Odoki, B. Challenges of Constitution-Making in Uganda

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Odoki, B. Challenges of Constitution-Making in Uganda 264 ConstiiuIioaalis,,i ii, Africa 15 challenge in courts of law. The controversialprovisionsmainlyrelate to the politicalsystemespecially the issue ofsuspension ofpoliticalpartyactivities, TheChallenges ofConstitution-makingand thereferendum on politicalsystems, the entrenchmentofthemovementsystem in the constitution,federalism, and the issue of land. in Implementation Uganda The implementation of the constitutionposesperhapsmore difficult challengesthan its making.There is a need to make theconstitution a dynamic Benjamin J. Odoki instrument, and a livinginstitution, in the minds and hearts of all Ugandans. Theconstitutionmust be iiiternalised and understood in order for the people to trulyrespect,observe and uphold it. It must be implemented in both the and to the letter.There is a need to establish and nurturedemocratic Themaking of a newconstitution in Ugandamarked an importantwatershed in spirit the history of the country. It demonstrated the desire of the people to institutions to promotedemocraticvalues andpracticeswithin the country. It is then that a culture of constitutionalism can be the fundamentallychange their system of governance into a truly democratic only promotedamongst and theirleaders. one. The process gave the people an opportunity to make a fresh start by people This examines the and that reviewingtheirpastexperiences,identifying the rootcauses oftheirproblems, chapter challenges problems wereexperienced the actors in the theNRM learninglessonsfrompastmistakesandmaking a concertedeffort to provide by major constitution-makingprocess: government, the Constitutional the Constituent and the genuinesolutions for their bettergovernance and futuredevelopment. The Uganda Commission, Assembly civil It also to the constitution-makingprocesswasthus a majorsteptowards the democratisation people,including society. attempts identify majorchallenges the in the new instrument. ofthe countrywhichhadexperiencednearlythirtyyearsofoppression,tyranny facing country implementing and exploitation. It restoredUganda to the constitutionalpath. The process has beenhailed as unique and unprecedented in the history of constitution- Historicalbackground making in Africa and elsewhere. It was an epic processlasting overseven Uganda has had three constitutions since none of which years commencing in 1988 when the UgandaConstitutionalCommission independence, satisfactorilyanswered the needs and aspirations of the The manner was established until 1995 when the new constitution was promulgated by people. in which the constitutions were made and unmade, the of the the ConstituentAssembly. The distinctcharacteristic of the process was the suitability institutions and thatwereestablished, and the extent to which popularparticipation by the people that was achievedthrough wide processes they wereviableand have been a ofdebateand consultation andnationalpublicdebate.Theprocess ofpopularparticipation acceptable long subject controversy. The wasthat failed to on the most contributed to the building of a nationalconsensus on the mostsuitable form majorproblem Ugandans agree appropriate socioeconomic and framework for their In the result, of governance andpromoted the generalacceptability and legitimacy of the political governance. the crisis of andconstitutional constitution. Such has been the interest in Uganda’sconstitutionmaking countryexperienced a political instability that lastedthirty To address the aboveproblem the NRM government process that it has been the subject of considerableinterest and study by years. in 1988 in order scholars and constitutionalreformers bothwithin and outsideUganda.’ initiated the constitution-makingprocess to provide an for freelydetermining the of On 8 Thenewconstitutionenacted in October 1995 was equally a unique and adequateopportunity system governance. the was concluded and the home-growndocumentdeeplyinfluencedby.thehistory,culture,values and October 1995, process successfully people of their fourthconstitution after a and wide aspirations of the people of Uganda and the need to strike genuine Ugandapromulgated lengthy consultation. compromisesbetweendiverseinterestgroups. The provisions of the Uganda as a nation is a creature of Britishcolonialadministration. The —~ constitutionwere by andlargebased on the wishes ofthe people as expressed 5~ differentindigenouscommunitiesnowinhabiting the countrywere in theirviews to the constitutionalcommission. In the ConstituentAssembly, brought togetherduring the colonialperiodfollowing the declaration of a British most oftheprovisions in theconstitutionwereadoptedbythe delegatesthrough protectorate over Uganda in 1894. Thesepeoplesconsisted of four main consensus.However, a few controversialprovisionswereresolvedthrough languagegroups, the l3antu in the south and west, the Nilotics and Nib majorityvote and some of thesecontinue to attractcontroversy,debate, and Hamites in the north and north-east and the Sudanicgroup in the north-u est. Theseethnicgroupswhichhadreacheddifferentlevels ofpoliticaldevelopment (onstilution-,naking and i,npie,nenlalion 265 266 Constitutionalism in Africa in theirsocial can be divided into twomaincatcgorics.The first YusufLule and organisation by GodfreyBinaisa a generalclection was organised by the the societies ofthe lacustrineareawhichincludedthe groupcomprised Bantu MilitaryCornniissionunderPauloMuwanga in December1980. Fourparties ccntralised Baganda and Banyoro who had highlydeveloped governments namely the UgandaPeoplesCongress(UPC), the DemocraticParty(DP), the of The second consisted of the under a series kingdoms. group segmented ConservativeParty(CP)and theUgandaPatrioticMovement(UPM)contested the non-Bantu wholived to thenorthoftheNile,where largestpolitical the elections. The UPC won the peoples elections, but the resultswere disputed by unit in the clan.Thesesocietieshaddifferent cultures was general languages, the otherparties. The UPMleadershipunderYoweriMuseveniwent to the its own of and socialsystems. The colonialadministrationimposed system bushand a war the Obote waged guerrilla against government for fiveyears. administration on these of A of indirect rule was groups peoples. system In July1985,Obotewasoverthrownby his twogenerals,TitoLutwaOkello established the Britishadministered the through the and whereby protectorate BazillioOlaraOkello. A peaceaccordwassigned in Nairobibetweenthe localchiefs and In effect the kingssurrendered theirsovereignty in Okello and kings. junta Museveiii,buttheagreementfailed to haltthe war or establish British return for ‘protection.’ an enduringsettlement. In January1986, theNationalResistanceArmy(NRA) her on 9 October1962with all thetrappings of Yoweri Ugandaregained independence Musevenicapturedpower in Kampala. A broadbasedgovernment of constitutionalism. A constitution had been worked out, the result of was formedunder the NationalResistanceMovement(NRM). It included the actors of the day. The constitutional negotiationamong majorpolitical varioussocio-politicalforces in the country. Its blue print for running the aimed at out formulae for balancing arrangements were working political interimadministration was the Ten Point Programmewhichincluded interests ofthe elite ofthe Theconstitutionalformulae conflicting political day. restoration ofdemocracy,security,humanrightsandeconomicreconstruction drawn from and entailed a electedparliament, a cabinet under a mixed periodically economy on its agenda.Politicalpartyactivitiesweresuspended to federal and federalstatus for Buganda and and responsible parliament, quasi a no-partysystemintroduced. Its mainorgans were the Resistance for the rest of the Powers for the kingdomareas, andunitarystatus country. Councils(RCs) from the village level to the national level with elected the first of the majororgans of governmentweredefined. On anniversary committees. These RCs had administrative,political and judicialfunctions constitution was amended to for a independence, the original 1962 provide and formed the core of the NRMsystem of government.2 ceremonialpresident to replacethe governor-general. TheKabakaofBuganda elected first was president. Democraticchangeandconstitutionalreform In 1966,following a confrontationbetweenthethenPrimeMinisterApolo MiltonObote and Sir EdwardMutesa,president of Uganda and Kabaka of It is necessary to identify and recognise the need for constitutionalchange in the Buganda, the 1962constitutionwasabrogated by Obote andreplaced by order to launch it successfully. Theobjectives to be achievedmust be clearly of articulated interimconstitution of 1966whichwasadoptedwithoutprotest bymembers and accepted.People will not support a causewhich has not been the NationalAssembly.Thisconstitutioncame to known as the ‘pigeon-hole properlydefined. In Uganda, there was generalagreement for constitutional constitution.’ Obotebecamepresident and the post of primeminister was reformlargelybecause the threeconstitutionalarrangements had beenmade abolished. In 1967Oboteintroducedanotherconstitutionthatwasrepublican with little input from the population, and secondly the provisions they and offederalismandturned containedwerenotdemocratic andmodern to answer in nature. It abolishedkingdoms aspects Uganda • enough currentinterests and What into a unitary state. The president was givenexcessivepowers over aspirations. was not agreed was the nature and extent of reform. appointments and making laws throughordinances and detentionwithout Somegroups like the monarchists/federalistsadvocated the immediate trial. Although the constitutionrecognised
Recommended publications
  • UGANDA COUNTRY REPORT October 2004 Country
    UGANDA COUNTRY REPORT October 2004 Country Information & Policy Unit IMMIGRATION & NATIONALITY DIRECTORATE HOME OFFICE, UNITED KINGDOM Uganda Report - October 2004 CONTENTS 1. Scope of the Document 1.1 - 1.10 2. Geography 2.1 - 2.2 3. Economy 3.1 - 3.3 4. History 4.1 – 4.2 • Elections 1989 4.3 • Elections 1996 4.4 • Elections 2001 4.5 5. State Structures Constitution 5.1 – 5.13 • Citizenship and Nationality 5.14 – 5.15 Political System 5.16– 5.42 • Next Elections 5.43 – 5.45 • Reform Agenda 5.46 – 5.50 Judiciary 5.55 • Treason 5.56 – 5.58 Legal Rights/Detention 5.59 – 5.61 • Death Penalty 5.62 – 5.65 • Torture 5.66 – 5.75 Internal Security 5.76 – 5.78 • Security Forces 5.79 – 5.81 Prisons and Prison Conditions 5.82 – 5.87 Military Service 5.88 – 5.90 • LRA Rebels Join the Military 5.91 – 5.101 Medical Services 5.102 – 5.106 • HIV/AIDS 5.107 – 5.113 • Mental Illness 5.114 – 5.115 • People with Disabilities 5.116 – 5.118 5.119 – 5.121 Educational System 6. Human Rights 6.A Human Rights Issues Overview 6.1 - 6.08 • Amnesties 6.09 – 6.14 Freedom of Speech and the Media 6.15 – 6.20 • Journalists 6.21 – 6.24 Uganda Report - October 2004 Freedom of Religion 6.25 – 6.26 • Religious Groups 6.27 – 6.32 Freedom of Assembly and Association 6.33 – 6.34 Employment Rights 6.35 – 6.40 People Trafficking 6.41 – 6.42 Freedom of Movement 6.43 – 6.48 6.B Human Rights Specific Groups Ethnic Groups 6.49 – 6.53 • Acholi 6.54 – 6.57 • Karamojong 6.58 – 6.61 Women 6.62 – 6.66 Children 6.67 – 6.77 • Child care Arrangements 6.78 • Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
    [Show full text]
  • Uganda's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments Through 2017
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:53 constituteproject.org Uganda's Constitution of 1995 with Amendments through 2017 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:53 Table of contents Preamble . 14 NATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY . 14 General . 14 I. Implementation of objectives . 14 Political Objectives . 14 II. Democratic principles . 14 III. National unity and stability . 15 IV. National sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity . 15 Protection and Promotion of Fundamental and other Human Rights and Freedoms . 15 V. Fundamental and other human rights and freedoms . 15 VI. Gender balance and fair representation of marginalised groups . 15 VII. Protection of the aged . 16 VIII. Provision of adequate resources for organs of government . 16 IX. The right to development . 16 X. Role of the people in development . 16 XI. Role of the State in development . 16 XII. Balanced and equitable development . 16 XIII. Protection of natural resources . 16 Social and Economic Objectives . 17 XIV. General social and economic objectives . 17 XV. Recognition of role of women in society . 17 XVI. Recognition of the dignity of persons with disabilities . 17 XVII. Recreation and sports . 17 XVIII. Educational objectives . 17 XIX. Protection of the family . 17 XX. Medical services . 17 XXI. Clean and safe water . 17 XXII. Food security and nutrition . 18 XXIII. Natural disasters . 18 Cultural Objectives . 18 XXIV. Cultural objectives . 18 XXV. Preservation of public property and heritage . 18 Accountability . 18 XXVI. Accountability . 18 The Environment .
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of Law in Uganda*
    NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law Volume 5 | Number 1 Article 2 1983 Autochthony: The evelopmeD nt of Law in Uganda Francis M. Ssekandi Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/ journal_of_international_and_comparative_law Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Ssekandi, Francis M. (1983) "Autochthony: The eD velopment of Law in Uganda," NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law: Vol. 5 : No. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_international_and_comparative_law/vol5/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Journal of International and Comparative Law by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. NEW YORK LAW SCHOOL JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW Volume 5 Number 1 1983 AUTOCHTHONY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAW IN UGANDA* FRANCIS M. SSEKANDI** * This is the text of an address delivered at the Law Development Centre in Kampala, Uganda in July 1979, barely three months after the Ugandan Liberation Forces, composed of exiles and led by the Tanzania Defence Forces, booted Idi Amin out of Uganda. An interim government led by Yusufu Lule had assumed office and there was a lively debate in the air on the future of the Ugandan Constitution. Historically, Uganda was ruled by the British as a Protectorate, from 1890 with a measure of internal autonomy for the inhabitants, through a series of "treaties" with the kings of the territories from which Uganda was carved. Thus, on attainment of independence in 1962, the country emerged as a federation of its constituent parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Ending CHILD MARRIAGE and TEENAGE PREGNANCY in Uganda
    ENDING CHILD MARRIAGE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN UGANDA A FORMATIVE RESEARCH TO GUIDE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGY ON ENDING CHILD MARRIAGE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN UGANDA Final Report - December 2015 ENDING CHILD MARRIAGE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN UGANDA 1 A FORMATIVE RESEARCH TO GUIDE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGY ON ENDING CHILD MARRIAGE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN UGANDA ENDING CHILD MARRIAGE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN UGANDA A FORMATIVE RESEARCH TO GUIDE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGY ON ENDING CHILD MARRIAGE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN UGANDA Final Report - December 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) gratefully acknowledges the valuable contribution of many individuals whose time, expertise and ideas made this research a success. Gratitude is extended to the Research Team Lead by Dr. Florence Kyoheirwe Muhanguzi with support from Prof. Grace Bantebya Kyomuhendo and all the Research Assistants for the 10 districts for their valuable support to the research process. Lastly, UNICEF would like to acknowledge the invaluable input of all the study respondents; women, men, girls and boys and the Key Informants at national and sub national level who provided insightful information without whom the study would not have been accomplished. I ENDING CHILD MARRIAGE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN UGANDA A FORMATIVE RESEARCH TO GUIDE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL STRATEGY ON ENDING CHILD MARRIAGE AND TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN UGANDA CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................I
    [Show full text]
  • Barly Records on Bantu Arvi Hurskainen
    Remota Relata Srudia Orientalia 97, Helsinki 20O3,pp.65-76 Barly Records on Bantu Arvi Hurskainen This article gives a short outline of the early, sometimes controversial, records of Bantu peoples and languages. While the term Bantu has been in use since the mid lgth century, the earliest attempts at describing a Bantu language were made in the lTth century. However, extensive description of the individual Bantu languages started only in the l9th century @oke l96lab; Doke 1967; Wolff 1981: 2l). Scholars have made great efforts in trying to trace the earliest record of the peoples currently known as Bantu. What is considered as proven with considerable certainty is that the first person who brought the term Bantu to the knowledge of scholars of Africa was W. H. L Bleek. When precisely this happened is not fully clear. The year given is sometimes 1856, when he published The lnnguages of Mosambique, oÍ 1869, which is the year of publication of his unfinished, yet great work A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages.In The Languages of Mosambiqu¿ he writes: <<The languages of these vocabularies all belong to that great family which, with the exception of the Hottentot dialects, includes the whole of South Africa, and most of the tongues of Western Africa>. However, in this context he does not mention the name of the language family concemed. Silverstein (1968) pointed out that the first year when the word Bantu is found written by Bleek is 1857. That year Bleek prepared a manuscript Zulu Legends (printed as late as 1952), in which he stated: <<The word 'aBa-ntu' (men, people) means 'Par excellence' individuals of the Kafir race, particularly in opposition to the noun 'aBe-lungu' (white men).
    [Show full text]
  • Living with AIDS in Uganda
    Living with AIDS in Uganda Impacts on banana-farming households in two districts Monica Karuhanga Beraho Living with AIDS in Uganda Impacts on banana-farming households in two districts Monica Karuhanga Beraho binnenwerk AWLAE6 officieel.indd1 1 18-12-2007 16:40:34 Promotor Prof. Dr. A. Niehof Hoogleraar Sociologie van Consumenten en Huishoudens Co-promotor Dr. P. Hebinck Universitair hoofddocent, leerstoelgroep Rurale Ontwikkelingssociologie Promotiecommissie Prof. Dr. J.D. Van der Ploeg Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. P.L. Geschiere Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. T.R. Müller University of Manchester, UK Prof. Dr. G.E. Frerks Wageningen Universiteit Dit onderzoek is uitgevoerd binnen de onderzoeksschool Mansholt Graduate School of Social Sciences Living with AIDS in Uganda Impacts on banana-farming households in two districts Monica Karuhanga Beraho Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezag van de rector magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit Prof. Dr. M.J. Kropff in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 18 januari 2008 des morgens om 11.00 uur in de Aula Living with AIDS in Uganda: Impacts on banana-farming households in two districts Monica Karuhanga Beraho Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University (2008) With references – With summaries in English and Dutch ISBN 978-90-8504-817-6 ISBN 978-90-8686-064-7 Acknowledgements I am highly indebted to several individuals and organizations without whose support it would not have been possible to accomplish my PhD studies. This PhD study was funded by the Netherlands government through AWLAE (African Women Leaders in Agriculture and Environment), a program of Winrock International, for which am deeply thankful.
    [Show full text]
  • Uganda Constitutional Instruments
    UGANDA GOVERNMENT U o- A ^ d-d,, 0-ùi ' 67//7i/7 à A) , UGANDA CONSTITUTIONAL INSTRUMENTS The Uganda (Independence) Order in Council, 1962 and The Constitution of Uganda (excluding Schedules I to 6) in force on THE 31st DECEMBER, 1963 Printed and published by the Government Printer, Entebbe under the Authority of the Government of Uganda UGANDA CONSTITUTIONAL INSTRUMENTS The Uganda (Independence) Order in Council, 1962 and The Constitution of Uganda (excluding Schedules I to 6) LOS ANGELES COUNTY LAW LIBRARY PREFACE THIS BOOKLET, which is intended to be used in conjunction with the edition of the Constitutional Instruments published in 1962, contains the Uganda (Independence) Order in Council, 1962, and the Constitution of Uganda, as in force on the 31st December, 1963. Where it appears that any provision of the Order in Council is spent or is not likely to be the subject of more than an occasional reference in the future, the provision in question has been printed in italics. This has been done merely for convenience. These provisions have not been repealed, and remain part of the Order. It has not been possible to include in this booklet Schedules 1 to 6 of the Constitution. For these Schedules, which contain the Constitution of Buganda, the special provisions for the other Federal States and the procedure for the election of members of the National Assembly from Buganda by the Lukiiko, it will still be necessary to refer to the 1962 edition of the Constitutional Instruments. G. L. BINAISA, Attorney-General. ENTEBBE, 30TH JANUARY, 1964. THE UGANDA (INDEPENDENCE) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1962 ARRANGEMENT OF ORDER.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights Violations
    dysfunctional nature of the system they inherited and maintained. Ad- mittedly, theirs is a peculiar "au- tonomous"behaviour which contrib- utes to gross violations of rights and the socio-economic and political de- cay of the state. Another factor that sustains the culture of crises is ex- ternal to the country. Firstly, a HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS number of governments, democratic and authoritarian, in the South and North, have directly and indirectly supported dictatorial regimes in the country. Through economic, diplo- matic and military assistance the wheel ofviolence and dictatorship is serviced. Secondly, by treating the crises as essentially internal affairs In the past three decades since sequence off tends to change other of the sovereign state, the interna- Uganda gained independence from qualities of life so that from a number tional community has done little to Britain, the country has experienced of different starting points, follow- avert violations of rights. Finally, some of the worst human catastro- ing different trajectories of change, by maintaining the unjust and ex- phes in modern times -gross viola- comparable results may ensue. This ploitative international economic tions of human rights, amounting to view seems to hold true for all the system which violates the right to genocide and generating millions of questions posited. Nonetheless, on development, the international com- refugees and internally displaced the balance of the evidence, this munity directly violates the rights persons; state sponsored terrorism, paper contends that while the ori- of Ugandans. dictatorship, nepotism, corruption, gins of violations of rights in Uganda The point is, the economic under- ethnicity, civil wars, famine; total lie in a blend of factors, colonialism development of the country, which collapse of the economy; the disinte- and its lopsided socio-economic and is a result of both internal and ex- gration and demise of the state.
    [Show full text]
  • A Foreign Policy Determined by Sitting Presidents: a Case
    T.C. ANKARA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS A FOREIGN POLICY DETERMINED BY SITTING PRESIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO DATE PhD Thesis MIRIAM KYOMUHANGI ANKARA, 2019 T.C. ANKARA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS A FOREIGN POLICY DETERMINED BY SITTING PRESIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA FROM INDEPENDENCE TO DATE PhD Thesis MIRIAM KYOMUHANGI SUPERVISOR Prof. Dr. Çınar ÖZEN ANKARA, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ i ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... iv FIGURES ................................................................................................................... vi PHOTOS ................................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE UGANDA’S JOURNEY TO AUTONOMY AND CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM I. A COLONIAL BACKGROUND OF UGANDA ............................................... 23 A. Colonial-Background of Uganda ...................................................................... 23 B. British Colonial Interests .................................................................................. 32 a. British Economic Interests .........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Evidence for Shared Common Ancestry of East African Hunting-Gathering Populations and Insights Into Local Adaptation
    Genomic evidence for shared common ancestry of East African hunting-gathering populations and insights into local adaptation Laura B. Scheinfeldta,1,2, Sameer Soia,b,1, Charla Lamberta,3, Wen-Ya Koa,4, Aoua Coulibalya, Alessia Ranciaroa, Simon Thompsona, Jibril Hirboa,5, William Beggsa, Muntaser Ibrahimc, Thomas Nyambod, Sabah Omare, Dawit Woldemeskelf, Gurja Belayf, Alain Fromentg, Junhyong Kimh, and Sarah A. Tishkoffa,h,6 aDepartment of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; bGenomics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; cDepartment of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan; dDepartment of Biochemistry, St. Joseph University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; eKenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Biotechnology Research and Development, Nairobi, Kenya; fDepartment of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; gUMR 208, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l’Homme, 75116 Paris, France; and hDepartment of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Contributed by Sarah A. Tishkoff, January 5, 2019 (sent for review October 15, 2018; reviewed by Rob J. Kulathinal and Mark D. Shriver) Anatomically modern humans arose in Africa ∼300,000 years ago, lithic ∼5 kya (7). This expansion, commonly referred to as the but the demographic and adaptive histories of African populations “Bantu expansion,” significantly impacted the landscape of ge- are not well-characterized. Here, we have generated a genome- netic and cultural diversity in Africa (8, 9). While Bantu lan- wide dataset from 840 Africans, residing in western, eastern, guages, which belong to the Niger-Congo (NC) language family, southern, and northern Africa, belonging to 50 ethnicities, and are widely spoken across Africa, languages belonging to two speaking languages belonging to four language families.
    [Show full text]
  • Conclusion: an End to Conflict
    Conclusion: an end to conflict Looking back on their daily lives over the last 40 years or so, the majority of Uganda's citizens will reflect on the turbulence of the times they have lived through. In some respects, there has been little change in the patterns of daily life for millions of Ugandans. People continue to cultivate the land by hand, or to herd their animals in ways that have barely altered since Uganda was created a hundred years ago. They continue to provide for their own subsistence, with relatively little contact with external markets. This sense of continuity was captured by Lorochom, the Karimojong elder, who explained, 'Governments change and the weather changes... but we continue herding our animals.' There have been some positive changes, however. The mismanagement of Uganda's economy under the regimes of Idi Amin and Obote II left Uganda amongst the poorest countries in the world. Improved management of the national economy has been one of the great achievements of the NRM and, provided that • Margaret Muhindo in her aid flows do not significantly diminish, Ugandans can kitchen garden. In a good reasonably look forward to continued economic growth, better public year, she will be able to sell surplus vegetables for cash. services, and further investments in essential infrastructure. In a bad year, she and her Nonetheless, turbulence has been the defining feature of the age, family will scrape by on the and it is in the political realm that turbulence has been profoundly food they grow. destructive. Instead of protecting the lives and property of its citizens, the state in one form or other has been responsible for the murder, torture, harassment, displacement, and impoverishment of its people.
    [Show full text]
  • Collapse, War and Reconstruction in Uganda
    Working Paper No. 27 - Development as State-Making - COLLAPSE, WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION IN UGANDA AN ANALYTICAL NARRATIVE ON STATE-MAKING Frederick Golooba-Mutebi Makerere Institute of Social Research Makerere University January 2008 Copyright © F. Golooba-Mutebi 2008 Although every effort is made to ensure the accuracy and reliability of material published in this Working Paper, the Crisis States Research Centre and LSE accept no responsibility for the veracity of claims or accuracy of information provided by contributors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing of the publisher nor be issued to the public or circulated in any form other than that in which it is published. Requests for permission to reproduce this Working Paper, of any part thereof, should be sent to: The Editor, Crisis States Research Centre, DESTIN, LSE, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE. Crisis States Working Papers Series No.2 ISSN 1749-1797 (print) ISSN 1749-1800 (online) 1 Crisis States Research Centre Collapse, war and reconstruction in Uganda An analytical narrative on state-making Frederick Golooba-Mutebi∗ Makerere Institute of Social Research Abstract Since independence from British colonial rule, Uganda has had a turbulent political history characterised by putsches, dictatorship, contested electoral outcomes, civil wars and a military invasion. There were eight changes of government within a period of twenty-four years (from 1962-1986), five of which were violent and unconstitutional. This paper identifies factors that account for these recurrent episodes of political violence and state collapse.
    [Show full text]