Sectoral Systems of Innovation: Concepts, Issues and Analyses of Six Major Sectors in Europe Edited by Franco Malerba Index More Information

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Cambridge University Press 0521833213 - Sectoral Systems of Innovation: Concepts, Issues and Analyses of Six Major Sectors in Europe Edited by Franco Malerba Index More information

Index

actors and networks, 24–26 broadband Internet access, 167 analysis of, 110–112 browsers, Web, 226–227 in chemical industry, 398–399 effects of changes in knowledge base capacity assessment, 300 upon, 471–476 cataracts remedy, 304–307, 415 in mobile telecommunications sector, CD-ROMs, 234 178 CEPT (Conference on European Post and in pharmaceutical industry, 112–115 Telecommunications), 171 in sectoral systems of innovation, 18 CERN (Conseil Européenpour la in software industry, 194 Recherche Nucléaire),165 adoption externalities, 231–233 characterization of various sectoral aggregation, 17, 35 systems, 466–467 airports, 299–304, 414–415 chemical industry, 121–151 application software, 204, 221 actors and networks in, 398–399 appropriability mechanisms, 13 aggregate analysis of, 59–60 automobile industry, of Japan, 421 cluster vs. non-cluster regions and patent characteristics, 140 “banking,” 337–339 coexistence of local, national and global Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, 102, 331–335 dimensions, 480–481 biomedical research, 82–84 discontinuities in, 150 in Europe, 83 downstream markets, 124 institutional structure of, 83 effects of changes in knowledge base public spending on, 82–83 upon, 473–474 “BioRegio” competition, 361, 393 evolutionary and coevolutionary biotechnology industry processes, 131–133, 135 see also pharmaceutical industry firms’ characteristics vs. patent aggregate analysis of, 54–59 characteristics, 138 coexistence of local, national and global foreign investments, 129 dimensions, 480 of France, 146 effects of changes in knowledge base of Germany, 123, 128, 134, 144 upon, 472–473 globalization of, 129 of France, 394–395 inorganic products, 125 of Germany, 397 international performance, 129–130, history-friendly model of, 32–33 493–494 intellectual property rights, 101–102 of Italy, 146 international performance of, 391–397, of Japan, 123, 144, 146 488–491 knowledge generation in, 135–141, 151 new biotechnology firms (NBFs), 92–94 licensing agreements, 144, 144, 145, patent applications, 54 146 of United Kingdom, 375–381, 393, mergers and acquisitions, 130 394–395 overview, 121–122 of United States, 392, 393–397 patents, 47, 59, 135–136

508

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521833213 - Sectoral Systems of Innovation: Concepts, Issues and Analyses of Six Major Sectors in Europe Edited by Franco Malerba Index More information

Index 509

patterns of technology diffusion in, dynamics, sectoral, see sectoral dynamics 142–150 and structural change licensing strategies, 147–150 markets for technical knowledge, education, 335–337 144–147 and international performance of separability and transferability as European sectoral systems, factors in, 142–144 392–393, 416 research and development, 60, 123–124 electronics industry, patent shares in, 47 sectoral systems in, 150 embedded software, 205, 214, 223–224 sector boundaries, 122–129 discontinuity in, 223–224 industry structure and corporate European market, 240 strategies, 122–125 European specialization in, 407–410 sectoral innovative patterns, 125–129 independent enterprises, 223 synthetic dyestuff model, 125–126 university research on, 223 technological clusters, firms and patent entrepreneurship, see high-technology characteristics, 141 entrepreneurship in Europe technology strategies, 149 environmental technologies, 133–135 of United Kingdom, 123, 125, 144 Ericsson (Swedish telecommunications of United States, 123, 134, 144, 146, equipment manufacturer), 168, 399–400 172, 188, 371, 373–375 after World War I, 131–132 ERP (enterprise resource planning) after World War II, 132 software, 215 China, machine tool industry of, 246, ETSI (European Telecommunications 248 Standards Institute), 171, 174 client-server technology, 224–225 Europe CMEs (industry-coordinated market see also high-technology economies), 352–358 entrepreneurship in Europe; names code division multiple access (CDMA), of specific European countries 173 biotechnology industry, 391–397 coevolutionary processes, 30–31, 33, chemical industry, 60, 123, 397–400 133–135, 150, 481–485 GSM services, 170–173 collaborative relations, 96–98 international performance of sectoral co-localized patents, 138, 136–139 systems, 388–423 commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software, chemical industry, 397–400 see packaged software industry and industrial leadership, 389–391, competency orchestration within firms, 416–418 379–381 machine tool industry, 410–414 Conference on European Post and non-price competitiveness, 418–419 Telecommunications (CEPT), 171 overview, 388–389 Conseil Européenpour la Recherche pharmaceuticals and biotechnology Nucléaire(CERN), 165 industry, 391–397 cooperating, learning by, 301–302 product range and differentiation, co-production, 300 418–419 core function vs. peripheral form of services sector, 414–416 services, 291–292, 314–315 software industry, 404–410 corporate governance, 337–339 stages in industry life cycle and role of COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) software, science, 420–421 see packaged software industry telecommunications equipment and crippleware, 234 services industry, 400–404 machinery tool industry, 62, 410–414 de-localized patents, 138, 136–139 mobile telecommunications, 187–188 demand, 28–29, 291–292, 314–315 patent shares in high-growth development blocks, 14 technological classes, 47 digital subscriber lines, 166–167 pharmaceuticals industry, 87, 106, digitization, 160 391–397

510 Index

Europe (cont.) institutional changes and software industry, 404–407, 410 consequences for organizations and technology policy, 427–459 functions, 161–182 and geographical dimensions of overview, 157–158 sectoral systems, 444–445 system boundaries and subsystem impact of general or horizontal convergence, 182–184 policies, 442–443 France other needed policies, 443–444 biotechnology industry, 394–395 overview, 427–429 chemical industry, 146 in periods of radical technological machine tool industry, 246, 249 change, 445–447 patent and/or export shares, 51, 52, 53, policy conclusions, 445 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66 policy targets, 441–442 Fraunhofer Manufacturing Innovation public policy intervention, 429–439 Survey, 257, 256–257, 258 requirements for analysis of the freeware, 234 rationale and effects of, 442–443 role of policy maker, 444 geographical boundaries, and international sector-specific policy conclusions, performance comparisons, 447–458 291–292, 315–316 telecommunications equipment and geographical proximity, 122, 135–141 services, 400–404 Germany European Telecommunications Standards biotechnology industry, 361, 397 Institute (ETSI), 171, 174 chemical industry, 123, 128, 134, evolutionary theory, 14–15 144 export market shares, 57,67 as industry-coordinated market economy (CME), 353, 354– filieres,14 356 “financial market” systems, 337–339 machine tool industry, 253–271, 411, financing of innovation, 337–339 413 firms, 24–25, 312–313 basic characteristics of, 253 formal cooperation among, 26 example of knowledge and learning heterogeneity of, 25 processes, 260, 258–261, 262 fixed Internet and mobile Fraunhofer Manufacturing Innovation telecommunications, 155–167, Survey, 257, 256–257, 258, 481 191 industrial and technology policy, mobile telecommunications, 167–179 256 first-generation, 170 mobile fuel cells, 262–267 second-generation, 170–174 sector organization, 254–255 third-generation, 174–179 strategies to improve competitiveness overview, 155–156 in, 279 policies and strategies, 184–191 structure of, 253–254 fixed Internet, 184–185 technological trends, 262–267 future of sectoral systems, 188–190 tool production/consumption, 245, important policy issues, 190 246, 247–248 mobile telecommunications, 185–188 user-supplier relationships, 255 public policy intervention, 190–191 and “new economy,” 360–371 relations between organizations and constraint-based explanations, institutions, 190 368–369 roles of institutions in, 190 institutions and competencies within rate structures and levels, 180–181, firms, 367–368 182 overview, 360–363 satellite communications, 179–180 sources of comparative institutional sectoral system of innovation in, advantage, 369–371 157–191 subsector specialization by “new functions and organizations, 158–160 economy” firms, 365–367

Index 511

number of scientific references, 366 Internet software industrial systems in patent and/or export shares, 47, 51, 53, Sweden, 371–375 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, overview, 358–360 67 varieties of capitalism and sectoral software industry, 408 systems of innovation, 349–358 technology policy, 446 high-technology industries venture capital, 360, 396 see also software industry global software product companies, economic and innovative weight of, 66 209–213 patent shares in, 47 competitive dynamics, 212–213 in United States, 348 global vs. specialized or situated history-friendly models, 32–33 software, 208 market analysis, 212 IAPs (Internet access providers), 156, product design, 210–211 159 product innovation, 209–210 ICPs (Internet content providers), 156, proprietary standards, 211 159–160 users of global software, 210 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), Global System for Mobile 163–164 Communications, see GSM (global i-mode mobile Internet system, 176, system for mobile communications) 188–189 GPRS (general packet radio service), industrial leadership 175–176 in Europe, 389–391, 416–418 green industry, 134 in United States, 405–407 GSM (global system for mobile industrial relations systems, 335–337 communications), 170–174 industry-coordinated market economies and deregulation of telecommunications (CMEs), 352–358 industry, 173 information technology (IT) services, development of, 171 203 in Europe, 170–173 innovations intellectual property rights, 172 see also sectoral systems of innovation policies and strategies, 186 appropriability of, 21 rate structures and levels, 180–181 differences across sectoral systems, 23 vs. UMTS (universal mobile differences in countries’ performance in, telecommunications system), 45 175 effect of technology policies on, 65 in United States, 173–174 financing of, 337–339 wireless data transmission, national systems of, 10, 33–34 175 in pharmaceutical industry, 81 guided research, 89 sources, 13 innovation system approach, 14 healthcare industry, 106 institutional complementarities, 339–340 see also biotechnology industry; institutions, 27–28, 290, 314 pharmaceutical industry see also national institutional frameworks healthcare systems, 86–89 definition of, 161 health research, 82–83 in fixed Internet and mobile high-technology entrepreneurship in telecommunications, 157, 190 Europe, 348–366 in sectoral systems of innovation, 18 conclusion and implications for policy, in software industry, 225–226 381–384 integrated software solutions, European overview, 348–349 specialization in, 407–410 subsector specialization in sectoral integrated software solution software, see systems of innovation, 358–381 ISS (integrated software solution) see also Germany, and “new economy” software biotechnology sectoral system in intellectual property rights, 101–102, United Kingdom, 375–381 393–395

512 Index

international performance intra-ocular lenses (IOLs), 304–307, 415 chemical industry, 493–494 inventors, network of, 137 European sectoral systems, 388–423, ISS (integrated software solution) 488–500 software, 215 chemical industry, 397–400 dynamics of competition, 216 and industrial leadership, 389–391, impact of software service companies, 416–418 217–218 machine tool industry, 410–414 integration and implementation issues, non-price competitiveness, 418–419 218–219 overview, 388–389 sectoral system of innovation in, 219 pharmaceuticals and biotechnology user interface, 216–217 sector, 391–397 Italy product range and differentiation, chemical industry, 146 418–419 Internet access in, 181–182 services sector, 414–416 machine tool industry, 267–271, software industry, 404–410 411–412, 413 stages in industry life cycle and role of in-house development and production science, 420–421 activities, 269 telecommunications equipment and specialization strategies and services sector, 400–404 developments in innovation machine tool industry, 497–500 leadership, 268 pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, structure of, 267–268 488–491 tool production/consumption by, 245, software industry, 494–497 246, 248 telecommunications equipment and patent and/or export shares, 47, 50, 52, services, 491–492 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, Internet, 161–167 67 see also ﬁxed Internet and mobile telecommunications equipment and telecommunications services, 164, 402 access to, 166–167 IT (information technology) services, 203 consultancy ﬁrms, 160 convergence Japan with mobile telecommunications, 183 automobile industry, 421 with traditional telecommunications, chemical industry, 123, 144, 146 182–184 innovation, performance and structural data transmission, 164 change in, 44–53 development of Internet access in, 182 government agencies in, 163, 184 machine tool industry, 271–275, 411, public funds in, 165 412–413 equipment industry, 165–166, 185 size of Japanese machine tool IAPs (Internet access providers), 156, manufacturers, 272 159 tool production/consumption by, 246, ICPs (Internet content providers), 156, 248 159–160 patent and/or export shares, 47, 59, 61, IETF (Internet Engineering Task 62, 63, 66, 67 Force), 163–164 pharmaceutical industry, 80, 84, 86, 87, i-mode mobile Internet system, 176, 88 188–189 software industry, 222, 407 open standards in, 185 telecommunications equipment and penetration rate, 181–182, 189 services, 401 policies and strategies, 184–185 in software distribution, 234 Kefauver-Harris Amendment Act of 1962, Swedish Internet software industrial 84–85 systems, 371–375 knowledge, 18–24 Web browsers, 226–227 cumulativeness of, 20

Index 513

and learning processes example, technological trends, 262–267 258–262 tool production/consumption by, 245, in sectoral systems of innovation, 17 246, 247–248 knowledge bases, 311–312, 332–335, user-supplier relationships, 255 467–471 international performance, 497–500 effects of changes on actors and of Italy, 267–271, 411–412, 413 networks, 471–476 in-house development and production and European chemicals industry, activities, 269 397–398 specialization strategies and and European pharmaceuticals and developments in innovation biotechnology, 391–392 leadership, 268 properties of, 21 structure of, 267–268 tool production/consumption by, 246, laboratories, 83–84 248 labor markets, 335–337 of Japan, 271–275, 411, 412–413 labor productivity, 45, 57 size of Japanese machine tool leadership, see industrial leadership manufacturers, 272 learning processes, 311–312 tool production/consumption by, 246, learning regimes, 21 248 liberal market economies (LMEs), overview, 243–244 352–358 of South Korea, 246, 248 licensing, 144, 145, 197–200 of Spain, 246, 249 LMEs (liberal market economies), of Switzerland, 246, 248–249 352–358 of Taiwan, 246, 248 local systems, 33–34 of United Kingdom, 246, 249, 412 location in space of materials, energy and of United States, 275–279, 411, 413 information, 290, 314 strategies to improve competitiveness in, 279 machinery and equipment industry structure and development of, 275 aggregate analysis of, 62–63 technological and organizational growth in productivity, 62 innovation capability, 277–279 patent shares, 62 tool production/consumption by, 246, patent shares in, 47 245–246, 247, 248 machine tool industry, 243–280 market of China, 246, 248 as central institution, 328–329 coexistence of local, national and global size of, and international performance of dimensions, 481 European sectoral systems, 417 economic and structural trends in, medical schools, 84 245–253 Medicine Act of 1971, 84 effects of changes in knowledge base mergers and acquisitions upon, 476 in chemical industry, 130 European international performance of in pharmaceutical industry, 74–75, sectoral systems, 410–414 98–100 of France, 246, 249 middleware, 215–219, 239 of Germany, 253–271, 411, 413 mobile telecommunications, 167–179, knowledge and learning processes 188 example, 260, 258–261, 262 see also fixed Internet and mobile Fraunhofer Manufacturing Innovation telecommunications Survey, 256–258 actors in, 178 industrial and technology policy, 256 convergence with fixed Internet, 183 mobile fuel cells, 262–267 in Europe, 187–188 sector organization, 254–255 first-generation (NMT), 170 strategies to improve competitiveness foreign standards, 174 in, 279 policies and strategies, 185–188 structure of, 253–254 second-generation (GSM), 170–174

514 Index

mobile telecommunications (cont.) OII model, 340–344 third-generation (UMTS/WLAN), open-source software, 235–241, 407–410 174–179 operating systems, 203–204, 220, 221 in United States, 188 organizational proximity, 122, 135–141 molecular biology, 90, 94–95 organizations, definition of, 158 molecular genetics, 90 multimedia software, 205, 407–410 packaged software industry, 197, 233–234 multinational corporations, 34–35 characteristics of, 404–405 distribution of packaged software, national healthcare systems, 78 237–238 national health services, 86 dominance of packaged software in national institutional frameworks, 325–345 United States, 196 double nature and dimension of European market share, 197 institutions, 326–328 European opportunities in, 405–407 market as central institution, 328–329 global sales of packaged software, 196 overview, 325–326 and ISS (integrated software solution), relevance for innovation, 476–479 218 relevant institutions, 331–339 software modules in packaged software, sectoral relevance and specificities, 215 339–344 United States’ industrial leadership in, types and structure of institutions, 405–407 329–331 packet-switching technology, 161 national institutions, 27–28 patent applications, 45 national systems of innovation, 10, 33–34 analysis of, 66–67 NBFs (new biotechnology firms), see new telecommunications industry, 61 biotechnology firms (NBFs) patents, 51 NCEs (new chemical entities), see new chemical industry, 80, 135–136 chemical entities (NCEs) co-localized, 138, 136–139 network computing, 224–227 de-localized, 138, 136–139 networks, see actors and networks machinery and equipment industry, 62 Neuer Markt stock exchange, 362, 366–367 structural decomposition analysis, new biotechnology firms (NBFs), 92–94 50–53 collaborative relations, 97 telecommunications industry, 61 mergers and acquisitions (M&A), 98 peripheral form vs. core function of as spin-offs of industry-university services, 291–292, 314–315 cooperation, 101 pharmaceutical industry, 73–116 new chemical entities (NCEs), 79–80 see also biotechnology industry “new economy,” and Germany, 360–371 actors and networks in, 112–115 constraint-based explanations, 368–369 adoption of molecular biology, 94–95 institutions and competencies within advent of molecular biology and age of firms, 367–368 cost containment, 89–110 overview, 360–363 changes in demand and in regulation, sector to subsector systems of 104–107 innovation, 363–365 decline of European competitiveness, sources of comparative institutional 107–110 advantage, 369–371 institutional preconditions and their subsector specialization by “new changes, 100–104 economy” firms, 365–367 learning regimes and innovative NMT (Nordic Mobile activities, 91–100 Telecommunications), 167–170, scientific revolution and new learning 185 regime, 89–91 non-firm organizations, 25, 312–313 aggregate analysis of, 54–59 non-price competitiveness, 418–419 cost containment in, 104–107 Nordic Mobile Telecommunications in Europe, 99, 107–110, 116 (NMT), 167–170, 185 decline of competitiveness, 107–110

Index 515

international performance of sectoral public technology procurement, 168, systems, 391–397 190–191 export market shares, 59 “public venture capital” programs, growth in value added and labor 381–382, see also venture productivity, 59 capital history-friendly model of, 32–33 industry-university relations, 100–104 Qiagen (German biotechnology company), innovative activities, 81 364, 365 knowledge-related mechanisms in, 80–81 recycling technologies, 134 mergers and acquisitions, 98–100 regional/local innovation systems, 10 network of collaborative relations, 96–98 research network relations, 82–89 in biomedical industry, 82–84 biomedical research, 82–84 institutional structure of, 83 demand growth, 86–89 public spending on, 82–83 healthcare systems, 86–89 in chemical industry, 60, 123–124 product approval procedures, guided, 89 84–86 health, 82–83 regulation, 86–89 and international performance of overview, 73–76 European sectoral systems, patents, 80 392–393, 416 pharmaceutical beneﬁt management in pharmaceutical industry, 77 (PBM) companies, 106 costs of, 98–99 pharmaceutical expenditure, 104–105 random screening period, 78 price regulation in, 86–88 spending, 78 regulation of, 105–106 retailing research and development, 77 European, 415–416 advances in, 90–91 and transformation of distribution, collaborative relations, 96–98 307–311 co-specialized technologies, 91 in United Kingdom, 415–416 costs of, 98–99 spending, 78 Schumpeter Mark I models, 12, 22–23 sectoral system of innovation in, 76–89, Schumpeter Mark II models, 12, 22–23 110 sectoral dynamics and structural change, changes in network of relations, 42–67 82–89 aggregate analysis of sectors, 54–63 commitments of relevance, 74–75 chemicals, 59–60 early stage of the industry, 77–78 machinery and equipment, 62–63 linking empirical evidence to theory, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, 110–116 54–59 random screening period, 78–82 telecommunications, 60–62 specialized producers, 77 innovation, performance and structural strategic orientation and innovations, change, 44–53 81–82 structural change, 44–50 venture capital, 100–104 structural decomposition of patent physical form of materials, energy and share dynamics, 50–53 information, 290, 314 innovation system perspective, 63–65 platform technologies, 94 overview, 42–44 POE model, 340–344 sectoral systems (in general), 35–36 policy implications, 500–503 differences in patterns of innovative postgraduate studies, 101 activities, 23 production, sectoral systems of, 16–17 interdependence of variables, 65 product range and differentiation, in and international performance of Europe, 418–419 countries/regions, 34 programming, 237 and national/local systems, 33–34

516 Index

sectoral systems of innovation, 9–35 health service and example of antecedents and theoretical bases, 11–15 intra-ocular lenses, 304–307 building blocks of, 17–29 innovation systems as problem- or actors and networks, 18, 24–26 opportunity-centered and demand, 28–29 contingent, 292, 316–319 institutions, 18, 27–28 organizational form of services, 292, knowledge and technologies, 17, 316–319 18–24 overview, 287–288 definition and framework, 16–17 relational aspect of services, 291–292, dynamics and transformation of, 29–33 315–316 coevolution process, 30–33 retailing and transformation of selection and variety generation distribution, 307–311 processes, 29–30 taxonomy of innovation in services, functions, 157–158 294–297 overview, 9 what services are, 289–297 regional and national dimensions, Siemens (telecommunications equipment 33–35 manufacturer), 375 sectoral systems of production, 16–17 software, overview of, 193 sectors, 9 software industry, 193–241 analysis of, 17, 66 see also packaged software industry appropriability mechanisms, 13 actors and networks in, 193 boundaries of, 14 coexistence of local, national and global change and transformation in, 13–14 dimensions, 481 link and interdependencies, 14 effects of changes in knowledge base main dimensions of, 35 upon, 474–476 sources of innovation, 13 embedded software, 205, 214, 223–224 SEFs (specialized engineering firms), discontinuity in, 223–224 144–146 in Europe, 240, 407–410 and market for technical knowledge, independent enterprises, 223 143–144 university research on, 223 market share of, 146 in Europe ties with chemical companies, 128 distribution channels, 240 selection processes, 30 embedded software, 240, 407–410 services and sectoral systems, 414–416, employees, 201 485–488 foreign competitors, 238 services and systems of innovation, 287 of Germany, 408 airports and creation of runway capacity, internal software development in, 239 299–304 international performance of sectoral core function vs. peripheral form of systems, 404–410 services, 291–292, 314–315 market value, 202 diversity in services, 293–294 middleware, 239 duration of engagement between service non-generic software products, provider and service user, 292–293 239–240 elements of systems of innovation, open-source movement in, 237 311–316 open standards, 239 demand, 291–292, 314–315 packaged software industry, 197, firms, non-firm organizations and 405–407 networks, 312–313 software service companies, 217–218 geographical boundaries and specialization in software, 407–410 international performance strategies for future of, 238–241 comparisons, 291–292, 315–316 global software product companies, institutions, 290, 314 209–213 knowledge bases and learning competitive dynamics, 212–213 processes, 311–312 global vs. specialized or situated overview, 311 software, 208

Index 517

market analysis, 212 open-source, 235–241 product design, 210–211 sector-spanning innovation in, 235 product innovation, 209–210 strategies for future of, 238–241 proprietary standards, 211 Swedish Internet software industrial users of global software, 210 systems, 371–375 innovative capabilities and organizations, trade indicators, 199 219–230 of United States, 405–407, 408–409, embedded software, 223–224 410 network computing, 224–227 South Korea, machine tool industry of, summary, 229–241 246, 248 technological change in software, Spain 219–223 machine tool industry, 246, 249 user interface, 227–228 patent and/or export shares, 47, 51, 52, institutions, 225–226 53, 59, 60, 62, 63, 67 international performance, 494–497 specialized engineering firms, see SEFs ISS (integrated software solution) (specialized engineering firms) software, 215 structural changes, 48, 44–49, 50 dynamics of competition, 216 structural decomposition analysis, 46, 52, impact of software service companies, 66 217–218 structural technology effect, 50 integration and implementation “success breeds success” process, 20 issues, 218–219 suppliers, 12, 24–25 sectoral system of innovation in, 219 Sweden user interface, 216–217 Internet access in, 181–182 of Japan, 222, 407 Internet software industrial systems, knowledge generation in, 207–208, 222 371–375 licensing fees, 197–200 retailing and transformation of packaged software industry, 197, distribution, 307–311 233–234 telecommunications industry, 164 characteristics of, 404–405 Switzerland distribution of packaged software, machine tool industry, 246, 248–249 237–238 patent and/or export shares, 51 dominance of packaged software in synthetic dye industry, 77 United States, 196 European market share, 197 Taiwan, machine tool industry of, 246, 248 European opportunities in, 405–407 technological classes, 45, 46 global sales of packaged software, 196 technological opportunities, 20, 21 and ISS (integrated software technological regimes, 21 solution), 218 change in, 22–23 software modules in packaged and innovation in sectoral systems, software, 215 21–22 United States’ industrial leadership in, specificities of, 23 405–407 technological systems, 10 revenues, 197 technologies, 18–24 sectoral system of innovation in, 207 see also high-technology software commercialization, 230–238 entrepreneurship in Europe adoption externalities, 231–233 co-specialized, 91 distribution channels, 233–235 and international performance of open-source movement, 235–241 European sectoral systems, software creation, 207–219 417–418 global software product company, links and complementarities, 18–19 209–213 net suppliers of, 12 middleware, 215–219 in sectoral systems of innovation, 17 out of necessity and for fun, 213–215 users of, 12 software distribution, 231–232 technology growth adaptation, 51

518 Index

technology policy, 65 regulations and standards, 401–403 in Europe, 427–459 standardization in, 186–187 and geographical dimensions of in United Kingdom, 402 sectoral systems, 444–445 in United States, 400–403 impact of general or horizontal temporal availability of materials, energy policies, 442–443 and information, 290, 314 other needed policies, 443–444 overview, 427–429 UMTS (Universal Mobile in periods of radical technological Telecommunications System), change, 445–447 174–176 policy conclusions, 445 vs. GSM (Global System for Mobile policy targets, 441–442 Communications), 175 public policy intervention, licenses, 176 429–439 market penetration, 177 role of policy maker, 444 United Kingdom sector-specific policy conclusions, biotechnology industry, 375–381, 393, 447–458 394–395, 397 in Germany, 446 chemical industry, 144 in United States, 446, 453 competency orchestration within firms, technology share effect, 50 379–381 technology stagnation adaptation, 51 as liberal market economy (LME), 353, telecommunications equipment and 357–358 services machine tool industry, 246, 249, aggregate analysis of, 60–62 412 deregulation of, 164, 185 mobile telecommunications, 169 effects of changes in knowledge base pharmaceutical price regulation in, upon, 474–476 88 in European international performance retailing, 307–311, 415–416 of sectoral systems, 400–404 telecommunications equipment and global production, 61 services, 164, 402 growth in value added and labor venture capital, 378–379 productivity, 61 United States growth rate, 189 biotechnology industry, 392, 393–397 international performance, 491–492 chemical industry, 123, 134, 144, 146, and Internet, 182–184 399–400 in Italy, 402 high-technology industries, 348 in Japan, 401 Internet access in, 181–182 mobile telecommunications, 167–179, machine tool industry, 275–279, 411, 188 413 see also fixed Internet and mobile strategies to improve competitiveness telecommunications in, 279 actors in, 178 structure and development of, 275 convergence with fixed Internet, technological and organizational 183 innovation capability, 277–279 in Europe, 187–188 tool production/consumption by, 246, first-generation (NMT), 170 245–246, 247, 248 foreign standards, 174 mobile telecommunications, 173–174, policies and strategies, 185–188 188 second-generation (GSM), number of scientific references, 366 170–174 patent shares in high-growth third-generation (UMTS/WLAN), technological classes, 47, 64 174–179 pharmaceutical industry, 105–106, in United States, 188 107–110, 115–116, 488–491 organizations in, 160–161 software industry, 196, 405–407, patent shares, 47, 61 408–409, 410

Index 519

technology policy, 446, 453 venture capital, 103–104, 381–382 telecommunications equipment and and European pharmaceuticals and services industry, 186–187, biotechnology, 396 400–403 in Germany, 360, 396 venture capital, 396 in United Kingdom, 378–379 unit operation, 127 in United States, 396 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, see UMTS (Universal Web browsers, 226–227 Mobile Telecommunications World Wide Web (WWW), 165, 224–225, System) see also Internet