Bonamia menziesii (NCN) ...... CCHCCC Brighamia insignis (olulu) ...... C Ni(C). Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... CCCCC Chamaesyce halemanui (akoko) ...... C Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) ...... HCHCC Cyanea asarifolia (haha) ...... C Cyanea recta (haha) ...... C
VerDate 11
TABLE 1.ÐSUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAUÐContinued
Island Distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau
Cyanea remyi (haha) ...... C Cyanea undulata (haha) ...... C Cyperus trachysanthos (pu ukaa) ...... CCHH Ni(C). Cyrtandra cyaneoides (mapele) ...... C Cyrtandra limahuliensis (haiwale) ...... C Delissea rhytidosperma (NCN) ...... C Delissea rivularis (NCN) ...... C Delissea undulata (NCN) ...... C H C Ni(H). Diellia erecta (NCN) ...... HCCHCC Diellia pallida (NCN) ...... C Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) ...... HHHHC Dubautia latifolia (kahalapehu) ...... C Dubautia pauciflorula (naenae) ...... C Euphorbia haeleeleana (akoko) ...... C C Exocarpos luteolus (heau) ...... C Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) ...... C C H C C Gouania meyenii (NCN) ...... C C Hedyotis cookiana (awiwi) ...... C H H H Hedyotis st.-johnii (NCN) ...... C Hesperomannia lydgatei (NCN) ...... C Hibiscadelphus woodii (hau kuahiwi) ...... C Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) ...... HCHCCCKa(R). Hibiscus clayi (kokio ulaula) ...... C Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae (kokio keokeo) ...... C Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) ...... R H C C C Isodendrion laurifolium (aupaka) ...... C C Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka) ...... C C Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) ...... HHHHCNi(H). Kokia kauaiensis (kokio) ...... C Labordia lydgatei (kamakahala) ...... C Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala) ...... C Lipochaeta fauriei (nehe) ...... C Lipochaeta micrantha (nehe) ...... C Lipochaeta waimeaensis (nehe) ...... C Lobelia niihauensis (NCN) ...... C C Ni(H). Lysimachia filifolia (NCN) ...... C C Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ...... H H C H NW (C). Melicope haupuensis (alani) ...... C Melicope knudsenii (alani) ...... C C Melicope pallida (alani) ...... C C Melicope quadrangularis (alani) ...... H Munroidendron racemosum (NCN) ...... C Myrsine linearifolia (kolea) ...... C Nothocestrum peltatum (aiea) ...... C Panicum niihauense (NCN) ...... C Ni(H). Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) ...... C C C C Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) ...... H C C Phlegmariurus nutans (wawaeiole) ...... H C Phyllostegia knudsenii (NCN) ...... C Phyllostegia waimeae (NCN) ...... H Phyllostegia wawrana (NCN) ...... C Plantago princeps (ale) ...... C C C C H Platanthera holochila (NCN) ...... C H C C Poa mannii (NCN) ...... C Poa sandvicensis (NCN) ...... C Poa siphonoglossa (NCN) ...... C Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii (wahane) ...... Ni(C). Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu) ...... C Pritchardia viscosa (loulu) ...... C Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) ...... C Remya kauaiensis (NCN) ...... C Remya montgomeryi (NCN) ...... C Schiedea apokremnos (NCN) ...... C Schiedea helleri (NCN) ...... C Schiedea kauaiensis (NCN) ...... C Schiedea membranacea (NCN) ...... C Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) ...... C C R R Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (NCN) ...... C
VerDate 11
TABLE 1.ÐSUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 95 SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAUÐContinued
Island Distribution Species N.W. Isles, Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Kahoolawe Niihau
Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina (NCN) ...... C Schiedea stellarioides (NCN) ...... C Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ...... CCCHCCNW, Ka, Ni (H). Silene lanceolata (NCN) ...... HCCH C Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) ...... H HHHC Solanum sandwicense (popolo aiakeakua) ...... C H Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) ...... CCCCCC Stenogyne campanulata (NCN) ...... C Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) ...... HCCCCNi (H), Ka (C). Viola helenae (NCN) ...... C Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis (nani wai ale) ...... C Wilkesia hobdyi (iliau) ...... C Xylosma crenatum (NCN) ...... C Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) ...... C CHCC KEY C (Current)Ðpopulation last observed within the past 30 years. H (Historical)Ðpopulation not seen for more than 30 years. R (Reported)Ðreported from undocumented observations. The plants considered in this rule were listed as endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), between 1991 and 1996. At the time each plant was listed, we determined that designation of critical habitat was not prudent because designation would increase the degree of threat to the species and/or would not benefit the plant. These not-prudent determinations, along with the not-prudent determinations for 150 other Hawaiian plants, were challenged in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 (D. Hawaii). On March 9, 1998, the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii directed us to review the prudency determinations for 245 listed plant species in Hawaii. On August 10, 1998, the court ordered us to publish proposed critical habitat designations or non-designations for at least 100 species by November 30, 2000, and to publish proposed designations or non-designations for the remaining 145 species by April 30, 2002. To comply with the Court’s order, between now and April 30, 2002, we plan to publish seven rules that will include proposed determinations of whether critical habitat is prudent, along with designations if appropriate. Each rule, arranged by island or island group (Kauai and Niihau; Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Northwest Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii; Oahu), will contain the proposed prudency determination and, when appropriate, proposed designations of critical habitat for each plant species known to occur from that island or group of islands. This determination and proposed rule for 79 plants currently found on the islands of Kauai and Niihau responds to the court order. The proposed prudency determinations for Melicope quadrangularis and Phyllostegia waimeae, which appear to be no longer extant in the wild, will also be made in this rule. The proposed prudency determinations and, if appropriate, critical habitat designation for the 14 species that no longer occur on Kauai and/or Niihau, but do occur on other islands, will be made in subsequent rules (Table 2).
TABLE 2.ÐLIST OF PROPOSED RULES IN WHICH PRUDENCY DETERMINATIONS AND CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATIONS/NON DESIGNATIONS WILL BE PROPOSED FOR THE 14 SPECIES THAT NO LONGER OCCUR ON KAUAI OR NIIHAU
Proposed rule in which Proposed rule in which critical habitat designations/non Species prudency will be proposed designations will be discussed
Acaena exigua ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe. Achranthes mutica ...... Hawaii ...... Hawaii. Ctenitis squamigera ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Oahu. Diellia erecta ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe; Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu. Diplazium molokaiense ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe. Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Hawaii; Oahu. Ischaemum byrone ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe; Molokai; Hawaii. Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... Hawaii ...... Hawaii. Mariscus pennatiformis ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe; NW Hawaiian Islands; Hawaii. Phlegmariurus mannii ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe; Hawaii. Phlegmariurus nutans ...... Oahu ...... Oahu. Silene lanceolata ...... Molokai ...... Molokai; Hawaii; Oahu. Solanum incompletum ...... Hawaii ...... Hawaii. Vigna o-wahuensis ...... Maui and Kahoolawe ...... Maui and Kahoolawe; Lanai; Molokai; Hawaii.
The Islands of Kauai and Niihau endemism are higher on Kauai than on Kauai has undergone extreme any other island in the Hawaiian alterations because of past and present Because of its age and relative archipelago. However, the vegetation of land use. Land with rich soils was isolation, levels of floristic diversity and
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
Although they may be blown for short smaller capsules (57 FR 20580; Koutnik agents, longevity, specific distances, they are not obviously 1987; Koutnik and Huft 1999). environmental requirements, and adapted for wind dispersal, being ovoid Little is known about the life history limiting factors are unknown. to ellipsoid, smooth, and lacking any of Chamaesyce halemanui. Although Historically, Cyanea asarifolia was sort of wing or outgrowth (USFWS the plant is a short-lived perennial, its known only from above the bed of 1995). flowering cycles, pollination vectors, Anahola Stream on Kauai (HINHP Historically, Brighamia insignis was seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Database 1999). Currently, two known from the headland between environmental requirements, and populations with a total of 9 to 11 total Hoolulu and Waiahuakua Valleys along limiting factors are unknown. individuals are reported from the the Na Pali Coast on the island of Kauai, Historically, Chamaesyce halemanui headwaters of the Wailua River in and from Kaali Spring on the island of was found in Kauhao and Makaha central Kauai on State-owned land Niihau. Currently, there are a total of Valleys in the Na Pali-Kona Forest (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). five populations containing a total of Reserve, Mahanaloa Valley in Kuia This species typically grows in 45–65 individuals on the islands of NAR, the Halemanu drainage in Kokee pockets of soil on sheer rock cliffs in Kauai and Niihau (HINHP Database State Park, and Olokele Canyon on the lowland wet forests at an elevation of 1999). It is reported on State and island of Kauai (HINHP Database 1999; approximately 330 to 730 m (1,080 to privately owned lands along the Na Pali Ken Wood, NTBG, in litt. 1999). 2,400 ft). Associated plant taxa include Coast within or on the boundary of the Currently, there is a total of seven ferns, Hedyotis elatior (awiwi), Hono O Na Pali NAR, in Hoolulu, populations, with 88 to 139 individuals, Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Waiahuakua, and the Haupu Range on at Kohua Ridge, Makaha Valley, Waialae Metrosideros polymorpha, Touchardia the island of Kauai, and on the island Ridge, and the Halemanu drainage, all latifolia (olona), and Urera glabra of Niihau (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database State-owned land (HINHP Database (opuhe) (59 FR 9304). 1999; Steve Perlman, National Tropical 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999). The major threats to this species are Botanical Garden (NTBG), pers. comm. Chamaesyce halemanui is typically a risk of extinction from naturally 2000; USFWS 1995). found on the steep slopes of gulches in occurring events, such as hurricanes Brighamia insignis is found from sea mesic Acacia koa forests at an elevation and rock slides, and/or reduced level to 480 m (1,575 ft) elevation on of 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 to 3,610 ft). reproductive vigor due to the small rocky ledges with little soil or on steep Associated native species include number of existing individuals; sea cliffs in lowland dry grasslands or Metrosideros polymorpha, Alphitonia introduced slugs; rodents (Rattus rattus shrublands with annual rainfall that is ponderosa (kauila), Antidesma and Mus musculus); and habitat usually less than 170 cm (65 in.). platyphyllum (hame), Bobea brevipes degradation by feral pigs (59 FR 9304). Associated native plant taxa include (ahakea lau lii), Cheirodendron Artemisia sp. (ahinahina), Chamaesyce trigynum (olapa), Coprosma sp., Cyanea recta celastroides (akoko), Canthium Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Cyanea recta, a member of the odoratum (alahee), Eragrostis variabilis Dodonaea viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is (kawelu), Heteropogon contortus (pili (kalia), Hedyotis terminalis, Kokia an unbranched shrub with densely hairy grass), Hibiscus kokio (kokio), Hibiscus kauaiensis, Melicope haupuensis, flowers. This short-lived perennial saintjohnianus (kokio), Lepidium serra Pisonia sp. (papala kepau), Pittosporum species is distinguished from other (anaunau), Lipochaeta succulenta sp. (ho awa), Pleomele aurea (hala species in the genus that grow on Kauai (nehe), Munroidendron racemosum, and pepe), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), P. by the following collective Sida fallax (ilima) (59 FR 9304). greenwelliae (kopiko), Pouteria characteristics: horizontal or ascending The major threats to this plant are sandwicensis (alaa), Santalum inflorescence, narrowly elliptic leaves browsing and habitat degradation by freycinetianum (iliahi), and Styphelia 12 to 28 cm (4.7 to 11 in.) long, flat leaf feral goats; human disturbance; fire; the tameiameiae (pukiawe) (57 FR 20580). margins, and purple berries (Lammers Carmine spider mite (Tetranychus The major threats to this species are 1999). cinnabarinus); a risk of extinction from competition from alien plants, such as No life history information for this naturally occurring events, such as Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum, species is currently available. landslides or hurricanes, due to the and Stenotaphrum secundatum (St. Historically, Cyanea recta was found small number of individuals; restricted Augustine grass); habitat degradation by in upper Hanalei Valley, Waioli Valley, distribution; reduced reproductive feral pigs; restricted distribution; small Hanapepe Valley, Kalalau cliffs, vigor; and competition from alien plant population size; increased potential for Wainiha Valley, Makaleha Mountains, species such as Melinis minutiflora, extinction resulting from naturally Limahuli Valley, Power line Trail, and Setaria gracilis (yellow foxtail), occurring events, such as landslides or the Lehua Makanoe-Alakai area on the Sporobolus africanus (smutgrass), hurricanes; and depressed reproductive island of Kauai. Currently, there is a Lantana camara, Psidium cattleianum vigor (57 FR 20580). total of eight populations, with between (strawberry guava), Psidium guajava 599 and 609 individuals, on State and (common guava), Kalanchoe pinnata Cyanea asarifolia private lands in the following areas: (air plant), Ageratum conyzoides (maile Cyanea asarifolia, a member of the upper Waioli Valley, Wainiha Valley, hohono), and Stachytarpheta dichotoma bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a Makaleha Mountains, Limahuli Valley, (owi) (59 FR 9304). sparingly branched shrub. This short- and the Wahiawa Bog area, Iliiliula lived perennial species is distinguished drainage, and the back of Hanalei Valley Chamaesyce halemanui from others of the genus that grow on (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999). Chamaesyce halemanui, a member of Kauai by the shape of the leaf base, the Cyanea recta grows in lowland wet or the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a leaf width in proportion to the length, mesic Metrosideros polymorpha forest scandent (climbing) shrub. It is and the presence of a leaf stalk (59 FR or shrubland, usually in gulches or on distinguished from closely related 9304; Lammers 1999). slopes, and typically from 400 to 1,200 species by its decussate leaves, Little is known about the life history m (1,310 to 3,940 ft) elevation. persistent stipules, more compact flower of Cyanea asarifolia. Flowering cycles, Associated native plant species include clusters, shorter stems on cyathia, and pollination vectors, seed dispersal Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria sp.,
VerDate 11
Antidesma sp. (hame), Cheirodendron candidum; habitat degradation by feral small population size (USFWS 1994; 56 platyphyllum (lapalapa), Cibotium sp. pigs; browsing by feral goats; predation FR 47695). (hapuu), and Diplazium sp. (NCN) (61 by rats; unidentified slugs that feed on Cyrtandra cyaneoides FR 53070). the stems; and a risk of extinction from The major threats to this species are naturally occurring events, such as Cyrtandra cyaneoides, a member of bark removal and other damage by rats landslides or hurricanes, due to the the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), (Rattus sp.); habitat degradation by feral small number of remaining populations is an erect or ascending, fleshy, usually pigs; browsing by goats; unidentified (61 FR 53070). unbranched shrub with opposite slugs that feed on the stems; and Cyanea undulata toothed leaves which have impressed competition with the alien plant species veins on the lower surface that are Blechnum occidentale (blechnum fern), Cyanea undulata is an unbranched (or sparsely covered with long hairs. This Lantana camara, Rubus rosaefolius the stem is occasionally forked) shrub or short-lived perennial species differs (thimbleberry), Clidemia hirta (Koster’s undershrub with fine rust-colored hairs from others of the genus that grow on covering the lower surface of the leaves curse), Crassocephalum crepidioides Kauai by being a succulent, erect or (Lammers 1999). (NCN), Deparia petersenii (NCN), ascending shrub and having a bilaterally Native members of the Erechtites valerianaefolia (fireweed), symmetrical calyx that is spindle- Melastoma candidum (NCN), Paspalum Campanulaceae (bellflower) family, including the genus Cyanea, are shaped in bud and falls off after conjugatum (Hilo grass), Sacciolepis flowering, leaves with a wrinkled indica (Glenwood grass), and Youngia generally believed to have adapted to pollination by native nectar-eating surface, 40 to 55 cm (16 to 22 in.) long japonica (Oriental hawksbeard) (61 FR and 22 to 35 cm (9 to 14 in.) wide, and 53070). passerine birds, such as the Hawaiian ‘‘honeycreepers.’’ The long, tubular, berries with shaggy hairs (Wagner et al. Cyanea remyi slightly curved flowers of C. undulata 1999). Cyanea remyi, a member of the fit this model, but field observations are No life history information for this bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a lacking. The fleshy orange fruits of this species is currently available. shrub with generally unbranched, species are adapted for bird dispersal Historically, Cyrtandra cyaneoides unarmed (lacking prickles) stems which like other species of Cyanea. Although was known to occur only along the trail are hairy toward the base. This short- recognized as a short-lived perennial to Waialae Valley on Kauai (61 FR lived perennial species is distinguished species, specific details of the life 53070). It is currently known from four from others in the genus that grow on history of this species, such as growth populations on private and State lands Kauai by its shrubby habit, relatively rates, age plants begin to flower, and with a total of 352 to 452 individuals at slender, unarmed stems, smooth or longevity of plants, are unknown. Namolokama above Lumahai Valley, the minutely toothed leaves, densely hairy Cyanea undulata is found in pristine, Makaleha Plateau, Wainiha Valley, and flowers, the shape of the calyx lobes, undisturbed, and uninvaded sites, often upper Waioli Valley (GDSI 1999; HINHP length of the calyx and corolla, and on shady stream banks or on steep to Database 1999). vertical slopes that are prone to erosion length of the corolla lobe relative to the Cyrtandra cyaneoides typically grows or landslides (Lorence and Flynn 1991; floral tube (Lammers 1999). on steep slopes or cliffs near streams or No life history information for this USFWS 1994). waterfalls in lowland or montane wet species is currently available. Historically, Cyanea undulata was Currently, there are seven known known only from the Wahiawa Bog area forest or shrubland dominated by populations with a total of 294–384 on Kauai. Currently, one population Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture plants on the island of Kauai (HINHP with a total of 28 plants is reported on of M. polymorpha and Dicranopteris Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). privately owned land between 630 to linearis between 550 and 1,220 m (1,800 Cyanea remyi is reported from Waioli 800 m (2,070 to 2,625 ft) elevation along and 4,000 ft) elevation. Associated Valley, at the base of Mount Waialeale, the bank of a tributary of the Wahiawa native species include Perrottetia in the Wahiawa Mountains near Hulua, Stream in the Wahiawa Drainage sandwicensis, Pipturus sp. (mamaki), on the summit plateau of the Makaleha (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Bidens sp. (ko oko olau), Psychotria sp., Mountains, and in Limahuli Valley, on The primary threats to this species Pritchardia sp. (loulu), Freycinetia State and privately owned lands include competition with the alien plant arborea, Cyanea sp. (haha), Cyrtandra (Lammers and Lorence 1993; HINHP species Psidium cattleianum, limahuliensis, Diplazium Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Melastoma candidum, Rhodomyrtus sandwichianum (NCN), Gunnera sp.(ape GDSI 1999). tomentosa (rose myrtle), Clidemia hirta, ape), Coprosma sp., Stenogyne sp. Cyanea remyi is usually found in Melaleuca quinquenervia (paperbark (NCN), Machaerina sp., Boehmeria lowland wet forest or shrubland at an tree), Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus grandis (akolea), Pipturus sp., elevation of 360 to 930 m (1,180 to 3,060 rosaefolius, Elephantopus mollis (NCN), Cheirodendron sp., Hedyotis terminalis, ft). Associated plant species include Erechtites valerianefolia, Youngia and Hedyotis tryblium (NCN) (61 FR Antidesma sp., Cheirodendron sp., japonica, Pluchea carolinensis 53070). Diospyros sp. (lama), Broussaisia arguta, (sourbush), Oplismenus hirtellus The major threats to this species are Metrosideros polymorpha, Freycinetia (basketgrass), Paspalum conjugatum, competition with alien plant species arborea (ieie), Hedyotis terminalis, Paspalum urvillei (Vasey grass), such as Paspalum conjugatum, Rubus Machaerina angustifolia, Perrottetia Sacciolepis indica, Setaria gracilis, rosaefolius, Deparia petersenii, and sandwicensis (olomea), Psychotria Deparia petersenii, and Cyathea cooperi Drymaria cordata (pipili); predation of hexandra (kopiko), and Syzygium (Australian tree fern); trampling by feral seeds by rats; reduced reproductive sandwicensis (ohia ha) (61 FR 53070). pigs; landslides; seed predation by rats; vigor and a risk of extinction from The major threats to this species are herbivory by introduced slugs; loss of naturally occurring events, such as competition with the alien plant species pollinators; hurricanes; decreased landslides and hurricanes, due to the Erechtites valerianaefolia, Paspalum reproductive vigor; restricted small number of populations; and conjugatum, Psidium cattleianum, distribution; and extinction due to habitat degradation by feral pigs (61 FR Rubus rosaefolius, and Melastoma unforseen circumstances because of 53070).
VerDate 11
Cyrtandra limahuliensis is a branched shrub with lance-shaped No life history information for this Cyrtandra limahuliensis, a member of or elliptic toothed leaves. This short- species is currently available. Historically, Delissea rivularis was the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), lived perennial species differs from found at Waiakealoha waterfall, Waialae is an unbranched or few-branched shrub other taxa of the genus by the shape, Valley, Hanakoa Valley, and with moderately or densely hairy leaves. length, and margins of the leaves and by Kaholuamanu on the island of Kauai (61 The following combination of having hairs at the base of the anthers FR 53070). Currently, this species is characteristics distinguishes this short- (Lammers 1999). Little is known about the life history known from two populations with a lived perennial species from others of of Delissea rhytidosperma. Flowering total of 40 individuals (HINHP Database the genus: the leaves are usually hairy cycles, pollination vectors, seed 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). One (especially on lower surfaces), the dispersal agents, longevity, specific population is reported in the upper usually symmetrical calyx is tubular or environmental requirements, and Hanakoa Valley stream area on State funnel-shaped and encloses the fruit at limiting factors are unknown. land within the Hono O Na Pali NAR maturity, and the flowers are borne Historically, Delissea rhytidosperma between 1,100 to 1,220 m (3,610 to singly (Wagner et al. 1999). was known from as far north as Wainiha 4,000 ft) elevation, while the other is Little is known about the life history and Limahuli Valleys, as far east as reported in the upper Hanakapiai of Cyrtandra limahuliensis. Flowering Kapaa and Kealia, and as far south as drainage, on privately owned land cycles, pollination vectors, seed Haupu Range and between the (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. dispersal agents, longevity, specific elevations of 120 and 915 m (400 and Wood in litt. 1999). environmental requirements, and 3,000 ft) on the island of Kauai (HINHP Delissea rivularis is found on steep limiting factors are unknown. Database 1999). Currently, three slopes in Metrosideros polymorpha- Historically, Cyrtandra limahuliensis populations, on State and private lands, Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet was known from three locations on with a total of 20 individuals are or mesic forest, near streams. Associated Kauai: Wainiha Valley, Lumahai Valley, reported from the Haupu range, native species include Broussaisia and near Kilauea River (HINHP Mahanaloa Valley, and Limahuli Valley arguta, Carex sp., Coprosma sp., Database 1999). Currently, a total of 13 (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo populations containing 928–1,029 This species generally grows in mokihana), Melicope anisata plants are reported on private and State diverse lowland mesic forests or Acacia (mokihana), Psychotria hexandra, lands in Wainiha Valley, Limahuli koa-dominated lowland dry forests that Dubautia knudsenii (na ena e), Valley, Waipa Valley, on Mount Kahili, have well-drained soils with medium-to Diplazium sandwichianum, Hedyotis along the north fork of Wahiawa Stream, fine-textured subsoil. Associated native foggiana (NCN), Ilex anomala, and along Anahola Stream, Waioli Valley, plant taxa includes Euphorbia Sadleria sp. (amau) (61 FR 53070). and near Powerline Trail. However, it haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi The major threats to this species are has been estimated that the total number (kopiko), Pisonia sp., Pteralyxia sp. competition with the encroaching alien of plants on Kauai may be as high as a (kaulu), Dodonaea viscosa, Cyanea sp., plant Rubus argutus; habitat destruction few thousand (HINHP Database 1999; Hedyotis sp. (NCN), Dianella by feral pigs; predation by rats; and GDSI 1999). sandwicensis (ukiuki), Diospyros reduced reproductive vigor and a risk of This species typically grows along sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, extinction from naturally occurring streams in lowland wet forests at and Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua) (59 events, such as landslides or hurricanes, elevations between 245 and 915 m (800 FR 9304). due to the small number of remaining and 3,000 ft). Associated taxa include The major threats to this species are individuals (61 FR 53070; USFWS Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra kealiea predation and/or habitat degradation by 1998a). (haiwale), Pisonia sp., Pipturus sp., mule or black-tailed deer (Odocoileus Cibotium glaucum (hapuu), Eugenia sp. hemionus columbianus), feral pigs, and Diellia pallida (nioi), Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia sp. goats; herbivory by rats and introduced Diellia pallida, a member of the (na ena e), Boehmeria grandis, slugs; fire; and competition with the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is a Touchardia latifolia, Bidens sp., alien plants Lantana camara, Passiflora plant that grows in tufts of three to four Hibiscus waimeae (kikio ke okeo), ligularis (sweet granadilla), Cordyline light green, lance-shaped fronds along Charpentiera sp. (papala), Urera glabra, fruticosa (ti), and Passiflora mollissima with a few persistent dead ones. This Pritchardia sp., Cyanea sp., Perrottetia (banana poka); and a risk of extinction short-lived perennial species differs sandwicensis, Metrosideros from naturally occurring events, such as from others of this endemic Hawaiian polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, landslides or hurricanes, and/or genus by the color and sheen of the Gunnera kauaiensis (apeape), and reduced reproductive vigor due to the midrib, the presence and color of scales Psychotria sp. (59 FR 9304). small number of existing individuals (59 on the midrib, and the frequent fusion The major threats to this species are FR 9304; USFWS 1995). of sori (Wagner 1952, 1987). competition from alien plant species Little is known about the life history (Psidium cattleianum, Paspalum Delissea rivularis of Diellia pallida. Reproductive cycles, conjugatum, Melastoma candidum, Delissea rivularis, a member of the longevity, specific environmental Psidium guajava, Hedychium flavescens bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a requirements, and limiting factors are (yellow ginger), Rubus rosaefolius, shrub, unbranched or branched near the unknown. Youngia japonica, Erechtites base, with hairy stems and leaves Diellia pallida was known historically valerianefolia, Blechnum occidentale, arranged in a rosette at the tips of the from Halemanu on the island of Kauai and Clidemia hirta); habitat degradation stems. This short-lived perennial (59 FR 9304). Currently, there is a total by feral pigs; natural landslides; and species is distinguished from others of of five populations with 20–25 hurricanes (59 FR 9304). the genus by the color, length, and individuals in Koaie Canyon, curvature of the corolla, shape of the Mahanaloa Valley, and Makaha Valley, Delissea rhytidosperma leaves, and presence of hairs on the all on State-owned land (HINHP Delissea rhytidosperma, a member of stems, leaves, flower clusters, and Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), corolla (Lammers 1999). litt. 1999).
VerDate 11
This species grows on bare soil on Waialae, Kawaiula, and Kauhao Valleys pollinator numbers resulting in reduced steep, rocky, dry slopes in lowland of the Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, cross-pollination and consequently low mesic forests, from 520 to 915 m (1,700 Nualolo Trail and Valley in Kuia NAR, numbers of viable seeds could explain to 3,000 ft) in elevation. Associated Halemanu in Kokee State Park, along the small population sizes. Because of native plant taxa include Acacia koa, Mohihi Road in both Kokee State Park their structure and small size, flowers of Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, along D. pauciflorula are presumably platyphyllum, Metrosideros the Mohihi-Waialae Trail on Mohihi pollinated by small generalist insects, polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), and Kohua ridges in both Na Pali-Kona although field observations are lacking. Zanthoxylum dipetalum (ae), Forest Reserve and Alakai Wilderness The bristle-like pappus crowning the Tetraplasandra kauaiensis (ohe ohe), Preserve, and at Kaholuamanu on the fruit probably represents an adaptation Psychotria mariniana, Carex meyenii island of Kauai (Carr 1982b; HINHP for wind dispersal. Very little is known (NCN), Diospyros hillebrandii (lama), Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Currently, about the life cycle of this species, Hedyotis knudsenii (NCN), Canthium there are a total of 24 populations including growth rates, longevity of the odoratum, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, containing between 59–70 individuals plants, and number of years the plants Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia on State and privately owned lands in remain reproductive (56 FR 47695; Carr olivaeformis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium all of the aforementioned areas, except 1985; USFWS 1994). (iliau), Alphitonia ponderosa, Styphelia Halemanu and Kaholuamanu (HINHP Historically and currently, this tameiameiae, and Rauvolfia Database 1999 GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in species is found only on State and sandwicensis (hao) (59 FR 9304). litt. 1999). privately owned lands in the Wahiawa The major threats to this species This species typically grows on gentle Drainage on Kauai (HINHP Database include competition with the alien to steep slopes in well drained soil and 1999; GDSI 1999). There are a total of plants Lantana camara, Melia in semi-open or closed, diverse montane four populations containing 52 azedarach (Chinaberry), Stenotaphrum mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa individual plants. These populations are secundatum, Oplismenus hirtellus, and/or Metrosideros polymorpha, at found in lowland wet forest at Aleurites moluccana (kukui) and elevations of 800 to 1,220 m (2,625 to elevations between 670–700 m (2,200– Cordyline fruticosa; predation and 4,000 ft). Commonly associated native 2,300 ft) (HINHP Database 1999). habitat degradation by feral goats, pigs, species are Pouteria sandwicensis, The threats to this plant include and deer; fire; and a risk of extinction Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis direct competition with the alien plant from naturally occurring events, such as sandwicensis, Diplazium species such as Psidium cattleianum landslides or hurricanes, and/or sandwichianum, Elaeocarpus bifidus, and Melastoma candidum, and potential reduced reproductive vigor due to the Claoxylon sandwicense (po ola), Bobea threats from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, small number of existing individuals (59 sp., Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., Clidemia hirta, Melaleuca FR 9304). Cyrtandra sp., Xylosma sp. (maua), quinquenervia, Stachytarpheta Alphitonia ponderosa, Coprosma dichotoma, Rubus rosaefolius, Dubautia latifolia waimeae (olena), Dicranopteris linearis, Elephantopus mollis, Erechtites Dubautia latifolia, a member of the Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, valerianefolia, Youngia japonica, aster family (Asteraceae), is a diffusely Melicope anisata, Psychotria mariniana, Pluchea carolinensis, Oplismenus branched, woody perennial vine with and Scaevola sp. (naupaka) (59 FR hirtellus, Paspalum conjugatum, leaves which are conspicuously net- 9304). Paspalum urvillei, Sacciolepis indica, veined, with the smaller veins outlining The threats to this species include Setaria gracilis, Deparia petersenii, and nearly square areas. A vining habit, competition from the alien plants Cyathea cooperi; trampling by feral pigs; distinct petioles, and broad leaves with Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, landslides and erosion; restricted conspicuous net veins outlining Lonicera japonica (Japanese distribution; and hurricanes (56 FR squarish areas separate this from closely honeysuckle), Acacia mearnsii (black 47695; USFWS 1994). related species (Carr 1982b, 1985, wattle), Hedychium sp. (ginger), 1999a). Erigeron karvinskianus (daisy fleabane), Exocarpos luteolus Individual plants of this species do and Psidium cattleianum; damage from Exocarpos luteolus, a member of the not appear to be able to fertile trampling and grazing by feral pigs and sandalwood family (Santalaceae), is a themselves. Since at least some deer; vehicle traffic and road moderately to densely branched shrub individuals of Dubautia latifolia require maintenance; seasonal dieback; small with knobby branches and leaves which cross-pollination, the wide spacing of number of extant individuals; and are either minute scales or typical individual plants (e.g., each 0.5 km (0.3 restricted distribution (59 FR 9304). leaves. This short-lived perennial mi) apart) may pose a threat to the species is distinguished from others of reproductive potential of the species. Dubautia pauciflorula the genus by its generally larger fruit The very low seed set noted in plants in Dubautia pauciflorula, a member of with 4 indentations and by the color of the wild indicates a reproductive the aster family (Asteraceae), is a the receptacle and fruit (Wagner et al. problem, possibly asynchronous somewhat sprawling shrub or erect 1999). flowering. Seedling establishment is small tree with narrowly lance-shaped Little is known about the life history also rare and young plants are rarely or elliptic leaves clustered toward the of Exocarpos luteolus. This species seen. Dubautia latifolia experiences ends of the stems. The tiny, 2–4 tends to grow at habitat edges where seasonal vegetative decline during the flowered heads distinguish this short- there is adequate light (USFWS 1995). spring and summer, often losing most of lived perennial species from its relatives Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, its leaves. New growth and flowering (Carr 1985, 1999a). seed dispersal agents, longevity, other occur in the fall with fruits developing Few details are known about the life specific environmental requirements, in November. Pollinators and seed history of any Dubautia species under and limiting factors are unknown. dispersal agents are unknown (Carr natural conditions. Certain species Historically, Exocarpos luteolus was 1982b; USFWS 1995). produce viable seed when self- known from three locations on Kauai: Historically, Dubautia latifolia was pollinated (self-fertile), although others Wahiawa Bog, Kaholuamanu, and found in the Makaha, Awaawapuhi, fail to do so (self-infertile). Low Kumuwela Ridge (HINHP Database
VerDate 11
1999). Currently, there is a total of nine Nualolo Kai, at Milolii Beach, and in Threats to the species include alien populations containing 69–70 Polihale (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI plants; feral goats; rats; landslides; and individual plants (HINHP Database 1999). erosion (USFWS 1994). 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). This This plant grows in the crevices of Hibiscadelphus woodii species has a scattered distribution on north-facing, near-vertical coastal cliff State and privately owned lands and is faces within the spray zone (below 75 m Hibiscadelphus woodii, a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae), is a reported on Kumuwela Ridge; in (250 ft)). The associated vegetation is small branched, long-lived perennial Kauaikanana Valley; near Honopu Trail; sparse dry coastal shrubland and tree with a rounded crown. H. woodii Waialae; on the rim of Kalalau Valley includes species such as the native differs from the other Kauai species by within or on the boundary of Kokee Myoporum sandwicense (naio), differences in leaf surface and State Park; on Kamalii Ridge in Kealia Eragrostis variabilis, Lycium characteristics of the whirled leaves or Forest Reserve; in the Na Pali Kona sandwicense (ohelo kai), Heteropogon bract and flower color (Lorence and Forest Reserve; Alakai Swamp; and in contortus, Artemisia australis the Wahiawa Mountains (HINHP Wagner 1995; Bates 1999). (ahinahina), and Chamaesyce Flowering material has been collected Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in celastroides (56 FR 49639). litt. 1999). in March, April, and September, but no This species is found at elevations The major threats to this species are fruit set has been observed in spite of between 475 and 1,290 m (1,560 and herbivory and habitat degradation by efforts to manually outcross and bag the 4,220 ft) in a variety of habitats: wet feral goats; competition from alien plant flowers. A museum specimen of a areas bordering swamps; on open, dry species, especially Pluchea carolinensis; liquid-preserved flower has been ridges; and lowland or montane, landslides; fire; trampling and grazing identified that contains three adult Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated by cattle (Bos taurus); and a risk of Nitidulidae beetles, probably an wet forest communities (59 FR 9304). extinction due to naturally occurring endemic species. The damage by these Associated species include Acacia koa, events, such as landslides or hurricanes, larvae may be responsible for the Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria as well as decreased reproductive vigor observed lack of fruit set in sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, because of the small population sizes Hibiscadelphus woodii (Lorence and Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, and restricted distribution (56 FR 49639; Wagner 1995; USFWS 1998a). No Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, USFWS 1995). additional life history information for this species is currently available. Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus Hesperomannia lydgatei bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia Hibiscadelphus woodii has been laevigata (na ena e), Dianella Hesperomannia lydgatei, a member of found only at the site of its original sandwicensis, Poa sandvicensis, the aster family (Asteraceae) is a discovery on State owned land in Schiedea stellarioides, Peperomia sparsely branched small long-lived Kalalau Valley, within the Na Pali Coast macraeana (ala ala wai nui), Claoxylon perennial tree with alternately arranged, State Park on Kauai; only nine trees of sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, lance-shaped or elliptic leaves (Wagner this species are known (HINHP Database Styphelia tameiameiae, and et al. 1999). 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; GDSI 1999). Hibiscadelphus woodii is found at Dicranopteris linearis (59 FR 9304; Little is known about the life history elevations around 915 m (3,000 ft) on USFWS 1995). of Hesperomannia lydgatei. Flowering basalt talus or cliff walls in Metrosideros The major threats to this species are cycles, pollination vectors, seed polymorpha montane mesic forest. feral goats and pigs; competition with dispersal agents, longevity, specific These forests contain one or more of the the alien plants Erigeron karvinskianus, environmental requirements, and following associated native plant Acacia mearnsii, Corynocarpus limiting factors are unknown. species: Bidens sandwicensis (ko oko laevigata (karakanut), Myrica faya Historically, Hesperomannia lydgatei (firetree), and Rubus argutus; seed olau), Artemisia australis, Melicope was found in the Wahiawa Mountains of pallida, Dubautia sp., Lepidium serra, predation by rats; fire; and erosion (59 Kauai. Currently, this species is known FR 9304; USFWS 1995). Lipochaeta sp. (nehe), Lysimachia from State and privately owned lands in glutinosa (kolokolo kuahiwi), Carex Hedyotis st.-johnii the Wahiawa and Waioli Stream areas. meyenii, Chamaesyce celastroides var. Hedyotis st.-johnii, a member of the There are a total of four populations hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp., coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a succulent containing a total of 214 individual Nototrichium sp. (kului), Panicum perennial herb with slightly woody, plants (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database lineale (NCN), Myrsine sp. (kolea), and trailing, quadrangular stems and fleshy 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). the federally endangered species leaves clustered towards the base of the Hesperomannia lydgatei is found at Stenogyne campanulata, Lobelia stem. This species is distinguished from elevations between 410–915 m (1,345– niihauensis, and Poa mannii (61 FR related species by its succulence, 3,000 ft) along stream banks in rich 53070; HINHP Database 1999; Lorence basally clustered fleshy leaves, shorter brown soil and silty clay in and Wagner 1995). floral tube, and large leafy calyx lobes Metrosideros polymorpha or M. Major threats to Hibiscadelphus when in fruit (Wagner et al. 1999). polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis woodii are habitat degradation by feral Little is known about the life history lowland wet forest with one or more of goats and pigs; competition from the of Hedyotis st.-johnii. Flowering cycles, the following associated native plant alien plant species Erigeron pollination vectors, seed dispersal species: Adenophorus sp. (Pendant karvinskianus; nectar robbing by agents, longevity, specific fern), Antidesma sp., Broussaisia arguta, Japanese white-eye (Zosterops environmental requirements, and Cheirodendron sp., Elaphoglossum sp. japonicus), an introduced bird; and a limiting factors are unknown. (Ekaha), Freycinetia arborea, Hedyotis risk of extinction from naturally Currently, there are a total of six terminalis, Labordia lydgatei, occurring events (e.g., rock slides) and populations, containing 223–278 Machaerina angustifolia, Peperomia sp., reduced reproductive vigor due to the individuals, on State owned land on the Pritchardia sp., Psychotria hexandra, small number of existing individuals at Na Pali coast of Kauai: between Kalalau and Syzygium sandwicensis (HINHP the only known site (61 FR 53070; and Honopu beaches, in Nualolo Valley, Database 1999; USFWS 1994). Lorence and Wagner 1995).
VerDate 11
Hibiscus clayi the petals, and length of the calyx. Two Kokia kauaiensis typically grows in Hibiscus clayi, a member of the subspecies, ssp. hannerae and ssp. diverse mesic forest between 350 to 660 mallow family (Malvaceae), is a long- waimeae, both endemic to Kauai, are m (1,150 to 2,165 ft) elevation. lived perennial shrub or small tree. This recognized. Subspecies hannerae is Associated species include Bobea sp., species is distinguished from other distinguishable from ssp. waimeae by its Acacia koa, Diospyros sandwicensis, native Hawaiian members of the genus larger leaves and smaller flowers (Bates Hedyotis sp., Pleomele sp., Xylosma sp., by the lengths of the calyx, calyx lobes, 1999). Isodendrion sp. (aupaka), Pisonia sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Syzygium and capsule and by the margins of the No life history information for this sandwicensis, Antidesma sp., Alyxia leaves (Bates 1999). species is currently available. olivaeformis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Little is known about the life history Historically, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. Streblus pendulinus (aiai), Canthium of Hibiscus clayi. Flowering cycles, hannerae was known from Kalihiwai odoratum, Nototrichium sp., Pteralyxia pollination vectors, seed dispersal and adjacent valleys, Limahuli Valley, kauaiensis, Dicranopteris linearis, agents, longevity, specific and Hanakapiai Valley (Bates 1999; Hibiscus sp. (aloalo), Flueggea environmental requirements, and HINHP Database 1999). This subspecies neowawraea, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, limiting factors are unknown. is no longer extant at Kalihiwai. Melicope sp., Diellia laciniata (palapalai Historically, Hibiscus clayi was Currently, there are two populations lau lii), Tetraplasandra sp. (ohe ohe), known from scattered locations on containing 27 individuals on State and Chamaesyce celastroides, Lipochaeta Kauai: the Kokee region on the western privately owned lands in the Limahuli fauriei, Dodonaea viscosa, Santalum sp. side of the island, Moloaa Valley to the and Hanakapiai Valleys (HINHP (iliahi), Claoxylon sandwicense, and north, Nounou Mountain in Wailua to Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Metrosideros polymorpha (USFWS the east, and as far south as Haiku near Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae grows between 190 and 560 m (620 and 1998a; Bates 1999; HINHP Database Halii Stream (HINHP Database 1999). At 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). this time, only the population on State 1,850 ft) elevation. It is found in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Competition with and habitat and privately owned lands in the degradation by invasive alien plant linearis lowland wet forest or in Pisonia Nounou Mountains, with a total of four species, substrate loss from erosion, sp.-Charpentiera elliptica (papala) trees, is known to be extant (HINHP habitat degradation and browsing by lowland wet or mesic forest with Database 1999; GDSI 1999). feral goats and deer, and seed predation Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., Pipturus Hibiscus clayi generally grows on by rats are the major threats affecting the sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp., Sadleria sp., slopes (230 to 350 m (750 to 1,150 ft) survival of Kokia kauaiensis (Wood and Cyrtandra sp. Cyanea sp., Cibotium sp., elevation) in Acacia koa or Diospyros Perlman 1993; USFWS 1998a; HINHP Perrottetia sandwicensis, and Syzygium sp.-Pisonia sp.-Metrosideros Database 1999). polymorpha lowland dry or mesic forest sandwicensis (USFWS 1998a; Bates with Hedyotis acuminata (au), Pipturus 1999; HINHP Database 1999). Labordia lydgatei sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea hardyi Major threats to Hibiscus waimeae Labordia lydgatei, a member of the (haha), Artemisia australis, or Bidens ssp. hannerae are habitat degradation by Logania family (Loganiaceae), is a sp. (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999). feral pigs, competition with alien plant much-branched perennial shrub or The major threat to this species is species, and a risk of extinction from small tree with sparsely hairy, square competition with alien plants, naturally occurring events (e.g., stems. The small size of the flowers and principally Psidium cattleianum. In landscapes and hurricanes) and/or capsules borne on sessile inflorescences addition, Araucaria columnaris (Norfolk reduced reproductive vigor due to the distinguish it from other members of the Island pine) has been planted in the area small number of remaining populations genus growing in the same area (Wagner of the Nounou Mountain population. (61 FR 53070; HINHP Database 1999). et al. 1999). This aggressive alien tree may prevent Kokia kauaiensis Immature fruits were seen on two regeneration of native plants in the plants during surveys in 1991 and 1992 understory. The close proximity of most Kokia kauaiensis, a member of the by botanists from NTBG, and remnants of the Hibiscus clayi plants to a hiking mallow family (Malvaceae), is a small of old fruiting bodies were seen on trail makes them susceptible to human tree. This long-lived perennial species is another, suggesting that the plants are disturbance. Feral pigs also pose a distinguished from others of this self-fertile. It is also suspected that the potential threat to the species. Lastly, endemic Hawaiian genus by the length fruits of this species are adapted for bird the small total number of existing of the bracts surrounding the flower dispersal. Due to a lack of bird or other individuals makes the species head, number of lobes and the width of native pollinators, pollination may be susceptible to extinction due to the leaves, the length of the petals, and inhibited (USFWS 1994). Microhabitat naturally occurring events, such as the length of the hairs on the seeds requirements for seed germination and landslides or hurricanes, and/or (Bates 1999). growth may also be extremely specific. reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; No life history information for this Virtually nothing is known about the HINHP Database 1999). species is currently available. life history or ecology of this species. Historically, Kokia kauaiensis was This species was originally known Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae found at seven scattered populations on from the Wahiawa Drainage, Waioli Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, a northwestern Kauai (HINHP Database Stream Valley, and Makaleha Mountains member of the mallow family 1999). Currently, there are a total of 11 on Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). (Malvaceae), is a gray-barked tree with populations with 179 to 184 Labordia lydgatei is currently known star-shaped hairs densely covering its individuals, found in Paaiki, from six populations, consisting of 37 leaf and flower stalks and branchlets. Mahanaloa, Kuia, Kalalau, and individual plants, located on State and The long-lived perennial species is Pohakuao Valleys, Na Pali Coast State privately owned lands along one of the distinguished from others of the genus Park, and the Koaie Stream branch of tributaries of the Wahiawa Stream, as by the position of the anthers along the Waimeae Canyon, all on State-owned well as in Limahuli and Lumahai staminal column, length of the staminal land (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI column relative to the petals, color of K. Wood, in litt. 1999). 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999).
VerDate 11
Labordia lydgatei is found in due to the small number of individuals Lipochaeta micrantha Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris in a single population (61 FR 53070). Lipochaeta micrantha, a member of linearis lowland wet forest at elevations Lipochaeta fauriei the aster family (Asteraceae), is a between 635 and 855 m (2,080 to 2800 somewhat woody short-lived perennial ft). Associated native plants include Lipochaeta fauriei, a member of the herb. The small number of disk florets Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis sp., aster family (Asteraceae), is a perennial separates this species from the other Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra sp., Labordia herb with somewhat woody, erect or members of the genus on the island of hirtella (NCN), Antidesma platyphyllum climbing stems. This short-lived Kauai. The two recognized varieties of var. hildebrandi, Syzygium perennial species differs from other this species, var. exigua and var. sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, and species on Kauai by having a greater micrantha, are distinguished by Dubautia knudsenii (USFWS 1994; number of disk and ray flowers per differences in leaf length and width, HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. flower head, longer ray flowers, and degree of leaf dissection, and the length 1999). longer leaves and leaf stalks (Gardner of the ray florets (Gardner 1976, 1979; Competition from alien plants poses 1976, 1979; USFWS 1995; Wagner et al. Wagner et al. 1999). the greatest threat to the survival of 1985, 1999). Little is known about the life histories Labordia lydgatei (56 FR 47695). of Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua or Little is known about the life history Additional threats include habitat L. m. var. micrantha. Flowering cycles, of Lipochaeta fauriei. Flowering cycles, degradation from feral pigs; rats, a pollination vectors, seed dispersal pollination vectors, seed dispersal potential seed predator; landslides and agents, longevity, specific agents, longevity, specific erosion; and a lack of dispersal, environmental requirements, and environmental requirements, and germination or pollination agents limiting factors are unknown. limiting factors are unknown. (USFWS 1994). Historically, Lipochaeta micrantha Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Historically and currently, Lipochaeta var. exigua was only known from the fauriei is known from Olokele Canyon Haupu Range on Kauai. Currently, three Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, on Kauai (Gardner 1979, HINHP populations of L. m. var. exigua, with a member of the Logania family Database 1999). This species is now also 102–112 individuals, are known from (Loganiaceae), is a shrub or small tree found on State and privately owned privately owned land in the vicinity of with hairless, cylindrical young lands in Poopooiki, Haeleele, and Haupu Range and southwest of Hokunui branches. This long-lived perennial Hikimoe Valleys (HINHP Database 1999; summit (HINHP 1999; GDSI 1999). species differs from others of the genus GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Historically, L. m. var. micrantha was by having a long common flower cluster Currently there is a total of four known from Olokele Canyon, Hanapepe stalk, hairless young stems and leaf populations with 132 individuals Valley, and the Koloa District on Kauai surfaces, transversely wrinkled capsule (HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, this valves, and corolla lobes usually 1.7 to 1999). A population in Koaie Canyon variety is only known from three 2.3 mm (0.1 in.) long (Wagner et al. previously thought to be L. fauriei was populations totalling 56 to 66 1999). Three varieties of Labordia later identified as L. subcordata individuals in the Koaie branch of tinifolia are recognized: var. lanaiensis (USFWS 1995). Waimeae Canyon (State owned land) on Lanai and Molokai; var. tinifolia on This species grows most often in (HINHP 1999; GDSI 1999). Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Lipochaeta micrantha var. exigua Hawaii; and var. wahiawaensis, moderate shade to full sun and is usually found on the sides of steep grows on cliffs, ridges, or slopes in endemic to Kauai. Variety wahiawaensis grassy, shrubby or dry mixed is distinguished from the other two by gulches in diverse lowland mesic forests between 480 and 900 m (1,575 and communities between 305–430 m its larger corolla (Wagner et al. 1999). (1,000–1,400 ft) elevation with No life history information for this 2,950 ft) elevation (Wagner et al. 1999). Associated native plant taxa include Artemisia australis, Bidens subspecies is currently available. sandvicensis, Plectranthus parviflorus Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Myrsine lanaiensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Acacia koa, Pleomele (ala ala wai nui), Chamaesyce is only known from one population with celastroides, Diospyros sp., Canthium aurea, Sapindus oahuensis (lonomea), a total of 20–30 individual plants on odoratum, Neraudia sp., Pipturus sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Dodonaea private land in the Wahiawa Drainage in Hibiscus kokio, Sida fallax, Eragrostis viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, the Wahiawa Mountains from (GDSI sp. (kawelu), and Lepidium bidentatum Psychotria greenwelliae, Kokia 1999; HINHP Database 1999). (anaunau) (USFWS 1995; HINHP 1999). kauaiensis, Diospyros sp. and Hibiscus Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis Lipochaeta micrantha var. micrantha waimeae (HINHP Database 1999; K. grows along streambanks in lowland grows on basalt cliffs, stream banks, or Wood, in litt. 1999). wet forests dominated by Metrosideros level ground in mesic or diverse polymorpha at elevations between 300 Major threats to Lipochaeta fauriei are Metrosideros polymorpha-Diospyros sp. to 920 m (985 to 3,020 ft), with predation and habitat degradation by forest between 610–720 m (2,000–2,360 Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris feral goats and pigs, and competition ft) elevation with Lobelia niihauensis, linearis, Cyrtandra sp., Antidesma sp., with invasive alien plants. Fire is also Chamaesyce celastroides var. Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or a significant threat to L. fauriei due to hanapepensis, Neraudia kauaiensis, Athyrium microphyllum (HINHP the invasion of Melinis minutiflora, a Rumex sp. (dock or sorrel), Database 1999). fire-adapted grass that creates Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp., The primary threats to the remaining unnaturally high fuel loads. The small Dodonaea viscosa, Antidesma sp., individuals of Labordia tinifolia var. total number of individuals makes the Hibiscus sp., Xylosma sp., Pleomele sp., wahiawaensis are competition with species susceptible to extinction from Melicope sp., Bobea sp., and Acacia koa alien plants, habitat degradation by feral naturally occurring events, such as (USFWS 1995; HINHP 1999). pigs, trampling by humans, and a risk of landslides or hurricanes, and/or The major threats to both varieties of extinction from catastrophic random reduced reproductive vigor (59 FR 9304; Lipochaeta micrantha are habitat events or reduced reproductive vigor USFWS 1995; HINHP Database 1999). degradation by feral pigs and goats, and
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
Plateau, and Haupu (HINHP Database Makaha Valleys, Waimeae Canyon, found scattered in sand dunes in a 1999). There are currently eight Nualolo, and Kawaiula, all on State coastal shrubland at elevations of 100 m populations with 360 to 421 individuals owned land; the species may occur on (330 ft) or less (HINHP Database 1999). on State and privately owned lands or near land under Federal jurisdiction Associated plant taxa include Dodonaea (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. in Kokee State Park (HINHP Database viscosa, Cassytha filiformis (kaunaoa Wood, in litt. 1999). The populations are 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). pehu), Sporobolus sp., Scaevola sericea found in Kalalau Valley, Kahuamaa Flat, This species generally grows in rich (naupaka kahakai), Sida fallax, and Limahuli Valley, Hanakapiai Ridge, soil on steep slopes in montane mesic Vitex rotundifolia (kolokolo kahakai) Koaie Stream, Pohakuao, Namolokama or lowland mesic or wet forest (HINHP Database 1999). Summit Plateau, and the Wahiawa dominated by Acacia koa or a mixture Primary threats to Panicum Drainage (HINHP Database 1999; K. of Metrosideros polymorpha and A. koa niihauense are destruction by off-road Wood, in litt. 1999). between 915 and 1,220 m (3,000 and vehicles, competition with alien plant Myrsine linearifolia typically grows 4,000 ft) elevation. Associated plants taxa, and a risk of extinction from from 585 to 1,280 m (1,920 to 4,200 ft) include Antidesma sp., Dicranopteris naturally occurring events (e.g., elevation, in diverse mesic or wet linearis, Bobea brevipes, Elaeocarpus landslides or hurricanes) and reduced lowland or montane Metrosideros bifidus, Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope reproductive vigor due to the small polymorpha forest, with Cheirodendron anisata, M. barbigera, M. haupuensis, number of individuals in the one sp. or Dicranopteris linearis as co- Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea remaining population (61 FR 53108; dominant species (Wood and Perlman viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, HINHP Database 1999). 1993; HINHP Database 1999). Plants Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Claoxylon growing in association with this species sandwicensis, Cheirodendron trigynum, Phyllostegia knudsenii include Dubautia sp., Cryptocarya Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Phyllostegia knudsenii, a member of mannii, Sadleria pallida (amau), Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex anomala, the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect Myrsine sp., Syzygium sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Cryptocarya mannii, herb or vine. This short-lived perennial Machaerina angustifolia, Freycinetia Coprosma sp., Pleomele aurea, species is distinguished from others in arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Diplazium sandwicensis, Broussaisia the genus by its specialized flower stalk; Cheirodendron sp., Bobea brevipes, arguta, and Perrottetia sandwicensis it differs from the closely related P. Nothocestrum sp. (aiae), Melicope sp., (Sohmer and Gustafson 1987; HINHP floribunda by often having four flowers Eurya sandwicensis (anini), Psychotria Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). per group (Wagner et al. 1999). Competition with alien plants, such sp., Lysimachia sp. (kolokolo kuahiwi), No life history information for this as Passiflora mollissima, Lantana and native ferns (61 FR 53070; HINHP species is currently available. Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). camara, Rubus argutus, and Erigeron Until 1993, Phyllostegia knudsenii Competition with alien plants, such karvinskianus, and habitat degradation was only known from the site of its as Erigeron karvinskianus, Lantana by feral pigs, deer, and red jungle fowl original discovery made in the 1800s camara, Rubus argutus, Psidium (Gallus gallus) constitute the major from the woods of Waimeae on Kauai cattleianum, Rubus rosaefolius, and threats to Nothocestrum peltatum. This (Sherff 1935; HINHP Database 1999; Kalanchoe pinnata, and habitat species is also threatened by fire, risk of Wagner et al. 1999). There are currently degradation by feral pigs and goats are extinction from naturally occurring two known populations with a total of the major threats to Myrsine linearifolia events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes), 8 to 17 individuals on State owned land (61 FR 53070). and reduced reproductive vigor due to in Koaie Canyon (HINHP Database 1999; the small number of existing individuals Nothocestrum peltatum GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). (59 FR 9304; HINHP Database 1999). Nothocestrum peltatum, a member of Phyllostegia knudsenii is found in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), is a Panicum niihauense Metrosideros polymorpha lowland small tree with ash-brown bark and Panicum niihauense, a member of the mesic or wet forest between 865–975 m woolly stems. The usually peltate leaves grass family (Poaceae), is a perennial elevation (2,840–3,200 ft) (HINHP and shorter leaf stalks separate this bunchgrass with unbranched culms Database 1999). Associated species species from others in the genus (Symon (aerial stems). This short-lived perennial include Perrottetia sandwicensis, 1999). species is distinguished from others in Cyrtandra kauaiensis (hai wale), Although plants of this long-lived the genus by the shape of the Cyrtandra paludosa (hai wale), perennial species have been observed inflorescence branches, which are erect, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Claoxylon flowering, they rarely set fruit. This and the arrangement of the spikelets, sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Ilex could be the result of a loss of which are densely clustered (Davids anomala, Myrsine linearifolia, Bobea pollinators, reduced genetic variability, 1999). timonioides, Selaginella arbuscula or an inability to fertilize itself (59 FR Little is known about the life history (lepelepeamoa), Diospyros sp., 9304). Little else is known about the life of this species. Reproductive cycles, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum history of Nothocestrum peltatum. longevity, specific environmental sp., Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, requirements, and limiting factors are sandwicensis, and Pritchardia minor (61 seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific unknown. FR 53070). environmental requirements, and Panicum niihauense was known Major threats to Phyllostegia limiting factors are unknown. historically from Niihau and one knudsenii include habitat degradation Historically, Nothocestrum peltatum location on Kauai (HINHP Database by feral pigs and goats, competition was known from Kauai at Kumuwela, 1999). Currently this species is only with alien plants, and a risk of Kaholuamanu, and the region of known from the Polihale State Park area extinction from naturally occurring Nualolo (HINHP Database 1999). This on State and privately owned land, and events (e.g., landslides and hurricanes) species is now known from a total of may occur on or near the federally and reduced reproductive vigor due to nine populations with 19 individuals, owned Pacific Missile Range Facility the small number of individuals in the located near the Kalalau Lookout area, (PMRF) on Kauai (GDSI 1999). The only known population (61 FR 53070; Kalalau Valley, Awaawapuhi and single population of 23 individuals is USFWS 1998a).
VerDate 11
Phyllostegia wawrana agents, longevity, specific species by its shorter rhizomes, shorter Phyllostegia wawrana, a member of environmental requirements, and culms which do not become rush-like the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a limiting factors are unknown. with age, closed and fused sheaths, Historically, this species was found in perennial vine that is woody toward the relatively even-edged ligules, and longer Olokele Gulch on Kauai (O’Connor base and has long, crinkly hairs along panicle branches (O’Connor 1999). 1999). Currently, there is a total of six Little is known about the life history the stem. This short-lived perennial populations with 163–168 individuals of Poa sandvicensis. Flowering cycles, species can be distinguished from the on State owned land in Kalalau Valley, pollination vectors, seed dispersal related P. floribunda and P. knudsenii, Makaha Valley, Koaie Valley, and agents, longevity, specific by its less specialized flower stalk Waialae Valley (HINHP Database 1999; environmental requirements, and (Wagner et al. 1999). GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). limiting factors are unknown. Seeds were observed in the wild in This species typically grows on cliffs, Historically, this species was known August (USFWS 1998a). No additional rock faces, or stream banks in lowland from six areas on the island of Kauai: life history information for this species or montane wet, mesic, or dry the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali is currently available. Metrosideros polymorpha forests or Coast State Park; Halemanu and Phyllostegia wawrana was reported to Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane Kumuwela Ridges and Kauaikanana be found at Hanalei on Kauai in the mesic forest at elevations between 460 drainage in Kokee State Park; 1800s and along Kokee Stream in 1926. and 1,150 m (1,510 and 3,770 ft). Awaawapuhi Trail in Na Pali-Kona Currently, populations are reported in Associated species include Chamaesyce Forest Reserve; Kohua Ridge/Mohihi the Makaleha Mountains, Honopu celastroides var. hanapepensis, drainage in both the Forest Reserve and Valley, and Hanakoa Valley. A total of Artemisia australis, Bidens Alakai Wilderness Preserve; and four populations with 29–49 individuals sandwicensis, Lobelia sandwicensis Kaholuamanu (57 FR 20580; Hitchcock are found on State and privately owned (NCN), Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, 1922; HINHP Database 1999). lands. In addition, this species may Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum lineale, Hillebrand’s (1888) questionable occur on or near land under Federal Mariscus phloides (NCN), Luzula reference to a Maui locality is most jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (HINHP hawaiiensis (NCN), Carex meyenii, C. likely an error (57 FR 20580; Hitchcock Database 1999; GDSI 1999). wahuensis (NCN), Cyrtandra wawrae 1922). Currently, there is a total of nine This species grows between 780 and (haiwale), Exocarpos luteolus, Labordia populations with 1,841 individuals 1,200 m elevation (2,560 to 3,940 ft) in helleri (kamakahala), Nototrichium sp., occurring on State and privately owned Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope anisata, lands (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database lowland or montane wet or mesic forest M. barbigera, M. pallida, Pouteria 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Poa with Cheirodendron sp. or Dicranopteris sandwicensis, Schiedea membranacea, sandvicensis is known to be extant at linearis as co-dominant species (HINHP Diospyros sandwicensis, Psychotria the rim of Kalalau Valley in Na Pali Database 1999). Associated species mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Kokia Coast State Park; Awaawapuhi Trail, include Delissea rivularis, Diplazium kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus, Kumuwela Ridge and Kauaikanana sandwichianum, Vaccinium sp., Antidesma platyphyllum, Bidens drainage in Kokee State Park; and Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine lanaiensis, cosmoides, Dodonaea viscosa, and Kohua Ridge and Mohihi drainage Psychotria sp., Dubautia knudsenii, Schiedea amplexicaulis (NCN) (59 FR (HINHP Database 1999). Scaevola procera (naupaka kuahiwi), 56330; HINHP Database 1999; K. Wood, Poa sandvicensis grows on wet, Gunnera sp., Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon in litt. 1999). shaded, gentle to usually steep slopes, sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp., Poa mannii survives only in very ridges, and rock ledges in semi-open to Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and steep areas that are inaccessible to goats, closed, mesic to wet, diverse montane Syzygium sandwicensis (61 FR 53070; suggesting that goat herbivory may have forest dominated by Metrosideros HINHP Database 1999). eliminated this species from more polymorpha, at elevations of 1,035 to Major threats to Phyllostegia wawrana accessible locations, as is the case for 1,250 m (3,400 to 4,100 ft) (HINHP include habitat degradation by feral pigs other rare plants from northwestern Database 1999). Associated native and competition with alien plant Kauai. Threats to P. mannii include species include Dodonaea viscosa, species, such as Rubus rosaefolius, habitat damage, trampling, and Dubautia sp., Coprosma sp., Melicope Passiflora mollissima, Rubus argutus, browsing by feral goats, and competition sp., Dianella sandwicensis, Alyxia Melastoma candidum, Erigeron with invasive alien plants. Erigeron olivaeformis, Bidens sp., Dicranopteris karvinskianus, and Erechtites karvinskianus has invaded Kalalau, linearis, Schiedea stellarioides, valerianefolia (61 FR 53070; USFWS Koaie, and Waialae Valleys, three of the Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon 1998a). areas where P. mannii occurs. Lantana sandwicense, Acacia koa, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Scaevola sp., Poa mannii camara threatens all known populations, and Rubus argutus Cheirodendron sp., and Syzygium Poa mannii, a member of the grass threatens the populations in Kalalau sandwicensis (57 FR 20580; HINHP family (Poaceae), is a perennial grass and Waialae Valleys. Poa mannii is also Database 1999). with short rhizomes (underground threatened by fire, and reduced The greatest immediate threats to the stems) and erect, tufted culms. All three reproductive vigor and/or extinction survival of Poa sandvicensis are native species of Poa in the Hawaiian from naturally occurring events, such as competition from alien plants, such as Islands are endemic to the island of landslides or hurricanes, due to the Erigeron karvinskianus, Rubus argutus, Kauai. Poa mannii is distinguished from small number of existing populations Passiflora mollissima and Hedychium both P. siphonoglossa and P. and individuals (59 FR 56330). sp.; erosion caused by feral pigs and sandvicensis by its fringed ligule and goats; and State forest reserve trail from P. sandvicensis by its shorter Poa sandvicensis maintenance activities and human panicle branches (O’Connor 1999). Poa sandvicensis is a perennial grass recreation. In addition, naturally Little is known about the life history (family Poaceae) with densely tufted, occurring events could constitute a of Poa mannii. Flowering cycles, mostly erect culms. Poa sandvicensis is threat of extinction or reduced pollination vectors, seed dispersal distinguished from closely related reproductive vigor due to the species’
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
Seedlings of this taxon have not been Schiedea apokremnos has been opposite leaves are somewhat thick, observed. Flowers have been observed collected from Nualolo Kai, Kaaweiki triangular, egg-shaped to heart-shaped, in April, May, June, and August, and are Ridge, and along a 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long conspicuously three-veined, and nearly probably insect-pollinated. Seeds are section of the Na Pali coast including hairless to sparsely covered with short, probably wind or water-dispersed. Milolii Valley, Kalalau Beach, fine hairs, especially along the margins. Remya montgomeryi may be self- Kaaalahina and Manono ridges, This species is the only member of the incompatible (56 FR 1450; Herbst 1988). Haeleele ridge, and, as far north as, genus on Kauai that grows as a vine Remya montgomeryi is known only Pohakuao Valley, all on the island of (Wagner et al. 1999). from Kauai. Three populations with 143 Kauai (HINHP Database 1999). Three plants were observed flowering individuals are reported on State owned Currently, the species is extant at all in February (USFWS 1998a). No land on the rim of Kalalau Valley and locations except Nualolo Kai, although additional life history information for Koaie Canyon. This species may also the Kalalau and Milolii populations this species is currently available. occur on or near land under Federal have not been revisited for over six Schiedea helleri was originally found jurisdiction in Kokee State Park (Herbst years. The Kaaweiki population is in only at a single location above Waimeae, 1988; GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999; Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve and the at Kaholuamano on the island of Kauai, K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Haeleele ridge population is in Polihale over 100 years ago (HINHP Database Remya montgomeryi grows between State Park, while all others are in Na 1999). In 1993, this species was elevation of 850 to 1,250 m (2,800 to Pali Coast State Park (56 FR 49639). discovered on a steep wall above a side 4,100 ft), primarily on steep, north or There is currently a total of five stream off Mohihi Stream, northeast-facing slopes or stream banks populations containing 311 to 1,251 approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) north of near waterfalls in Metrosideros individuals on State owned lands the original location (61 FR 53070). polymorpha mixed mesic forest and (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Recently, a small population was cliffs. Associated plants include Schiedea apokremnos grows in the discovered along the Mohihi-Waialeale Lysimachia glutinosa, Lepidium serra, crevices of near-vertical coastal cliff Trail, and plants were found in Boehmeria grandis, Poa mannii, faces, from 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 ft) Nawaimaka Valley (HINHP Database Stenogyne campanulata, Myrsine in elevation. The species grows in 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). There is linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, Ilex sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation currently a total of two populations with anomala, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, along with Heliotropium sp. 53–63 individuals on State owned land Claoxylon sandwicensis, (ahinahina), Bidens sp., Artemisia (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Tetraplasandra sp., Artemisia sp., australis, Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia Wood, in litt. 1999). Nototrichium sp., Cyrtandra sp., hobdyi, Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum Schiedea helleri is found on ridges Dubautia plantaginea (na ena e), sandwicense, Canthium odoratum, and steep cliffs in closed Metrosideros Sadleria sp., Cheirodendron sp., Peperomia sp. and Chamaesyce sp. (56 polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis Scaevola sp., and Pleomele sp. (HINHP FR 49639; HINHP Database 1999). montane wet forest, M. polymorpha- Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). The restriction of this species to Cheirodendron sp. montane wet forest, The primary threats to Remya inaccessible cliffs suggests that goat or Acacia koa-M. polymorpha montane montgomeryi are herbivory and habitat herbivory may have eliminated them mesic forest between 1,065–1,100 m degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle, from more accessible locations. The (3,490–3,610 ft) elevation (HINHP and deer, and competition from alien greatest current threat to the survival of Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). plant species. Other threats include Schiedea apokremnos is still herbivory Other native plants growing in erosion, fire, and an increased risk of and habitat degradation by feral goats, association with this species include extinction from naturally occurring as well as competition from the alien Dubautia raillardioides (na ena e), events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) by plants Leucaena leucocephala (koa Scaevola procera, Hedyotis terminalis, virtue of the extremely small size of the haole) and Hyptis pectinata (comb Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope populations and their limited hyptis), and trampling (trails) by clusifolia, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia distribution. The limited gene pool may humans. Given the small size of most arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea depress reproductive vigor, or a single populations, restricted distribution, and hirtella (haha), Dianella sandwicensis, environmental disturbance could limited gene pool, depressed Viola wailenalenae (pamakani), and Poa destroy a significant percentage of the reproductive vigor may be serious sandvicensis (HINHP Database 1999; K. known individuals (56 FR 1450; USFWS threats to the species. Some S. Wood, in litt. 1999). 1995). apokremnos individuals are Competition with the noxious alien functionally female and must be cross- plant Rubus argutus and a risk of Schiedea apokremnos pollinated to set seed. This reproductive extinction from naturally occurring Schiedea apokremnos is a low, strategy may be ineffective in events (e.g., landslides or hurricanes) branching short-lived perennial shrub populations with few individuals (56 FR and reduced reproductive vigor due to 20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in.) tall, of the pink 49639; USFWS 1995). In addition, a the small number of extant individuals, family (Caryophyllaceae). The leaves are single environmental disturbance (such are serious threats to Schiedea helleri oppositely arranged, oblong, and as a landslide or fire) could destroy a (61 FR 53070). somewhat fleshy and glabrous. Schiedea significant percentage of the extant Schiedea kauaiensis apokremnos is distinguished from individuals. related species by shorter sepals, Schiedea kauaiensis, a member of the nectaries, and capsules (Wagner et al. Schiedea helleri pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a 1999). Schiedea helleri, a member of the generally hairless, erect subshrub. The Little is known about the life history pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a green, sometimes purple-tinged leaves of Schiedea apokremnos. Flowering short-lived perennial vine. The stems, are opposite, narrowly egg-shaped or cycles, pollination vectors, seed smooth below and minutely hairy lance-shaped to narrowly or broadly dispersal agents, longevity, specific above, are usually prostrate and at least elliptic. Lacking petals, the perfect environmental requirements, and 15 cm (6 in.), long with internodes at flowers are borne in open branched limiting factors are unknown. least 4 to 15 cm (1.6 to 6 in.) long. The inflorescences, and are moderately
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
Historically, Viola helenae was The primary threats to Viola m (900 to 1,310 ft) in elevation. The known from four populations, two along kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis are a risk associated native vegetation includes either branch of the Wahiawa Stream on of extinction from naturally occurring Artemisia sp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Kauai (56 FR 47695). Currently, there events, such as landslides or hurricanes, Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia are five known populations, with a total and from reduced reproductive vigor niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicense, of 137 individual plants, on privately due to the small number of existing Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus owned land within the Wahiawa populations and individuals; habitat (kokio), Canthium odoratum, Peperomia Drainage (GDSI 1999; HINHP Database degradation through the rooting sp., Myoporum sandwicense, Sida 1999; USFWS 1994). This species is activities of feral pigs; and competition fallax, Waltheria indica (uhaloa), found in Metrosideros polymorpha- with alien plants, such as Juncus Dodonaea viscosa, and Eragrostis Dicranopteris linearis lowland wet planifolius (NCN) and Pterolepis variabilis (57 FR 27859; USFWS 1995; forest growing on stream banks or glomerata (NCN) (61 FR 53070; Lorence Wagner et al. 1999). adjacent valley bottoms in light to and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1994; HINHP The greatest immediate threats to the moderate shade between 610–855 m Database 1999). survival of this species are habitat disturbance and browsing by feral goats. elevation (2,000–2,800 ft) (USFWS 1994; Wilkesia hobdyi HINHP Database 1999). Although the low number of individuals Threats include competition from Wilkesia hobdyi, a member of the and their restricted habitat could be alien plant species, including Psidium sunflower family (Asteraceae), is a considered a potential threat to the cattleianum, Melastoma candidum, short-lived perennial shrub which survival to the species, the plant potentially Melaleuca quinquenervia, branches from the base. The tip of each appears to have vigorous reproduction Stachytarpheta dichotoma, Rubus branch bears a tuft of narrow leaves and may survive indefinitely if goats rosaefolius, Elephantopus mollis, growing in whorls joined together into were eliminated from its habitat. Fire Erechtites valerianefolia, and various a short sheathing section at their bases. and extinction through naturally alien grasses; trampling and browsing The cream-colored flower heads grow in occurring events, such as landslides or clusters (St. John 1971; Carr 1982a, damage by feral pigs; landslides and hurricanes, could also be threats to the 1999b). erosion; and hurricanes (56 FR 47695; survival of the species (57 FR 27859; This species is probably pollinated USFWS 1995). USFWS 1994). through outcrossing and is probably Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis self-incompatible. Insects are the most Xylosma crenatum Viola kauaiensis, a member of the likely pollinators. In 1982, Carr reported Xylosma crenatum is a dioecious violet family (Violaceae), is a short-lived that reproduction and seedling (plant bears only male or female perennial herb with upward curving or establishment were occurring and flowers, and must cross-pollinated with weakly rising, hairless, lateral stems. appeared sufficient to sustain the another plant to produce viable seed) The species is distinguished from others populations. Flowering was observed long-lived perennial tree in the of the genus by its nonwoody habit, most often in the winter months, but flacourtia family (Flacourtiaceae). The widely spaced kidney-shaped leaves, also during June. Fruits may be tree grows up to 14 m (45 ft) tall and has and by having two types of flowers: dispersed when they stick to the dark gray bark. The somewhat leathery conspicuous, open flowers and smaller, feathers of birds. Densities reach one leaves are oval to elliptic-oval, with unopened flowers. Two varieties of the plant per square meter (approximately coarsely toothed edges and moderately species are recognized, both occurring one square yard) in localized areas, and hairy undersides. More coarsely toothed on Kauai: var. kauaiensis and var. hybridization with Wilkesia leaf edges and hairy undersides of the wahiawaensis. Viola kauaiensis var. gymnoxiphium may be occurring (Carr leaves distinguish X. crenatum from the wahiawaensis is distinguished by 1982a). other Hawaiian member of this genus having broadly wedge-shaped leaf bases First collected in 1968 on Polihale (Wagner et al. 1999). (USFWS 1998a;Wagner et al. 1999). Ridge, Kauai, this species was not Little is known about the life history Five Viola kauaiensis var. formally described until 1971 (St. John of Xylosma crenatum. Flowering cycles, wahiawaensis plants were observed in 1971). Currently, there are seven pollination vectors, seed dispersal flower in December 1994 (USFWS populations with a total of 336 to 401 agents, longevity, specific 1998a). No additional life history individuals (HINHP Database 1999; environmental requirements, and information for this species is currently GDSI 1999). This species occurs on limiting factors are unknown. available. State and privately owned lands and Historically, Xylosma crenatum was Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is may occur on or near land Federal land known from two sites on Kauai: along known only from two populations in the or land under Federal jurisdiction on upper Nualolo Trail in Kuia NAR and Wahiawa Mountains of Kauai with a Makaha Ridge and in Kokee State Park along Mohihi Road between Waiakoali total of 13 individual plants on State (GDSI 1999). There are populations in and Mohihi drainages in Na Pali-Kona and privately owned lands (HINHP the Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve, growing Forest Reserve (57 FR 20580). Currently, Database 1999; GDSI 1999). This taxon on the north-facing, nearly vertical rock this species is extant on State and is not known to have occurred beyond outcrops near the summits of the privately owned lands in Honopu its current range. adjacent Polihale and Kaaweiki ridges Valley in Kokee State Park; Nawaimaka Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis is (HINHP Database 1999). There are also Valley in Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve; found in open montane bog or wet plants growing on a cliff face in and Mahanaloa Valley, and may occur shrubland between 640 and 865 m Waiahuakua Valley, on the boundary on or near land under Federal (2,100 and 2,840 ft) elevation. It is found between the Hono O Na Pali NAR and jurisdiction in the same areas. There are to be associated with Metrosideros the Na Pali Coast State Park, a total of three populations with eight polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, approximately 16 km (10 mi) northeast individual plants total (USFWS 1995; Diplopterygium pinnatum (NCN) and of the other populations (HINHP HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Syzygium sandwicensis (61 FR 53070; Database 1999). Xylosma crenatum is known from Lorence and Flynn 1991; USFWS 1998a; Wilkesia hobdyi grows on coastal dry diverse Acacia koa-Metrosideros HINHP Database 1999). cliffs or very dry ridges from 275 to 400 polymorpha montane wet or mesic
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
Metrosideros polymorpha forest at platyphyllum, Carex meyenii, Carex Munroidendron racemosum, elevations of about 610–1,740 m (2,000– wahuensis, Claoxylon sp., Diplazium Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia kauaiensis, 5,700 ft). Associated native species sandwichianum, Dodonaea viscosa, Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia kauaiensis, include Diospyros sandwicensis, Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili), Kokia Psychotria mariniana, Diplazium Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria kauaiensis, Pisonia sandwicensis, sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Santalum Pleomele aurea, Pouteria sandwicensis, Nesoluma polynesicum, Diospyros sp., ellipticum (iliahialo e), Nothocestrum Psychotria mariniana, P. greenwelliae, Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), A. breviflorum (aiea), and Acacia koa Pteralyxia sandwicensis, Rauvolfia platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, (Lammers 1999). sandwicensis, Reynoldsia sandwicensis Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia The threats to this subspecies on (ohe), Sapindus oahuensis, sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., Kauai are feral goats, pigs, and cattle; Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, and Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria small population size; competition with Xylosma sp. (61 FR 53108). sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia the alien plants Passiflora mollissima Threats to this species on Kauai sp., Bidens sp., and Streblus pendulinus and Senecio mikanioides (German ivy); include habitat degradation and/or (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 1999; fire; introduced slugs; seed predation by destruction by deer, feral goats, and USFWS 1999). rats and introduced game birds; and a pigs; seed predation by rats; fire; and The threats to this species on Kauai risk of extinction due to random competition with alien plants (61 FR include the black twig borer; habitat naturally occurring events, such as 53108; USFWS 1999). degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, landslides or hurricanes (USFWS 1996). and cattle; competition with alien plant Flueggea neowawraea species; fire; small population size; Euphorbia haeleeleana Flueggea neowawraea, a member of depressed reproductive vigor; and a Euphorbia haeleeleana, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a potential threat of predation on the fruit the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large dioecious tree with white oblong by rats (59 FR 56333; HINHP Database dioecious tree with alternate papery pores covering its scaly, pale brown 1999; USFWS 1999). leaves. This short-lived perennial bark. This long-lived perennial species species is distinguished from others in is the only member of the genus found Gouania meyenii the genus in that it is a tree, whereas in Hawaii and can be distinguished Gouania meyenii, a member of the most of the other species are herbs or from other species in the genus by its buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), is a shrubs, as well as by the large leaves large size, scaly bark, the shape, size, shrub with entire, papery leaves. This with prominent veins (Wagner et al. and color of the leaves, flowers short-lived perennial species is 1999). clustered along the branches, and the distinguished from the two other Individual trees of Euphorbia size and shape of the fruits (Linney Hawaiian species of Gouania by its lack haeleeleana bear only male or female 1982; Neal 1965; Hayden 1999; USFWS of tendrils on the flowering branches, flowers, and must be cross-pollinated 1999). the absence of teeth on the leaves, and from a different tree to produce viable Individual trees of Flueggea the lack or small amount of hair on the seed. Euphorbia haeleeleana sets fruit neowawraea bear only male or female fruit (Wagner et al. 1999). between August and October (Wagner et flowers, and must be cross-pollinated Gouania meyenii flowers from March al. 1999; USFWS 1999). Little else is from a different tree to produce viable to May. Seed capsules develop in about known about the life history of this seed (Hayden 1999). Little else is known 6 to 8 weeks. Plants appear to live about species. Reproductive cycles, longevity, about the life history of this species. 10 to 18 years in the wild (USFWS specific environmental requirements, Reproductive cycles, longevity, specific 1998b). No other information exists on and limiting factors are unknown. environmental requirements, and specific environmental requirements or Euphorbia haeleeleana is known limiting factors are unknown. limiting factors. historically and currently from Historically, Flueggea neowawraea Historically, Gouania meyenii was northwestern Kauai and the Waianae was known from Kauai, Oahu, Maui, known only from Oahu (HINHP Mountains of Oahu (61 FR 53108; Molokai, and Hawaii Island (Hayden Database 1999; Wagner et al. 1999). USFWS 1999; HINHP Database 1999; K. 1999; HINHP Database 1999). Currently, Currently, this species is found on Oahu Wood, in litt. 1999). On Kauai, there is it is known from Kauai, Oahu, east and two locations on State and privately a total of 14 populations with 522–593 Maui, and Hawaii. On Kauai, this owned lands on Kauai: the Na Pali-Kona individuals occurring on State and species is reported from Limahuli Forest Reserve and in Koaie Canyon. privately owned lands (HINHP Database Valley, Kalalau, Pohakuao, and the There is a total of three populations 1999; GDSI 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). Koaie and Poomau branches of Waimeae with nine individuals (56 FR 55770; It is found on valley slopes and cliffs Canyon. There is a total of nine GDSI 1999; HINHP Database 1999). along Kauai’s northwestern coast from populations with 56 individuals This species typically grows on rocky Pohakuao to Haeleele Valley and occurring on State and privately owned ledges, cliff faces, and ridge-tops in dry Hipalau Valley within Waimeae lands. However, it has been estimated shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha Canyon, including Kuia NAR and the that the total number of individuals may lowland mesic forest at elevations Na Pali Coast State Park (HINHP be slightly over 100 (HINHP Database between 490 to 880 m (1,600 to 2,880 ft) Database 1999; K. Wood, in litt. 1999). 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS 1999; K. (56 FR 55770; HINHP Database 1999; Euphorbia haeleeleana is usually Wood, in litt. 1999). Wagner et al. 1999). Associated plants found in lowland mixed mesic or dry Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or include Dodonaea viscosa, Chamaesyce forest that is often dominated by mesic forests at elevations of 250 to sp., Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Acacia koa, 1,000 m (820 to 3,280 ft) (Hayden 1999). Melicope sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, or Diospyros sp. This plant is typically Associated native plant species include Bidens sp., Carex meyenii, Diospyros found at elevations between 205 and Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea sp., Lysimachia sp., and Senna 670 m (680 and 2,200 ft), but a few timonioides, Charpentiera sp., gaudichaudii (kolomona) (56 FR 55770; populations have been found up to 870 Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp., HINHP Database 1999). m (2,860 ft). Associated plants include Melicope sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, Threats to Gouania meyenii on Kauai Acacia koaia (koaia), Antidesma Metrosideros polymorpha, include competition from the alien
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
State and privately owned lands, populations, with 500–572 individuals, Mountains on Kauai, and scattered containing between 238–339 are extant on the island of Kauai, on locations on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui individuals, in Kuia NAR, on the both State and privately owned lands (HINHP Database 1999). Currently, P. boundary of Na Pali Coast State Park (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999). holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, and Hono O Na Pali NAR between Historically on Kauai, Plantago princeps and Maui (HINHP Database 1999). On Hanakapiai and Hoolulu Valleys, the var. anomala was reported from a ridge Kauai, there are one to two populations mouth of the Hanakapiai Stream, in west of Hanapepe River. Currently, this with nine individuals reported on State Waiahuakua Valley, Hoolulu Valley, variety is found on Mt. Kahili, upper and privately owned lands in the Alakai Limahuli Valley, Waimeae Canyon, Pohakuao (near Puu Ki), and from the Swamp (HINHP Database 1999; GDSI Kalalau trail, Kaaalahina Ridge, south rim and upper reaches of Kalalau 1999). Hanakoa Valley, Haupu, Mahanaloa Valley. Plantago princeps var. Platanthera holochila is found in Valley, and Pohakuao (USFWS 1995; longibracteata was historically known montane Metrosideros polymorpha- HINHP Database 1999; GDSI 1999; K. from Hanalei, the Wahiawa Mountains, Dicranopteris linearis montane wet Wood, in litt. 1999). and Hanapepe Falls. Currently, forest or M. polymorpha mixed bog This species grows in mixed shrub populations are known from between 1,050 and 1,600 m (3,450 and coastal dry cliff communities or diverse Namolokama, Iliiliula drainage, 5,245 ft) elevation. Associated native mesic forest from sea level to above 915 Wainiha Valley, Waioli Valley, and plants include Myrsine denticulata m (3,000 ft). It is associated with Waialeale (59 FR 56333; GDSI 1999; (kolea), Cibotium sp., Coprosma Hibiscus kokio, Brighamia insignis, HINHP Database 1999; USFWS 1999). ernodeoides (kukaenene), Oreobolus Bidens sp., Artemisia sp., Lobelia Plantago princeps is typically found furcatus (NCN), Styphelia tameiameiae, niihauensis, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, on steep slopes, rock walls, or at bases and Vaccinium sp. (61 FR 53108; Canthium odoratum, Dodonaea viscosa, of waterfalls in mesic to wet USFWS 1999). Psychotria sp., Acacia koa, Kokio Metrosideros polymorpha forest from The primary threats to Platanthera kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, Panicum 480 to about 1,100 m (1,575 to 3,610 ft) holochila on Kauai are habitat lineale, Chamaesyce celastroides, in elevation (Wagner et al. 1999). degradation and/or destruction by feral Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., and Associated plant species include cattle and pigs; competition with alien Metrosideros polymorpha (59 FR 9304; Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp., plants; and a risk of extinction on Kauai Constance and Affolter 1999; HINHP Dicranopteris linearis, Cyanea sp., from naturally occurring events, such as Database 1999). Hedyotis sp., Melicope sp., Xylosma sp., landslides or hurricanes, and/or The major threats to Peucedanum Pleomele sp., Machaerina angustifolia, reduced reproductive vigor, due to the sandwicense on Kauai include Athyrium sp., Bidens sp., Eragrostis sp., small number of remaining populations competition with introduced plants; Lysimachia filifolia, Pipturus sp., and individuals. Predation by habitat degradation and browsing by Cyrtandra sp., and Dubautia introduced slugs may also be a potential feral goats and deer; and trampling and plantaginea, as well as Exocarpos threat to this species (61 FR 53108; trail clearing (Hanakapiai population) luteolus, Poa siphonoglossa, USFWS 1999). (59 FR 9304; USFWS 1995; HINHP Nothocestrum peltatum, Remya Schgiedea nuttallii Database 1999). montgomeryi, and Stenogyne Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the Plantago princeps campanulata, and the threatened Myrsine linearifolia (HINHP Database pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a Plantago princeps, a member of the 1999; USFWS 1999). generally hairless, erect subshrub. This plantain family (Plantaginaceae), is a The primary threats to Plantago long-lived perennial species is small shrub or robust perennial herb. princeps on Kauai are herbivory and distinguished from others in this This short-lived perennial species habitat degradation by feral pigs and endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, differs from other native members of the goats, and competition with various length of the stem internodes, length of genus in Hawaii by its large branched alien plant species. Ungulate herbivory the inflorescence, number of flowers per stems, flowers at nearly right angles to is especially severe, with numerous inflorescence, and smaller leaves, the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits observations of P. princeps individuals flowers, and seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). that break open at a point two-thirds exhibiting browse damage (61 FR 53108; Little is known about the life history from the base. The four varieties, USFWS 1999). of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and greenhouse observations, it is princeps, are distinguished by the Platanthera holochila hermaphroditic (Weller and Sakai branching and pubescence of the stems; Platanthera holochila, a member of 1999). Plants on Oahu have been under the size, pubescence, and venation of the orchid family (Orchidaceae), is an observation for 10 years, and they the leaves; the density of the erect, deciduous herb. The stems arise appear to be long-lived. Schiedea inflorescence; and the orientation of the from underground tubers, the pale green nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing flowers (Wagner et al. 1999). leaves are lance to egg-shaped, and the species. Under greenhouse conditions, Little is known about the life history greenish-yellow flowers occur in open plants fail to set seed unless hand of this plant. Reproductive cycles, spikes. This short-lived perennial is the pollinated, suggesting that this species longevity, specific environmental only species of this genus that occurs in requires insects for pollination. Fruits requirements, and limiting factors are the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. and flowers are abundant in the wet generally unknown. However, 1999). season but can be found throughout the individuals have been observed in fruit Little is known about the life history year (USFWS 1999). from April through September (USFWS of this plant. Reproductive cycles, Historically and currently, Schiedea 1999). longevity, specific environmental nuttallii is known from Kauai and Oahu Historically, Plantago princeps was requirements, and limiting factors are (61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 1999). In found on the islands of Hawaii, Kauai, unknown. addition, it was also reported from Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. It no longer Historically, Platanthera holochila Molokai and Maui (USFWS 1999). occurs on the island of Hawaii. Two was known from the Alakai Swamp, Currently on Kauai, one population varieties of the species, totaling seven Kaholuamano area, and the Wahiawa with 10–50 individuals is reported from
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis The primary threats to Spermolepis owned land in Waimeae Valley (HINHP was known from the islands of Kauai, hawaiiensis on Kauai are habitat Database 1999; GDSI 1999). Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii (HINHP degradation by feral goats; competition Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported Database 1999). Currently, it is found on with various alien plants; and erosion, from lowland dry or mesic forests, or Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, West landslides, and rockslides due to natural montane dry forest, at elevations Maui, and Hawaii (59 FR 56333; GDSI weathering which result in the death of between 550 and 1,740 m (1,800 and 1999; HINHP Database 1999). On Kauai, individual plants, as well as habitat 5,700 ft) (Stone et al. 1999). This species this species has been observed on State destruction (59 FR 56333; USFWS is typically found in forests dominated and private land in the Koaie branch 1999). by Metrosideros polymorpha or and other unspecified locations within Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Diospyros sandwicensis (59 FR 10305; HINHP Database 1999). Other associated Waimeae Canyon, Hanapepe at Kapahili Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is a Gulch, and Hipalau (HINHP Database species include Pleomele auwahiensis medium-size tree with pale to dark gray (halapepe), Antidesma platyphyllum, 1999). There are two known populations bark, and lemon-scented leaves in the with four individuals total on Kauai. Pisonia sp., Alectryon macrococcus, rue family (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves Charpentiera sp., Melicope sp., However, it has been estimated that the are composed of three small triangular- Dodonaea viscosa, Streblus pendulinus, total number of plants on Kauai may be oval to lance-shaped, toothed leaves Myrsine lanaiensis, and Sophora as high as a few thousand (HINHP (leaflets) with surfaces usually without chrysophylla (HINHP Database 1999). Database 1999; GDSI 1999; USFWS hairs. A long-lived perennial tree, 1999). Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is The threats to Zanthoxylum distinguished from other Hawaiian hawaiiense on Kauai include Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known competition with the alien plant species from various vegetation types, including members of the genus by several characteristics: three leaflets all of (Melia azedarach, Lantana camara, and Metrosideros polymorpha forest and similar size, one joint on lateral leaf Pennisetum setaceum (fountain grass)); Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry stalk, and sickle-shape fruits with a fire; human disturbance; and risk of shrubland, at elevations from about 305 rounded tip (Stone et al. 1999). extinction from naturally occurring to 610 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft). Associated No life history information is events, such as landslides or hurricanes, plant species include Eragrostis currently available for this species. and/or reduced reproductive vigor due variabilis, Bidens sandvicensis, Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense to the small number of individuals in Schiedea spergulina, Lipochaeta sp., was known from five islands: Kauai, the only known population (59 FR Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano), Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. 10305; USFWS 1996). Sida fallax, Doryopteris sp., and the Currently, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is A summary of populations and Federally listed endangered Gouania found on Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and landownership for these 81 plants hillebrandii (HINHP Database 1999; Hawaii. On Kauai, this species is only species on Kauai and Niihau is given in USFWS 1999). known from a single individual on State Table 3.
TABLE 3.ÐSUMMARY OF POPULATIONS AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 81 SPECIES ON KAUAI AND NIIHAU
Number of Landownership Species current populations Federal State Private
Adenophorus periens ...... 7 X X Alectryon macrococcus ...... 6 X Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... 4 X Alsinidendron viscosum ...... 4 X X Bonamia menziesii ...... 7 X X Brighamia insignis ...... 5 X X Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 3 X Chamaesyce halemanui ...... 7 X Cyanea asarifolia ...... 2 X Cyanea recta ...... 8 X X Cyanea remyi ...... 7 X X Cyanea undulata ...... 1 X Cyperus trachysanthos ...... 2 X X Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... 4 X X Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... 13 X X Delissea rhytidosperma ...... 3 X X Delissea rivularis ...... 2 X X Delissea undulata ...... 1 X Diellia pallida ...... 5 X Dubautia latifolia ...... 24 X X Dubautia pauciflorula ...... 4 X X Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... 14 X X Exocarpos luteolus ...... 9 X X Flueggea neowawraea ...... 9 X X Gouania meyenii ...... 3 X X Hedyotis cookiana ...... 1 X Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... 6 X Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... 4 X X Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... 1 X Hibiscus clayi ...... 1 X X Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... 2 X X
VerDate 11
TABLE 3.ÐSUMMARY OF POPULATIONS AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 81 SPECIES ON KAUAI AND NIIHAUÐContinued
Number of Landownership Species current populations Federal State Private
Isodendrion laurifolium ...... 8 X Isodendrion longifolium ...... 16 X X X Kokia kauaiensis ...... 11 X Labordia lydgatei ...... 6 X X Labordia tinifolia var...... 1 X Lipochaeta fauriei ...... 4 X X Lipochaeta micrantha ...... 6 X X Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... 1 X X Lobelia niihauensis ...... 12 X X Lysimachia filifolia ...... 1 X Melicope haupuensis ...... 3 X Melicope knudsenii ...... 5 X Melicope pallida ...... 5 X Melicope quadrangularis (extinct) ...... 0 Munroidendron racemosum ...... 15 X X Myrsine linearifolia ...... 8 X X Nothocestrum peltatum ...... 9 X X Panicum niihauense ...... 1 X X X Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 14 X X Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... 2 X Phyllostegia waimeae (extinct) ...... 0 Phyllostegia wawrana ...... 4 X X X Plantago princeps ...... 7 X X Platanthera holochila ...... 1±2 X X Poa mannii ...... 6 X Poa sandvicensis ...... 9 X X Poa siphonoglossa ...... 5 X Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... 1 X Pritchardia napaliensis ...... 4 X Pritchardia viscosa ...... 1 X Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... 20 X X X Remya kauaiensis ...... 14 X Remya montgomeryi ...... 3 X X Schiedea apokremnos ...... 5 X Schiedea helleri ...... 2 X Schiedea kauaiensis ...... 2 X Schiedea membranacea ...... 9 X X X Schiedea nuttallii ...... 1 X Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... 1 X Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... 3 X X Schiedea stellarioides ...... 2 X Sesbania tomentosa ...... 2 X X X Solanum sandwicense ...... 8 X X X Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 2 X X Stenogyne campanulata ...... 1±3 X Viola helenae ...... 5 X Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...... 2 X X Wilkesia hobdyi ...... 7 X X X Xylosma crenatum ...... 3 X X X Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... 1 X
Previous Federal Action and B. insignis), Chamaesyce halemanui quadrangularis (Pelea quadrangularis), Federal action on these plants began (as Euphorbia halemanui), Delissea Myrsine linearifolia (as M. linearifolia as a result of Section 12 of the Act, rhytidosperma, Dubautia latifolia (as D. var. linearifolia), Nothocestrum which directed the Secretary of the latifolia var. latifolia), Exocarpos peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense (as Smithsonian Institution to prepare a luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea (as P. kauaiense), Phyllostegia knudsenii, report on plants considered to be Drypetes phyllanthoides), Hedyotis st.- Plantago princeps (as P. princeps var. endangered, threatened, or extinct in the johnii, Hesperomannia lydgatei, elata, P. var. laxifolia, and P. var. United States. This report, designated as Hibiscus clayi (as H. clayi and H. princeps), Poa sandvicensis, Pritchardia House Document No. 94–51, was newhousei), H. waimeae ssp. hannerae aylmer-robinsonii, Sesbania tomentosa presented to Congress on January 9, (as H. waimeae), Kokia kauaiensis, (as S. hobdyi and S. tomentosa var. 1975. In that document, Adenophorus Lipochaeta fauriei, L. micrantha (as L. tomentosa), Solanum sandwicense (as S. periens, Alectryon macrococcus (as A. exigua), Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope hillebrandii and S. kauaiense), Viola macrococcum var. macrococcum and A. haupuensis (as Pelea haupuensis), M. helenae, V. kauaiensis var. mahoe), Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia knudsenii (as P. multiflora), M. pallida wahiawaensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, insignis (as B. citrina var. napaliensis (as P. leveillei and P. pallida), Melicope Xylosma crenatum (as Antidesma
VerDate 11
TABLE 4(A).ÐSUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 81 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU
Federal Register notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993
Adenophorus periens ...... C1 C1 C1 Alectryon macrococcus ...... C1 3C C1 Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... C1* C2 Alsinidendron viscosum ...... C1* 3A Bonamia menziesii ...... C1 C1 C1 Brighamia insignis ...... C1 C1 C1 Centaurium sebaeoides ...... C1 Chamaesyce halemanui ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea asarifolia ...... C1 Cyanea recta ...... 3A Cyanea remyi. Cyanea undulata ...... 3A Cyperus trachysanthos ...... C2 Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... C2 Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... C1 Delissea rhytidosperma ...... C1 C1 C1 Delissea rivularis ...... C2 C2 3A Delissea undulata ...... C1 C1* C1* Diellia pallida ...... C1* Dubautia latifolia ...... C1 C1 C1 Dubautia pauciflorula ...... C1 Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... C1 C1 C1 Exocarpos luteolus ...... C1 C1 Flueggea neowawraea ...... C1 C1 C1 Gouania meyenii ...... 3A 3A C1 Hedyotis cookiana ...... 3A 3A C1 Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscadelphus woodii. Hibiscus clayi ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... 3C 3C C2 C2 Isodendrion laurifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Isodendrion longifolium ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Kokia kauaiensis ...... C2 C2 C2 C2 Labordia lydgatei ...... C2 C2 C2 Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis. Lipochaeta fauriei ...... C1* C1* C1 Lipochaeta micrantha ...... C1 C1 C1 Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lobelia niihauensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lysimachia filifolia ...... C2 C2 C1 Melicope haupuensis ...... C1 C1 C1
VerDate 11
TABLE 4(A).ÐSUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 81 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAUÐContinued
Federal Register notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993
Melicope knudsenii ...... C1* C1* C1 Melicope pallida ...... C1* Melicope quadrangularis ...... C1 C1 C1* Munroidendron racemosum ...... C1 C1 C1 Myrsine linearifolia ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Nothocestrum peltatum ...... C1 C1 C1 Panicum niihauense ...... C2 Peucedanum sandwicense ...... C2 C2 C2 Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... C1 C1 3A Phyllostegia waimeae ...... C1 Phyllostegia wawrana ...... 3A Plantago princeps ...... C2 C2 C1 Platanthera holochila ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Poa mannii ...... C1 C1 C1* Poa sandvicensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Poa siphonoglossa ...... C1 C1 C1 Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... C1 C1 C1 Pritchardia napaliensis ...... C2 C2 Pritchardia viscosa ...... C2 C2 Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Remya kauaiensis ...... C1* C1* Remya montgomeryi. Schiedea apokremnos ...... C1 C1 Schiedea helleri ...... C1* 3A Schiedea kauaiensis. Schiedea membranacea ...... C2 C2 C2 C2 Schiedea nuttallii ...... C2 Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... C1 C1* Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... C1 C1 Schiedea stellarioides ...... C1* 3A Sesbania tomentosa ...... C1* C1* C1 Solanum sandwicense ...... C1* C1* C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... C1 Stenogyne campanulata ...... C1 Viola helenae ...... C1 C1 C1 Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...... C1 C1 C2 C2 Wilkesia hobdyi ...... C1 C1 Xylosma crenatum ...... C2 C2 C1 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... C1 C1 C1 Key: C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. Federal Register Notice of Review. 1980: 45 FR 82479; 1985: 50 FR 39525; 1990: 55 FR 6183; 1993: 58 FR 51144.
TABLE 4(B).ÐSUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 81 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAU
Proposed rule Final rule Species Federal status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register
Adenophorus periens ...... E 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333. Alectryon macrococcus ...... E 05/24/1991 ...... 56 FR 23842 ..... 05/15/1992 ...... 57 FR 20772. Alsinidendron lychnoides ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 56 FR 53070. Alsinidendron viscosum ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Bonamia menziesii ...... E 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333. Brighamia insignis ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Centaurium sebaeoides ...... E 09/28/1990 ...... 55 FR 39664 ..... 10/29/1991 ...... 56 FR 55770. Chamaesyce halemanui ...... E 09/21/1990 ...... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ...... 57 FR 20580. Cyanea asarifolia ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Cyanea recta ...... T 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Cyanea remyi ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Cyanea undulata ...... E 09/17/1990 ...... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ...... 56 FR 47695. Cyperus trachysanthos ...... E 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108 Cyrtandra cyaneoides ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070.
VerDate 11
TABLE 4(B).ÐSUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 81 PLANT SPECIES FROM KAUAI AND NIIHAUÐContinued
Proposed rule Final rule Species Federal status Date Federal Register Date Federal Register
Cyrtandra limahuliensis ...... T 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Delissea rhytidosperma ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Delissea rivularis ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Delissea undulata ...... E 06/27/1994 ...... 59 FR 32946 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53124. Diellia pallida ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Dubautia latifolia ...... E 09/21/1990 ...... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ...... 57 FR 20580. Dubautia pauciflorula ...... E 09/17/1990 ...... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ...... 56 FR 47695. Euphorbia haeleeleana ...... E 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108. Exocarpos luteolus ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Flueggea neowawraea ...... E 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333. Gouania meyenii ...... E 09/28/1990 ...... 55 FR 39664 ..... 10/29/1991 ...... 56 FR 55770. Hedyotis cookiana ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Hedyotis st.-johnii ...... E 08/03/1990 ...... 55 FR 31612 ..... 09/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 49639. Hesperomannia lydgatei ...... E 09/17/1990 ...... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ...... 56 FR 47695. Hibiscadelphus woodii ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Hibiscus clayi ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Isodendrion laurifolium ...... E 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108. Isodendrion longifolium ...... T 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108. Kokia kauaiensis ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Labordia lydgatei ...... E 09/17/1990 ...... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ...... 56 FR 47695. Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Lipochaeta fauriei ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Lipochaeta micrantha ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Lipochaeta waimeaensis ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Lobelia niihauensis ...... E 09/28/1990 ...... 55 FR 39664 ..... 10/29/1991 ...... 56 FR 55770. Lysimachia filifolia ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Melicope haupuensis ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Melicope knudsenii ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Melicope pallida ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Melicope quadrangularis ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Munroidendron racemosum ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Myrsine linearifolia ...... T 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Nothocestrum peltatum ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Panicum niihauense ...... E 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108. Peucedanum sandwicense ...... T 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Phyllostegia knudsenii ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Phyllostegia waimeae ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Phyllostegia wawrana ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Plantago princeps ...... E 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333. Platanthera holochila ...... E 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108. Poa mannii ...... E 04/07/1993 ...... 58 FR 18073 ..... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56330. Poa sandvicensis ...... E 09/21/1990 ...... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ...... 57 FR 20580. Poa siphonoglossa ...... E 09/21/1990 ...... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ...... 57 FR 20580. Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii ...... E 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59970 ..... 08/07/1996 ...... 61 FR 41020. Pritchardia napaliensis ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Pritchardia viscosa ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Pteralyxia kauaiensis ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Remya kauaiensis ...... E 10/02/1989 ...... 54 FR 40447 ..... 01/14/1991 ...... 56 FR 1450. Remya montgomeryi ...... E 10/02/1989 ...... 54 FR 40447 ..... 01/14/1991 ...... 56 FR 1450. Schiedea apokremnos ...... E 08/03/1990 ...... 55 FR 31612 ..... 09/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 49639. Schiedea helleri ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Schiedea kauaiensis ...... E 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108. Schiedea membranacea ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Schiedea nuttallii ...... E 10/02/1995 ...... 60 FR 51417 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53108. Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina ...... T 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Schiedea stellarioides ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Sesbania tomentosa ...... E 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333. Solanum sandwicense ...... E 10/30/1991 ...... 56 FR 5562 ...... 02/25/1994 ...... 59 FR 09304. Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... E 09/14/1993 ...... 58 FR 48012 ..... 11/10/1994 ...... 59 FR 56333. Stenogyne campanulata ...... E 09/21/1990 ...... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ...... 57 FR 20580. Viola helenae ...... E 09/17/1990 ...... 55 FR 38242 ..... 09/20/1991 ...... 56 FR 47695. Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis ...... E 09/25/1995 ...... 60 FR 49359 ..... 10/10/1996 ...... 61 FR 53070. Wilkesia hobdyi ...... E 10/02/1989 ...... 54 FR 40444 ..... 06/22/1992 ...... 57 FR 27859. Xylosma crenatum ...... E 09/21/1990 ...... 50 FR 39301 ..... 05/13/1992 ...... 57 FR 20580. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... E 12/17/1992 ...... 57 FR 59951 ..... 03/04/1994 ...... 59 FR 10305. Key: E = Endangered; T = Threatened.
VerDate 11
Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as and local governments and affords them protect partnerships with landowners amended, and implementing regulations an opportunity to participate in the and build trust. (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the designation (Id. at 1288). The court also On October 5, 1999, we mailed letters maximum extent prudent and stated that private lands may not be to over 160 landowners on the islands determinable, the Secretary designate excluded from critical habitat of Kauai and Niihau requesting any critical habitat at the time the species is designation even though section 7 information considered germane to the determined to be endangered or requirements apply only to Federal management of any of the 245 plants on threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR agencies. In addition to the potential his/her property. The letters contained a 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of benefit of informing the public and State copy of the November 30, 1998, Federal critical habitat is not prudent when one and local governments of the listing and Register notice, a map showing the or both of the following situations exist: of the areas that are essential to the general locations of the plants that may (1) The species is threatened by taking species’ conservation, the court found be on his/her property, and a handout or other human activity, and that although no Federal activity may be containing general information on identification of critical habitat can be occurring on private property at present, critical habitat. We received 25 written expected to increase the degree of threat there may be such activity in the future responses to our landowner mailing to the species, or (2) such designation of (Id. at 1285–88). with varying types of information on critical habitat would not be beneficial On August 10, 1998, the court ordered their current land management to the species. At the time each plant us to publish proposed critical habitat activities. These responses included was listed, we determined that designations or non-designations for at information on: the presence of fences designation of critical habitat was not least 100 species by November 30, 2000, or locked gates to restrict public access; prudent because it would not benefit the and to publish proposed designations or access to the respondent’s property by plant and/or would increase the degree non-designations for the remaining 145 hunters or if hunting is allowed on the of threat to the species. species by April 30, 2002 (24 F. Supp. property; ongoing weeding and rat These not prudent determinations 2d 1074). This rule responds to the control programs; and the propagation were challenged in Conservation court’s order. and/or planting of native plants. Some Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. respondents stated that the plants of On November 30, 1998, we published 2d 1280 (D. Haw. 1988). On March 9, concern were not on her/his property. a notice in the Federal Register 1998, the United States District Court Only a few respondents expressed requesting public comments on our for the District of Hawaii, directed us to support for the designation of critical review the prudency determinations for reevaluation of whether designation of habitat. We held three open houses on 245 listed plant species in Hawaii, critical habitat is prudent for the 245 the island of Kauai, at the Waimea including these 81 species. Among other Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). Community Center, the Kauai War things, the court held that in most cases The comment period closed on March 1, Memorial Convention Hall in Lihue, we did not sufficiently demonstrate that 1999, and was reopened from March 24, and the Kilauea Neighborhood Center, the species are threatened by human 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). on October 19–21, 1999, respectively, to activity or that such threats would We received over 100 responses from meet one-on-one with local landowners increase with the designation of critical individuals, non-profit organizations, and other interested members of the habitat. The court also held that we county governments, the State of public. A total of forty-eight people failed to balance any risks of designating Hawaii’s Division of Forestry and attended the three open houses. critical habitat against any benefits (2 F. Wildlife, and Federal agencies (U.S. Critical Habitat Supp. 2d 1283–1285). For example, the Department of Defense (Army, Navy, Air court suggested that, before concluding Force)). Only a few responses offered Critical habitat is defined in section 3 critical habitat would not be prudent, information on the status of individual of the Act as: (i) The specific areas the Service should consider whether plant species or on current management within the geographic area occupied by designation might prevent an actions for one or more of the 245 a species, at the time it is listed in inadvertent act of destruction by Hawaiian plants. While many of the accordance with the Act, on which are educating the public. respondents expressed support for the found those physical or biological Regarding our determination that designation of critical habitat for 245 features (I) essential to the conservation designating critical habitat would have Hawaiian plants, more than 80% of the species and (II) that may require no additional benefits to the species opposed the designation of critical special management considerations or above and beyond those already habitat for these plants. In general, these protection; and (ii) specific areas provided through the section 7 respondents opposed designation outside the geographic area occupied by consultation requirement of the Act, the because they believed it will cause a species at the time it is listed, upon court ruled that we failed to consider economic hardship, negatively impact a determination that such areas are the specific effect of the consultation cooperative projects, polarize essential for the conservation of the requirement on each species (Id. at relationships with hunters, or species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use 1286–88). In addition, the court stated potentially increase the occurrences of of all methods and procedures that are that we did not consider benefits trespassing or vandalism on private necessary to bring an endangered outside of the consultation lands. In addition, commenters cited a species or a threatened species to the requirements. In the court’s view, these lack of information on the biological point at which listing under the Act is potential benefits include substantive and ecological needs of these plants no longer necessary. and procedural protections. The court which may lead to designation based on Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that held that, substantively, designation insufficient data. The respondents who we base critical habitat proposals upon establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’ supported the designation of critical the best scientific and commercial data prior to consultation and indicates habitat cited that designation would available, after taking into consideration where compliance with section 7 of the provide a uniform protection plan for the economic impact, and any other Act is required. Procedurally, the court the Hawaiian Islands; promote funding relevant impact, of specifying any stated that the designation of critical for management of these plants; educate particular area as critical habitat. We habitat educates the public and State the public and State government; and may exclude areas from critical habitat
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
(2) elevations between 245 and 915 m (b) containing one or more of the (b) containing one or more of the (800 and 3,000 ft). following native plant species: Pouteria following associated native plant The currently known primary sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, species: Adenophorus sp., Antidesma constituent elements of critical habitat Nestegis sandwicensis, Diplazium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron for Delissea rhytidosperma are: sandwicensis, Elaeocarpus bifidus, sp., Elaphoglossum sp., Freycinetia (1) well-drained soils with medium or Claoxylon sandwicense, Bobea sp., arborea, Hedyotis terminalis, Labordia fine-textured subsoil Pleomele sp., Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra lydgatei, Machaerina angustifolia, (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests or sp., Xylosma sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Peperomia sp., Pritchardia sp., Acacia koa dominated lowland dry Coprosma waimeae, Dicranopteris Psychotria hexandra, and Syzygium forests, and linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Ilex sandwicensis; and (b) containing one or more of the anomala, Melicope anisata, Psychotria (2) elevations between 410–915 m following native species: Euphorbia mariniana, or Scaevola sp.; and (1,345–3,000 ft). haeleeleana, Psychotria hobdyi, Pisonia (2) elevations between 800 to 1,220 m The currently known primary sp., Pteralyxia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, (2,625 to 4,000 ft). constituent elements of critical habitat Cyanea sp., Hedyotis sp., Dianella The currently known primary for Hibiscadelphus woodii are: sandwicensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, constituent elements of critical habitat (1) basalt talus or cliff walls Styphelia tameiameiae, or Nestegis for Dubautia pauciflorula are: (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha sandwicensis; and (1) lowland wet forest within stream montane mesic forest, and (2) elevations between 120 and 915 m drainages; and (b) containing one or more of the (400 and 3,000 ft). (2) elevations between 670–700m following associated native plant The currently known primary (2,200–2,300 ft). species: Bidens sandwicensis, Artemisia constituent elements of critical habitat The currently known primary australis, Melicope pallida, Dubautia for Delissea rivularis are: constituent elements of critical habitat sp., Lepidium serra, Lipochaeta sp., (1) steep slopes near streams for Exocarpos luteolus are: Lysimachia glutinosa, Carex meyenii, (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha— (1) wet areas bordering swamps and Chamaesyce celastroides var. Cheirodendron trigynum montane wet open, dry ridges hanapepensis, Hedyotis sp., or mesic forest, and (a) in lowland or montane Nototrichium sp., Panicum lineale, (b) containing one or more of the Metrosideros polymorpha dominated Myrsine sp., Stenogyne campanulata, following native plant species: wet forest communities, and Lobelia niihauensis, or Poa mannii; and Broussaisia arguta, Carex sp., Coprosma (b) containing one or more of the (2) elevations around 915 m (3,000 ft). sp., Melicope clusiifolia, M. anisata, following native plant species: Acacia The currently known primary Psychotria hexandra, Dubautia koa, Cheirodendron trigynum, Pouteria constituent elements of critical habitat knudsenii, Diplazium sandwichianum, sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, for Hibiscus clayi are: Hedyotis foggiana, Ilex anomala, or Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, (1) slopes Sadleria sp.; and Psychotria greenwelliae, Bobea brevipes, (a) in Acacia koa or Diospyros sp.- (2) elevations between 1,100 to 1,220 Hedyotis terminalis, Elaeocarpus Pisonia sp.-Metrosideros polymorpha m (3,610 to 4,000 ft). bifidus, Melicope haupuensis, Dubautia lowland dry or mesic forest, and The currently known primary laevigata, Dianella sandwicensis, Poa (b) containing one or more of the constituent elements of critical habitat sandwicensis, Schiedea stellarioides, following associated native plant for Diellia pallida are: Peperomia macraeana, Claoxylon species: Hedyotis acuminata, Pipturus (1) bare soil on steep, rocky, dry sandwicense, Santalum freycinetianum, sp., Psychotria sp., Cyanea hardyi, slopes Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dicranopteris Artemisia australis, or Bidens sp.; and (a) in lowland mesic forests, and linearis; and (2) elevations between 230 to 350 m (b) containing one or more of the (2) elevations between 475 and 1,290 (750 to 1,150 ft). following native plant species: Acacia m (1,560 and 4,220 ft). The currently known primary koa, Alectryon macrococcus, Antidesma The currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat platyphyllum, Metrosideros constituent elements of critical habitat for Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae are: polymorpha, Myrsine lanaiensis, for Hedyotis st.-johnii are: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha- Zanthoxylum dipetalum, (1) crevices of north-facing, near- Dicranopteris linearis or Pisonia sp., Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Psychotria vertical coastal cliff faces within the Charpentiera elliptica lowland wet or mariniana, Carex meyenii, Diospyros spray zone mesic forest and containing one or more hillebrandii, Hedyotis knudsenii, (a) in sparse dry coastal shrubland, of the following associated native plant Canthium odoratum, Pteralyxia and species: Antidesma sp., Psychotria sp., kauaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, (b) containing one or more of the Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Bobea sp., Alyxia olivaeformis, Wilkesia following native plant species: Sadleria sp., Cyrtandra sp., Cyanea sp., gymnoxiphium, Alphitonia ponderosa, Myoporum sandwicense, Eragrostis Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Rauvolfia variabilis, Lycium sandwicense, or Syzygium sandwicensis; and sandwicensis; and Heteropogon contortus, Artemisia (2) elevations between 190 and 560 m (2) elevations between 520 to 915 m australis or Chamaesyce celastroides; (620 and 1,850 ft). (1,700 to 3,000 ft). and The currently known primary The currently known primary (2) elevations below 75 m (250 ft). constituent elements of critical habitat constituent elements of critical habitat The currently known primary for Kokia kauaiensis are: for Dubautia latifolia are: constituent elements of critical habitat (1) diverse mesic forest containing (1) gentle or steep slopes on well for Hesperomannia lydgatei are: one or more of the following associated drained soil (1) stream banks with rich brown soil native plant species: Acacia koa, (a) in semi-open or closed, diverse and silty clay Metrosideros polymorpha, Bobea sp., montane mesic forest dominated by (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis, Hedyotis sp., Acacia koa and/or Metrosideros Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Pleomele sp., Pisonia sp., Xylosma sp., polymorpha, and linearis lowland wet forest, and Isodendrion sp., Syzygium
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
The currently known primary Asplenium praemorsum, or Poa Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris constituent elements of critical habitat sandvicensis; and linearis lowland wet forest; and for Schiedea helleri are: (2) elevations between 520 and 1,160 (2) elevations between 610–855 m (1) ridges and steep cliffs m (1,700 and 3,800 ft). (2,000–2,800 ft). (a) in closed Metrosideros The currently known primary The currently known primary polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis constituent elements of critical habitat constituent elements of critical habitat montane wet forest, or Metrosideros for Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda for Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis polymorpha-Cheirodendron sp. are: are: montane wet forest, or Acacia koa- (1) bare rock outcrops or sparsely (1) open montane bog or wet Metrosideros polymorpha montane vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or shrubland containing one or more of the mesic forest, and cliff bases following native plant species: (b) containing one or more of the (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests, Dicranopteris linearis, Diplopterygium following associated native plant and pinnatum, Syzygium sandwicensis, or species: Dubautia raillardioides, (b) containing one or more of the Metrosideros polymorpha; and Scaevola procera, Hedyotis terminalis, following native plants: Bidens (2) elevations between 640 and 865 m Syzygium sandwicensis, Melicope sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp., (2,100 and 2,840 ft). clusifolia, Cibotium sp., Broussaisia Peperomia leptostachya, or Plectranthus The currently known primary arguta, Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea parviflorus; and constituent elements of critical habitat hirtella, Dianella sandwicensis, Viola (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m for Wilkesia hobdyi are: wailenalenae, or Poa sandwicensis; and (590 and 2,625 ft). (1) coastal dry cliffs or very dry ridges (2) elevations between 1,065–1,100 m The currently known primary containing one or more of the following (3,490–3,610 ft). constituent elements for Schiedea associated native plant species: The currently known primary spergulina var. spergulina are: Artemisia sp., Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, (1) bare rock outcrops or sparsely constituent elements of critical habitat Lipochaeta connata, Lobelia vegetated portions of rocky cliff faces or for Schiedea kauaiensis are: niihauensis, Peucedanum sandwicensis, cliff bases (1) steep slopes Hibiscus kokio ssp. saint johnianus, (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests, (a) in diverse mesic or wet forest, and Canthium odoratum, Peperomia sp., and (b) containing one or more of the (b) containing one or more of the Myoporum sandwicense, Sida fallax, following associated plant taxa: following associated plant taxa: Waltheria indica, Dodonaea viscosa, or Psychotria mariniana, Psychotria Heliotropium sp., or Nototrichium Eragrostis variabilis; and hexandra, Canthium odoratum, Pisonia sandwicense; and (2) elevations between 275 to 400 m sp., Microlepia speluncae, Exocarpos (2) elevations between 180 and 800 m (900 to 1,310 ft). luteolus, Diospyros sp., Peucedanum (590 and 2,625 ft). The currently known primary sandwicense, or Euphorbia haeleeleana; The currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat and constituent elements of critical habitat for Xylosma crenatum are: (2) elevations between 680–790 m for Schiedea stellarioides are: (1) diverse Acacia koa -Metrosideros (2,230–2,590 ft). (1) steep slopes polymorpha montane mesic forest, or M. The currently known primary (a) in closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis constituent elements of critical habitat polymorpha lowland or montane mesic montane wet forest, or A. koa -M. for Schiedea membranacea are: forest or shrubland, and polymorpha montane wet forest, and (1) cliffs or cliff bases (b) containing one or more of the containing one or more of the following (a) in mesic or wet habitats, following native plant species: associated native plant species: (b) in lowland, or montane shrubland, Nototrichium sp., Artemisia sp., Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Hedyotis or forest communities dominated by Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope sp., terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Ilex Acacia koa, Pipturus sp. or Metrosideros Dianella sandwicensis, Bidens anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense, polymorpha, and cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or Styphelia Myrsine alyxifolia, Nestegis (c) containing one or more of the tameiameiae; and sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, following associated native plant (2) elevations between 610 and 1,120 Psychotria sp., Diplazium species: Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope m (2,000 and 3,680 ft). sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis, sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, The currently known primary Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp., Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria constituent elements of critical habitat Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia mariniana, Canthium odoratum, for Stenogyne campanulata are: latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii, Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, (1) rock faces of nearly vertical, north- Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides, Scaevola procera, Sadleria cyatheoides, facing cliffs Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis, or Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris (a) in diverse lowland or montane Diplazium sandwichianum; and sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis, mesic forest, and (2) elevations between 975 to 1,065 m Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea (b) containing one or more of the (3,200 to 3,490 ft). brevipes, Alyxia olivaeformis, following associated native plant Multi Island Species Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele sp., species: Heliotropium sp., Lepidium Alphitonia ponderosa, Joinvillea serra, Lysimachia glutinosa, Perrottetia The currently known primary ascendens ssp. ascendens, Athyrium sandwicensis, or Remya montgomeryi; constituent elements of critical habitat sandwichianum, Machaerina and for Adenophorus periens on Kauai are: angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa, (2) an elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft). (1) well-developed, closed canopy Touchardia latifolia, Thelypteris The currently known primary that provides deep shade or high cyatheoides, Lepidium serra, Eragrostis constituent elements of critical habitat humidity variabilis, Remya kauaiensis, for Viola helenae are: (a) in Metrosideros polymorpha- Lysimachia kalalauensis, Labordia (1) stream banks or adjacent valley Cibotium glaucum lowland wet forests, helleri, Mariscus pennatiformis, bottoms with light to moderate shade in open M. polymorpha montane wet
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
The currently known primary detailed information on the specific monitoring database housed at the constituent elements of critical habitat physical or biological features essential University of Hawaii’s Lyon Arboretum, for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai for the conservation of the species. This recent biological surveys and reports, are: would include those features that would our recovery plans for these 76 species, (1) Metrosideros polymorpha forests be needed, for instance, to determine discussions with botanical experts, and or Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry where to reintroduce a species. recommendations from the Hawaii and shrubland containing one or more of the Although, we consider reintroduction Pacific Plant Recovery Coordinating following associated plant species: (the planting of propagated individuals Committee (Plant Recovery Committee) Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens or seedlings into an area) to be an (see below) (HINHP 1999, Plant sandvicensis, Schiedea spergulina, acceptable method to try to achieve Recovery Committee 1998, USFWS Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus plant species recovery, native plant 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 1999; S. agrimonioides, Sida fallax, Doryopteris reintroductions are difficult and Perlman, pers. comm. 2000; Derral sp., or Gouania hillebrandii; and successful efforts are not common. We Herbst, Bishop Museum, pers. comm., (2) elevations of about 305 to 600 m will continue to support experimental 2000; Warren L. Wagner, Smithsonian (1,000 to 2,000 ft). efforts to reintroduce species that may Institution, pers. comm., 2000; CPC in The currently known primary provide us with additional information litt.1999). constituent elements of critical habitat on the physical and biological features In 1994, the Plant Recovery for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Kauai essential to the conservation of these Committee initiated an effort to identify are: species. If necessary, unoccupied and map habitat it believed to be (1) lowland dry or mesic forests, or habitat could be designated in the future necessary for the recovery of 282 montane dry forest to provide additional protection to endangered and threatened Hawaiian (a) dominated by Metrosideros reintroduced plants. plant species. The Plant Recovery polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis, The historical (pre-1970) or even Committee identified areas on most of and some post-1970 records for a species the islands in the Hawaiian chain, and (b) containing one or more of the may be based on herbarium specimens in 1999, we published a description of following associated plant species: that contain only the most rudimentary these areas in our Recovery Plan for the Pleomele auwahiensis, Antidesma collection information, such as only the Multi-Island Plants (USFWS 1999). The platyphyllum, Pisonia sp., Alectryon name of the island from which the Plant Recovery Committee expects there macrococcus, Charpentiera sp., specimen was collected or a general will be subsequent efforts to further Melicope sp., Streblus pendulinus, place name (e.g., east Kauai, Na Pali refine the locations of important habitat Myrsine lanaiensis, Sophora coast, Waimea, Hanalie). In the main areas and that new survey information chrysophylla, or Dodonaea viscosa; and Hawaiian Islands, climatic and or research findings may also lead to (2) elevations between 550 and 730 m ecological conditions, such as rainfall, additional refinements (Plant Recovery (1,800 and 2,400 ft). elevation, slope, and aspect, may vary Committee 1998). C. Methods for Selection of Areas for dramatically within a relatively short Because the Plant Recovery Proposed Critical Habitat Designations distance. Therefore, a simple place Committee identified essential habitat name would not provide adequate areas for all listed, proposed, and As discussed above, very little is information on the specific physical and candidate plant species, as well as known about the specific physical and biological features of the area where the evaluated if these essential habitat areas biological requirements of most of the plant specimen was collected. would provide for habitat requirements 76 species. Therefore, we have defined The apparent unpredictable of other species the Service is the primary constituent elements based distribution of Hawaiian plant species monitoring, the Plant Recovery on the general habitat features of the also makes it difficult to designate Committee’s mapping of habitat is areas in which the plants currently potentially suitable unoccupied habitat. distinct from the regulatory designation occur, such as the type of plant For example, a species may be known of critical habitat. These habitat maps community the plants are growing in, from northern and southern locations on are a planning tool to focus conservation their physical location (e.g., steep rocky an island, but not from intervening efforts on the areas that may be most cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and locations in similar habitat. Based on important to the conservation of elevation. The areas we are proposing to the best available information, we may Hawaii’s listed species and other non- designate as critical habitat provide be unable to determine whether the listed plants. some or all of the habitat components species once occurred in the intervening For the 76 plant species on Kauai and essential for the conservation of the 76 areas and disappeared prior to Niihau, currently occupied habitat was plant species. Polynesian or European times (thus examined and critical habitat Critical habitat may also include areas never having been collected or boundaries were delineated so that outside the area currently occupied by documented there) or simply never locations with a high density of a species when it is determined that occurred there. endangered and threatened plants such areas are essential to the As required by the Act and (multi-species units) were clearly conservation of the species. 16 U.S.C. regulations (section 4(b)(2) and 50 CFR depicted. However, these multi-species § 1532(5)(A)(ii). For example, this may 424.12) we used the best scientific critical habitat units are not include potentially suitable unoccupied information available to determine areas homogeneous or uniform in nature. The habitat that is important to the recovery that contain the physical and biological variable topography of the Hawaiian of the species. However, except for areas features that are essential for the Islands necessitate the creation of within the Alakai Swamp, as discussed survival and recovery of the 76 plant critical habitat units that often later, we have not included such areas species. This information included site- encompassed a number of plant in the proposed designations for these specific species information from the community types. 76 species due to our limited knowledge Hawaii Natural Heritage Program When developing critical habitat of the historical range (the geographical (HINHP) and our rare plant database, units, every current (post-1970) location area outside the area presently occupied species information from the Center for of every plant specimen was delineated by the species) and our lack of more Plant Conservation’s (CPC) rare plant within a 586 m (1,924 ft) radius circle,
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
TABLE 5.ÐAPPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, KAUAI COUNTY, HAWAII
Unit name State Private Federal Total
Kauai A ...... N/A ...... 120.79 hectares ...... N/A ...... 120.79 hectares (298.34 acres) ...... (298.34 acres). Kauai B ...... 139.32hectares ...... 2.91 hectares ...... N/A ...... 142.23 hectares (344.27 acres) ...... (7.18 acres) ...... (351.45 acres). Kauai C ...... N/A ...... 123.92 hectares ...... N/A ...... 123.92 hectares (306.20 acres) ...... (306.20 acres).
VerDate 11
TABLE 5.ÐAPPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, KAUAI COUNTY, HAWAIIÐContinued
Unit name State Private Federal Total
Kauai D ...... N/A ...... 124.68 hectares ...... N/A ...... 124.68 hectares (308.08 acres) ...... (308.08 acres). Kauai E ...... N/A ...... 116.72 hectares ...... N/A ...... 116.72 hectares (288.42 acres) ...... (288.42 acres). Kauai F ...... 352.05hectares ...... 591.05 hectares ...... N/A ...... 943.10 hectares (869.91 acres) ...... (1,460.49 acres) ...... (2,330.40 acres). Kauai G ...... 6,052.12 hectares ...... 316.27 hectares ...... 3.67 hectaries ...... 6,372.06 hectares (14,954.79 acres) ...... (781.50 acres) ...... (9.06 acres) ...... (15,745.35 acres). Kauai H ...... 3,877.20 hectares ...... 68.49 hectares ...... N/A ...... 3,945.69 hectares (9,580.55 acres) ...... (169.25 acres) ...... (9,749.80 acres). Kauai I ...... 4,042.80 hectares ...... 1,067.95 hectares ...... N/A ...... 5,110.75 hectares (9,989.77 acres) ...... (2,638.91 acres) ...... (12,628.67 acres). Kauai J ...... 328.79 hectares ...... 102.48 hectares ...... 72.78 hectares ...... 504.05 hectares (812.43 acres) ...... (253.22 acres) ...... (179.83 acres) ...... (1,245.48 acres). Kauai K ...... N/A ...... 820.76 hectares ...... N/A ...... 820.76 hectares (2,028.09 acres) ...... (2,028.09 acres). Kauai L ...... 215.40 hectares ...... 1,466.89 hectares ...... N/A ...... 1,682.29 hectares (532.24 acres) ...... (3,624.69 acres) ...... (4,156.93 acres). Kauai M ...... N/A ...... 482.16 hectares ...... N/A ...... 482.16 hectares (1,191.42 acres) ...... (1,191.42 acres). Kauai N ...... 286.14 hectares ...... N/A ...... N/A ...... 286.14 hectares (707.06 acres) ...... (707.06 acres). Kauai O ...... 188.93 hectares ...... 53.86 hectares ...... N/A ...... 242.79 hectares (466.85 acres) ...... (133.08 acres) ...... (599.93 acres). Kauai P ...... 456.62 hectares ...... 254.82 hectares ...... N/A ...... 711.44 hectares (1,128.30 acres) ...... (639.66 acres) ...... (1,757.96 acres). Kauai Q ...... 58.35 hectares ...... 195.35 hectares ...... N/A ...... 253.70 hectares (144.18 acres) ...... (482.71 acres) ...... (626.89 acres). Kauai R ...... 694.10 hectares ...... 521.49 hectares ...... N/A ...... 1,215.59 hectares (1,715.13 acres) ...... (1,288.60 acres) ...... (3,003.73 acres). Kauai S ...... 119.08 hectares ...... N/A ...... N/A ...... 119.08 hectares (294.26 acres) ...... (294.26 acres). Kauai T ...... 200.57 hectares ...... 438.01 hectares ...... N/A ...... 638.58 hectares (495.63 acres) ...... (a,082.32 acres) ...... (1,577.95 acres). Kauai U ...... 392.21 hectares ...... N/A ...... N/A ...... 392.21 hectares (969.15 acres) ...... (969.15 acres). Niihau A ...... N/A ...... 93.79 hectares ...... N/A ...... 93.79 hectares (231.76 acres) ...... (231.76 acres). Niihau B ...... N/A ...... 96.76 hectares ...... N/A ...... 96.76 hectares (239.09 acres) ...... (239.09 acres). Total ...... 17,403.68 hectares ...... 7059.10 hectares ...... 76.45 hectares ...... 24.539.23 hectares (43,004.52 acres) ...... (17,443.01 acres) ...... (188.89 acres) ...... (60,636.42 acres).
Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units owned by the State of Hawaii and by Homesteads; and to the northwest is private landowners. The natural features Kalaheo town. Kauai A found within this unit are portions of Kauai D The proposed Kauai A provides the following areas: western wall of critical habitat for one species: Waimea Canyon, Huluhulunui Ridge, The proposed Kauai D provides Cyrtandra limahuliensis. This unit Hukipo Ridge, and the Waimea River. critical habitat for one species: Solanum contains a total of 120.79 hectares (ha) This unit is bounded on the northeast sandwicense. This unit totals 124.68 ha (298.34 acres (ac)) on privately owned and east by Waimea Canyon; on the (308.08 ac) on land owned by a single land. The natural features found in this west by Kapilimao Valley; and on the private entity within the State’s Na Pali- unit are portions of the floor and south by Hukipo Ridge. Kona Forest Reserve. The most evident western wall of Lumahai Valley and natural feature found in this area is a portions of the Lumahai River. This unit Kauai C portion of the Mokuone Stream. is bound on the west by the western Kauai E wall of Lumahai Valley and on the east The proposed Kauai C provides critical habitat for one species: Schiedea by the eastern wall of Lumahai Valley. The proposed Kauai E provides spergulina var. leiopoda. This unit Kauai B critical habitat for Brighamia insignis. contains a total of 123.92 ha (306.20 ac) This unit contains a total of 116.72 ha The proposed Kauai B provides of privately owned land. The natural (288.42 ac), all within the Haupu critical habitat for two species: features found within this unit are Mountain Range. The area contained in Lipochaeta waimeaensis and portions of the Lawai Valley and Lawai this unit is owned by a private entity. Spermolepis hawaiiensis. This unit Stream. To the east of the unit is the The natural features found in this unit contains a total of 142.23 ha (351.45 ac). Niukapu Heiau; to the south is Lawai are Keopaweo Peak and portions of the The lands contained within this unit are Bay; to the north are the Lawai north facing slope of the Haupu
VerDate 11
Mountain Range. This area is bounded Xylosma crenatum. This unit contains a Kauai I on the north by Huleia Stream. total of 6,372.06 ha (15,745.35 ac). The The proposed Kauai I provides critical Kauai F lands contained within this unit are habitat for 36 species: Alectryon owned by the State of Hawaii, private macrococcus, Alsinidendron viscosum, The proposed Kauai F provides land owners, and owned or leased by Chamaesyce halemanui, Diellia pallida, critical habitat for 12 species: the United States Department of Defense Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia Adenophorus periens, Cyrtandra (U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force). Portions haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, limahuliensis, Delissea rhytidosperma, of this unit are contained within the Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia State’s Hono o Na Pali Natural Area meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Kokia lydgatei, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. Reserve, Kuia Natural Area Reserve, Na kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, hannerae, Isodendrion longifolium, Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Kokee Air Lipochaeta micrantha, Lobelia Labordia lydgatei, Lobelia niihauensis, Force Station, Kokee State Park, and niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Peucedanum Puu Ka Pele Forest Reserve. The natural Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, sandwicense,and Pteralyxia kauaiensis. Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine This unit contains a total of 943.10 ha features found in this unit are portions linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, (2,330.40 ac) of land owned by the State of Kopakaka Ridge; portions of Makaha Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia of Hawaii and private owners. A very Ridge and Valley; Milolii Ridge; knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Poa small portion of this unit is found in the portions of Kauhao Valley; Paaiki sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, State’s Hono o Na Pali Natural Area Valley; Poopooiki Valley; Kuia Valley; Reserve. The natural features contained Mahanaloa Valley; Kawaiula Valley; Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya within this unit are Kulanaililia Peak, Milolii Valley; portions of Kaahole kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, portions of Manoa Stream, Pohakukane Valley; Nualoolo Valley and Stream; Schiedea helleri, Schiedea Peak, portions of Haena Valley, portions Awaawapuhi Valley; Honopu Valley; membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. of the Wainiha Pali, portions of Wainiha Makaha Point; Keawanui Point; spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Valley, Hono o Na Pali Peak, Limahuli Makuaiki Point; Alapii Point; Puanaiea Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis Falls, Limahuli Valley and Stream, Point; Nakeikionaiwi Falls; Kalepa hawaiiensis, Xylosma crenatum, and Maunapulua Peak, Maunahou Peak, Ridge; Kainamanu Peak; Kalahu; Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. This unit Makana Peak, and portions of Nianiau; Kalalau Beach, Valley, and contains a total of 5,110.75 ha Hanakapiai Valley and Stream. This Stream; Kanakou; Puu Ki; Kaaalahina (12,628.68 ac). The unit contains areas unit is bounded on the east by Wainiha Ridge; Keanapuka; Alealau; Manono owned by the State of Hawaii and Pali and Valley; on the west by Ridge; Hanakoa Valley and Stream; private owners. Portions of this unit are Hanakapiai Valley; on the southwest by Pohakukumano; Waiahuakua; found within the State’s Puu Ka Pele the Kauai G; and on the north by Haena Waiahuakua Stream; Pohakea; Hoolulu Forest Reserve, Na Pali-Kona Forest State Park, the Pacific Ocean, and Haena Stream; Puu okila; Pihea; Moaalelele; Reserve, Kokee State Park, Waimea town. portions of Hanakapiai Stream and Canyon State Park, and Alakai Wilderness Preserve. The natural areas Kauai G Valley; Kaunouhua Ridge; and Kahuamaa Flat. This area is bounded on found in this unit are upper portions of The proposed Kauai G provides the north and northeast by the Pacific Awini Stream, portions of Kokee critical habitat for 48 species: Ocean; on the northeast by Kauai F; on Stream, portions of Waipoo falls, Kaou, portions of Loli River, portions of Adenophorus periens, Alectryon the southeast by Kauai H; and on the Waiahulu Stream, portions of Poomau macrococcus, Alsinidendron south by Kauai I. lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, Stream, portions of Kohua Ridge, Brighamia insignis, Centaurium Kauai H portions of Kaluahaula Ridge, portions sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, of Koaie Stream and Canyon, portions of Cyperus trachysanthos, Delissea The proposed Kauai H provides Hipalau Valley, Poo Kaena Peak, rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, critical habitat for four species: portions of Oneopaewa Valley, portions Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Exocarpos of Waimea Canyon, portions of Waimea Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia luteolus, Myrsine linearifolia, and River, portions of Nawaimaka Valley haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Platanthera holochila. This unit and Stream, Waialae Falls, portions of Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania contains a total of 3,945.69 ha (9,749.80 Kapukapala Ridge, Kipalau Valley, a meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis ac) on State and private lands. Portions small portion of the Alalaki Swamp, st.-johnii, Hibiscadelphus woodii, of this area are contained within the Waineke Swamp, Kumuwela Ridge, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion State’s Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, portions of Maluapopoki Stream, longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Alakai Wilderness Preserve, Halelea portions of Koliee Stream, portions of Lipochaeta fauriei, Lobelia niihauensis, Forest Reserve, and Kokee State Park. Elekeninui Stream, portions of Noe Melicope haupuensis, Melicope The natural features found in this unit Stream, portions of Elekeniiki Stream, knudsenii, Melicope pallida, are portions of the Kawaikoi Stream; Puu Kaohelo Peak, portions of Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine most of the Alakai Swamp; portions of Kauaikinuna Stream, portions of Mohihi linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Kaunuohua Ridge; Pihea Peak; Stream, Haeleele Ridge, portions of Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia Waiakoali Stream; Koali Peak; portions Haeleele Valley, portions of Kaulaula wawrana, Plantago princeps, Poa of Kawaiiki Ridge; portions of Kawaiiki Valley, Kawaiiki Ridge, Kumuwela mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa Valley; portions of Koaie Stream; Ridge, portions of Wahana Valley, siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, portions of Waialae Stream; portions of Kaluahaulau Ridge, and portions of Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Loli River; portions of Halepaakai Kawaiiki Valley. Kauai H is bordered by Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea Stream; and portions of Halehaha Kauai I to the east and northeast. The Na kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Stream. This unit is bounded on the Pali coastline is to the north, northwest, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, northeast by Kauai K; on the west by and west of the boundaries. The Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne Kauai I; and on the south by Opaewela remainder of the Alakai Swamp is to the campanulata, Wilkesia hobdyi, and Valley. east and northeast.
VerDate 11
Kauai J Reservoir and on the west by Hanapepe of this unit are contained within the The proposed Kauai J provides critical Valley and Stream. State’s Halelea Forest Reserve. The natural features found in this unit are habitat for six species: Hedyotis st.- Kauai M the Mamalohoa Peak, Waiopa, johnii, Lobelia niihauensis, Panicum The proposed Kauai M provides niihauense, Schiedea apokremnos, Namolokama Mountains, Kaliko, critical habitat for eight species: portions of the Lumahai River, portions Sesbania tomentosa, and Wilkesia Brighamia insignis, Delissea hobdyi. This unit contains a total of of the eastern wall of the Lumahai rhytidosperma, Isodendrion Valley, portions of the Waioli Stream, 504.05 ha (1,245.48 ac) on Federal, longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha, State, and privately owned land. portions of the back of Waioli Valley, Munroidendron racemosum, portions of the western wall of Hanalei Portions of this unit are contained Peucedanum sandwicense, Pteralyxia within the State’s Puu Ka Pele Forest Valley, and Puu Manu. This unit is kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii. This bounded on the north by Waioli Valley; Reserve, Polihale State Park, and the unit contains a total of 482.16 ha Pacific Missile Range Facility. The on the east by Hanalei Valley; and on (1,191.42 ac) on privately owned lands the west and south by Lumahai Valley. natural features and landmarks found in within the Haupu Mountain Range. The this area are Polihale Spring, Kapaula natural features found within this unit Kauai Q Heiau, and the lower portions of are Haupu Peak, Naluakeina Peak, and The proposed Kauai Q provides Haeleele Valley, Hikimoe Valley, Queen Victoria’s profile. A length of critical habitat for two species: Kaaweiki Ridge, Kauhao Ridge, 1,730.72 m of the Haupu Range Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Pteralyxia Kaaweiki Ridge, and Polihale Ridge. ridgeline to the west and 2,036.42 m of kauaiensis. This unit contains a total of This area is bounded on the east by the the Haupu Range ridgeline to east of 253.70 ha (626.89 ac). The areas Pacific Ocean. Haupu Peak are included in this unit. contained in this unit are owned by the Kauai K This unit is bound on the north by Kipu; State of Hawaii and a private entity. on the southeast by Kipu Kai; and on Portions of this unit are contained The proposed Kauai K provides the southwest by Mahaulepu. within the State’s Halelea Forest critical habitat for 7 species: Reserve. The natural features found in Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Kauai N this unit are the back of Waipa Valley, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra The proposed Kauai N provides portions of Waipo Stream, Kapailu Peak, limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, critical habitat for two species: Hibiscus Waiokihi Peak, and Kapalikea Peak. The Plantago princeps, and Schiedea clayi and Munroidendron racemosum. area is bounded on the west and membranacea. This unit contains a total This unit contains a total of 286.14 ha southwest by Lumahai Valley and on of 820.76 ha (2,028.09 ac). The areas (707.06 ac). The area found in the the east by Waioli Valley. contained in this unit are owned by the Nonou Forest Reserve, owned by the State of Hawaii. Portions of this unit are State of Hawaii. The natural features Kauai R found within the State’s Halelea Forest found within this unit are the Nonou The proposed Kauai R provides Reserve. The natural features found in Mountain Range, Sleeping Giant, and critical habitat for 8 species: this area are the back portions of Nonou Peak. This unit is bounded on Adenophorus periens, Cyanea Lumahai Valley and River, the east by Wailua; on the south by the asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Mahinakehau Ridge, the back portions Wailua River; on the southwest by the Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra of Wainiha Valley and River, and Wailua Homesteads; and on the north limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, and sections of the Wainiha Pali. by the Twin Reservoirs. Phyllostegia wawrana. This unit contains a total of 1,215.59 ha (3,003.73 Kauai L Kauai O ac) of State and privately owned land. The proposed Kauai L provides The proposed Kauai O provides Portions of this unit are found within critical habitat for 14 species: critical habitat for 2 species: Cyrtandra the State’s Moloaa, Kealia, and Lihue- Adenophorus periens, Bonamia limahuliensis and Cyanea recta. This Koloa Forest Reserves. The natural menziesii, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea unit contains a total of 242.79 ha features found in this area are portions undulata, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, (599.93 ac) on State and privately of Makaleha Mountains and Stream, Dubautia pauciflorula, Exocarpos owned lands. This unit is found within portions of Kaumoku Stream, Mt. luteolus, Hesperomannia lydgatei, the State’s Kealia and Lihue-Koloa Namahana, Keoiki Peak, portions of Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia Forest Reserves. The natural features Anahola Stream, Kahili Peak, the lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. found in this area are Kupakanui Falls, Pinnacle, Leleiwi Peak, Ke Ana Kolea wahiawaensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Kualapa Peak, portions of Keahua Falls, Puu Awa Peak, and Puu Eu Peak. Viola helenae, and Viola kauaiensis var. Stream, and portions of Waipunaea wahiawaensis. This unit contains a total Stream. Kauai S of 1,682.29 ha (4,156.93 ac). The lands The proposed Kauai S provides Kauai P contained within this unit are owned by critical habitat for Exocarpos luteolus. the State of Hawaii and private owners. The proposed Kauai P provides This unit contains 119.08 ha (294.26 ac) Portions of this unit are contained critical habitat for 10 species: of State owned land within the Kealia within the State’s Lihue-Koloa Forest Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, and Lihue-Koloa Forest Reserves. The Reserve. The natural features and Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, natural features found in this area are landmarks found in this area are Cyrtandra limahuliensis, portions of Kamalii Ridge and portions of Hanapepe Valley, Kapalaoa Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion Kamahuna Peak, and portions of Peak, Hulua Peak, portions of Wahiawa longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine Moalepe and Makaleha Streams. Stream, Kanaele Swamp, Kahili Peak, linearifolia, and Plantago princeps. This Laauhihaihai Peak, Kalualea Peak, Puu unit contains a total of 711.44 ha Kauai T Kolo Peak, portions of Wainonoia (1,757.96 ac). The lands contained The proposed Kauai T provides Stream, and Puuauuka Peak. This unit within this unit are owned by the State critical habitat for 7 species: Cyanea is bounded on the south by Alexander of Hawaii and private owners. Portions asarifolia, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
In determining whether an action is Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion 541–3441. Please note that the e-mail likely to be effective, we would longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Labordia address (KAandNIcrithab [email protected]) generally consider: (a) whether the plan lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. will be closed out at the termination of specifically addresses the management wahiawaensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, the public comment period. needs, including reduction of threats of Lipochaeta micrantha, Lipochaeta Our practice is to make comments, the species; (b) whether such actions waimeaensis, Lobelia niihauensis, including names and home addresses of have been successful in the past; (c) Lysimachia filifolia, Melicope respondents, available for public review whether there are provisions for haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, during regular business hours. monitoring and assessment of the Melicope pallida, Melicope Respondents may request that we effectiveness of the management quadrangularis, Munroidendron withhold their home address, which we actions; (d) and whether adaptive racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, will honor to the extent allowable by management principles have been Nothocestrum peltatum, Panicum law. There also may be circumstances in incorporated into the plan. niihauense, Peucedanum sandwicense, which we would withhold a We are aware that the State of Hawaii Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia respondent’s identity, as allowable by and some private landowners are waimeae, Phyllostegia wawrana, law. If you wish us to withhold your considering the development and Plantago princeps, Platanthera name and/or address, you must state implementation of land management holochila, Poa mannii, Poa this request prominently at the plans or agreements that may promote sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, beginning of your comment. However, the conservation and recovery of Pritchardia aylmer-robinsonii, we will not consider anonymous endangered and threatened plant Pritchardia napaliensis, Pritchardia comments. To the extent consistent with species on the island of Kauai. We are viscosa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya applicable law, we will make all soliciting comments in this proposed kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, submissions from organizations or rule on whether current land Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea helleri, businesses, and from individuals management plans or practices applied Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea identifying themselves as within the areas proposed as critical membranacea, Schiedea nuttallii, representatives or officials of habitat adequately provide for the Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda, organizations or businesses, available recovery of the species. We are also Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, for public inspection in their entirety. soliciting comments on whether future Schiedea stellarioides, Sesbania Comments and materials received will development and approval of tomentosa, Solanum sandwicense, be available for public inspection, by conservation measures (e.g., Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Stenogyne appointment, during normal business Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor campanulata, Viola helenae, Viola hours at the above address. Agreements, etc.) should be excluded kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis, Wilkesia Peer Review from critical habitat and, if so, by what hobdyi, Xylosma crenatum, and mechanism. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, and what In accordance with our policy In addition, we are seeking comments habitat is essential to the conservation published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR on the following: of the species and why; 34270), we will seek the expert opinions (1) The reasons why critical habitat (4) Land use practices and current or of at least three appropriate and for any of these species is prudent or not planned activities in the subject areas independent specialists regarding this prudent as provided by section 4 of the and their possible impacts on proposed proposed rule. The purpose of such Act and 50 CFR 424.12(a)(1), including critical habitat; review is to ensure listing and critical whether the benefits of designation (5) Any economic or other relevant habitat decisions are based on would outweigh any threats to these impacts resulting from the proposed scientifically sound data, assumptions, species due to designation; designations of critical habitat, and analyses. We will send copies of (2) The reasons why any particular including any impacts on small entities this proposed rule to these peer area should or should not be designated or families; and reviewers immediately following as critical habitat for any of these (6) Economic and other potential publication in the Federal Register. We species, as critical habitat is defined by values associated with designating will invite the peer reviewers to section 3 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1532(5)); critical habitat for the 76 plant species comment, during the public comment (3) Specific information on the such as those derived from non- period, on the specific assumptions and amount and distribution of habitat for consumptive uses (e.g., hiking, camping, conclusions regarding the proposed Adenophorus periens, Alectryon birding, enhanced watershed protection, designations of critical habitat. macrococcus, Alsinidendron increased soil retention, ‘‘existence We will consider all comments and lychnoides, Alsinidendron viscosum, values,’’ and reductions in data received during the 60-day Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, administrative costs). comment period on this proposed rule Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce If you wish to comment, you may during preparation of a final halemanui, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea submit your comments and materials rulemaking. Accordingly, the final recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, concerning this proposal by any one of decision may differ from this proposal. Cyperus trachysanthos, Cyrtandra several methods (see ADDRESSES). If you cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, are sending comments by electronic Clarity of the Rule Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea mail (e-mail), please submit them in Executive Order 12866 requires each rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia ASCII file format and avoid the use of agency to write regulations and notices pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Dubautia special characters and encryption. that are easy to understand. We invite pauciflorula, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Please include ‘‘Attn: 1018–AG71’’ and your comments on how to make this Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea your name and return address in your proposed rule easier to understand neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, e-mail message. If you do not receive a including answers to questions such as Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, confirmation from the system that we the following: (1) Are the requirements Hesperomannia lydgatei, have received your e-mail message, in the proposed rule clearly stated? (2) Hibiscadelphus woodii, Hibiscus clayi, contact us directly by calling our Pacific Does the proposed rule contain Hibiscus waimeae spp. hannerae, Islands Office at phone number 808/ technical language or jargon that
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules
FLOWERING PLANTS
******* Alectryon Mahoe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Sapindaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA macrococcus.
******* Alsinidendron Kuawawaenohu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA lychnoides. Alsinidendron None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA viscosum.
******* Bonamia menziesii ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Convolvulaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA Brighamia insignis .... 'Olulu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Centaurium 'Awiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gentianaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA sebaeoides.
******* Chamaesyce None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 464 17.96(a) NA halemanui.
******* Cyanea asarifolia ...... Haha ...... U.S.A (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Cyanea recta ...... Haha ...... U.S.A (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... T 590 17.96(a) NA Cyanea remyi ...... Haha ...... U.S.A (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
******* Cyanea undulata ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 436 17.96(a) NA
******* Cyperus Pu'uka'a ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cyperaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA trachysanthos.
******* Cyrtandra cyaneoides Mapele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
******* Cyrtandra Ha'iwale' ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... T 530 17.96(a) NA limahuliensis.
******* Delissea None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA rhytidosperma. Delissea rivularis ...... 'Oha' ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
******* Delissea undulata ..... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 593 17.96(a) NA
******* Dubautia latifolia ...... Na'ena'e' ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 464 17.96(a) NA Dubautia pauciflorula Na'ena'e' ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 436 17.96(a) NA
******* Euphorbia 'Akoko ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA haeleeleana.
******* Exocarpos luteolus ... Heau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Santalaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
VerDate 11
Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules
******* Flueggea Mehamehame ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA neowawraea.
******* Gouania meyenii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA
******* Hedyotis cookiana .... 'Awiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Hedyotis st.-johnii ..... Na Pali beach U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 441 17.96(a) NA hedyotis.
******* Hesperomannia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 436 17.96(a) NA lydgatei.
******* Hibiscadelphus Hau kuahiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA woodii.
******* Hibiscus clayi ...... Clay's hibiscus ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA Hibiscus waimeae Koki'o ke'oke'o ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA spp. hannerae.
******* Isodendrion Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA laurifolium. Isodendrion Aupaka ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... T 592 17.96(a) NA longifolium.
******* Kokia kauaiensis ...... Koki'o ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
******* Labordia lydgatei ...... Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Loganiaceae ...... E 436 17.96(a) NA Labordia tinifolia var. Kamakahala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Loganiaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA wahiawaensis.
******* Lipochaeta fauriei ..... Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Lipochaeta micrantha Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Lipochaeta Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA waimeaensis.
******* Lobelia niihauensis ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA
******* Lysimachia filifolia .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Primulaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Melicope haupuensis Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA Melicope knudsenii ... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Melicope pallida ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Munroidendron None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Araliaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA racemosum.
******* Myrsine linearifolia .... Kolea ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Myrsinaceae ...... T 590 17.96(a) NA
VerDate 11
Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules
******* Nothocestrum 'Aiea ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Solanaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA peltatum.
******* Panicum niihauense Lau 'ehu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA
******* Peucedanum Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... T 530 17.96(a) NA sandwicense.
******* Phyllostegia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA knudsenii.
******* Phyllostegia wawrana None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
******* Plantago princeps ..... Laukahi kuahiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Plantaginaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA Platanthera holochila None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Orchidaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA
******* Poa mannii ...... Mann's bluegrass ..... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 558 17.96(a) NA
******* Poa sandvicensis ..... Hawaiian bluegrass U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 464 17.96(a) NA Poa siphonoglossa ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 464 17.96(a) NA
******* Pteralyxia kauaiensis Kaulu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apocynaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
******* Remya kauaiensis .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 413 17.96(a) NA
******* Remya montgomeryi None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 413 17.96(a) NA
******* Schiedea Ma'oli'oli ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 441 17.96(a) NA apokremnos.
******* Schiedea helleri ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
******* Schiedea kauaiensis None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA
******* Schiedea None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA membranacea. Schiedea nuttallii ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA
******* Schiedea spergulina None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA var. leiopoda. Schiedea spergulina None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... T 530 17.96(a) NA var. spergulina. Schiedea stellarioides Laulihilihi (Ma'oli'oli) U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA
******* Sesbania tomentosa 'Ohai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA
******* Solanum 'Aiakeakua, popolo .. U.S.A. (HI) ...... Solanaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA sandwicense.
******* Spermolepis None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA hawaiiensis.
VerDate 11
Species Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules
******* Stenogyne None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 464 17.96(a) NA campanulata.
******* Viola helenae ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 436 17.96(a) NA Viola kauaiensis var. Nani wai'ale'ale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 590 17.96(a) NA wahiawaensis.
******* Wilkesia hobdyi ...... Dwarf iliau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 473 17.96(a) NA Xylosma crenatum .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Flacourtiaceae ...... E 464 17.96(a) NA
******* Zanthoxylum A'e ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA hawaiiense.
******* FERNS AND ALLIES Adenophorus periens Pendant kihi fern ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Grammitidaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA
******* Diellia pallida ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA
*******
3. In § 17.96, redesignate paragraph (a) flowering plants’’; and add a new (1) Hawaii. as paragraph (b); revise heading of paragraph (a) to read as follows: (i) Maps and critical habitat unit newly designated paragraph (b) to read § 17.96 Critical habitatÐplants. descriptions. ‘‘Single-species critical habitat— (a) Unit Descriptions and Maps of (A) Kauai. multiple-species critical habitat units.
VerDate 11
Critical habitat units with multiple Kauai B (142 ha; 351 ac) Kauai C (124 ha; 306 ac) species are described below. Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with Unit consists of eight boundary points Unit consists of seven boundary points units in meters using North American with the following coordinates: 429954, with the following coordinates: 447275, Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Distances are 2432936; 430228, 2433024; 430792, 2421965; 447607, 2422327; 448163, provided in meters and miles. 2432813; 431050, 2432278; 431007, 2422315; 448481, 2421928; 448450, Kauai A (121 ha; 298 ac) 2431901; 430646, 2431556; 429966, 2421347; 447896, 2421028; 447268, 2431685; 429725, 2432253. 2421332. Unit consists of seven boundary points with the following coordinates: 443666, Note: Map follows: Note: Map follows: 2452051; 443998, 2452413; 444554, 2452401; 444886, 2452015; 444832, 2451423; 444282, 2451133; 443696, 2451454. Note: Map follows:
VerDate 11
Kauai D (125 ha; 308 ac) Kauai E (117 ha; 288 ac) Kauai F (943 ha; 2,330 ac)
Unit consists of seven boundary points Unit consists of seven boundary points Unit consists of twenty-seven boundary with the following coordinates: 440157, and the intermediate coastline with the points and the intermediate coastline 2439356; 440489, 2439719; 441045, following coordinates: 462461, 2426866; with the following coordinates: 439582, 2439706; 441377, 2439320; 441355, 462686, 2426588; 462598, 2425988; 2457190; 439646, 2457137; 439870, 2457165; 440480, 2457164; 440853, 2438717; 440773, 2438438; 440155, 462047, 2425726; 461453, 2426032; 2456992; 441585, 2456539; 441928, 2438734. 461432, 2426617; 461741, 2426979. 2456203; 441875, 2455686; 441477, Note: Map follows: Note: Map follows: 2455265; 440747, 2455513; 440294, 2454127; 440678, 2454002; 440939, 2453662; 440687, 2452786; 440011, 2452638; 439324, 2452794; 438821, 2452909; 438249, 2453179; 438122, 2453607; 438356, 2454207; 439171, 2454579; 439213, 2454955; 439014, 2455248; 439053, 2455692; 439249, 2455858; 439274, 2456481; 439060, 2456669. Note: Map follows:
VerDate 11
Kauai G (6,372 ha; 15,752 ac) 2447167; 427163, 2447392; 427051, 2446869; 426453, 2446532; 426005, Unit consists of sixty-one boundary 2446794; 425182, 2446869; 424958, points and two intermediate stretches of 2447466; 425033, 2448288; 424734, coastline with the following 2448475; 424703, 2448535; 425519, coordinates: 438237, 2456026; 438340, 2449626; 425631, 2449559; 426331, 2455904; 438452, 2455418; 438302, 2449614; 427201, 2449297; 428060, 2455008; 438227, 2454336; 438356, 2449185; 428733, 2449372; 428696, 2454207; 438122, 2453607; 438249, 2449969; 427986, 2449820; 427327, 2453179; 438821, 2452909; 439324, 2449846; 427036, 2450343. 2452794; 439098, 2452402; 438390, 2451683; 438377, 2451066; 438479, Note: Map follows: 2450630; 438081, 2450611; 437856, 2450386; 437196, 2450236; 436686, 2450327; 436206, 2450012; 435576, 2449428; 435171, 2449398; 434571, 2449188; 434346, 2448873; 433716, 2448589; 433056, 2448274; 432606, 2447884; 431976, 2447600; 431571, 2447195; 431376, 2446520; 431001, 2446041; 430881, 2445501; 430956, 2445096; 430506, 2444616; 430055, 2444390; 429511, 2444515; 429264, 2445339; 428958, 2445710; 428546, 2445373; 427836, 2445411; 427275, 2446121; 427275, 2446869; 427649,
VerDate 11
Kauai H North (1,893 ha; 4,678 ac) Unit consists of thirty boundary points with the following coordinates: 438479, 2450630; 438530, 2450411; 439197, 2449222; 439559, 2448851; 439963, 2448868; 440449, 2447452; 441231, 2446950; 441832, 2446159; 442326, 2445855; 441941, 2445618; 441564, 2445724; 440439, 2445635; 439481, 2445574; 439012, 2445981; 438755, 2446540; 437858, 2446764; 437473, 2446353; 436897, 2446435; 436567, 2446737; 436399, 2447492; 435795, 2447718; 434346, 2448873; 434571, 2449188; 435171, 2449398; 435576, 2449428; 436206, 2450012; 436686, 2450327; 437196, 2450236; 437856, 2450386; 438081, 2450611. Note: Map follows:
Kauai H South (2,053 ha; 5,072 ac) Unit consists of thirty-six boundary points with the following coordinates: 442681, 2445377; 443901, 2444045; 443929, 2443735; 444310, 2443141; 445138, 2442798; 445835, 2442346; 446429, 2442286; 446674, 2441998; 446559, 2441513; 446662, 2441347; 446394, 2441140; 446090, 2441397; 445534, 2441154; 445380, 2441414; 445147, 2441167; 444455, 2440991; 444124, 2441223; 443707, 2441132; 443023, 2441344; 442289, 2441224; 441900, 2441577; 441650, 2441573; 441526, 2441372; 441085, 2441150; 440912, 2440914; 440464, 2440832; 440002, 2440430; 439021, 2440374; 438871, 2440154; 438599, 2440452; 438983, 2440918; 438956, 2441522; 439226, 2442251; 439011, 2443004; 437912, 2443251; 442140, 2444430. Note: Map follows:
VerDate 11
Kauai I (5,111 ha; 12,629 ac) Kauai J (504 ha; 1,245 ac)
Unit consists of seventy-five boundary Unit consists of eight boundary points points with the following coordinates: and the intermediate coastline with the 442326, 2445855; 442681, 2445377; following coordinates: 423814, 2445432; 442140, 2444430; 437912, 2443251; 424802, 2445255; 424177, 2443625; 423776, 2443508; 423659, 2442716; 439011, 2443004; 439226, 2442251; 422590, 2442656; 419640, 2439894; 438956, 2441522; 438983, 2440918; 419295, 2440404. 438599, 2440452; 438182, 2440018; 437639, 2439989; 437237, 2440320; Note: Map follows: 436456, 2440043; 436254, 2440270; 436809, 2441177; 435666, 2441725; 435498, 2441102; 434893, 2440850; 434168, 2441070; 433936, 2440283; 433268, 2440018; 432676, 2440585; 433230, 2441908; 434465, 2443017; 435654, 2443235; 435682, 2443786; 435977, 2444109; 437779, 2444969; 437565, 2445246; 436658, 2444679; 436091, 2445059; 435939, 2445705; 435335, 2445271; 435492, 2443672; 435074, 2443340; 433280, 2443372; 433030, 2444063; 433773, 2445154; 435198, 2446208; 435150, 2446635; 434429, 2446408; 434277, 2445895; 433180, 2444874; 431397, 2443543; 431758, 2442201; 431027, 2441811; 430463, 2442072; 430035, 2443613; 431367, 2445115; 432329, 2445592; 432614, 2446180; 432320, 2446465; 431417, 2445364; 430956, 2445096; 430881, 2445501; 431001, 2446041; 431376, 2446520; 431571, 2447195; 431976, 2447600; 432606, 2447884; 433056, 2448274; 433716, 2448589; 434346, 2448873; 435795, 2447718; 436399, 2447492; 436567, 2446737; 436897, 2446435; 437473, 2446353; 437858, 2446764; 438755, 2446540; 439012, 2445981; 439481, 2445574; 440439, 2445635; 441564, 2445724; 441941, 2445618. Note: Map follows:
VerDate 11
Kauai K (821 ha; 2,028 ac) Kauai L (1,682 ha; 4,157 ac) Kauai M (482 ha; 1,191 ac)
Unit consists of fifteen boundary points Unit consists of eleven boundary points Unit consists of nine boundary points with the following coordinates: 448086, with the following coordinates: 443963, with the following coordinates: 456911, 2443601; 447030, 2442449; 446492, 2429307; 446972, 2431287; 447094, 2424542; 456931, 2425122; 459885, 2442508; 446087, 2442992; 446126, 2443364; 444940, 2443559; 444633, 2432620; 449275, 2432701; 449659, 2425581; 460651, 2425063; 460751, 2444048; 444772, 2444564; 446167, 2430034; 449235, 2429166; 450649, 2424475; 459457, 2424224; 458932, 2445324; 446631, 2445322; 447605, 2427126; 449602, 2426473; 447114, 2423556; 457954, 2423431; 457777, 2444633; 448415, 2445609; 449238, 2429408; 444745, 2428502; 443963, 2424372. 2445413; 449406, 2444618; 449057, 2429287. Note: Map follows: 2444228. Note: Map follows: Note: Map follows:
VerDate 11
Kauai N (286 ha; 707 ac) Kauai O (243 ha; 600 ac) Kauai P (711 ha; 1,758 ac)
Unit consists of sixteen boundary points Unit consists of eight boundary points Unit consists of thirteen boundary with the following coordinates: 462502, with the following UTM coordinates: points with the following coordinates: 2438598; 462104, 2438973; 462578, 454357, 2445398; 454986, 2445311; 447753, 2447225; 447428, 2447829; 2439445; 462918, 2439799; 462987, 455160, 2444765; 455113, 2443528; 448470, 2448968; 447125, 2450677; 2440106; 463169, 2440475; 463176, 2440747; 463392, 2440968; 463540, 454847, 2443199; 454234, 2443189; 447365, 2451166; 448229, 2451166; 2441156; 463704, 2441235; 463768, 453902, 2443647; 453926, 2445083. 449288, 2451766; 449752, 2451666; 2440728; 464252, 2439811; 463789, Note: Map follows: 450073, 2451227; 449432, 2449395; 2439644; 463956, 2439085; 463831, 449073, 2448924; 449147, 2447868; 2438883; 463365, 2438375. 448339, 2447084. Note: Map follows: Note: Map follows:
VerDate 11
Kauai Q (254 ha; 627 ac) Kauai R (1,216 ha; 3,004 ac) Kauai S (119 ha; 294 ac)
Unit consists of eight boundary points Unit consists of twenty boundary points Unit consists of eight boundary points with the following coordinates: 445509, with the following coordinates: 455777, with the following coordinates: 458569, 2452732; 446856, 2453623; 447285, 2449394; 456131, 2450017; 458344, 2444612; 459074, 2444680; 459466, 2453489; 447596, 2453084; 447448, 2450005; 459083, 2449224; 460578, 2444364; 459486, 2443810; 459152, 2449637; 461026, 2449189; 460925, 2452593; 446079, 2451669; 445560, 2443495; 458687, 2443427; 458285, 2448495; 459811, 2448172; 458204, 2451860; 445359, 2452315. 2443787; 458273, 2444282. 2448066; 457900, 2446720; 458214, Note: Map follows: 2446760; 458887, 2446950; 459348, Note: Map follows: 2446748; 459490, 2446382; 459454, 2446075; 459242, 2445757; 458486, 2445521; 456838, 2445992; 456525, 2446628; 457057, 2447386. Note: Map follows:
VerDate 11
Kauai T (639 ha; 1,578 ac) Kauai U (392 ha; 969 ac)
Unit consists of sixteen boundary points Unit consists of eleven boundary points with the following coordinates: 448552, with the following coordinates: 426882, 2442388; 449125, 2442584; 449589, 2443616; 428076, 2443787; 428971, 2442204; 449663, 2440988; 450101, 2442855; 429381, 2442944; 429822, 2440410; 449514, 2439343; 450217, 2442698; 429881, 2441922; 429083, 2438368; 450068, 2437872; 449597, 2441549; 428635, 2441781; 428233, 2437516; 448836, 2437971; 448762, 2438443; 448960, 2438905; 448605, 2442549; 426763, 2442385; 426465, 2440584; 447306, 2440964; 447381, 2443191. 2441287; 448241, 2441890. Note: Map follows: Note: Map follows:
VerDate 11
PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT ON KAUAI
Kauai units Species
A Cyrtandra limahuliensis. B Lipochaeta waimeaensis and Spermolepis hawaiiensis. C Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda. D Solanum sandwicense. E Brighamia insignis. F Adenophorus periens, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Flueggea neowawraea, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Hibiscus waimeae ssp. hannerae, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Lobelia niihauensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Peucedanum sandwicense, and Pteralyxia kauaiensis. G Adenophorus periens, Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron lychnoides, Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia insignis, Centaurium sebaeoides, Chamaesyce halemanui, Cyperus trachysanthos, Delissea rhytidosperma, Delissea rivularis, Delissea undulata, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Hedyotis cookiana, Hedyotis st.-johnii, Hibiscadelphus woodii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Isodendrion longifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lo- belia niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia wawrana, Plantago princeps, Poa mannii, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea apokremnos, Schiedea kauaiensis, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Solanum sandwicense, Stenogyne campanulata, Wilkesia hobdyi, and Xylosma crenatum. H Alsinidendron lychnoides, Exocarpos luteolus, Myrsine linearifolia, and Platanthera holochila. I Alectryon macrococcus, Alsinidendron viscosum, Chamaesyce halemanui, Diellia pallida, Dubautia latifolia, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Exocarpos luteolus, Flueggea neowawraea, Gouania meyenii, Isodendrion laurifolium, Kokia kauaiensis, Lipochaeta fauriei, Lipochaeta micrantha, Lobelia niihauensis, Melicope haupuensis, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope pallida, Munroidendron racemosum, Myrsine linearifolia, Nothocestrum peltatum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia knudsenii, Phyllostegia wawrana, Poa sandvicensis, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Remya kauaiensis, Remya montgomeryi, Schiedea helleri, Schiedea membranacea, Schiedea spergulina var. spergulina, Schiedea stellarioides, Solanum sandwicense, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Xylosma crenatum, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. J Hedyotis st.-johnii, Lobelia niihauensis, Panicum niihauense, Schiedea apokremnos, Sesbania tomentosa, and Wilkesia hobdyi. K Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Plantago princeps, and Schiedea membranacea. L Adenophorus periens, Bonamia menziesii, Cyanea remyi, Cyanea undulata, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Dubautia pauciflorula, Exocarpos luteolus, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Labordia tinifolia var. wahiawaensis, Myrsine linearifolia, Viola helenae, and Viola kauaiensis var. wahiawaensis. M Brighamia insignis, Delissea rhytidosperma, Isodendrion longifolium, Lipochaeta micrantha, Munroidendron racemosum, Peucedanum sandwicense, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Schiedea nuttallii. N Hibiscus clayi and Munroidendron racemosum. O Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Cyanea recta. P Adenophorus periens, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Hesperomannia lydgatei, Isodendrion longifolium, Labordia lydgatei, Myrsine linearifolia, and Plantago princeps. Q Cyrtandra limahuliensis and Pteralyxia kauaiensis. R Adenophorus periens, Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea recta, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra cyaneoides, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Phyllostegia wawrana. S Exocarpos luteolus. T Cyanea asarifolia, Cyanea remyi, Cyrtandra limahuliensis, Labordia lydgatei, Lysimachia filifolia, Plantago princeps, and Pteralyxia kauaiensis. U Alectryon macrococcus, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Isodendrion laurifolium, Lipochaeta fauriei, Poa siphonoglossa, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, and Remya kauaiensis.
VerDate 11
(B) Niihau. native plant species: Hibiscus kokio, Critical habitat units with multiple Brighamia insignis, Bidens sp., species are described below. Artemisia sp., Lobelia niihauensis, Coordinates are in UTM Zone 4 with Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Canthium units in meters using North American odoratum, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria sp., Acacia koa, Kokio Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Distances are kauaiensis, Carex meyenii, Panicum provided in meters and miles. lineale, Chamaesyce celastroides, Niihau A (94 ha; 232 ac) Eragrostis sp., Diospyros sp., or Metrosideros polymorpha; and (2) Area consists of seven boundary elevations from sea level to above 915 points with the following coordinates: m (3,000 ft). 385256, 2427495; 384807, 2427285; Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis 384358, 2427494; 384230, 2427972; hawaiiensis (no common name) 384607, 2428421; 385100, 2428379; Kauai B and I, identified in the legal 385384, 2427974. descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Note: Map follows: critical habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiensis on Kauai. Within these Niihau B (97 ha; 239 ac) units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat Area consists of eight boundary points are habitat components that provide: (1) with the following coordinates: 387204, Metrosideros polymorpha forests or 2428323; 387067, 2427946; 386719, Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry 2427745; 386241, 2427873; 386032, shrubland containing one or more of the 2428321; 386169, 2428698; 386618, following associated plant species: 2428908; 387067, 2428699. Eragrostis variabilis, Bidens Note: Map follows: sandvicensis, Schiedea spergulina, Lipochaeta sp., Cenchrus agrimonioides, Sida fallax, Doryopteris sp., or Gouania hillebrandii; and (2) elevations of about 305 to 610 m (1,000 to 2,000 ft). Family Apocynaceae: Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) Kauai F, G, I, M, Q, T, and U, identified in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Pteralyxia kauaiensis on Kauai. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) diverse mesic or wet forests PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH containing one or more of the following CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT ON NIIHAU associated plant taxa: Pisonia sandwicensis, Euphorbia haeleeleana, Charpentiera elliptica, Pipturus sp., Niihau Species units Neraudia kauaiensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pritchardia sp., Gardenia A Cyperus trachysanthos. remyi, Syzygium sp., Pleomele sp., B Brighamia insignis. Cyanea sp., Hibiscus sp., Kokia (ii) Hawaiian plants—Constituent kauaiensis, Alectryon macrococcus, elements. Canthium odoratum, Nestegis (A) Flowering plants. sandwicensis, Bobea timonioides, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Nesoluma Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum polynesicum, Myrsine lanaiensis, sandwicense (makou) Caesalpinia kauaiensis, Tetraplasandra Kauai F, G, I, and M, identified in the sp., Acacia koa, Styphelia tameiameiae, legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Dodonaea viscosa, Gahnia sp., constitute critical habitat for Freycinetia arborea, Psychotria Peucedanum sandwicense on Kauai. mariniana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Within these units, the currently known Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Carex sp., primary constituent elements of critical Delissea sp., Xylosma hawaiiense, habitat are habitat components that Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum provide: (1) cliff habitats (a) in mixed freycinetianum, Antidesma sp., shrub coastal dry cliff communities or Diospyros sp., Metrosideros diverse mesic forest and (b) containing polymorpha, Dianella sandwicensis, one or more of the following associated Poa sandwicensis, Schiedea
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
Kauai F, G, I, and J, identified in the elements of critical habitat are habitat cliffs or cliff bases (a) in mesic or wet legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), components that provide: (1) crevices of habitats, (b) in lowland, or montane constitute critical habitat for Lobelia near-vertical coastal cliff faces (a) in shrubland, or forest communities niihauensis on Kauai. Within these sparse dry coastal shrub vegetation and dominated by Acacia koa, Pipturus sp. units, the currently known primary (b) containing one or more of the or Metrosideros polymorpha and (c) constituent elements of critical habitat following associated native plant containing one or more of the following are habitat components that provide: (1) species: Heliotropium sp., Chamaesyce associated native plant species: exposed mesic mixed shrubland or sp., Bidens sp., Artemisia australis, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope sp., coastal dry cliffs containing one or more Lobelia niihauensis, Wilkesia hobdyi, Pouteria sandwicensis, Poa mannii, of the following associated native plant Lipochaeta connata, Myoporum Hibiscus waimeae, Psychotria species: Eragrostis sp., Bidens sp., sandwicense, Canthium odoratum, or mariniana, Canthium odoratum, Plectranthus parviflorus, Lipochaeta sp., Peperomia sp.; and (2) elevations Pisonia sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, Lythrum sp., Wilkesia hobdyi, Hibiscus between 60 to 330 m (200 to 1,080 ft). Scaevola procera, Sadleria cyatheoides, kokio ssp. saint johnianus, Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Diplazium sandwicensis, Thelypteris Nototrichium sp., Schiedea helleri (no common name) sandwicensis, Boehmeria grandis, apokremnos, Chamaesyce celastroides, Kauai I, identified in the legal Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine sp., Bobea Charpentiera sp., or Artemisia sp.; and description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes brevipes, Alyxia olivaeformis, (2) elevations between 100 to 830 m critical habitat for Schiedea helleri on Psychotria greenwelliae, Pleomele sp., (330 to 2720 ft). Kauai. Within this unit, the currently Alphitonia ponderosa, Joinvillea Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron known primary constituent elements of ascendens ssp. ascendens, Athyrium lychnoides (kuawawaenohu) critical habitat are habitat components sandwichianum, Machaerina Kauai G and H, identified in the legal that provide: (1) ridges and steep cliffs angustifolia, Cyrtandra paludosa, descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute (a) in closed Metrosideros polymorpha- Touchardia latifolia, Thelypteris critical habitat for Alsinidendron Dicranopteris linearis montane wet cyatheoides, Lepidium serra, Eragrostis lychnoides on Kauai. Within these forest, or Metrosideros polymorpha- variabilis, Remya kauaiensis, units, the currently known primary Cheirodendron sp. montane wet forest, Lysimachia kalalauensis, Labordia constituent elements of critical habitat or Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha helleri, Mariscus pennatiformis, are habitat components that provide: (1) montane mesic forest, and (b) Asplenium praemorsum, or Poa montane wet forests (a) dominated by containing one or more of the following sandvicensis; and (2) elevations Metrosideros polymorpha and associated native plant species: between 520 and 1,160 m (1,700 and Cheirodendron sp., or by Metrosideros Dubautia raillardioides, Scaevola 3,800 ft). polymorpha and Dicranopteris linearis procera, Hedyotis terminalis, Syzygium Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea and (b) containing one or more of the sandwicensis, Melicope clusifolia, nuttallii (no common name) following native plant species: Carex Cibotium sp., Broussaisia arguta, Kauai M, identified in the legal sp., Cyrtandra sp., Machaerina sp., Cheirodendron sp., Cyanea hirtella, description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Vaccinium sp., Peperomia sp., Hedyotis Dianella sandwicensis, Viola critical habitat for Schiedea nuttallii on terminalis, Astelia sp., or Broussaisia wailenalenae, or Poa sandvicensis; and Kauai. Within this unit, the currently arguta; and (2) elevations between 1,100 (2) elevations between 1,065–1,100 m known primary constituent elements of and 1,320 m (3,610 and 4,330 ft). (3,490–3,610 ft). critical habitat are habitat components Family Caryophyllaceae: Alsinidendron Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea that provide: (1) diverse lowland mesic viscosum (no common name) kauaiensis (no common name) forest, often with Metrosideros Kauai I, identified in the legal Kauai G, identified in the legal polymorpha dominant, containing one description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes or more of the following associated critical habitat for Alsinidendron critical habitat for Schiedea kauaiensis native plant species: Antidesma sp, viscosum on Kauai. Within this unit, the on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently Psychotria sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, currently known primary constituent known primary constituent elements of Pisonia sp., or Hedyotis acuminata; and elements of critical habitat are habitat critical habitat are habitat components (2) elevations between 415 and 790 m components that provide: (1) steep that provide: (1) steep slopes (a) in (1,360 and 2,590 ft). slopes (a) in Acacia koa-Metrosideros diverse mesic or wet forest and (b) Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea polymorpha lowland, montane mesic, or containing one or more of the following spergulina var. leiopoda (no common wet forest and (b) containing one or associated plant taxa: Psychotria name) more of the following native plant mariniana, Psychotria hexandra, Kauai C, identified in the legal species: Alyxia olivaeformis, Bidens Canthium odoratum, Pisonia sp., description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes cosmoides, Bobea sp., Carex sp., Microlepia speluncae, Exocarpos critical habitat for Schiedea spergulina Coprosma sp., Dodonaea viscosa, luteolus, Diospyros sp., Peucedanum var. leiopoda on Kauai. Within this unit, Gahnia sp., Ilex anomala, Melicope sp., sandwicense, or Euphorbia haeleeleana; the currently known primary Pleomele sp., Psychotria sp., or and (2) elevations between 680–790 m constituent elements of critical habitat Schiedea stellarioides; and (2) (2,230–2,590 ft). are habitat components that provide: (1) elevations between 820 and 1,200 m Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated (2,700 and 3,940 ft). membranacea (no common name) portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea Kauai G, I, and K, identified in the (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests and apokremnos (ma’oli’oli) legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), (b) containing one or more of the Kauai G and J, identified in the legal constitute critical habitat for Schiedea following native plants: Bidens descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute membranacea on Kauai. Within these sandvicensis, Doryopteris sp., critical habitat for Schiedea apokremnos units, the currently known primary Peperomia leptostachya, or Plectranthus on Kauai. Within these units, the constituent elements of critical habitat parviflorus; and (2) elevations between currently known primary constituent are habitat components that provide: (1) 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft).
VerDate 11
Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea currently known primary constituent Kauai F, G, and I, identified in the spergulina var. spergulina (no common elements of critical habitat are habitat legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), name) components that provide: (1) wet sites constitute critical habitat for Flueggea Kauai G and I, identified in the legal (mud flats, wet clay soil, or wet cliff neowawraea on Kauai. Within these descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute seeps) (a) on coastal cliffs or talus slopes units, the currently known primary critical habitat for Schiedea spergulina and (b) containing the native plant constituent elements of critical habitat var. spergulina on Kauai. Within these species Hibiscus tiliaceus; and (2) are habitat components that provide: (1) units, the currently known primary elevations between 3 and 160 m (10 and dry or mesic forests containing one or constituent elements of critical habitat 525 ft). more of the following native plant are habitat components that provide: (1) species: Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea Family Euphorbiaceae: Chamaesyce bare rock outcrops or sparsely vegetated timonioides, Charpentiera sp., halemanui (no common name) portions of rocky cliff faces or cliff bases Caesalpinia kauaiense, Hibiscus sp., (a) in diverse lowland mesic forests and Kauai G and I, identified in the legal Melicope sp., Metrosideros polymorpha, (b) containing one or more of the descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Myrsine lanaiensis, Munroidendron following associated plant taxa: critical habitat for Chamaesyce racemosum, Tetraplasandra sp., Kokia Heliotropium sp., or Nototrichium halemanui on Kauai. Within these units, kauaiensis, Isodendrion sp., Pteralyxia sandwicense; and (2) elevations between the currently known primary kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, 180 and 800 m (590 and 2,625 ft). constituent elements of critical habitat Diplazium sandwichianum, Freycinetia arborea, Nesoluma polynesicum, Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea are habitat components that provide: (1) Diospyros sp., Antidesma pulvinatum, stellarioides (laulihilihi (ma‘oli‘oli)) steep slopes of gulches (a) in mesic Acacia koa forests and (b) containing A. platyphyllum, Canthium odoratum, Kauai I, identified in the legal one or more of the following native Nestegis sandwicensis, Rauvolfia description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes plant species: Metrosideros polymorpha, sandwicensis, Pittosporum sp., critical habitat for Schiedea stellarioides Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma Tetraplasandra sp., Pouteria on Kauai. Within this unit, the currently platyphyllum, Bobea brevipes, sandwicensis, Xylosma sp., Pritchardia known primary constituent elements of Cheirodendron trigynum, Coprosma sp., sp., Bidens sp., or Streblus pendulinus; critical habitat are habitat components Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea and (2) elevations of 250 to 1,000 m (820 that provide: (1) steep slopes (a) in viscosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis to 3,280 ft). closed Acacia koa-Metrosideros terminalis, Kokia kauaiensis, Melicope polymorpha lowland or montane mesic Family Fabaceae: Sesbania tomentosa haupuensis, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum forest or shrubland and (b) containing (‘ohai) sp., Pleomele aurea, Psychotria one or more of the following native Kauai J, identified in the legal mariniana, Psychotria greenwelliae, plant species: Nototrichium sp., description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum Artemisia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa freycinetianum, or Styphelia Melicope sp., Dianella sandwicensis, on Kauai. Within these units, the tameiameiae; and (2) elevations Bidens cosmoides, Mariscus sp., or currently known primary constituent between 660 to 1,100 m (2,165 to 3,610 Styphelia tameiameiae; and (2) elements of critical habitat are habitat ft). elevations between 610 and 1,120 m components that provide: (1) sandy beaches, dunes, soil pockets on lava, or (2,000 and 3,680 ft). Family Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pond margins (a) in coastal dry haeleeleana (‘akoko) Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia shrublands, or open Metrosideros menziesii (no common name) Kauai G, I, and U, identified in the polymorpha forests, or mixed coastal Kauai G and L, identified in the legal legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), dry cliffs, and (b) containing one or descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute constitute critical habitat for Euphorbia more of the following associated native critical habitat for Bonamia menziesii haeleeleana on Kauai. Within these plant species: Sida fallax, Heteropogon on Kauai. Within these units, the units, the currently known primary contortus, Myoporum sandwicense, currently known primary constituent constituent elements of critical habitat Sporobolus virginicus, Scaevola sericea, elements of critical habitat are habitat are habitat components that provide: (1) or Dodonaea viscosa; and (2) elevations components that provide: (1) dry, mesic lowland mixed mesic or dry forest that between sea level and 12 m (0 and 40 or wet forests containing one or more of (a) is often dominated by Metrosideros ft). the following native plant species: polymorpha, Acacia koa, or Diospyros Family Flacourtiaceae: Xylosma Metrosideros polymorpha, Canthium sp. and (b) containing one or more of the crenatum (no common name) following native plant species: Acacia odoratum, Dianella sandwicensis, Kauai G and I, identified in the legal koaia, Antidesma platyphyllum, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute Claoxylon sp., Carex meyenii, Carex viscosa, Hedyotis terminalis, Melicope critical habitat for Xylosma crenatum on wahuensis, Diplazium sandwichianum, anisata, Melicope barbigera, Myoporum Kauai. Within these units, the currently Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina sandwicense, Nestegis sandwicense, known primary constituent elements of sandwicensis, Kokia kauaiensis, Pisonia sp., Pittosporum sp., Pouteria critical habitat are habitat components Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, sandwicensis, or Sapindus oahuensis; that provide: (1) diverse Acacia koa- P. greenwelliae, Pteralyxia and (2) elevations between 150 and 850 Metrosideros polymorpha montane sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, m (500 and 2,800 ft). mesic forest, or Metrosideros Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sapindus Family Cyperaceae: Cyperus polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis oahuensis, Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, trachysanthos (pu‘uka‘a) montane wet forest, or Acacia koa- Pouteria sandwicensis, Pisonia Kauai G, identified in the legal Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet sandwicensis, or Xylosma sp.; and (2) descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), and Niihau forest, and containing one or more of the elevations between 205 and 670 m (680 A, identified in the legal descriptions in following associated native plant and 2,200 ft). (a)(1)(i)(B), constitute critical habitat for species: Tetraplasandra kauaiensis, Cyperus trachysanthos on Kauai and Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Niihau. Within these units, the neowawraea (mehamehame) Ilex anomala, Claoxylon sandwicense,
VerDate 11
Myrsine alyxifolia, Nestegis Kauai A, F, K, L, O, P, Q, R, and T, sandwicense, Elaphoglossum sp., sandwicensis, Streblus pendulinus, identified in the legal descriptions in Hedyotis sp., Sadleria sp., and Psychotria sp., Diplazium (a)(1)(i)(A), constitute critical habitat for Syzygium sandwicensis; and (2) sandwichianum, Pouteria sandwicensis, Cyrtandra limahuliensis on Kauai. elevations between 780–1,210 m (2,560– Scaevola procera, Coprosma sp., Within these units, the currently known 3,920 ft). Athyrium sandwichianum, Touchardia primary constituent elements of critical Family Lamiaceae: Stenogyne latifolia, Dubautia knudsenii, habitat are habitat components that campanulata (no common name) Cheirodendron sp., Lobelia yuccoides, provide: (1) stream banks (a) in lowland Kauai G, identified in the legal Cyanea hirta, Poa sandwicensis, or wet forests and (b) containing one or description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Diplazium sandwichianum; and (2) more of the following native plant critical habitat for Stenogyne elevations between 975 to 1,065 m species: Antidesma sp., Cyrtandra campanulata on Kauai. Within this (3,200 to 3,4900 ft). kealiea, Pisonia sp., Pipturus sp., Cibotium glaucum, Eugenia sp, unit, the currently known primary Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium Hedyotis terminalis, Dubautia sp., constituent elements of critical habitat sebaeoides (‘awiwi) Boehmeria grandis, Touchardia are habitat components that provide: (1) Kauai G, identified in the legal latifolia, Bidens sp., Hibiscus waimeae, rock faces of nearly vertical, north- description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Charpentiera sp., Urera glabra, facing cliffs (a) in diverse lowland or critical habitat for Centaurium Pritchardia sp., Cyanea sp., Perrottetia montane mesic forest and (b) containing sebaeoides on Kauai. Within this unit, sandwicensis, Metrosideros one or more of the following associated the currently known primary polymorpha, Dicranopteris linearis, native plant species: Heliotropium sp., constituent elements of critical habitat Gunnera kauaiensis, or Psychotria sp.; Lepidium serra, Lysimachia glutinosa, are habitat components that provide: (1) and (2) elevations between 245 and 915 Perrottetia sandwicensis, or Remya volcanic or clay soils or cliffs (a) in arid m (800 and 3,000 ft). montgomeryi; and (2) an elevation of 1,085 m (3,560 ft). coastal areas and (b) containing one or Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia more of the following native plant knudsenii (no common name) Family Loganiaceae: Labordia lydgatei species; Artemisia sp., Bidens sp., Kauai I, identified in the legal (kamakahala) Chamaesyce celastroides, Dodonaea description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes Kauai F, K, L, P, R, and T, identified viscosa, Fimbristylis cymosa, critical habitat for Phyllostegia in the legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Heteropogon contortus, Jaquemontia knudsenii on Kauai. Within this unit, constitute critical habitat for Labordia ovalifolia, Lipochaeta succulenta, the currently known primary lydgatei on Kauai. Within these units, Lipochaeta heterophylla, Lipochaeta constituent elements of critical habitat the currently known primary integrifolia, Lycium sandwicense, are habitat components that provide: (1) constituent elements of critical habitat Lysimachia mauritiana, Mariscus Metrosideros polymorpha lowland are habitat components that provide: (1) phloides, Panicum fauriei, P. torridum, mesic or wet forest containing one or Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Scaevola sericea, Schiedea globosa, more of the following associated native linearis lowland wet forest containing Sida fallax, or Wikstroemia uva-ursi; plant species: Perrottetia sandwicensis, one or more of the following associated and (2) elevations above 250 m (800 ft). Cyrtandra kauaiensis, Cyrtandra native plant species: Psychotria sp., Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra paludosa, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Hedyotis terminalis sp., Cyanea sp., cyaneoides (mapele) Claoxylon sandwicensis, Cryptocarya Cyrtandra sp., Labordia hirtella, mannii, Ilex anomala, Myrsine Antidesma platyphyllum var. Kauai K, P, and R, identified in the linearifolia, Bobea timonioides, hillebrandii, Syzygium sandwicensis, legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), Selaginella arbuscula, Diospyros sp., Ilex anomala, or Dubautia knudsenii; constitute critical habitat for Cyrtandra Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pittosporum and (2) elevations between 635 and 855 cyaneoides on Kauai. Within these sp., Tetraplasandra spp., Pouteria m (2,080 to 2,800 ft). units, the currently known primary sandwicensis, or Pritchardia minor; and constituent elements of critical habitat Family Loganiaceae: Labordia tinifolia (2) elevations between 865–975 m var. wahiawaensis (kamakahala) are habitat components that provide: (1) (2,840–3,200 ft). steep slopes or cliffs near streams or Kauai L, identified in the legal Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes waterfalls (a) in lowland or montane wet wawrana (no common name) forest or shrubland dominated by critical habitat for Labordia tinifolia var. Kauai G, I, and R, identified in the Metrosideros polymorpha or a mixture wahiawaensis on Kauai. Within this legal descriptions in (a)(1)(i)(A), of Metrosideros polymorpha and unit, the currently known primary constitute critical habitat for Dicranopteris linearis and (b) containing constituent elements of critical habitat Phyllostegia wawrana on Kauai. Within one or more of the following native are habitat components that provide: (1) these units, the currently known species: Perrottetia sandwicensis, streambanks (a) in lowland wet forests primary constituent elements of critical Pipturus sp., Bidens sp., Psychotria sp., dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha habitat are habitat components that Pritchardia sp., Freycinetia arborea, and (b) containing one or more of the provide: (1) Metrosideros polymorpha Cyanea sp., Cyrtandra limahuliensis, following associated species: dominated lowland or montane wet or Diplazium sandwichianum, Gunnera Cheirodendron sp., Dicranopteris mesic forest with (a) Cheirodendron sp. sp., Coprosma sp., Stenogyne sp., linearis, Cyrtandra sp, Antidesma sp., or Dicranopteris linearis as co- Machaerina sp., Boehmeria grandis, Psychotria sp., Hedyotis terminalis, or dominants, and (b) containing one or Pipturus sp., Cheirodendron sp., Athyrium microphyllum; and (2) more of the following associated native Hedyotis terminalis, or Hedyotis elevations between 300 to 920 m (985 to plant species: Delissea rivularis, tryblium; and (2) elevations between 3,020 ft). Diplazium sandwichianum, Vaccinium 550 and 1,220 meter (1,800 and 4,000 sp., Broussaisia arguta, Myrsine Family Malvaceae: Hibiscadelphus ft). lanaiensis, Psychotria sp., Dubautia woodii (hau kuahiwi) Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra knudsenii, Scaevola procera, Gunnera Kauai G, identified in the legal limahuliensis (ha‘iwale) sp., Pleomele aurea, Claoxylon description in (a)(1)(i)(A), constitutes
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11
VerDate 11