Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1952

Bulletin No. 1136

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Martin P. Durkin - Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Letter of Transmittal

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C., June 4, 1953. The Secretary of Labor:

I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on work stoppages during the year 1952. A portion of this report was printed in the Monthly Labor Review for May 1953.

This bulletin was prepared by Ann J. Herlihy, Bernard Tabroff, and Daniel P. Willis, Jr., with the assistance of other members of the staff of the Bureau's Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, under the direction of Lily Mary David.

The Bureau wishes to acknowledge the widespread cooperation of employers, unions,. the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, and various State agencies in furnishing information needed for this report.

Ewan Clague, Commissioner.

Hon. Martin P. Durkin, Secretary of Labor. Contents

Page Summary 1 Strike trends during the year 1 Stoppages of 10,000 or more 2 WSB-certified disputes 3 "National emergency" disputes 4 Major issues involved 5 Industries affected 6 States involved 6 Metropolitan areas involved 6 Unions involved 6 Sim of stoppages 7 Duration of stoppages 7 Methods of terminating stoppages 7 Disposition of issues 7

Tables Work stoppages in the United States, 1916-52 8 Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, in selected periods 9 Monthly trends in work stoppages, 1951-52 9 Major issues involved in work stoppages, 1952 10 Work stoppages by industry group, 1952 11 Work stoppages by State, 1952 12 Work stoppages by metropolitan area, 1952 13 Work stoppages by affiliation of unions involved, 1952 14 Work stoppages by number of workers involved, 1952 15 Work stoppages by number of establishments involved, 1952 15 Individual work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, 1952 16 Duration of work stoppages ending in 1952 20 Method of terminating work stoppages ending in 1952 21 Disposition of issues in work stoppages ending in 1952 21

Appendix A Table A. Work stoppages by specific industry, 1952 22 Table B. Work stoppages by industry group and major issues, 1952 24 Table C. Work stoppages in States having 25 or more stoppages by industry group, 1952 26

Appendix B The steel strike of 1952 32

Appendix C Methods of collecting strike statistics 37 Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1952

tistics on work stoppages have been compiled Summary (table 1). Strike idleness amounted to about 1 More man-days of idleness (59,100,000) re- day out of every 175 worked during the year. sulted directly from work stoppages in 1952 than in any year except 1946, when 116,000,000 man- About half the major stoppages occurred in days were reported. The total of 3,540,000 nonmanufacturing. The construction industry workers involved in work stoppages beginning in accounted for 11 of these stoppages and involved the year was the third highest on record, ex- 286,000 workers--5 were at Atomic Energy Com- ceeded only in 1919 and 1946. mission construction projects. Other large nonmanufacturing stoppages occurred in the bitu- The relatively high level of strike idle- minous-coal mining, railroad, trucking, tele- ness is traceable to the comparatively large phone and telegraph, and maritime industries. number of stoppages involving 10,000 or more Most of the large manufacturing stoppages were workers and particularly to the basic steel in metalworking, including steel, aircraft, and strike. These major stoppages accounted for electrical products. Other industries affected almost half the workers involved in all strikes by large stoppages included petroleum, rubber, and about two-thirds of all man-days idle. The meatpacking, lumber, and glass products. Except steel stoppage alone accounted for about two- for an 80-day strike of carpet and rug workers, fifths of all man-days idle. the textile industries, in which the economic outlook was relatively poor, were free of major stoppages. More idleness resulted from disputes in which both wages and union security were major Strike Trends during the Year issues than over any other group of issues, largely because of their importance in the steel Seasonal patterns of strike activity are strike and in 6 other stoppages of-10,000 or frequently overshadowed by other factors af- more workers. In recent years, wage issues fecting bargaining developments. Generally, alone were the leading cause of idleness. Dis- however, the fourth quarter of the year, par- putes over wages and union security, together ticularly November and December, is a period of with those over wages alone, accounted for about low strike activity, especially when measured 60 percent of the workers involved and over 85 in terms arnumber of stoppages beginning during percent of the man-days of idleness in 1952. the period; whereas strike activity is usually highest in the second and third quarters. Not only were major stoppages relatively numerous, but more strikes (5,117) 1 of all sizes The year 1952 followed this pattern. The began in 1952 than in any year for which sta- number of strikes, workers, and man-days involved reached peak levels during the middle two quarters of the year--April through Septem- 1 This is the number of verified strikes on ber. The second quarter was the highest for the which information was received in time to be year in terms of strikes, workers, and man-days included in the tabulations for the year. In of idleness. The sharp drop in idleness in the addition there were 6 small strikes involving third quarter is explained largely by settlement a total of fewer than 800 workers; 1 in Illinois, of the steel strike in late July. The number 2 in Ohio,2 in Pennsylvania, and 1 in Wisconsin of strikes and workers involved reached their on which the verified information was received lowest levels for the year in the fourth quar- too late to be included in the Bureau's tabula- ter, although man-days of idleness in this tions. The total of 5,117 does not include 39 3-month period exceeded idleness in the first small disputes for which the Bureau was unable quarter. to secure information from the parties that an actual work stoppage occurred. Strikes were at a record high in the first Except as noted in the preceding paragraph, quarter of 1952, compared with earlier years. all known work stoppages arising out of labor- In the remaining three quarters both the number management disputes, involving6or more workers of workers and man-days of idleness were high, and continuing a full day or shift or longer, compared with most earlier years, although the are included in this report. Figures on "workers number of strikes was exceeded in several pre- involved" and "man-days idle" cover all workers vious years. The number of workers involved in made idle for one shift or longer in establish- the second quarter and the man-days of idleness MAT+0 Ainon+lv invnlvnil in thPng, ntnnnnernn_ 47.44-un ammnanm +h. 2

1952, with more than500starting in April, May, During the fourth quarter the relatively and. September. Man-days of idleness increased high number of man-days of idleness as compared gradual ly during the first 3 months of the year, with other years is traceable in large part to rose substantially in April and May, and reached the 15-day nationwide bituminous-coal strike in peak levels in June and July because of the October, involving about 270,000 workers and steel strike. Idleness dropped sharply in Au- accounting for about a third of all man-days gust, increased substantially in September and idle during this period. October, and dropped again in the last 2 months of the year. Stoppages of 10,000 or More Most of the major strikes occurred in the The 35 stoppages of 10,000 or more workers first 3 quarters. There were 10 stoppages of exceeded the number in any previous year except 10,000 or more workers in the first quarter of 1919 and 1945 when the respective numbers of the year--1 in January, 2 in February, and 7 in such stoppages were 54 and 42. These stoppages March. The one involving the most workers was in 1952 accounted for the idleness of about a 4-day strike, covering 11 States in early 1,700,000 workers for a total of 37 million March, of 41,000 employees of the New York Cen- man-days—almost half the workers involved in tral Railroad,tleTerminal Railroad Association all strikes and about two-thirds of all man-days of St. Louis, and other railroads. Three of idle. The proportion of idleness exceeded that the first-quarter strikes were in the construc- in most recent years (table 2). The steel and tion industry. Included were a 60-day strike bituminous-coal mining stoppages, which directly involving 35,000 construction workers in the idled 560,000 and 270,000 workers, respectively, San Francisco Bay area of California and 2 were the largest occurring during the year. stoppages involving construction workers at the Paducah, Ky., project of the Atomic Energy Com- Disputes over wages or related monetary mission. matters caused the largest number of major stoppages (15) as well as most of the strikes of The second-quarter peak level of workers all sizes. Wages, combined with questions of involved and man-days idle is due in large part union status, were the major issues in 7 other to 13 major stoppages. Six of these began in large disputes. These included the steel stop- April, 4 in May, ani3 in June. The steel strike page; the International Harvester Co. and two accounted for about 35 percent of the workers west coast aircraft strikes; and stoppages af- involved in all strikes beginning during the fecting Timken Roller Bearing Co., New Jersey quarter, and half the man-days of idleness. Bell Telephone Co., and B.F. Goodrich Co. Union Nationwide strikes also affected the petroleum organization issues were dominant in two stop- and natural gas industry, Western Union Tele- pages: A 39-day intermittent strike of B. F. graph Co., and the Western Electric Co. and Goodrich Co. employees that began in February other American Telephone and Telegraph Co. sub- and a 1-day strike of building trades workers sidiaries. The construction industry again ex- at the Atomic Energy CommissiontSavammahEaver perienced more major stoppages than any other construction project. industry, including month-long strikes in Mil- waukee, Wis., and 42 northern and central Interunion or intraunion matters caused counties in California; 23-day stoppages in De- two of the major, construction stoppages that troit, Mich., and New Orleans, La.; and an 8-day occurred in 1952 and a stoppage of bituminous- strike at the Paducah, Ky., Atomic Energy con- coal miners in western Pennsylvania. The re- struction project. maining large strikes resulted from disputes over a variety of other issues.

During the third quarter 9 major stoppages ,Unions affiliated with the American Feder- began--1 in July, 3 in August, and 5 in Septem- ation of Labor were involved in 17 of the major ber. Outstanding was the 90-day International stoppages; affiliates of the Congress of Indus- Harvester strike involving 22,000 workers. It trial Organizations, in 12; and unions affil- was the longest major strike of the year. All iated with neither the AFL nor CIO, in 7. other strikes starting in this quarter involved fewer than 25,000 workers each, and all except Among 10 major strikes which lasted less the 33-day Timken Roller Bearing Co. stoppage- than a week were five 1-day sto ppages. Another lasted less than a month. There were 2 large 7 continued for at least a week but less than 2 strikes in the aircraft industry in this pe- weeks; 6 were in effectihr 2 weeks to less than riod: A 21-day strike invnlvim, 0/ nnn 3

2 WSB-Certified Disputes On April 29, when a preliminary court injunction restrained enforcement of the seizure order, a The nationwide dispute in the oil industry nationwide strike began. The workers returned was the only controversy involving a work stop- to work a few days later following a temporary page that the President referred to the Wage stay of the injunction. When the injunction Stabilization Board in 1952. 3 The basic steel against seizure was upheld by the U. S. Supreme dispute, which had been referred to the Board Court on June 2 the workers again went out.4 late in 1951, resulted in a national steel strike They remained out until late July when a 2-year in 1952 after efforts to negotiate an agreement agreement was reached with major steel com- on the basis of settlement terms recommended by panies.5 the Board failed. Oil and Natural Gas Strike.--The Oil Work- Basic Steel Strike.--Contracts between the ers International Union (CIO) and other AFL and United Steelworkers of America (CIO) and basic independent unions in the petroleum industry steel producing companies were opened in Novem- scheduled a strike for March 3, 1952, when ne- ber 1951 for the first general renegotiation gotiations deadlocked on the unions' proposals since 1947. After failure of the parties to for a general hourly wage increase of 25 cents reach agreement on December 22, the dispute was and for increases in second- and third-shift referred by President Truman to the Wage Stabi- differentials from 4 to 6 cents and from 6 to lization Board. The settlement proposed by a 12 cents an hour, respectively. At the request Board majority, industry members dissenting, of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Serv- late in March 1952 was accepted by the union ice, the threatened strike was postponed for 1 but rejected by the industry. After eleventh week. Following the President's referral of the hour mediation efforts failed, the President dispute to the WSB on March 6, the strike was ordered the Secretary of Commerce to take pos- again postponed, pending the Board's consider- session of and operate most of the steel mills. ation of the case. However, oil industry representatives declined to participate in panel hearings in two "pilot" cases. 6 On April 16, as a result of this action, the Board, for the 2 Tbe Wage Stabilization Board was given first time in a dispute case, returned the con- limited jurisdiction in labor disputes by Execu- troversy to the parties for further bargaining. tive Order 10233 issued by the President on April 21, 1951. The Board was authorized to When these negotiations failed, the CIO investigate and recommend settlement in any Oil Workers and the Central States Petroleum dispute that was not resolved by collective bar- Union (Ind.) 7 called a national strike on April gaining or by the prior full use of mediation 30 that idled approximately 58,000 workers. and conciliation facilities, ate. that threatened Most of these workers had returned to their to interrupt work affecting the national defense jobs by the end of May, following individual where (1) the parties jointly agreed to submit settlements that were reached gradually on the the dispute to the Board; or (2) the President basis of the Board's action on May 14. On that was of the opinion that the dispute substan- date, the Board announced partial approval of a tially threatened the progress of national defense and referred it to the Board. Binding decisions were authorized only if submission was agreed upon by the parties in advance. Sub- 4 Tbe strike continued at some mills of sequently, the Defense Production Act Amend- smaller companies until individual agreements ments of 1952 created a new Wage Stabilization were reached on certain local working con- Board, effective July 30, 1952, with no dispute ditions. By mid-August, workers at most of these functions, except to advise labor and manage- firms had returned to their jobs. ment, at their request, regarding the inter- 5 A detailed discussion of this dispute to- pretation and application of wage stabilization gether with terms of settlement is provided in policy-. the appendix. 3 7bree threatened strikes in the aluminum 6 The employers had proposed that the Board industry were averted after the President cer- should recommend individual settlements based tified the disputes to the Board. They involved on consideration of the merits of disputes be- the Aluminum Co. of America and the United tween individual oil companies and unions, in- Steelworkers of America (CIO); Aluminum Co. of stead of a single settlement applicable to all America and International Council of Aluminum the disputes. They contended that the procedures contract reached between the CIO Oil Workers legal action by the CIO Steelworkers--the firsi and the Farmers Union Central Exchange of Bill- test case--challenging the constitutionality ol ings, Mont., thus setting a pattern for other the act's emergency provisions. settlements. The Board (industry members dissenting) approved 15 cents of the 18-cent hourly The President's decision to invoke the wage increase agreed upon by the parties, and a Taft-Hartley Act in the dispute at the Dunkirl $100 lump-sum payment to each worker in lieu of plant followed prolonged efforts by the parties, retroactive pay for the period October 1, 1951 with assistance from Federal officials, to react (expiration date of the former contract) to a new agreement to replace the one that expired May 1, 1952 (effective date of the increase). January 31, 1952. Bargaining discussions had Provisions for a seventh paid holiday and for started late in 1951 on the Steelworkers' pro- hourly increases in second- and third-shift posals for 22 contract changes as well as a re- differentials from 4 to 6 cents and 6 to 12 quest for companywide bargaining. Negotiations cents, respectively, received unanimous Board stalemated, and the President referred the disapproval. Concurrently, the Board announced pute to the Wage Stabilization Board on Decem- prior approval of other agreements providing ber 22, 1951, as part of his certification of for a general hourly wage increase not exceeding labor disputes involving the basic steel com- 15 cents, except that changes in shift differ- panies and the Steelworkers (see p. 3). The entials would be subject to review on an in- parties resumed negotiations after a meeting dividual case basis. Subsequent agreements0 with the Board on January 7, 1952. When these typically incorporated the general wage increase discussions also failed, the Board appointed a and adjustments in shift differentials approved panel, which held hearings in the dispute in by the Board. Varying provisions were nego- May and June 1952. Before the panel could for- tiated, however, for partial retroactivity of mulate its recommendations, however, the Defense the wage increase or for lump-sum payments in Production Act was amended to eliminate the lieu of retroactive pay adjustments. Board's dispute functions. 11 In subsequent negotiations, the union withdrew its request for "National Emergency" Disputes9 companywide bargaining and sought a separate settlement at the Dunkirk plant. In addition to Major controversy developed during 1952 the union shop, it proposed a wage and fringe over the "national emergency" strike provisions benefit "package" increase amounting to approxi- of the Labor Management Relations(laft-Hartley) mately 274 cents an hour, retroactive to Febru- Act. The President's refusal to apply the act's ary 1, 1952, the day following the expiration emergency procedures to the nationwide steel of the previous contract. The company's counter strike aroused Congressional debate. Subse- offer of an hourly wage increase of 121 cents quently, the President's resort to these pro- was rejected by the union, and a strike by about cedures in a strike at the Anerican Locomotive 1,600 production and clerical workers began Co.'s Dunkirk, N. Y., plant 10 precipitated August 29. On December 3, the President invoked the "national emergency" provisions of the Taft- Hartley Act and appointed a board of inquiry to °The major agreements were reached during investigate the dispute.12 the last 2 weeks in May; the last settlement in the dispute was reached early in August. The Board reported, on December 11, that 9 Labor-management disputes designated as the dispute "is immediately and seriously de- "national emergency" disputes are (1) those laying the production of equipment and of fis- specified in the Labor Management Relations Act sionable materials essential for atomic weapons asimperiling the "national health and safety," needed for the national defense" and that re- and those designated under the Railway Labor sumption of production was imperative if the Act "which threaten substantially to interrupt atomic energy program was to meet its schedule. interstate commerce to a degree such as to de- prive any section of the country of essential transportation service." liSee footnote 2, page 3. 1° This was the only dispute in 1952 in which 12The Executive order establishing the Board the emergency procedures of the act were uti- did not apply to disputes involving the Steel- lized. These provisions had been invoked on 9 workers at the company's Auburn, N. Y., and other occasions: In 1951, in connection with Schenectady, N. Y., plants (producers of Army the nationwide strike affecting copper and other tanks and Diesel locomotives). Approximately nonferrous metals companies; in 1950. in the 1.000 nrmilir-Finn cnA nlm,4^ml 5

Thereupon, the President directed the Depart- workers and man-days of idleness in the year's ment of Justice to seek a court injunction to stoppages (table 4). These issues combined with halt the strike. A temporary restraining order, union security issues were of primary importance prohibiting continuation of the strike and di- in another 5 percent of the stoppages, but this recting a resumption of negotiations, was issued relatively small proportion of stoppages ac- by the Federal district court in Buffalo, N.Y., counted for a fifth of the workers involved and on December 12; by mid-December, most of the almost half the man-days idle. The steel strike strikers had returned to work. On December 29, caused most of the idleness in this category. the court extended the injunction for the full Other major stoppages in which union security 80-day "waiting" period provided underlie Taft- and wages together were major issues affected Hartley Act. However, in rejecting the Steel- Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Douglas Aircraft Corp., workers' argument that the act's emergency in- B. F. Goodrich Co., Timken Roller Bearing Co., junctive provisions were unconstitutional be- International Harvester Co., and New Jersey cause supervision over a purely administrative Bell Telephone Co. Union organization matters Government function was delegated to the courts, alone were the primary issues in about 12 per- the court held that the "court proceedings are cent of the year's strikes, but accounted for independent of the administrative procedure." much smaller proportions of the workers involved and of man-days idle. In asserting jurisdiction over the dispute, the court pointed out: The Dunkirk plant was Slightly more than a fourth of the year's supplying nickel-plated pipe required for the stoppages were precipitated by disputes over construction of atomic energy facilities; "these working conditions, such as job security, shop facilities constitute a substantial part of the conditions, and workload, or protests against atomic energy industry;" and "delay in the con- rulings of Government agencies. These strikes struction of these materials, caused by the accounted for slightly more than a fourth of Dunkirk strike, will mean a loss in the produc- the workers engaged in stoppages but less than tion of atomic weapons." The court added that a tenth of man-days of idleness. The most nota- although the Nation was 'technically not at war, ble dispute in this group involved about 2702000 existing conditions in Korea are tantamount to bituminous-coal workers who stopped work in war." The Steelworkers had argued that the protest against the Wage Stabilization Board court lacked jurisdiction over the dispute on ruling on their wage agreement 1a the ground that the act's emergency injunctive procedures were limited to threatened or actual Jurisdictional, rival union, and sympathy strikes "affecting an entire industry or a sub- strikes accounted for a comparatively small stantial part thereof" and threatening to im- proportion of the strike activity in 1952--about peril the "national health or safety." The union 6 percent of all stoppages,7 percent of workers also contended that the Dunkirk plant was not a involved, and 2 percent of idleness. key producer in the Nation's metal-fabricating industry and that only a small portion of the Duration of stoppages varied according to plant's production was required by the atomic the issues involved. Stoppages caused by dis- energy program.13 putes over combined wage and union-organization matters were longest, averaging 37.9 calendar Major Issues Involved days, compared with 30.2 days in 1951 and 26 in 1950. Strikes over wages and related fringe Wages and related matters (including pen- benefits alone averaged about 20 days, and those sions, social insurance, and other fringe bene- on union-organization matters alone, about 21 fits) were the major issues in nearly half of days. Disputes over interunion or intraunion the strikes, involving about two-fifths of the matters averaged 12.5 days, considerably below the 1951 and 1950 averages. Work stoppages caused by disputes over other working conditions were the shortest, averaging 8.3 days in 1952. 13The union's appeal from the ruling was rejected by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals in New York on March 2,1953, expiration 14This stoppage began at several Illinois date of the injunction. Previously, the Federal mines on October 13 as a protest against the Mediation and Conciliation Service, on February Wage Stabilization Board's delay in ruling on a 20, had announced settlement of the disputes. wage increase for bituminous-coal miners. By A "memorandum of understanding" reached by the October 16, approximately 100,000 workers. _ were Industries Affected caused 68 percent of the idleness in Pennsyl- vania and 54 percent in Ohio. Three other Nearly two-fifths of all strike idleness States--California, Illinois, and New York--had (23 million man-days) was concentrated during more than 4,000,000 man-days of idleness. A 1952 in the primary metal industries group, fifth of all man-days idle for the country as a mainly because of the protracted steel strike whole were concentrated in Pennsylvania and 12 (table 5). The construction industry had percent of all man-days were in Ohio. 6,700,000 man-days of idleness; 58 percent of this idleness was caused by 11 stoppages in- Pennsylvania had the greatest number of volving 10,000 or more workers. More than stoppages (692). Next in order were New York 4,000,000 man-days idle were recorded in each (600) and Ohio (444). Fewer than 10 stoppages of 2 nonmanufacturing industry groups: Mining, were recorded for each of 3 States--Nevada, which was affected by a nationwide bituminous- Vermont, and South Dakota. coal strike; and the transportation, communica7 tion, and other public utilities group, with the nationwide telephone and telegraph stoppages. Metropolitan Areas Involved Ten or more work stoppages occurred in each In each of 9 other industry groups, idle- of 93 metropolitan areas in 1952 (table 7). ness exceeded 1,000,000 man-days: Fabricated These areas accounted for 3,411 strikes--two- metal products; electrical machinery, equipment, thirds of the total for the country--and more and supplies; machinery (except electrical); than three-fifths of all workers involved transportation equipment; lumber and wood prod- (2,160,000)and man-days of idleness (38,000,000. ucts (except furniture); textile mill products; food and kindred products; products of petroleum Generally, the leading industrialized cen- and coal; and trade. At least 1 stoppage of ters had the most strikes. Six areas experi- 10,000 or more workers occurred in each of these enced over 100 work stoppages each during the groups. year--New York-northeastern New Jersey (610), Detroit (186), Chicago (150), Philadelphia (147), The primary metal industries group had the Pittsburgh (137), and St. Louis East St. Louis largest number of man-days idle, as well as the (118). Six other areas had as many as 50 stop- greatest proportion of estimated time idle -about pages each--San Francisco-Oakland (86), Los 7 percent of estimated working time. The mining Angeles (84), Youngstown (80), Buffalo (70), industries group ranked next, with almost 2 Akron (66), Boston (65), and Cleveland (51). percent of all working time idle because of stoppages. Strike idleness amounted to more More than 1 million man-days of strike than 1 percent of total time in four other in- idleness occurred in each of 12 areas. Chicago dustry groups--ordnance and accessories, petro- strikes accounted for the greatest number leum and coal products, rubber products, and (5,360,000) primarily because of the nationwide construction. For manufacturing as a whole, steel strike. Pittsburgh, another leading steel strike idleness amounted to about 1 percent of producing area, came next with 3,760,000. De- all estimated working time. troit ranked third with 2,450,000 but accounted for the largest number of workers involved The largest number of strikes occurred in (235,000). The nationwide steel stoppage and a the construction industry (794--a new record strike of 65,000 construction workers in May for this industry) and in mining (650). 15 In accounted for about two-thirds of the total manufacturing, the machinery (except electrical) man-days of idleness recorded in Detroit. New group had the highest number of stoppages (323). York-northeastern New Jersey, Chicago, Phila- Because of the relatively large numbers of small delphia, and Pittsburgh were the only other units in both construction and mining, the num- areas that accounted for as many as 100,000 ber of stoppages is usually high. workers.

States Involved Unions Involved Idleness exceeded a million man-days in In 1952, AFL affiliates were involved in each of 15 States, most of which rank high in half of the strikes accounting for about a third terms of degree of industrialization. Pennsyl- of the workers involved in all strikes and a vania had 11,800,000 man-days of idleness in fnnrth of the man-dpvs of iAlPnPsn (table Al_ 7

Size of Stoppages Government mediationand conciliation agencies helped to end about 31 percent of all stop- About four-fifths of the year's stoppages pages compared with about a fourth in 1950 and involved fewer than 500 workers, but these ac- 1951. Such participation appears even more counted for only 14 percent of the workers in- important when consideration is given to the volved in all strikes and 11 percent of the fact that these work stoppages generally in- man-days of idleness (table 9). The 35 stop- volve large numbers of workers. Stoppages in pages involving 10,000 or more workers comprised 1952 concluded with such help accounted for less than 1 percent of the stoppages, but in- nearly three-fifths of the workers and six- volved almost half the workers and two-thirds sevenths of the man-days idle. of total idleness.

Seventy-six percent of the stoppages in About 18 percent of all stoppages, in- 1952 affected a single plant or establishment. volving 12 percent of the workers and 3 percent These strikes included 37 percent of the workers of man-days idle, ended without formal settle- involved and about a fifth of the man-days of ment (either settlement of the issues or agree- idleness (table 10). About 7 percent of the ment to negotiate further after resumption of stoppages extended to more than 10 establish- work). This group included "lost" strikes-- ments, but these accounted for half of the workers returned to their jobs because their workers and almost two-thirds of the man-days cause appeared hopeless or employers hired new of idleness. workers to replace striking employees. Estab- lishments involved in 1 percent of the strikes Duration of Stoppages reported the discontinuance of business. Strikes ending in 1952 lasted an average of 19.6 calendar days compared with the 17.4-day Disposition of Issues average in 1951 and the 19.2-day average in 1950 (table 12). Almost half the year's stop- In four-fifths of the work stoppages ending pages continued for less than a week--most of in 1952 the issues were disposed of before work them only 1 to 3 days--accounting for about a was resumed instead of being referred to further third of the workers idle but only 4 percent of negotiation or outside arbitration or mediation. total man-days idle. In contrast, the fifth of These stoppages involved about 74 percent of the stoppages lasting a month or more consti- the workers and 88 percent of the man-days of tuted almost four-fifths of all idleness. About idleness. Most of these instances involved a third of the stoppages, involving about the agreement on the issues or referral to estab- same proportion of workers and 17 percent of lished grievance procedures but this category man-days idle, continued for at least a week includes some cases in which the strikers re- but less than a month. turned to work without reaching any agreement or providing for subsequent adjustments. Methods of Terminating Stoppages Forty-six percent of the stoppages ending In a tenth of the disputes the parties in 1952 were terminated through direct nego- agreed to resume work while continuing to negotiations between employers and workers or their tiate. In another 6 percent of the cases they representatives, compared with 51 percent in agreed to return while negotiating with the aid 1951 and 55 percent in 1950 (table 13). These of a third party, submitting the dispute to directly negotiated settlements included only arbitration, or referring the unsettled issues 27 percent of the workers involved and 11 per- to an appropriate Government agency for decision cent of total idleness. or election. S

TABLE 1 --Berk stoppage:, in the United States, 1916-62

Berk stoppages Workers involved i Man days idle Average Percent of Year ?exempt estimated Per Number duration Number of total Number (calendar (thousands)3 (thousands) working worker days)2 66p10y014 time of all involved workers5 1916 3,789 (6) 1,600 8.4 (6) (6) (6) 1917 4,450 (6) 1,230 6.3 (6) (6) (6) 1918 3,353 (6) 1,240 6.2 (6) (6) (6) 1919 3,630 (6) 4,160 20.8 (6) (6) (6) 1920 3,411 (6) 1,460 7.2 (6) (6) (6) 1921 2,385 (6) 1,100 6.4 (6) (6) (6) 1922 1,112 (6) 1,610 8.7 (6) (6) (6) 1923 1,553 (6) 757 3.5 6 6 1924 1,249 (6) 655 3.1 41 161 1:1 1925 1,301 (6) 428 2.0 (6) (6) (6) 1926 1,035 (6) 330 1.5 (6) (6) (6) 1927 707 26.5 330 1.4 26,200 0.37 79.5 1928 604 27.6 314 1.3 12,600 .17 40.2 1929 921 22.6 289 1.2 5,350 .07 18.5 1930 637 22.3 183 .8 3,320 .05 18.1 1931 810 18.8 342 1.6 6,890 .11 20.2 1932 841 19.6 324 1.8 10,500 .23 32.4 1933 1,695 16.9 1,170 6.3 16,900 .36 14.4 1934 1,856 19.5 1,470 7.2 19,600 .38 13.4 1935 2,014 23.8 1,120 5.2 15,500 .29 13.8 1936 2,172 23.3 789 3.1 13,900 .21 17.6 1937 4,740 20.3 1,860 7.2 28,400 .43 15.3 1938 2,772 23.6 688 2.8 9,150 .15 13.3 1939 2,613 23.4 1,170 4.7 17,800 .28 15.2 1940 2,508 20.9 577 2.3 6,700 .10 11.6 1941 4,288 18.3 2,360 8.4 23,000 .32 9.8 1942 2,968 11.7 840 2.8 4,180 .05 5.0 1943 3,752 5.0 1,980 6.9 ' 13,500 .15 6.8 1944 4,956 5.6 2,120 7.0 8,720 .09 4.1 1945 4,750 9.9 3,470 12.2 38,000 .47 11.0 1946 4,985 24.2 4,600 14.5 116,000 1.43 25.2 1947 3,693 25.6 2,170 6.5 34,600 .41 15.9 1948 3,419 21.8 1,960 5.5 34,100 .37 17.4 1949 3,606 22.5 3,030 9.0 50,500 .59 16.7 19507 4,843 19.2 2,410 6.9 38,800 .44 16.1 1951 4,737 17.4 2,220 5.5 22,900 .23 10.3 19528 5,117 19.6 3,540 8.8 59,100 .57 16.7

1 Information on the number of workers involved in some strikes occurring between 1916 and 1926 is not available. However, the missing information is for the smaller disputes, and it is believed that the totals given here are fairly accurate. 2 Figures are simple averages; each strike is given equal weight regardless of its size. 3 Figures include duplicate counting where workers were involved in more than one stoppage during the year. This is particularly significant for 1949 when 365,000 to 400,000 miners were out on 3 distinct occasions, thus accounting for 1,150,000 of a total of 3,030.000 workers. 4 "Total employed workers": For 1927-1950 refers to all workers (based on nonagricultural employment reported by the Bureau) except those in occupations and professions it:which there is little if any union organization or in which strikes rarely if ever occur. In most industries, it includes all wage and salary workers except those in executive, managerial, or high supervisory positions, or those performing professional work the nature of which makes union organization or group action unlikely. It excludes all self-employed, domestic workers, workers On farms employing fever than 6 persons, all Federal and State Government employees, and the officials, both elected and a ppointed, in local governments. In 1951, the concept of "total employed workers" was changed to coincide with the Bureau's figures of nonagricultural employment, excluding Government, but not excluding workers in certain occupational groups as in earlier years. Tests show that the percentage of total idleness computed on the basis of these new figures usually differs by less than one-tenth of a point while the percentage of workers idle differs by about 0.5 or 0.6 of a point. For example, the percentage of workers idle during 1950 computed on the same base as the figures for earlier years is 6.9 and the percent of idleness is 0.44 compared with 6.3 and 0.4 respectively, computed on the new base. 9

TABLE 2.--Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, in selected periods

Stoppages involving 10,000 or more workere

Percent Workers involved Man-days idle Period of total Number for Number Percent of Number Percent of total for (thousands) total for period (thousands)1 period period

1935-39 average 11 0.4 365 32.4 5,290 31.2 1947-49 average 18 .5 1,270 53.4 23,800 59.9 1945 42 .9 1,350 38.9 19,300 50.7 1946 31 .6 2,920 63.6 66,400 57.2 1947 15 .4 1,030 47.5 17,700 51.2 1948 20 .6 870 44.5 18,900 55.3 1949 18 .5 1,920 63.2 34,900 69.0 1950 22 .5 738 30.7 21,700 56.0 1951 19 .4 457 20.6 5,680 24.8 1952 35 .7 1,690 47.8 36,900 62.6

1 Number of workers includes duplicate counting where workers were involved in more than one stoppage during the year. This is particularly significant for 1949 when 365,000 to 400,000 miners were out on three separate occasions; they comprised 1,150,000 of the total of 3,030,000 workers for the country as a whole (table 1). •

TABLE 3.--Monthly trends in work stoppages, 1951-52

Number of stoppages Workers involved in stoppages Man-da s idle In effect during month during month Month Beginning In effect Beginning in during in month Percent Percent of month month (thousands) Number of total Number *etiolated (thousands) employed 1 (thousands) working time 2 1951 January 442 593 237.0 260.0 0.66 1,270 0.15 February 347 548 186.0 322.0 .82 1,940 .26 Maroh 355 537 120.0 230.0 .58 1,710 .20 April 367 540 163.0 222.0 .56 1,890 .23. May 440 621 166.0 249.0 .62 1,820 .21 June 396 615 194.0 261.0 .65 1,800 .21 July 450 644 284.0 345.0 .86 1,880 .22 August 505 727 213.0 314.0 .78 2,640 .28 September 457 693 215.0 340.0 .84 2,540 .33 Dctober 487 728 248.0 365.0 .90 2,790 .30 November 305 521 84.0 191.0 .47 1,610 .19 December 186 357 81.5 130.0 .32 1,020 .13 1952 January 438 568 212.0 251.0 .64 1,340 .15 February 403 585 190.0 258.0 .65 1,370 .17 Larch 438 614 303.0 359.0 .91 1,610 .19 Lpril 529 756 1,040.0 1,170.0 2.94 5,370 .61 4ay 518 800 363.0 1,200.0 3.02 8,020 .96 Tune 435 719 201.0 990.0 2.49 15,000 1.80 ray 433 694 166.0 866.0 2.20 12,700 1.46 Lmourt1 494 786 228.0 380.0 .94 2.810 .33 10

TABLE 4.--Major issues involved in work stoppages, 1952

Work stoppages beginning in 1952 Man-days idle during 1952 (all stoppages) Major issues Percent Workers involved Number of Percent Pe rcent total Number of Number of total total

All issues 5 117 100 .0 540 000 100.0 5 . 100 000 100.0

Wages, hours, and fringe benefits 1 2,447 47.9 1,450,000 41.1 23,100,000 39.1 Wage increase 1,526 29.9 8o4,000 22.7 13,000,000 22.0 Wage decrease 21 .4 5,570 .2 109,000 .2 Wage increase, hour decrease 80 1.6 116,00o 3.3 2,480,000 4.2 Wage increase, pension and/or social insurance benefits 212 4.1 267,000 7.5 5,270,000 8.9 Pension and/or social insurance benefits 45 .9 18,000 .5 482,000 .8 Other 563 11.0 245,000 6.9 1,750,000 3.0

Union organization, wages, hours, and fringe benefits' 240 4.7 725,000 20. 5 28,100,000 47 .6

Recognition, wages and/or hours 106 2.0 17,900 .5 580,000 1 .0 Strengthening bargaining position, wages and/or hours 3o .6 25,200 .7 398,000 .7 Closed or union shop, wages and/or hours 2 101 2.0 682,000 19.3 27,200,000 45.9 Discrimination, wages and/or hours 3 .1 32o (3) 7,850 (3)

Union organization 599 11.7 116,000 3.3 1,220,000 2.1

Recognition 403 7.8 50,500 1.5 757,000 1.4 Strengthening bargaining position 41 .8 16,900 .5 83,000 .1 Closed or union shop 61 1.2 8,040 .2 115,000 .2 Discrimination 35 .7 22,000 .6 67,800 .1 Other 59 1.2 19,000 .5 198,000 .3

Other working conditions 1,378 26.9 974,000 27.5 5,320,000 9.0

Job security 695 13 .6 308,000 8.7 1,630,000 2.8 Shop conditions and policies 529 10.3 274,000 7.7 1,160,000 2.0 Workload 98 1.9 75,200 2.1 362,000 .6 Other4 56 1.1 317,000 9.0 2,170,000 3.6

Interunion or intraunion matters 334 6.5 256,000 7.2 1, 240,000 2.1

Sympathy 67 1.3 47,700 1.3 186,000 .3 Union rivalry or factionalism 79 1.5 41,300 1.2 362,E .6 Jurisdiction 181 3.5 156,000 4.4 631,000 1.1 Union regulations 3 .1 190 (3) 47o (3) Other 4 .1 10,000 .3 56,800 .1

Not reported 119 2 .3 14,300 69, 300 .1

1 "Fringe benefits" has been added to the title only for purposes of clarification. There has been no change from previous years in definition or. content of these groups. 11

TABLE 5.--Work stoppages by industry group, 1952

Man s idle Stoppages beginning during 1952 in 1952 (all stoppages) Industry group Percent of Workers estimated Number involved Number working time 1

All industries 5,117 23,540,000 59,100,000 , 0.57

MANUFACTURING 32,665 1,880,000 42,300,000 1.03

Primary metal industries - 288 - 622,000 - 23,000,000 7.07 3 Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and . transportation equipment) - 282 - 111,000 - 2,430,000 .95 Ordnance and accessories - 30 - 18,300 - 245,000 1.23 Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies -.122 - 100,000 - 1,180,000 .47 Machinery (except electrical) - 323 - 167,000 --3,990,000 .96 Transportation equipment -199 - 216,000 - 2,230,000 .53 Lumber and wood products (except furniture) - 131 - 64,500 -- 1,240,000 .65 Furniture and fixtures - 108 - 23,000 - 386,000 .43 atone, clay, and glum products - 154 -- 63,300 - 810,000 .59 Textile mill products -95 - 36,500 -1,070,000 .34 Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics . and similar materials --201 - 17,600 - 213,000 .07 Leather and leather products - 65 -- 16,700 -- 139,000 .14 Food and kindred products - 206 - 127,000 -. 1,250,000 .32 Tobacco manufactures --- 5 - 1,300 - 53,200 .23 Paper and allied products - 73 - 22,000 - 815,000 .65 printing, publishing, and allied industries 32 - 4,100 - 92,400 .05 Chemicals and allied products -100 - 30,400 - 621,000 .32 Products of petroleum and coal - 22 - 58,800 --1,110,000 1.59 Rubber products , 129 - 154,000 - 912,000 1.31 Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments; ^jphotographic and optical goods; watches and clocks - 23 - 12,600 - 297,000 .35 Miscellaneous manufacturing industries - 94 - 13,200 - 224,000 .18

NONMANUFACTURING 32,452 1,660,000 16,800,000 .27

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing - 14 - 4,700 - 56,000 (4) 2 Minirms 5 - _650. - 5474900 -. 4,310,000 1.92 io Construction 794 - -634,000 - 6,700,000 1.03 Trade - 397 - 75,800 - 1,050,000 .04 12, ,Finance, insurance, and real estate - 16 - 4,200 --300,000 (4) Transportation, communication, and other public utilities 406 372,000 4,170,000 .39 Services--personal, business, and other --132 _ 14,000 -193,000 (4) Government--administration, protection, and sanitation 6 - 49 - 8,100 - 33,400 (4)

1 See footnotes 4 and 5, table 1. 2 This figure includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year. 3 This figure is less than the sum of the figures below because a few stoppages extending into two or more industry groups have been counted in this column in each industry group affected; workers involved, and man-days idle were divided among the respective groups. 4 Not available. 5 These figures do not include the "memorial" stoppage in coal mining. 6 Stoppages involving municipally operated utilities are'included under "Transportation, communication, and other public utilities."

259728 0-53--3 13

TABLE 7.-Work stoppages by metropolitan area, 1952 1

Work stoppages Work stoppages beginning in Man-days beginning in Man-days 1952 idle during 1952 idle during Metropolitan area 1952 (all Metropolitan area 1952 (all Workers stoppages) Number2 Workers stoppages) Number2 involved involved

Akron, Ohio 66 80,400 802,000 Kansas City, Mo. 48 34,300 434,000 Albany-Schenectady- Kingston-Newburgh- Troy, N. I. 40 16,000 431,000 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 13 1,270 11,300 Allentown-Bethlehem- Knoxville, Tenn. 21 4,590 22,900 Easton, Pa. 35 21,700 804,000 Los Angeles, Calif. 84 71,600 1,060,000

Atlanta, Ga. 25 6,480 125,000 Louisville, Ky. 42 35,800 373,000 Augusta, Ga. 11 21,900 26,200 Madison, Wis. 10 1,990 49,400 Baltimore, Md. 22 36,300 1,050,000 Memphis, Tenn. 30 17,800 108,000 Beaumont-Port Miami, Fla. 15 2,160 16,100 Arthur, Tex. 23 21,400 408,000 Milwaukee, Wis. 28 28,200 414,000

Birmingham, Ala. 40 38,600 1,050,000 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Boston, Mass. 65 11,300 210,000 Minn. 37 12,800 137,000 Bridgeport, Conn. 11 2,030 63,400 Mobile, Ala. 15 4,590 25,900 Brockton, Mass. 12 500 4,920 Nashville, Tenn. 10 950 10,900 Buffalo, N. Y. 70 47,600 1,380,000 New Bedford, Mass. 11 1,480 14,300

Canton, Ohio 18 24,700 735,000 New Raven, Conn. 18 3,080 64,400 Charleston, W. Va. 27 9,630 48,100 New Orleans, La. 25 30,800 515,000 Chattanooga, Tenn. 19 7,970 165,000 New York-Northeastern Chicago, Ill. 150 180,000 5,360,000 New Jersey 610 165,000 2,070,000 Cincinnati, Ohio 48 21,500 354,000 Norfolk-Portamouth, Va. 11 2,120 7,140

Cleveland, Ohio 51 73,800 1,190,000 Oklahoma City, Okla. 13 4,310 18,200 Columbus, Ohio 18 9,910 157,000 Omaha, Nebr. 17 14,400 96,200 Davenport, Iowa-Rock Island- Paducah, Ky. 34 79,200 278,000 Moline, Ill. 23 21,600 431,000 Peoria, Ill. 11 2,660 19,200 Dayton, Ohio 16 6,770 147,000 Philadelphia, Pa. 147 112,000 1,290,000

Denver, Colo. 29 14,700 129,000 Phoenix, Ariz. 12 2,620 36,300 Detroit, Mich. 186 235,000 2,450,000 Pittsburgh, Pa. 137 154,000 ',763,000 Duluth, Minn.-Superior, Portland, Oreg. 17 3,660 66,600 Wis. 25 6,400 226,000 Providence, R. I. 30 4,450 108,000 Elmira, N. Y. 10 1,280 18,000 Racine, Wis. 13 2,510 65,100

Erie, Pa. 24 3,700 38,400 Reading, Pa. 15 7,220 128,000 Evansville, Ind. 18 6,620 51,900 Rochester, N. Y. 16 2,460 43,700 Galveston, Tex. 11 5,410 81,700 Rockford, Ill. 10 3,650 149,000 Grand Rapids, Mich. 23 5,380 44,000 St. Louis, Mo.-East St. Hartford, Conn. 16 1,520 50,700 Louis, ill. 118 60,300 640,000

Houston, Tex. 19 16,400 372,000 Sacramento, Calif. 12 7,440 69,500 Huntington, W. Va.-Ashland, Salt Lake City, Utah 16 6,480 24,800 Ky. 21 14,000 420,000 San Diego, Calif. 11 2,260 25,200 Indianapolis, Ind. 15 5,400 126,000 San Francisco-Oakland, Jackson, Mich. 11 7,130 22,700 Calif. 86 75,800 2,060,000 Johnstown, Pa. 13 4,030 114,000 San Jose, Calif. 10 8,290 100,000 14

TABIE 7.--Work stoppages by metropolitan area, 19521- Continued

Work stoppages Work stoppages beginning in Man-days beginning in Man-days idle during 1952 idle during Metropolitan area 1952 Metropolitan area 1952 (all 1952 (all Workers stoppages) Workers stoppages) Number2 Noiber2 involved involved bcranton, Pa. 28 4,640 65,100 Topeka, Kans. 10 1,390 11,400 Seattle, Wash. 18 12,400 248,000 Trenton, N. J. 16 12,000 305,000 Spokane, Wash. 15 2,890 44,200 Tulsa, Okla. 17 3,840 58,000 Springfield, Ill. 10 280 2,340 Utica-Rome, N. Y. 13 2,820 185,000 Springfield-Holyoke, Mass. ... 16 6,690 59,300 Washington, D. C. 17 4,590 30,300

Stamford-Norwalk, Conn. 17 2,770 30,500 Wheeling, W. Va.-Steubenville, Syracuse, N. I. 19 7,520 54,800 Ohio 41 26,100 814,000 Takoma, Wash. 10 2,160 45,900 Wilkes Barre -Hazleton, Pa. ... 26 5,340 89,100 Tempo-St. Petersburg, Wilmington, Del. 11 2,670 78,600 Fla. 11 1,030 7,440 Worcester, Mass. 11 5,330 224,000 Terre Haute, Ind. 11 1,550 53,200 York, Pa. 18 4,130 41,000 Toledo, Chio 32 16,000 176,000 Youngstown, Ohio 80 73,900 1,980,000

1 The table includes data for each of the metropolitan areas that had 10 or more stoppages in 1952. Beginning with this year data are tabulated separately for 182 metropolitan areas. The information for earlier years was confined to city boundaries. The metropolitan areas came principally from the lists of Standard Metropolitan Areas caviled by the Bureau of the Budget as of January 28, 1949 and June 5, 1950. A few additional areas were added, including soma where major cities have been included in the strike series in previous years. Scale metropolitan areas include counties in more than one State and hence an area total may exceed the total for the State in which the major city is located (e.g.,Ind.,he Chicago metropolitan area, which includes Cook, Du Page, Kane, Lake and Will Counties, Ill., and Lake County, exceeds the Illinois total)._ Lists of these areas and their limits are available upon request from the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2 In this teble, except as noted below, intermetropolitan area stoppages are counted separately in each area affected, with the workers involved and man-days idle allocated to the respective areas. In the following stoppages it was impos- sible to secure the information necessary to make such allocations, and hence they are not included in the figures for awry metropolitan area: (1) The nationwide stoppage of Western Union Telegraph Co. employees in April affecting approximately 32,000 workers (2) the strike of about 3,700 brick and clay workers in Indiana, Ohio, and Pennsylvania in May, (3) the stoppage of :bout 9,000 maritime workers at West Coast ports in May, (4) the strike of 700 employees of D. A. Schulte Cigar Stores in eighteen States in June, (5) the small brief strike in early September of Chicago and Illinois Midland Railroad Co. employees in the Peoria area (6) the stoppage of approximately 12,000 longshoremen and maritime workers at West Coast ports in September, and (7) the strike of about 500 maritime workers at East, West, and Gulf Coast ports early in November.

TABIE 8.-Work stoppages by affiliation of unions involved, 1952

Man-days idle Stoppages beginning in 1952 during 1952 Affiliation of union Percent Workers evolved (01 stennawes) Number of Percent of total Number total total 1 Total 5.117 100. 0 3.540.000 100. 59.100.000 100.0 American Federation of Labor 2,568 50.2 1,150,000 32.4 15,400,000 26.1 Congress of Industrial Organizations 1,377 26.9 1,580,000 44.7 36,300,000 61.3 Unaffiliated unions 993 19.4 710,000 20.1 5,890,000 10.0 Single firm unions 14 .3 8,060 .2 158,000 .3 15

TABLE 9. --Work stoppages by number of workers involved, 1952

Stoppages beginning in 1952 Man-days idle during 1952 Workers involved1 (all stoppages) Number of workers Percent Number of Percent Percent total Number of Number of total total

All workers 11 00 0 000 100 0 • ea oils 100 0

6 and under 20 695 13.6 8,340 0.2 139,000 0.2 20 and under 100 1,769 34.6 88,000 2.5 1,260,000 2.1 100 and under 250 1,081 21.1 170,000 4.8 2,220,000 3.7 250 and under 500 691 13.5 240,000 6.8 3,090,000 5.2 500 and under 1,000 411 8.0 286,000 8.1 3,560,000 6.0 1,000 and under 5,000 397 7.8 801,000 22.6 8,630,000 14.6 5,000 and under 10,000 38 .7 255,000 7.2 3,290,000 5.6 10,000 and over 35 .7 1,690,000 47.8 36,900,000 62.6

1 The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year.

TABLE 10. -Work stoppages by number of establishments involved, 1952

Stoppages beginning in 1952 Man-days idle during 1952 Number of establishments Workers involved 2 (all stoppages) involved 1 Percent Number of Percent Percent total Number of Number of total total

All establishments 5.117 100 0 3.540 000 100,0 59,100t000 100.0

1 establishment 3,904 76.4 1,310,000 37.1 12,100,000 20.6 2 to 5 establishments 662 12.9 306,000 8.6 4,560,000 7.7 6 to 10 establishments 190 3.7 172,000 4.9 4,200,000 7.1 11 establishments or more 350 6.8 1,750,000 49.3 38,100,000 64.5 Not reported 11 .2 2,440 .1 31,700 .1

TABLE 11.--Analysis of individual work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, 1952 *

Approximate Approximate Beginning duration number of Establishment(s) and location Union(s) involved2 Major terms of settlement 3 date (calendar workers days) 1 involved

Jan. 2 (4) Armour and Co., Swift and United packinghouse 30,000 Armour and Co., on Feb. 3, Co., 14 States: Workers (CIO) agreed to: a 6-cent hourly wage Ala., Colo., Ga., I11., increase, retroactive to Dec. 17, Ind., Iowa, Kans., Minn., 1951; additional increases to women Mo., Nebr., N. J., Okla., employees in some plants to reduce Tex., Wis. wage differentials between men and women; and narrowing of interplant wage differentials. Swift and Co. agreed to similar increases later in the month.

Feb. 1 59 Trucking industry, 14 South- Int'l Bro. of 13,000 Increase of 19 cents in hourly east, Southwest, and Mid- Teamsters (AFL) rates; 3/4-cent increase in mileage western States: rates; 6 paid holidays; extension Ala., Fla., Ga., Ky., of welfare benefits to families of Miss., Tenn., Va., Ohio, union members. Ark., Kane., La., Mo., Okla., Tex.

Feb. 26 39 B. F. Goodrich Co., United Rubber 615,000 Agreement on an NLRB represen- Akron, Ohio Workers (CIO) tation election for office employees, withdrawal of union's charges of unfair labor practices, and return of office employees to their jobs without discrimination.

Mar. 3 1 F. H. McGraw and Co., Atomic Sheet Metal 11,500 Union and Atomic Energy Com- Energy Commission con- Workers (AFL) mission referred to the U. S. De- struction project, partment of Labor for ruling in the Paducah, Ky. dispute over assignment of erection of warehouse bins and racks to employees of the plant operators.

Mar. 9 74 Railroads--New York Central; Bro. of Locomotive 41,000 Workers returned to their jobs Terminal Railroad Associa- Engineers, (Ind.); in compliance with restraining or- tion of St. Louis; and Bro. of Locomotive der issued by a United States die- others, Firemen and En- trict court. (11 States) ginemen, (Ind.); Order of Railway Conductors (Ind.)

Oar. 10 8 F. H. McGraw and Co., AFL Building Trades 12,000 The "wildcat" strike was set- Atomic Energy Commission Unions tled with agreement on changes in construction project, the second-shift schedule. Paducah, Ky.

4ar. 26 1 New Jersey Bell Telephone Telephone Workers 11,000 Weekly wage increases ranging Co., Union of New Jersey from $3.50 to $6.50 for plant em- New Jersey, statewide (Ind.) ployees, and from $3.50 to $5 for accounting emplOyees.

tar. 28 4 Westinghouse Electric Corp., Int'l Union of Elec- 13,000 Seniority issue to be adjusted' E. Pittsburgh, Pa. trical, Radio and by negotiations between employer Machine Workers and union after resumption of work. (CIO)

Our. 28 8 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., United Rubber 16,000 Reinstatement of employees sus- Akron, Ohio Workers (CIO) ponied as result of dispute over job specifications.

Oar. 31 60 Construction industry, United Bro. of Car- 35,000 A 15-cent hourly wage increase San Francisco Bay area, penters and Joiners retroactive to March 1, 1952; a 7f Calif. (AFL) cent per man-hour employer contri-

TABLE 11.--Analysis of individual work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, 1952 * - Continued

Approximate Approximate Beginning number of duration Establishment(s) and location Union(s) involved2 Major terms of settlement3 date (calendar, workers days) 1 involved2

Apr. 3 53 Western Union Telegraph Co., Commercial Tele- 32,000 Workweek for employees work- Nationwide graphere Union ing in excess of ho hours reduced (AFL) to 40 with no reduction in weekly pay. Employees already working 40 hours a week received wage increase of 10 cents an hour. Agreement on an agency shop clause which provided that union membership would not be compulsory but all employees would be required to pay union dues as a "service charge" for the union's bargaining activities.

Apr. 7 e 19 Western Electric Co., Communications 9 150,000 Wage increases of varying a- Nationwide; Michigan Workers (CIO) mounts. For details see United States Bell Telephone Co.; New Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Jersey Bell Telephone Statistics Monthly Report, Current Co.; Pacific Telephone Wage Developments, No. 53, April and Telegraph Co.; Bell 1952, pp. 51-53. Telephone Laboratories; Ohio Bell Telephone Co.

Apr. 16 31 Construction industry, AFL Building 18,000 Wage increases of 9i to 11i Milwaukee area, Wis. Trades Unions cents an hour plus a 5-cent per man- hour employer contribution to a health and welfare fund.

Apr. 29 10 57 Lumber industry, Int'l Woodworkers 45,000 A 7i-cent hourly general wage Calif., Oreg., Wash., (CIO) increase and various fringe ben- Idaho, and Mont. efits.

Apr. 29 11 59 Steel industry, United Steelworkers 560,000 A 2-year agreement providing: Nationwide (CIO) A general hourly wage increase of 12.5 cents in the lowest fob rate, retroactive to March 1, 1952, plus a widening of the increments between job classes by half a cent an hour--the combined increases averaging 16 cents an hour; a further 5-cent hourly increase in Southern plants; shift differentials increased to 6 and 9 cents; establishment of 6 paid holidays; 3 weeks' vacation after 15 years (formerly 25 years); a union security clause that requires new employees to apply for union membership at the time of hiring, but permits cancellation of the application between the 15th and 30th day of work by written notification to the employer; and a wage reopening on June 30, 1953.

Apr. 30 12 32 Oil and natural gas Oil workers Int'l 58,000 Hourly wage increase of 15 companies, Union (CIO); cents in general; shift differ- Nationwide Central States entials increased from 4 and 6 to 6 Petroleum Union and 12 cents. Varying provisions (Ind.) 13 for making part of the wage increases retroactive or for lump-sum payments in lieu of retroactivity.

Iay 1 23 Construction industry, AFL Building 15,000 Wage increases ranging from 15 New Orleans, La. Trades Unions to 271 cents an hour. 18

TABLE 11.--Analysis of individual work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, 1952 * - Continued

Approximate Approximate Beginning ,duration number of Establishment(s) and location Union(a) involved2 Major terms of settlement 3 date (calendar workers days) 1 involved 2

May 6 14 32 Construction industry, United Bro. of 45,000 A 15-cent hourly wage increase 42 northern and central Carpenters and retroactive to May 12, 1952; an ad- California counties Joiners (AFL) ditional 6-cent hourly wage increase to eliminate wage differential with four San Francisco Bay area counties, effective Feb. 23, 1953; and 7i-cent man-hour employer contributions to a health and welfare fund, effective March 1, 1953.

May 12 23 Construction industry, AFL Building 70,000 One-year contract providing a Detroit area, Mich. Trades Unions general 8-cent hourly wage increase . with the first full payroll after Wage Stabilization Board approval, an additional 5-cent man-hour wage increase effective Sept. 1, 1952, and an employer contribution of 5 cents a man-hour for health and welfare insurance.

May 26 1 Westinghouse Electric Corp., Int'l Union 13,000 Workers returned without for- E. Pittsburgh, Pa. of Electrical, mal settlement. Radio and Machine Workers (CIO)

June 2 2 Republic Aviation Corp., Int'l Ass'n of 14,000 Workers returned without for- Farmingdale and Machinists (AFL) mal settlement. Port Washington, R. Y.

June 2 1580 Carpet and rug manufacturers, Textile Workers 12,000 Agreements generally provided New York, New Jersey, and Union (CIO) far hourly wage increases of 9 cents Massachusetts for piece workers, and 10 cents for hourly paid employees, and various fringe benefits.

June 25 8 F. H. McGraw and Co., Atomic Hod Carriere,Bbild- 18,000 Workers agreed to return to Energy commission construe- ing and Common their jobs after an international tion project, Laborers (AFL) union official intervened in the Paducah, Ky. wage dispute.

Tilly 19 34 Timken Roller Bearing Co., United Steelworkers 13,000 A 10-percent wage increase (av- Canton, Mt. Vernon, (CIO) erage 16.7 cents hourly); a union Columbus, Wooster, and security clause; fringe benefits Zanesville, Ohio similar to those included in the union's contracts with the major steel producers; and a revised seniority system. tug. 11 10 F. H. McGraw and Co., and United Plumbers and 14,000 The unauthorized stoppage ended M. W. Kellogg Co., Atomic Steamfitters; Int . l after the Atomic Energy Labor Bela- Energy Commission construe- Bro. of Teamsters; time Panel assisted employers and tion project, United Bro. of unions in adopting a "Declaration Paducah, Ky. Carpenters and of Policy" relating to unauthorized Joiners (AFL) work stoppages . 16

4143. 18 13 B. F. Goodrich Co. Plants, United Rubber 16,000 A 10-cent hourly wage increase, Ohio, Mich., Tenn., Workers (CIO) union shop,a company security-union Calif , Okla., Pa., N. J., responsibility provision aimed at and Ala. reducing illegal work stoppages, liberalized minimum incentive guar- antees, holiday pay provisions and other fringe benefits. 19

TABLE 11.--Analysis of individual work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers, 1952 * - Continued

Approximate Approximate Beginning number of duration Establishment(s) and location Union(s) involved2 Major terms of settlement date (calendar workers days) 1 involvel2

Aug. 21 90 International Harvester Co., Farm. Equipment- 22,000 A general hourly wage increase 111., Ind., and Ky. United Electrical, of 7 cents for hourly and piece- Radio and Machine rated employees; additional in- Workers (Ind.) creases in rates ranging from 1 to 5 cents an hour for some grades.

Sept. 2 178 Bituminous-coal mines, United Mine Workers 13,000 Workers returned to their jobs Western Pennsylvania (Ind.) without formal agreement.

Sept. 6 6 National Association of American Flint 11,000 General wage increase of 10 Manufacturers of Pressed Glass Workers cents an hour, increased shift dif- and Blown Glassware, Union (An) _ ferentials and 3-week vacations for Ind., Ohio, Pa., W. Fe., workers with 15 years of service. Calif.

Sept. 8 21 Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Int'l Ass'n of 23,000 Following an appeal by the Burbank, Calif. Machinists (AFL) President for termination of the stoppage in the interest of national defenees" an interim agreement was reached by the company and the union. It provided for resumption of production under terms of the expired contract pending the negotiation of a final settlement with the aid of the Federal Media- tion and Conciliation Service.

Sept. 10 1 Shipping industry, Int'l Longshore- 12,000 Workers returned without for- West Coast men's and Ware- mal settlement after a stoppage in housemen's Union protest to a court decision uphold- (Ind.) ing the perjury conviction of Harry Bridges, I.L.W.U. president.

Sept. 15 14 Douglas Aircraft CO., Int'l Ass'n of 11,000 Sameas Lockheed Aircraft Corp. El Segundo, Calif. Machinists (AFL) settlement above.

Oct. 6 4 Construction industry, AFL Building 30,000 Workers returned to their jobs Cleveland area, Ohio Trades Unions in compliance with an order issued by the Building Trades Council. The dispute was referred to the National Joint Board for Settlement of Juris- dictional Disputes.

Oct. 13 1815 Bituminous-coal mines, United Mine 270,000 In compliance with a Presi- Nationwide Workers (Ind.) dential request, the president of the United Mine Workers urged the workers to return to their jobs pending review of the WSB ruling denying part of wage increase.

Nov. 10 1 Miller Electric Co., AEC Technical 1918,000 Workers returned without for- project, Aiken and Engineers (AFL) mal settlement. Barnwell Counties, S. C.

1 Includes nonwork days, such as Saturdays, Sundays, and established holidays. Only normally scheduled workdays are used in computing strike idleness. 2 The unions listed are those directly involved in the dispute. In union rivalry or jurisdictional disputes all the unions involved are listed although one or more may not actually participate in the strike. The number of workers involved may include members of other unions or nonunion workers idled by the dispute in the same establishments. "Workers involved" in the maximum number made idle for one shift or longer in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. In those instances in which idlenees fluctuates during the strike, the actual number of workers idle on varying AwEam in nnati in nnmnutinm the man-dave of idleness. This fictive does not measure the indirect or secondary effects on 20

FOOTNOTES: TABLE 11 - Continued

6 Thie figure represents the number of workers idle on February 28, when production workers observed picket lines established by office workers. Prior and subsequent to this date the number of idle workers fluctuated between several hundred and about 10,000 until the stoppage ended on April 4. 7 Most workers returned to their jobs on March 12, but employees of the New York Central System in Toledo, Ohio, and Elkhart, Indiana.did not return until March 13. 8The companies and the union reached agreement on the following dates: Michigan Bell Telephone Co., April 11; Ohio Bell Telephone Co., April 14; New Jersey Bell Telephone Co., April 15; Western Electric Co., Installation Division, April 19; Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Co., April 20; Bell Telephone Laboratories, April 23; Western Electric CO., Queensboro Shope, Manufacturing Division, April 24; Western Electric Co., Sales Division, April 25. 9A larger number of workers was idled for lees than a full shift as the result of the intermittent picketing tech- nique used by the Communications Workers of America in this stoppage. A majority of the 150,000 workers involved for a full shift or more returned to their jobs by April 20 after major agreements were reached. 10Moet of the workers had returned to their jobs by the end of May after settlements were reached with individual employers or employer groups on various dates in May. The last settlements were reached on June 24. 11The strike began April 29, 1952 when U. S. District Court Judge David A. Pine ruled that the President's seizure of the steel mills on April 8 was illegal. The union ordered the workers to return to their jobs, on May 2, in response to the President's appeal after the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia had restored Federal control of the mills, pending a decision by the U. S. Supreme Court. The union ordered the workers to strike again,on.Tume 2, immediately after the U. S. Supreme Court held, in a 6 to 3 decision, that the President had exceeded his constitutional authority ordering seizure of the steel industry. The union and six major steel companies--United States Steel, Bethlehem, Republic, Jones and Laughlin, Youngstown Sheet and Tube, and Inland--reached an interim agreement on basic issues on July 24. On July 26, following an agreement affecting iron ore miners, the union ordered employees of the major steel companies to return to their jobs. The strike continued at some mills of smaller companies until individual settlements were reached. By August 15 workers at most of the smaller companies had returned to their jobs, but a few mills were idle until the end of August. 12 About 90 percent of the workers involved in the stoppage had returned to their jobs by the end of May...The major agreements were reached during the last 2 weeks of May; the last settlement was reached in the first week of Aiwust. 13Some AFL affiliates participated in negotiations prior to the stoppage but were not involved in the stoppage. 14 Although the stoppage began May 6, a majority of the workers involved were idle only from May 12 to May 27; smaller numbers of workers were idle before and after these dates. Ls Companies reached agreement with the union on various dates. The last settlement was reached on August 20. 16The "Declaration of Policy" provides: If the contractor and union agree that an existing work stoppage is unauthor- rized, radio and newspaper announcements are to be employed to advise union members to return to work. Union members failing to carry out these instructions are subject to discipline by the company and the unions. 17 The strike began at four mines of Jonesamilaughlin Steel Co., idling about 3,000 workers,on September 2. It spread to mines of other companies on September 8, involving a total of 10,000 other workers. 18 MO strike began at several Illinois mines on October 13. By October 16, approximately 100,000 workers were idle. The strike continued to spread and reached nationwide proportions on October 20, involving 270,000 miners. 19 Employees of other contractors were idled by picket lines established by members of Technical Engineers (AFL).

* Information in this table except major terms of settlement is based primarily on replies from the parties, supplemented by a variety of sources. In most cases the terms of settlement are compiled from the negotiated agreement or from newspaper and other secondary sources.

TABLE 12.-Duration of work stoppages ending in 1952

Stoppages Workers involved Man-days idle Duration Percent Percent Percent Number of Number 1 of Number of total total total All periods 5.096 100.0 '.540.000 100.0 259.400.000 100.0 1 day 639 12.5 256,000 7.2 256,000 0.4 2 to 3 days 916 18.0 415,000 11.7 828,000 1.4 4 days and less than 1 week 784 15.4 471,000 13.3 1,510,000 2.5 21

TABLE 13.--Method of terminating work stoppages ending in 1952

Stoppages Workers involved Man-days idle Method of termination Percent Percent Percent Number of Number 1 of Number of total total total All methods 5.096 100,0 3.540.000 100.0 2 59.40.0.000 100.0 Agreement of parties reached - Directly 2,348 46.0 960,000 27.1 6,480,000 10.9 With assistance of Government agencies 1,573 30.9 2,090,000 58.8 50,100,000 84.3 With assistance of non-Government mediators or agencies 39 .8 44,800 1.3 269,000 .5 Terminated without formal settlement 922 18.1 417,000 11.8 1,820,000 3.1 Employers discontinued business 51 1.0 2,850 .1 148,000 .2 Not reported 163 3.2 33,100 .9 577,000 1.0

1 The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more thah one stoppage in the year. 2See footnote 2, table 12.

TABLE 14.--Disposition of issues in work stoppages ending in 1952

Stoppages Workers involved Man-daye idle Disposition of issues Percent Percent Percent Number of Numberl of Number of total total total All issues .5 096 ...„,100.03.540.000 100.0 2 59.400.000 100.0 Issues settled or disposed of at termination of stoppage3 4,082 80.0 2,620,000 73.8 52,500,000 88.4 Some or all issues to be adjusted after resumption of work - By direct negotiation between employer(s) and union 515 10.1 330,000 9.3 1,890,000 3.2 By negotiation with the aid of Goverment agencies 60 1.2 365,000 10.3 2,800,000 4.7 By arbitration 126 2.5 66,000 1.9 739,000 1.2 By other meaas 4 120 2.4 128,000 3.6 624,000 1.1 Not reported 193 3.8 39,200 1.1 810,000 1.4

1 The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than one stoppage in the year, ? See footnote 2, table 12. 3 lncludes (a) those strikes in which a settlement was reached on the issues prior to return to work, (b) those in which the parties agreed to utilize the company's grievance procedure, and (c) any strikes in which the workers returned without formal agreement or settlement. •Included in this group are the cases referred to the National or State labor relations boards or other agencies for decisions or elections.

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The Steel Stoppage of 1952

The prolonged 1952 steel stoppage had re- Jones and Laughlin, a day later. Major dis- percussions on the Nation's economy, price-wage agreement immediately developed over the union's controls, and constitutional law. It followed wage proposals. It was disclosed, for the first unsuccessful negotiations between the United time publicly, that they included a general Steelworkers of America (CIO) and the basic hourly increase of 15 cents and a progressive steel-producing companies to replace contracts increase of one-half cent in each labor grade. most of which were due to expire on December 31, Tensions mounted thereafter, as industry nego- 1951. These contracts were negotiated in 1947 tiators declined to make a counter offer on and had remained generally unchanged, except wages and the union charged a refusal to bargain for supplementary agreements on wages in July in good faith. Overhanging the negotiations 1948 and December 1950 and on pension and social was the refusal by government stabilization insurance benefitsl late in 1949. officials to give management prior assurance that any negotiated wage increase would be off- The Issues set by price relief beyond that available under the Capehart Amendment to the Defense Production A "substantial," but unspecified, wage in- Act of 1951. 2 With the deadlock still contin- crease headed a list of 22 contract proposals uing by December 17, the Steelworkers announced adopted by the union's international wage policy that a strike would begin at midnight on committee on November 15, 1951. Other proposals December 31. included the union shop; a guaranteed annual wage; revision of the incentive system; time- Government Action and-a-half pay for Saturday work and double time for Sunday; increased shift premiums; elimina- The director of the Federal Mediation and tion of geographic wage differentials; liberal- Conciliation Service notified the White House ization of vacation, holiday, and severance pay on December 21 that he could find no basis for benefits; and improvements in provisions con- a settlement and that further mediation would cerning seniority and grievance procedures. be futile. In the hope of aiding the parties to resolve the deadlock without a work stop- Announcement of the proposed bargaining page, President Truman, en December 22, referred program precipitated vigorous discussions by the dispute to the Wage Stabilization Board for union and management representatives on the its recommendations and requested maintenance money issues, well in advance of formal nego- of production while the Board considered the tiations which were scheduled to begin late in case. Several days later, the union instructed November. The divergent positions expressed by its members to continue at work pending a final the parties clearly indicated that existing decision on the President's request by a special Federal wage and price controls would play a union convention. The convention voted, on critical role in determining a settlement of January 4, to postpone strike action for 45 the dispute. Benjamin Fairless, president of days, until February 21 (later extended to the U.S. Steel Corp., declared that a voluntary February 24). wage agreement with the union was unlikely since negotiations would involve 'broad ques- Testimony presented at WSB panel hearings tions of public policy which are beyond the that lasted from January 7 to mid-February re- scope of collective bargaining in these days of flected sharp disagreement between union and wage and price control." Union spokesmen ex- industry leaders on basic issues of wages, pressed dissatisfaction with the standards im- prices, and the union shop. The union argued posed by Wage Stabilization Board regulations, that improvements in wages and fringe benefits alleging that they precluded a "satisfactory" based on rising productivity and drawn from wage increase. "ample" profits would not require increases in steel prices and would not set a pattern for Bargaining conferences with U. S. Steel major industries. Agreement on the union shop began on November 27 and with other major steel was stressed as a prerequisite to a resolution companies, including Bethlehem, Republic, and of other issues. Industry spokesmen claimed that serious inflationary pressures would be generated if the wage demands were granted. They argued, further. that the reauested adjust- 33

:cents were unwarranted either on grounds of arrangement is designed to avoid increase in increased productivity or the industry's profits inflationary pressures through frequent wage and that increased wage costs could not be reopenings and to promote stability in the absorbed without compensating price increases. parties' relations and in the industry. The The union shop was opposed on grounds that it amounts (recommended) take into account all the was coercive and unnecessary in view of the equities and arguments advanced by the parties Steelworkers high degree of organization. In- including cost of living, productivity, the dustry officials contended, moreover, that a maintenance of a balanced wage structure, com- union shop recommendation by the Board would be parative wage movements in other industries, an abuse of government authority. The possi- and the recommendation that there be no further bility of direct agreement on some issues was wage reopenings in 1952. The parties are free indicated when the parties informed the panel to determine how the total amount should be that they would negotiate further on six of the distributed between general increases and in- union's noneconomic proposals. These proposals crements between job classes." It was also concerned adjustment of grievances, arbitration, stressed that the steel workers had not received suspension, and discharge cases; safety and a wage adjustment since late in 1950 and that health; military service; and purpose and intent no general reopening of steel labor contracts of the parties. Following the conclusion of had occurred since 1947. The Board stated that the hearings, the union postponed the strike "a realistic appraisal of the situation will deadline from February 24 through March 23, to show that steel is really catching up to in- give the Board time to prepare recommendations. creases already granted or fringe adjustments already in effect in major segments of American WEB Recommendations industry. The Board's recommendations, there- fore, do not set a new pattern or start another After intensive and all-night delibera- 'round' of increases or fringe adjustments for tions the public members 3 of the WEB announced industry generally."5 their recommendations. Labor members of the Board concurred in most of the recommendations Further Developments to provide a Board majority vote which recorded the industry members as opposed to most of the The Steelworkers Wage Policy Committee findings. They included: (1) General wage promptly accepted the recommendations and agreed increases to be paid in three installments over to the Board's request for postponement until an 18-month contract period and eventually April 8 of the strike set for March 23. In- totaling 17i cents an hour (121 cents retro- dustry leaders rejected the recommendations.6 active to January 1, 19529 for most of the steel On the question of wages and fringe benefits, companies; 2 cents effective June 30, 1952; they contended that the increases recommended and 2i cents additional on January 1, 1953); were excessive, inflationary, contrary to stab- and (2) fringe benefits estimated to cost ilization policies, and would require substan- between 8i and Iai cents an hour, including tial compensatory increases in steel prices. straight-time pay for six holidays not worked There was other critical reaction to the Board's and double time for holidays worked; 3 weeks' recommendations. WEB industry members ques- vacation with pay after 15 years'service; time- tioned the Board's further effectiveness; par- and-one-quarter pay for 811 Sunday work as tiality by the public members was charged; and such, effective January 1, 1953; hourly in- WEB disputes-settlement jurisdiction was at- creases in second- and third-shift differentials tacked. Additional criticism came from Charles from 4 to 6 cents to 6 and 9 cents, respec- E. Wilson, the Director of the Office of Defense tively; and a reduction from 10 to 5 cents an Mobilization. He expressed the opinion that if hour in the wage differential existing between the recommended wage adjustments were placed in northern and southern plants. The inclusion of effect, it would pose a "serious threat" to the a union-shop provision in steel contracts was stability of the economy. also recommended, with the exact form and conditions to be determined by the parties. Other Disagreement with President Truman on the issues, referred back to the parties by the possible economic repercussions of the Board's Board, included guaranteed pay, severance pay, recommended settlement led to the resignation reporting allowances, incentives, and seniority. of Defense Mobilization Director Wilson the end of March. In . resigning,_ _ Mr. Wilson claimed that 34 in excess of the amounts deemed permissible by visions of the Labor Management Relations (Taft,- price stabilization officials. The President Hartley) Act on the basis that these provisions replied that his initial support had been based could not operate immediately to forestall an on Mr. Wilson's characterization of the Board's interruption of steel production. He noted that wage recommendations as "very unstabilizing." the Steelworkers had already postponed strike Upon further study, however, the President had action for 99 days, exceeding the 80-day in- concluded that the proposals were "by no means junction period provided under the Act. unreasonable and do not, in fact, constitute any real breach in our wage stabilization pol- The President's order led to immediate icies." He added that "if the eventual settle- cancellation of the scheduled strike. Advance ment of the wage negotiations is such that a curtailments in steel production and walkouts price ceiling increase is required on grounds by steelworkers, both in anticipation of the of fairness and equity or otherwise in the impending strike, resulted in a short period of interest of the defense effort, it will be idleness for thousands of workers. The Presi- granted; otherwise, it will not."7 dent, in a special message to Congress on April 9, proposed that it act on the Government's Bargaining talks resumed April 3 but im- operation of the steel industry. Later in the mediately deadlocked, despite mediation efforts month he sent another message to Congress asking by WSB chairman Nathan Feinsinger on April 4. for approval or disapproval of the seizure The union refused to accept less than the full action, with the request that any new legisla- wage-fringe-union shop settlement recommended tion concerning the steel dispute should provide by the WSB. The companies rejected the union a method to keep the steel mills in operation. shop demand but offered(1) a 9-cent hourly wage Congress took no action. increase retroactive to March 1 and (2) fringe benefits estimated to amount to slightly more Widespread controversy developed concern- than 5 cents an hour, including inauguration of ing the legality of the seizure. Temporarily, 6 paid holidays; 3 weeks' vacation with pay the seizure issue overshadowed the fundamental after 15 years I service; increased shift differ- steel price wage relationships that remained entials from 4 to 6 cents an hour for the sec- unresolved. Congressional critics denounced the ond shift, and from 6 to 9 cents an hour for action, arguing that the President had no in- the third shift; and a reduction in the southern herent seizure powers. A Senate resolution wage differential affecting 2 steel firms, from called for an inquiry into the legal basis for 10 to 5 cents an hour. the seizure.

Seizure of Steel Plants Court Actions--Steel Strike

When "eleventh hour" mediation efforts The first attempt to void the seizure failed to avert the strike set for April 9, the action failed on April 9 when Judge Alexander A. President, on April 8, issued Executive Order Holtzoff of the U. S. District Court for the 10340 directing the Secretary of Commerce to District of Columbia denied petitions by three seize and operate the basic steel mills, effec- Major steel companies for a temporary restrain- tive at midnight, and to "determine and pre- ing order. scribe terms and conditions of employment" in these plants. The order stated that the in- Subsequently, a week of further unsuccess- dispensability of steel as a "component of sub- ful bargaining sessions that had been arranged stantially all weapons and other war materials," under White House auspices broke down. There- supported the view that the proposed work stop- upon, the Secretary of Commerce announced that page "would immediately jeopardize and imperil" he would negotiate directly with the union on the national defense and that governmental "terms and conditions of employment," and re- seizure was necessary to assure the continued quested the Economic Stabilization Administrator availability of steel. In the seizure order, to prepare recommendations for adjustments in the President cited the "authority vested in me steelworkers' wages. Meanwhile, the Adminis- by the Constitution and laws of the United trator authorized an average increase of about States and as President and Commander in Chief $3 a ton in steel price ceilings, contingent of the Armed Forces." No specific statute was upon industry acceptance. This price adjust- cited, however. In an address to the Nation ment, permissible under the Capehart Amendment explaining these and other considerations that to the Defense Production Act even in the ab- 35

constitutional and statutory grounds and granted the union's demand for the union shop. The a petition for a preliminary injunction re- union declared, however, that the failure to straining the Government from taking any action reach an agreement was due to the inadequacy of under the seizure order. Immediately following the industry's offer on wages, fringe benefits, the decision,the President of the United Steel- and other contract provisions, as well as the workers ordered an immediate strike. On April union shop. The companies' proposals on June 9 30, however, the U. S. Court of Appeals for the included the following: A general wage in- District of Columbia Circuit restored Government crease, retroactive to April 1, 1952, which they control of the mills by suspending Judge Pine's claimed averaged 16 cents an hour (the union, order, pending review by the U. S. Supreme however, claimed it averaged 13.3 cents); 3 Court. weeks' vacation after 15 years of service, effective January 1, 1952; no change in existing Complying with an appeal by the President, union-security provisions; 6 paid holidays, the Steelworkers ended the nationwide steel double time for holidays worked, with appro- strike May 2. At a special bargaining meeting priate eligibility provisions, increased shift held at the White House, the President urged a differentials to 6 cents an hour for the second settlement of the prolonged dispute and warned shift, and 9 cents for the third shift--all ef- that he would order a wage increase unless an fective upon signing of a new agreement and re- agreement was reached promptly. Negotiations turn to work; anda 5-cent reduction in southern were discontinued, however, after the U. S. differentials involving 2 companies. Supreme Court, on May 4, forbade any Government- imposed wage increase until it ruled on the Government's appeal from Judge Pine's decision. Faced with the continuing stalemate, the President requested Congress on June 10 to In their testimony and brief before the enact legislation authorizing him to seize and Supreme Court, industry argued that the seizure operate the struck steel mills and to provide action was "completely without authority under fair and just compensation to steel workers and the Constitution and laws of the United States" management pending settlement of the dispute. and that the President should have invoked the As an alternative, the President suggested that Taft-Hartley Act which was "specifically de- Congress authorize and direct him to seek an signed by the Congress for use in precisely the injunction under the "national emergency" pro- situation here presented." The Government main- visions of the Taft-Hartley Act but without the tained that the President, acting "within the necessity of complying with the preliminary aggregate of his constitutional powers" and, as procedures providing for appointment of a board Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, was of inquiry and preparation of a fact-finding attempting "to avoid a cessation of steel pro- report. However, he specifically recommended duction which would gravely endanger the na- against resort to the Act, stating that it tional interests." The Taft-Hartley Act, it would be "unwise, unfair, and quite possibly argued, was "not intended to be either an ex- ineffective,"since the Steelworkers had already clusive or a mandatory means of dealing with postponed strike action for 99 days, exceeding labor disputes." the 80-day injunction period provided under the Act. The Supreme Court on June 2 in a 6-3 decision with 7 Justices writing opinions held Congress did not accept these alternatives. that President Truman was not acting within his Instead, Congress incorporated a provision in Constitutional power when he ordered the Sec- the Defense Production Act Amendments of 1952 retary of Commerce to take possession of and (effective July 1, 1952) recommending that the operate the steel mills. 8 The ruling was im- President utilize the full emergency provisions mediately followed by the termination of the of the Taft-Hartley Act. Reflecting Congres- Government's custody of steel properties and sional criticism of the Wage Stabilization resumption of the nationwide strike of over half Board's role in the steel dispute, the amended a million steel workers. Approximately 30,000 Act created a new tripartite board with no ju- iron-ore miners in the Mesabi Range, Minn., and risdiction in labor-management disputes except other sections of the country also walked out. to advise parties, at their request, regarding the interpretation and application of wage Negotiations between union and industry stabilization policy. renresentatives were resumed at the White House 36

revision of the management-rights clause, cer- cent general hourly increase in the lowest job tain changes in seniority provisions, and in- rate, retroactive to March 1, 1952, plus a creased authority to establish incentive wage widening of the increments between job classes rates. by half a cent an hour; (2) liberalized fringe benefits estimated to amount to a little more The continuation of the industrywide shut- than 5 cents an hour, including 3 weeks' vaca- down brought increasing reports of production tion with pay after 15 years' service (formerly problems in other industries, affecting both 25 years) retroactive to January 1, inauguration the defense program and the civilian economy. of straight-time pay for 6 holidays not worked, Several manufacturers of munitions, military an increase in pay for work on these holidays trucks, and automobiles announced imminent cur- from time-and-one-half to double time, and in- tailment of production should the strike con- creased shift differentials from 4 to 6 cents tinue. Government officials conferred with an hour for the second shift and from 6 to 9 union and steel representatives on a plan that cents for the third shift; and (3) a reduction would permit partial resumption in designated in the southern differential from 10 to 5 cents plants of high-alloy steel production urgently an hour, affecting the U.S. Steel Corp. and the required for top-priority defense items. Grow- Republic Steel Co. A wage reopening on June 30, ing concern over the steel strike's impact on 1953, was also provided. the defense program was underscored in renewed bargaining meetings held under White House di- Agreement was reached on a compromise union rection in mid-July. Failure to compromise the security clause on the union's demand to increase union shop issue, however, caused a suspension the maintenance-of-membership provision in the of these talks. Pressures for Government inter- previous contract to the union shop. Under the vention increased amid reports that the Presi- settlement, new employees are required to apply dent was considering plans far a partial seizure for union membership at the time of hiring, but of the industry under the terms of the Selective may cancel the application between the 15th and Service Act. The Secretary of Defense warned 30th day of work by written notification to the that the defense program was "grinding to a employer; present nonunion employees were ex- halt." Mounting steel shortages had led to the empted from this requirement. closing of the Army's largest shell-producing plant and reportedly had forced sharp layoffs in manufacturing and transportation. Simultaneous with the agreement ending the strike, an increase of $5.20 a ton in the ceil The Settlement ing price ibr carbon steel products was directed by Acting Defense Mobilizer John R. Steelman Finally, on July 24 representatives of the and authorized by the Economic Stabilization union and 6 major steel companies--U. S. Steel, Agency. 9 In addition to increases permitted for Bethlehem, Republic, Jones and Laughlin, Youngs- special types of steel, the total price adjust- town, and Inland--announced a 2-year agreement ment averaged $5.65 a ton or almost twice the on basic wage, fringe, and union security issues. $2.84 that the Office of Price Stabilization It was ratified by the union's wage policy com- stated was permissible under the Capehart Amend- mittee on the following day, but back-to-work ment to the Defense Production Act prior to the orders were withheld until July 26 when a wage negotiation of the steel settlement. agreement was reached in the closely related dispute involving iron-ore miners. Major steel The contract settlement coincided with plants reopened, but the signing of formal con- announcement that Philip Murray, president of tracts awaited the outcome of negotiations on the CIO Steelworkers, and Benjamin Fairless, such issues as incentive rates, managerial president and Chairman of the U.S. Steel Corp., rights, and seniority. The strike continued at planned to undertake a joint speaking tour of some mills of smaller companies until individual the company's plants to develop more harmonious agreements were reached on certain local working relationships between the company and its em- conditions. By August 15, workers at most of ployees. Mr. Murray's death in November 1952 these firms had returned to their jobs, but a cancelled the proposed plans. few mills were idle until the end of August.

Major terms of the agreement which expires June 30, 1954, included: An average increase 9 Office of Price Stabilization Release, 37 Appendix C

Methods of Collecting Strike Statistics 1

The Bureau's statistics on work stoppages group of employees by an employer (or a group include all known strikes and lockouts in the of employers) in order to get them to accept continental United States involving as many as_ the employer's terms. Because of the complexi- six workers and lasting the equivalent of a full ties involved in most labor-management disputes, shift or longer. the Bureau makes no effort to determine whether the stoppages are initiated by the workers or Work stoppages are measured in terms of the employers. The terms "strike" and "work the number of stoppages, workers involved, and stoppage" are used interchangeably in this man-days of idleness. Figures on "workers in- report. volved" and "man-days idle" cover all workers made idle for one shift or longer in establish- The definitions of strikes and lockouts ments directly involved in a stoppage. They do point out certain characteristics inherent in not measure secondary idleness--that is, the each strike or lockout: (1) The stoppage is effects on other establishments or industries temporary rather than permanent; (2) the action whose employees may be made idle as a result of is by or against a group rather than an individ- material or service shortages. ual; (3) the objective is to express a grievance or enforce a demand; and (4) an employer- Lead information as to the probable exist- employee relationship exists, although the ence of work stoppages is collected from a num- grievance may or may not be against the employer ber of sources. Clippings on labor disputes of the striking group. In jurisdictional as are obtained from a comprehensive coverage of well as rival union or representation strikes, daily and weekly newspapers throughout the the major elements of dispute may be between country. Information is received directly from two unions rather than directly with the em- the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service ployer. In a sympathy strike, there is usually as well as agencies in all States such as State no dispute between the striking workers and boards of mediation and arbitration, research their immediate employer but the purpose is to divisions of State labor department offices, give union support or broaden group pressure and local offices of State employment security for the benefit of another group of workers. agencies provided through the Bureau of Employ- Sympathy or protest strikes may also be intended ment Security of the U. S. Department of Labor. to record the workers' feelings against actions Various employer associations, companies, and (or absence of action) by local, State, or unions also furnish the Bureau with work stop- Federal Government agencies on matters of gen- page information on a regular basis. eral worker concern.

Upon learning of new work stoppages in Although the Bureau seeks to obtain com- these ways, a questionnaire is mailed to each plete coverage of all strikes involving six or party to the dispute to secure such data as the more workers and lasting a full shift or more, number of workers involved, duration, major information is undoubtedly missing on some of issues, and method of settlement. In some in- the smaller strikes. It is thought that the stances, field agents of the Bureau collect the only change resulting from this is the number necessary information. of strikes. The aggregate figures of workers involved and man-days of idleness are rounded The Bureau defines a strike as a temporary to avoid a sense of false accuracy. In some stoppage of work by a group of employees to ex- instances the figure of man-days of idleness is press a grievance or enforce a demand. A lock- an estimate to some extent, because the exact out is a temporary withholding of work from a number of workers idle each day is not known in prolonged strikes. Whenever possible the significant changes in the number of workers idle 1 More detailed information on methods of are secured from the companies for use in com- calculation, sources, and classification is puting man-days of idleness. Because of round- available in BLS Report No. 11, "Collection and ing, the group totals in certain tables may not