sign in sign up
<<
Home , Afro, Baymen, Bolivians in Brazil, Diaguita, Garifuna, Huambisa

The 2020 National Heritage Theme: “: BE PROUD OF YOUR PAST AND EMBRACE THE FUTURE” https://nationalcouncilhepm.org/

The Infinity Ribbon design was inspired by the theme, “Hispanics: Be Proud of Your Past and Embrace the Future.” The greatness of America can be measured by the collective contributions of its citizens past and present, and our future will be measured by our ability to uphold and instill unto others our most valuable assets: our shared culture, history, knowledge, and sense of community. As Hispanics, taking pride in the accomplishments and achievements of our mentors and our ancestors brings into focus the endless possibilities available to us today and boosts our capacity for embracing the future. This is our infinite cycle. https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/0b85e7f6-8177-4d87- ba323db5d4eb60d8/downloads/PRESS%20RELEASE%20- %202020%20HISPANIC%20HERITAGE%20MONTH%20 P.pdf?ver=1593719067122

Created by Tamar LaSure-Owens The 2019 Hispanic Heritage Month National Theme: “A History of Serving Our Nation” invites us to reflect on Hispanic ’ service and contributions to the history of our nation. National Hispanic Heritage Month is recognized annually from September 15th to October 15th. Every city and state in the of America will celebrate the contributions of American citizens whose ancestors came from , and America. https://www.hispanicheritagemonth.org/index.php/hispanic-heritage-month/88-hispanic-heritage-month-theme-2019 CLICK ON: https://youtu.be/GBt5rMD2aDc

Your family comes from a Latin-American country that speaks Spanish. Hispanic countries have Spanish as their “official language.” What does Latinx mean? (la-TEEN-ex) Is used to describe a boy/girl or man/woman in place of Latino or Latina. The plural word is Latinxs, describing boys/girls or men/women. ✓ People who are native speakers of a Latin language like French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and Romanian. ✓ A Latino/Latina/Latinx is anyone regardless of race or nationality, whose language and culture is from the Latin world. ✓ The Latin world includes Latin-European countries such as , , Spain and Portugal. Including other lands these Latin-European countries claimed for their own in places like North and . ✓ A Latino/Latina/Latinx refers to geography, where a country is located. People from North America, such as , the Islands and . People from the Caribbean Islands such as the , and . People from South America like , and .

H ttps://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Latino ¿Hablas español?

1. It is a language (how to speak. write and communicate). 2. Spanish is not a race but an identity. A person from Spain is a "Spaniard.” 3. Anybody speaking Spanish and born in any Latin-American country is considered “Hispanic.”

https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Spanish What does “Afro-Latino” mean? People who are from and whose ancestors were ALSO Africans.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Afro-Latinos

What does “” mean? 1. African or 2. Also called a “Fro,” is a worn kinky or natural with curly or straight .

“This HAIR is a reminder of the proud people I come from and now I love showing off my curls." • United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Rights supported the FIRST World Afro Day in 2017!

• “To create a platform to celebrate and educate people about Afro hair. Through annual events and a worldwide educational network, we will unite people globally in raising Afro hair to world class status through positive awareness and academic excellence.” -Michelle De Leon, Founder

What is the “Hair Quality Report?”

World Afro Day is celebrated on September 15th every year around the world. World Afro Day celebrates “Change, Education and Celebration" of NATURAL . https://www.npr.org/2014/12/10/369645207/pelo-malo-is-a-rare-look-into-latin-american-race-relations https://www.worldafroday.com/campaign-2018 https://www.worldafroday.com/hair-equality-report https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-45524065/world-afro-day-why-i-love-my-natural-hair Elementary Literature to reinforce positive self-image on hair.

Raquel Cepeda is a journalist and author. She says in the Afro-Latina community, natural hair is still a political statement. Racquel says she feels free to wear her hair curly because she knows what it really means. “We really have to un-educate and

re-educate ourselves and learn about our histories,” says Raquel, “When you learn about your history you learn to start being proud of where you come from, and then the curly hair won’t be a thing.” https://www.latinousa.org/2014/05/16/afro-latinas-hair/ Oscar-winning ‘Hair Love’ helps detangle stigma around hair By Jeneé Osterheldt Globe Columnist,Updated February 8, 2020, 10:46 a.m.

https://youtu.be/kNw8V _Fkw28

https://youtu.be/CQeTe vaYp5g

https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/02/08/lifestyle/oscar-nominated-hair-love-helps-detangle-stigma-around-black-hair/ Booker, Richmond Unveil CROWN Act Banning Hair Discrimination Legislation follows spate of recent instances of hair discrimination, sparking national outcry DECEMBER 05, 2019

• WASHINGTON, D.C. – U.S. Senator Cory Booker (D-NJ) unveiled a bill that would ban discrimination based on hair textures and hairstyles that are commonly associated with a particular race or national origin. It is co-sponsored by U.S. Senator Sherrod (D-OH). U.S. Representative Cedric Richmond (D-LA) introduced companion legislation in the House of Representatives and is joined by Representatives Ayanna Pressley (D-MA), Marcia Fudge (D-OH), and Barbara Lee (D-CA). • Hair discrimination is widespread and malicious. In December 2018, a New Jersey student named Andrew Johnson was forced to cut his to avoid forfeiting a wrestling match. A video of the incident went viral and sparked widespread outrage. In October 2019, Penn State football player Jonathan Sutherland received a racist letter deeming his dreadlocks “disgusting.” It was also revealed that actress Gabrielle Union had been critiqued on “America’s Got Talent” for her hairstyle being “too black.” https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrEzdsuZVJfgEsAk0hXNyoA;_ylu=Y29sbwNiZjEEcG9zAzEEdnRpZANBMDU5OV8xBHNlYwNwaXZz?p=Andrew+Johnson+was+forced+to+cut+his+ dreadlocks&fr2=piv-web&fr=mcafee#id=4&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fibw21.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2Fandrew-johnson-high-school-wrestler-910x512-1.jpg&action=click https://www.booker.senate.gov/news/press/booker-richmond-unveil-crown-act-banning-hair-discrimination WHO were the Indigenous People of North America? ? South America? Caribbean Islands? INDIGENOUS means ORIGINAL, NATIVE, or the FIRST

FACT: The Indigenous people that lived in North and South America were called Indians. This name was the result of a historical mistake made by the first Europeans who arrived in North America, and thought they had reached India. The continuous use of the word, even by the Indians themselves, has made it a synonym of an Indigenous person in the . The correct term to use is Indigenous people, Native Americans or the name of the nation or tribe itself. Indigenous People of Latin America

INDIGENOUS means ORIGINAL, NATIVE, or the FIRST

What happened to the Indigenous People in Latin America? THE FATE OF THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE, NATIVE AMERICANS

Native Americans were forced to work in mines and on ? YES! https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/columbus-controversy

Native Americans were the first to be https://youtu.be/opUDFaqNgXc slaves in the Americas? YES!

Christopher Columbus and other https://youtu.be/OwMcRljS3SM explorers were very cruel and brutal to Native Americans? YES! CLICK ON: https://manchesterhistorian.com/2014/south-american-slave-trade/

The explorers killed thousands The Columbian Exchange/Interchange-(named after Christopher of Native American nations by Columbus) was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, people, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West diseases like small pox? YES! Africa, and in the 1500’s.

The explorers forced Native Americans to become Christians? YES!

Tamar LaSure-Owens Trans- in North America and Latin America

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, spanned from the 16th through the 19th century, and was the largest long-distance forced movement of people in history! During the 1600’s, the Atlantic Ocean by boat became the popular way to travel and transport people, mixing cultures and , Europe, and the Indigenous People in North and South America. As a result of tribal wars, most captured and enslaved Africans were sold to European slave traders by other African ethnic groups. Enslaved Africans were young men and women who were strong and able to work and have children. These young enslaved Africans were transported by boat to slave ports to be sold to work on sugar and tobacco plantations. https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates https://theconversation.com/slavery-in-america-back-in-the-headlines-33004 CLICK ON: http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/pdf/MapSlaveRoute.pdf .3 MILLION=300,000 .5 MILLION=500,000 4.5 MILLION=4,500,000 .2 MILLION=200,000 African Slaves Became The Answer

Why? ❖Africa provided a large supply of human workers-10 to 12 million Africans. ❖Enslaved Africans were young men and women able to work and have children. ❖Enslaved Africans worked for FREE on plantations, were sold like animals and treated badly. Life was hard and slave masters were cruel. ❖All profit (money) went to the slave-owners, who bought more enslaved Africans to work on plantations to make more money. ❖Enslaved Africans were property. They belonged to their slave master.

https://www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/ship Latin American Slave Trade

https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=acf36e7cace0466583effb4977e5314d https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/columbus-controversy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Suriname Between 1502 and 1866, out of 11.2 COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) million (11,200,000) Africans, only 388,000 arrived in the United Spanish 1588 1853 1816 from Spain States on slave ships. The (South America) remaining Africans continued to BELIZE English 1724 1838 1981 from Britain travel on slave ships to Latin (North America) America. Spanish 1545 1851 1825 from (South America) Spain

LET’S DO THE MATH! BRAZIL Portuguese 1501 1888 1822 from HOW MANY African slaves (South America) Portugal arrived in Latin America? Spanish 1536 1823 1818 from Spain (South America)

SUBTRACTION SENTENCE: Spanish 1520 1851 1810 from Spain 11,200,000-388,000= (South America) COSTA RICA Spanish 1502 1824 1821 from Spain ANSWER: (North America) Spanish 1520 1886 1868 from Spain 10,812,000 (North America) Ten million, eight hundred, twelve thousand DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Spanish 1510 1822 1844 from Haiti Africans arrived in Latin (North America/) America! In Latin America, slavery became “the way of life.” Native Latin American Slave Trade Americans proved to be in short supply and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade supplied a steady workforce COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE for the plantations-enslaved LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) Africans. The plantations produced ECUADOR Spanish 1526 1822 1822 from Spain (South America) sugar, coffee, cocoa and cotton. EL SALVADOR Spanish 1528 1825 1821 from Spain (North America)

Geography Terms: Spanish 1524 1824 1821 from Spain 1.Latin America is ALL of the (North America) Caribbean Islands, Central and HAITI / 1492 1793 1804 from France (North America/Hispaniola) French South America and PART of North Spanish 1540 1824 1821 from Spain America. (North America) 2.North America has 23 countries MEXICO Spanish 1520 1829 1821 from Spain to include the United States, (North America) Caribbean Islands and Central America. These Latin-American countries are Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, , , Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. Latin American Slave Trade

3. Caribbean Islands have 28 COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE nations and more than 7,000 LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM islands! The 4 major NICARAGUA Spanish 1522 1838 1821 from Spain countries ( to learn) are (North America) Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, PANAMA Spanish 1513 1851 1821 from Spain and Puerto Rico. (North America) 4. Central America (is North PARAGUAY Spanish 1556 1843 1811 from Spain America)-Belize, Costa Rica, (South America) El Salvador, Guatemala, Spanish 1529 1854 1821 from Spain Honduras, Nicaragua and (South America) Panama. PUERTO RICO Spanish 1517 1873 1898 from Spain 5. Hispaniola is the island (North America) shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Dutch 1667 1863 1975 from the (South America) Netherlands 6. South America is Argentina, UNITED STATES English 1619 1865 1776 from Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French (North America) , Guyana, Paraguay, Spanish 1534 1842 1825 from Spain Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and (South America) . VENEZUELA Spanish 1528 1854 1811 from Spain (South America)

https://www.inquirer.com/news/new-jersey/slave-markers-camden- unveiling-commemmoration-historical-society-20190617.html COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) PEOPLE ARGENTINA Spanish 1588 1853 1816 from Spain Inca, Aonikenk, (South America) Kolla, Qom, Wichí, Diaguita , Guarani[

TANGO is the dance created Since 2013, November 8th has in the late 1800s, a mix of been celebrated as African and European the “National Day of immigrant culture. (The term Afro- and “tango” has from a African Culture.” Niger-Congo term used by “Capilla de los Negros” is part of enslaved Africans, according a list of slave sites in Argentina to Dr. Erika Edwards of the created in 2009, as a result of University of the growing awareness of African ancestry in Argentina. at Charlotte.) Yes, Argentina has African heritage too. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/travel/argentina-rediscovers-its-african-roots.html https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2014/06/afro-paraguayans-afro-poaraguayos.html María Remedios del Valle of Argentina: Known as the "Madre de la Patria" (Mother of the Homeland) was an Afro-Argentine camp follower turned soldier who participated in the Argentine War of Independence. She was wounded in battle, captured, imprisoned and escaped. Maria lost her entire family during the war. When the war ended, she returned to and eventually turned to begging. Discovered by one of the generals under whom she had fought, Maria was approved for a pension which was paid over the last decade of her life. Largely forgotten until the 21st century, when Argentine historians began including the contributions of Afro-Argentines, Maria is now widely recognized for her contributions to Argentina’s independence.

“For a long time, there was an effort to change the true story and forget about Maria’s contributions. That has now changed. Today, Maria’s contributions to Argentina's independence is official history for schools in Argentina," says Historian Felipe Pigna. COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) PEOPLE BELIZE English 1724 1838 1981 from Mayan (North America) Britain

• Belizean Creoles (Kriols), are Creole descendants of Africans. • Africans were enslaved and brought to Belize by English and Scottish log cutters, called . • The Belize Kriol language developed from a mix of what enslaved Africans heard from the Baymen (English) combined with their own African dialect. • The of Belize are a true Afro-Caribbean people, originating over 500 years ago when the Mayans (of St. Vincent area) married enslaved Africans. • National Kriol Council (NKC)-Created in 1995 to promote and support Kriol culture, history, music and language. • NKC supports teaching younger generations how to read and write in Kriol. • NKC’s goal is to instill a sense of identity and cultural pride in all Kriols. • Kriol is now a fully developed and documented language. https://rediscoveringafricaheritage.wordpress.com/2018/06/10/afro-belizeans-people-of-african-ancestry-central-america/ http://www.noirguides.com/facesofafrobelizeans.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizean_Creole_people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862) COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM)

BOLIVIA Spanish 1545 1851 1825 from Spain Inca, Aymara and (South America) Quechua

Bolivia’s 2008 Constitution recognizes: 1. Afro- as an ethnic group. 2. Afro-Bolivians as legislators and elected officials. 3. September 23rd as “National Day of the Afro-Bolivian People and their Culture.”

But, Afro-Bolivians are still fighting for their history to be included in history books and taught in the schools.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/06/bolivia-afro-king-julio-afro-bolivians https://www.afrosaya.com/2018/09/23/national-day-of-afro-bolivian/ COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) PEOPLE BRAZIL Portuguese 1501 1888 1822 from Gavião, (South America) Portugal Piripkura, Guarani (Tupi) 1. Brazil received more enslaved Africans than any other country (4,900,000). 2. Brazil was the last country to abolish (end) slavery. 3. About 65,000,000 to 120,000,000 are of African ancestry. 4. Brazil turned 500 years old in the year 2000 and still ignores the many cultures of its Indigenous people. 5. When Europeans first arrived, there were more than 1,000 denominations, totaling 4 million Indigenous people. 6. In 2019, 4,000 Indigenous people participated in the three-day annual "Free Land“ Demonstration. Brazil’s President promised to "integrate" Indigenous people into the rest of the population but questioned their large quantities of land owned. 7. The planned to use the land for mining and agriculture.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Brazilians#/media/File: Main_ethnic_groups_in_brazil.JPG https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48050717 https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Who_are_they%3F https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-brazilians/ https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/163908/136-variations-of-brazilian-skin-colors/ Brazilians describe their color in 136 shades and variations!

Acastanhada: Somewhat -colored Agalegada: Somewhat like a Galician Alva: Snowy white Alva escura: Dark snowy white Alvarenta (not in dictionary; poss. dialect): Snowy white Alvarinta: Snowy white Alva rosada: Pinkish white Alvinha: Snowy white Amarela: Yellow Amarelada: Yellowish Amarela-queimada: Burnt yellow Amarelosa: Yellowy Amorenada: Somewhat dark-skinned Avermelhada: Reddish Azul: Blue Azul-marinho: Sea blue Baiano: From Bem branca: Very white Bem clara: Very paleBem morena: Very dark-skinned Branca: White Branca-avermelhada: White going on for Branca-melada: Honey- colored white Branca-morena: White but dark-skinned Branca-palida: Pale white Branca-queimada: Burnt white Branca- sardenta: Freckled white Branca-suja: Off-white Branquica: Whitish Branquinha: Very white Bronze: Bronze-colored Bronzeada: Sun-tanned Bugrezinha-escura: Dark-skinned India Burro-quando-foge: Disappearing donkey (i.e. nondescript) humorous Cabocla: Copper-colored (refers to Indians)Cabo-verde: From Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)Cafe: Coffee-colored Cafe- com-leite: Cafe au lait Canela: Cinnamon Canelada: Somewhat like cinnamon Cardao: Colour of the cardoon, or thistle (blue- violet) Castanha: Chestnut Castanha-clara: Light chestnut Castanha-escura: Dark chestnut Chocolate: Chocolate-colored Clara: Light-colored, pale Clarinha: Light-colored, pale Cobre: Copper-colored Corada: With a high color Cor-de-cafe: Coffee-colored Cor-de-canela: Cinnamon-colored Cor-de-cuia: Gourd-colored Cor-de-leite: Milk-colored (i.e. milk-white)Cor-de-ouro: Gold- colored (i.e. golden)Cor-de-rosa: PinkCor-firme: Steady-colored Crioula: Creole Encerada: Polished Enxofrada: Pallid Esbranquecimento: Whitening Escura: Dark Escurinha: Very dark Fogoio: Having fiery-colored hair Galega: Galician or Portuguese Galegada: Somewhat like a Galician or Portuguese Jambo: Light-skinned (the color of a type of apple) Laranja: Lilas: Lilac Loira: Blonde Loira-clara: Light blonde Loura: Blonde Lourinha: Petite blonde Malaia: Malaysian woman Marinheira: Sailor-woman Marrom: Brown Meio-amarela: Half-yellow Meio-branca: Half-white Meio-morena: Half dark-skinned Meio-preta: Half-black Melada: Honey-colored Mestica: Half-caste/mestiza Miscigenacao: Mista: MixedMorena: Dark-skinned, brunette Morena-bem-chegada: Very nearly morena Morena-bronzeada: Sunburnt morena Morena-canelada: Somewhat cinnamon-colored moren aMorena-castanha: Chestnut-colored morena Morena-clara: Light-skinned morena Morena- cor-de-canela: Cinnamon-colored morena Morena-jambo: Light-skinned morena Morenada: Somewhat morena Morena-escura: Dark morena Morena-fechada: Dark morena Morenao: Dark-complexioned man Morena-parda: Dark morena Morena-roxa: Purplish morena Morena-ruiva: Red-headed morena Morena-trigueira: Swarthy, dusky morenaMoreninha: Petite morenaMulata: girl Mulatinha: Little mulatto girl Negra: Negress Negrota: Young negress Palida: Pale : From Paraíba Parda: Brown Parda-clara: Light brown Parda-morena: Brown morena Parda-preta: Black-brown Polaca: Polish woman Pouco-clara: Not very light Pouco-morena: Not very dark-complexioned Pretinha: Black – either young, or smallPuxa-para-branco: Somewhat toward white Quase-negra: Almost negro Queimada: Sunburnt Queimada-de-praia: Beach sunburnt Queimada-de-sol: Sunburnt Regular: Regular, normal Retinta: Deep-dyed, very dark Rosa: Rose-coloured (or the rose itself) Rosada: Rosy Rosa-queimada: Sunburnt-rosy Roxa: Purple Ruiva: Redhead Russo: Russian Sapecada: Singed Sarará: Yellow-haired negro Sarauba (poss. dialect): Untranslatable Tostada: Toasted Trigo: Wheat Trigueira: Brunette Turva: Murky Verde: GreenV ermelha: Red. https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/163908/136-variations-of-brazilian-skin-colors/ COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) CHILE Spanish 1536 1823 1818 from , Aymara, (South America) Spain the Diaguita, the Lickanantay, and the Quechua In April 2019, Chile celebrated a new Afro- descendant law that granted: Carnival of 1. Legal recognition to Afro- Arica in Chile and their cultural identity, languages and historical traditions. 2. Afro-Chileans are recognized as an ethnic group. 3. Schools teach "the history, language and culture of Afro-Chileans."

The law "does justice to many Chileans whose African ancestors came to this land centuries ago,“ commented Senator José Miguel Insulza. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticiasamerica-latina-48508342 COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) COLOMBIA Spanish 1520 1851 1810 from Inca, Wiwa, (South America) Spain Wayuu, Arhuaco, Guambiano Páez, Puinave Embera Chamí “Afro-Colombian Day” or “Dia de la Afrocolombianidad,” began on May 21, 1851 as an annual celebration ending . On Afro-Colombian Day, the goals are: 1. To end racism and accept all people of color. 2. To put in place an Afro-Colombian Studies Chairperson. 3. Schools to teach investigate, deepen, express and make a special recognition to the Afro-Colombian people, their culture and contributions to the nation.

http://colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/articles-232084_archivo_pdf.pdf http://colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/home/1592/article-232084.html COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) PEOPLE

COSTA RICA Spanish 1502 1824 1821 from Borucas, (North America) Spain Cabécares, Chorotegas, Guatusos

•August 31st is Costa Rica’s annual day to celebrate “Black and Afro-Costa Rican Culture Day.” •It is a vibrant display of Afro-Caribbean culture and tradition. The main event is a parade, which fills the streets with floats, colorful dresses and dancing. •In 1800’s, Afro-Costa Rican workers moved from the railroad to the banana plantations. •Afro-Costa Rican farmers who came from the Caribbean islands were very skillful and successful in growing crops. https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-costa-ricans/ https://ticotimes.net/2017/09/01/photos-afro-caribbean-day-limon https://youtu.be/YmdQMWLwK-w https://ticotimes.net/2018/09/10/afro-descendant-culture-in-costa-rica-celebrating-black-excellence-in-august COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) PEOPLE CUBA Spanish 1520 1886 1868 from Taíno (North America) Spain

▪About 400,000 Africans were brought to Cuba between 1835-1864. ▪That's almost 1,150 enslaved Africans per month for 29 years! “In Cuba, African influences can be found everywhere,” said Alberto Granado, Director of Casa de Africa. Afrocubanismo Movement •Celebrates Afro-Cuban culture and heritage. •Diversity of art, poetry, music and literature was born.

El Monumento al Cimarrón (The Monument to Runaway Slaves) ▪ A symbol of African resistance and freedom, created by Afro-Cuban artist Alberto Lescay. ▪Recognizes the successful July 24, 1731, The song “Lágrimas Negras,” or “Black Tears,” by Hermanos de Causa (Brothers of the Cause) uprising of enslaved Africans working in the speaks for the new generation of Afro-Cubans mines of El Cobre. fighting for equality: “Don’t tell me that there’s https://www.essence.com/lifestyle/discovering-afro-cuban-culture/ no racism/ Because I’ve seen it/ Don’t tell me http://www.cuba-junky.com/cuba/black-culture.htm that it doesn’t exist/ Because I’ve lived it.” https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-cubans/ https://youtu.be/BXHyVvgi_7s COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) PEOPLE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Spanish 1510 1822 1844 from Taíno (North America) Haiti

•Afro-Dominicans are Dominicans of Black African ancestry. •1,029,535 Dominicans have African roots. •Most Afro-Dominicans come from enslaved Africans from West and Central Africa. •Afro-Dominicans also arrived from the United States as FREE men and immigrants from other islands.

“I am now proud to rock my big curly afro and embrace the Dominican and African in me, all at once. And when Dominican people ask me, ¿Pero cuando vas a cortar esos rizos? I respond, “Cuando te dejas crecer los tuyo.”

http://www.unavainabienspanish.com/african-diaspora-dominican-republic/ http://www.lagaleriamag.com/dominican-black-and-afro-latino-a- confessiondominicano-negro-y-afro-latino-una-confesion/ COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) ECUADOR Spanish 1526 1822 1822 from Inca, Tsáchila, Chachi, Epera, (South America) Spain Awa, Quichua, , , Shiwiar, Cofán, Siona, , Zápara, Andoa y Waorani, Afro-Ecudoriansand Afro-

•A 1998 Referendum to the Constitution accepted for the first time Ecuador as a racially and culturally mixed country. •70% Afro-Ecuadorians live in Esmeraldas. •The majority of players on the National Ecuador Football Team are Afro-Ecuadorians. •Today, most Afro-Ecuadorians are the relatives of enslaved Africans from the 16th century.

https://soundsandcolours.com/articles/ecuador/esmeraldas-and-its-afro-ecuadorian-cultural-legacy-28309/ https://youtu.be/buJz6m6BEqM COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED (FREEDOM) PEOPLE EL SALVADOR Spanish 1528 1825 1821 from Lenca, Maya (North America) Spain Chorti, Maya Pocomam, Cacopera/Kaka wira and Nahua Pipil. •Centuries ago, enslaved Africans mixed with the general population and created: 1. Mulatto-(50% African and 50% European) 2. -(50% African and 50% Amerindian) 3. -(75% European and 25% African) 4. Cambujo-(75% Amerindian and 25% African) 5. -(50% European and 50% Amerindian) •10,000 enslaved Africans arrived in El Salvador April 1, 1528 to work in the haciendas (large cattle ranches), and on cocoa and indigo mills. •The African-Indian Heritage Monument in El Salvador is a tribute to "The Slave." It tells the story of enslaved Africans and Native Americans who built the nation of El Salvador. The monument is registered with the United States Library of Congress. Levi Toney Afro-Salvadoran http://ahorasecreto.blogspot.com/2014/02/el-salvadors-black-history.html Super Model https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Salvadoran https://youtu.be/uVgYUuBkv6I COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM GUATEMALA Spanish 1524 1824 1821 from Spain K’iche’, Kaqchikel, (North America) Mam, Q’eqchi’, Mayan and Matan

•Afro- are Guatemalans of African ancestry. •African ancestry in Guatemala comes from three groups: 1. Afro- 2. Garífuna 3. Afro-Caribbean Creole English-speakers •Between 1524 and 1620, a total of 10,000 enslaved Africans were brought to Guatemala. •Enslaved Africans were used in sugar, indigo, haciendas (large cattle ranches) and cochineal plantations. http://lestweforget.hamptonu.edu/page.cfm?uuid=9FEC3190-9B1E-6E44-83CF1EE60C801AAE http://www.afropedea.org/afro-guatemalan-1 https://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/2019/07/05/letter-the-american-slavery-reparations-lost-cause-lessons-from- the-caribbean/ COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM PEOPLE HAITI Haitian 1492 1793 1804 from Taíno (North America) Creole/ France French

•Enslaved African population was about 500,000. •Runaway slaves were called . Maroons were Africans and their descendants in the Americas formed settlements away from slavery. Some Maroons had escaped from plantations, but others had always been free, because they were born free. Maroons often mixed with the indigenous people (Native Americans) and created new distinctive Creole cultures throughout North and South America. •The was the largest and most successful in the . •Enslaved Africans started the fight in 1791. • By 1803, enslaved Africans succeeded and abolished slavery and French control. •Haiti became the first country to be founded by former enslaved Africans.

https://youtu.be/1sRE5e2NHDg https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/haitian-revolution-1791-1804/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_(people) COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM PEOPLE HONDURAS Spanish 1540 1824 1821 from Miskito, Pech, (North America) Spain , Lencas, Chorti and Tawahka •Afro or Black Hondurans are Hondurans of African ancestry. •Enslaved Africans were called Garifunas and Creole. •Creole people were from Jamaica and Caribbean Islands. •Garifuna people were from and the Grenadines. •In 2001 The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared Garifuna culture one of nineteen Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-hondurans/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Hondurans COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM MEXICO Spanish 1520 1829 1821 from Olmec, Izapa, Teotihuacan, (North America) Spain Maya, Zapotec, Mixtec, Huastec, Purepech, Totonac,Toltec and Aztec

• Afro-Mexicans or Black Mexicans are Mexicans who have African ancestry. • 1.4 million Mexicans consider themselves to be Afro-Mexican or “Afromexicanos.” • In 2015, Afro-Mexicans were recognized as an ethnic group in Mexico.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Mexicans https://mexiconewsdaily.com/opinion/the-untold-history-of-mxs-afro-descendants/ https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mexico-finally-recognized-its-black-citizens-but-thats-just-thebeginning_n_568d2d9ce4b0c8beacf50f6b COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM NICARAGUA Spanish 1522 1838 1821 from Garifuna, Mangue, (North America) Spain Mayangna, Miskito, Rama, Subtiaba and Ulwa •The first enslaved Africans were purchased for 300 pesos to Nicaragua as servants in the 1600’s. •Nicaragua is 69% Mestizo, 17% European, 9% Black and 5% Native American. Mestizo is a native ethnic group that’s 8% to 20% African. •Spanish is the official language, but other native languages are spoken by Afro-. •Mestizoes can NOT speak their language in the workplace or in schools.

https://atlantablackstar.com/2017/07/30/afro-nicaraguans-suffer-taboo-subject-racism/ https://havanatimes.org/interviews/juliet-hooker-people-dont-imagine-that-a-nicaraguan-could-be-black/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Nicaraguan https://youtu.be/EwiHJB4ZdG8 COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM PANAMA Spanish 1513 1851 1821 from Ngöbe-Buglé, Emberá- (North America) Spain Wounaan, Naso (Teribe), Guna (Kuna), Bri Bri, and Bokata.

•Afro-Panamanians are Panamanians of African ancestry. •The Afro-Panamanian population: •“Afro-Colonial”-Slaves brought to Panama during the colonial period •"Afro-Antillean“-West Indian immigrants from Trinidad, , and Jamaica, brought in to build the . • In November 2018, UNESCO recognized the Congo (Afro)-Panamanian people’s expressions/culture added on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Panamanian https://wearemitu.com/culture/congo-panamanian-people-history-dance/ https://youtu.be/Fo2sa2TYAWs COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM PARAGUAY Spanish 1556 1843 1811 from Spain Guaraní, Ayoreo, (South America) Toba-Maskoy, Aché, Sanapan •Afro-Paraguayans are Paraguayans of African ancestry. •The government of Paraguay does NOT recognize Afro-Paraguayans as an ethnic group. •Afro-Paraguayans do NOT exist in any national legislation and are completely IGNORED. •Most Paraguayans do not know Afro-Paraguayan communities have always existed and assume that all people of color are Brazilian.

https://youtu.be/82H92_MVfNk https://youtu.be/lIvVYWC-pig https://kwekudee-tripdownmemorylane.blogspot.com/2014/06/afro-paraguayans-afro-poaraguayos.html https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/download-83-Cambacua-an-afro-paraguayan-community.pdf COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM PERU Spanish 1529 1854 1821 from Inca, Achuar, Aguaruna, (South America) Spain Asháninka, , Quechua and Shipibo

•Afro- are citizens of Peru descended from Africans who were slaves. •In 2009, Peru became the FIRST Latin American country to give a public apology to their Afro- descendants for centuries of “abuse, segregation and discrimination.” •Famous Afro-Peruvian Victoria Santa Cruz is known for her poem, “Me Gritaron Negra.” •Afro-Peruvian Folklore is a category in the Latin Grammy Awards. •Folklore are traditional customs, tales, sayings, dances and art forms passed down to family members. •Latin Grammy-winning artists and Afro-Peruvians, Susana Baca and Eva Ayllón, are also celebrated for their Folklore. https://www.okayafrica.com/census-to-count-afro-peruvians/ https://youtu.be/bZBHvMaTiuU https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2018/11/06/barriers-to-secondary-school-completion-for-afro-peruvian-girls/ COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM PEOPLE PUERTO RICO Spanish 1517 1873 1898 from TAINO (North America) Spain

• The island’s original name is Borinquén, comes from Borikén, its indigenous Taíno name, which means "Land of the Valiant Lord." • of African ancestry began with free African men, known as “Libertos.” •In 1509, Juan Garrido was the FIRST free African man to live on the island. •Afro-Puerto Ricans were among the FIRST original people. •Afro-Puerto Ricans have lived on the island for 500 years and are still not treated fairly. •An unfair law called “El Bando contra Africana” controlled only Afro- Puerto Ricans. •Puerto Ricans celebrate March 22nd as “Abolition Day” which is a national holiday. •Puerto Rican school children are taught at an early age about their three main races of ancestry-Tainos, European and African. •African ancestry is taught to be the least liked and most undesirable.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans https://minorityrights.org/minorities/afro-puerto-ricans/ https://publicholidays.la/puerto-rico/emancipation-day/ https://youtu.be/ZPf4PV_PCHs COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM SURINAME Dutch 1667 1863 1975 from the Kali'.a (Caribs), (), (South America) Netherlands Trio (Tirio, Tareno) and . • Afro-Surinamese are citizens of Suriname descended from enslaved Africans brought to work on sugar plantations. • Many enslaved Africans escaped the plantations and formed independent settlements with other people of other cultures, becoming known as Maroons. • Maroons won an important case in 2007 at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: • The Court ruled Maroons and their families had rights to their traditional lands. The Maroons' ancestors were enslaved Africans who escaped from Suriname. After many years of fighting, the Maroons’ independence was recognized by the signing of a peace treaty with the Dutch in the . This treaty allowed the Maroons to own a large part of land in Suriname, which has been their homeland ever since. • The Maroons are one of the largest groups of descendants of runaway enslaved Africans in the world! • The Maroons had enjoyed 100 years of freedom before slavery ended in 1863. • Today, six Maroon groups, (about 65,000) live in Suriname-the Djuka, the , the Matawai, the , the Paramaka and the Kwinti.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Surinamese https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929717303907 COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM URUGUAY Spanish 1534 1842 1825 from Charrua, Chana, (South America) Spain Arachan and Guarani

•10% to 12% of the Uruguayan population come from enslaved Africans that arrived in the 1700’s. •Uruguay’s capital, Montevideo, was a slave port for slave ships that transported Africans. •About 20,000 enslaved Africans arrived in Montevideo and stayed in Uruguay. •By 1800, the national population was about 25% African and Afro-Uruguayan. •In 1936, Afro- formed a political party called the “Partido Autóctono Negro” (PAN). •In 2006, Uruguay celebrated its FIRST national holiday called the “Day of Candombe.” It is a celebration of Afro-Uruguayan culture. •Candombe is Uruguayan music and dance that comes from enslaved Africans. •Candombe is recognized by UNESCO as one of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritages of Humanity. http://www.granma.cu/cultura/2019-07-05/afro-uruguay-05-07-2019-23-07-38 https://youtu.be/-BE0dMtKDJs https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/perspectives-global-african-history/afro-uruguay-brief-history/ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candombe COUNTRY OFFICIAL SLAVERY SLAVERY INDEPENDENCE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LANGUAGE BEGAN ENDED FREEDOM VENEZUELA Spanish 1528 1854 1811 from Ya̧nomamö, , (South America) Spain Warao , , Kali'na, Motilone Barí, Ye'kuana, Yaruro.

•Afro- are Venezuelans of African “When we were children, we were told ancestry. that we have a motherland, and that •About 500,000 enslaved Africans were transported motherland was Spain. However, we have discovered later, in our lives, that as a to Venezuela on slave ships. matter of fact, we have several •President of the Miss Venezuela Organization, motherlands. And one of the greatest Osmel Sousa, said women of color are NOT motherlands of all is no doubt, Africa. pretty because their noses are “too wide” and their We LOVE Africa… And I’m so proud lips “are too thick.” to have this mouth and this hair, because it’s African.” • Afro hair is commonly referred to as ”pelo malo” Hugo Chávez Frías which means “bad hair.” President of Venezuela (1999-2013) •On May 10, 2005, Venezuela recognized its FIRST Afro-Venezuelan Day (El Día de la AfroVenezolanidad). •Afro-Venezuelan Day honors hero José Leonardo Chirino.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Venezuelan https://youtu.be/vC_NvL8dHmE https://theconversation.com/venezuelas-long-history-of-racism-is-coming-back-to-haunt-it-82199 https://www.ebony.com/news/remembering-hugo-chavez-302/ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/15/venezuela-breast-implants-beauty-craze •An organization in South America of Afro-Latin American Women, Afro-Caribbean and Diaspora Women.

•Their goal is to influence and improve human rights for Latina women of African ancestry.

•On July 25, 1992 in the Dominican Republic, the first meeting for women of color was held to unite and bring attention to their culture and communities.

•Colombian activist Ashanti Dinah said, “Latin American society continues to put a lot of shame and disrespect on our African roots."

https://www.montevideo.com.uy/Mujer/Afrodescendientes-juntan-sus-voces-para-abogar-por-el- empoderamiento-femenino-uc723574 https://aldianews.com/topics/politics/education/11 “Do you have to speak Spanish to be Afro-Latino?” “Where do Afro-Indigenous groups fit? “Are Afrodescendientes part of the ?” “Do Afro- share a and discrimination with ?” “What is Afro-Latin America?”

“ Why do so many Latinos deny being Black?”

https://youtu.be/eA8wPHcfa70 “Black and Latino”