REPORT

of the CIO DELEGATION

to the SOVIET UNION

Submitted by

JAMES B. CAREY Secretary-Treasurer, CIO Chairman of the Delegation

Other Members of the Delegation:

JOSEPH CURRAN REID ROBINSON rice-President, CIO Fice-P resident , CIO President, N at ional M arit ime Union President , Lnt crnational Union of .lIint', J / ill and Smelt er Il'orkers ALBERTJ . FITZGERALD r ice-Pre siden t, CIO LEE PRESSMAN President , Un ited E lect rical, R adio and General Couusrl, c/o JIacliine W orkers 0/ .Inisr ica JOHN GREEN JOHN ABT rice-President, CIO General Cou nsel, Amalgamat ed Clot hing President, Indust rial Union 0/ M an ne and W orku 5 0/ .lmeri ca Sh ipb uilding W orlecrs LEN DE CAUX ALLAN S. HAYWOOD Pu blicit y D irect or, CIO, and E dit or, Tilt' Fice -President, CIO C/O N m 's D irector 0/ Organization, CIO EMIL RIEVE VINCENT SWEENEY r ia-President, CIO Pu blicit y D irect or, United St rrlzcorlerrs President, T ext ile W orkers Union oi A merica 0/ A merica; Editor, St eel Labor Publication No. 128 Price 15c per copy; 100 for $10.00; 500 for $40.00 D epartment of International Affairs Order Literature from Publicity Department CONGRESS OF INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS 718 JACKSON PLACE, N. W. WASHINGTON 6, D. C. \

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2 rr To Promote Friendship And Understanding... "

H E victo ry of the United Nations over the military power of fascism T opened up prospects of a new era of int ern ational understanding, democratic progress, world peace and prosperity. T he Cong ress of Indus­ trial Organizations, the vanguard of American labor, ra llied behind the plans of Presid ent R oosevelt and other leaders of the U nited Nations to con­ tinue th is wartime unity into the post­ war pe riod . Because we believe that unity be­ tween governments must be based on un ity among peoples, we set about forg ing .unbreakable un ity among the working people of all countries and played a leading part in the formation of the Wo rld Fede ration ·of Trade Unions. I n pursuit of th is general purpose th e CIO has also been developi ng the excha nge of frat ernal labor delega tions an d encouraging all other steps that will promote a closer understanding PHILIP MURRAY between the workers of the United Sta tes and ot he r countries. The following report of Secretary-Treasurer J ames B. Carey, who was chairman of the CIO delegation to the Soviet U nion, embodies the obser­ vations of a representative group of outs ta nding CIO leader s who visited that country as gues ts of the All-U nion Cent ral Council of T rade Unions,

3 in return for a visrt pa id to the United States by a Sov iet trade -u rnon delegation, in vited by the C IO . I consider this a docu men t of first-ra te import an ce, not on ly for American labor but for all wh o are in ter ested in knowing the truth ab out the Sov iet trade union move me nt and in p romoting fri endshi p and unde r­ standing between the peoples of our two countries. U nfortunately, the re are those who p refe r to sow seeds of distrust and suspicion, wh o ma gni fy the soc ial and cultural differen ces into un b ridgeable gulfs, and wh o seek to divide ra the r th an to unite th e world. It is my hop e that thi s rep ort will help to prevent the division of th e wo rld into hostil e blocs an d to elimina te host ility against the great people whose coopera tion wa s so essentia l to U nited );ation s victory and wh ose cont inued fri endshi p and coo peration is equally esse ntial for lastin g peace and worl d prosperity. ~/f7 P resident, CIO

4 Report of the CIO Delegation to the Soviet Union

R ECOG0:IZING th e a ll-impo rta nt fun cti on of th e world labor move- ment in th e war agains t fasc ism and for eseein g th e imper at iven ess of living togethe r, wor kin g toget he r a nd meeting together socially to achieve a lasting pe ace. throu gh act ion of the commo n peo ples, t he Con­ gress of Indu st rial Organiza tion s at its 1944 Con vention in Chicago, ado pted the following resolution: " RESOLVED: (1 ) T he CIO endo rses and ap proves Pr esident M'urra v's action in accept ing an invitation of the British T rad es Union Congress to attend both a preliminary conference in L ondon on D ecem ber 4 of representativ es of the British Trades Union Congress, the Soviet Union and of the Unite d States, and th e full conference in th e same city early in January of next ye ar. "(2) The CIO supports the project of a new sin gle powerful int ernational lab or body that shall include all th e un ions of free countries on a basis of equalit v . excluding none and relegating none to a secondary place, and be capable of defending th e interests of the com-mo n ma n."

Su bseq uent developm ents resu lted in the esta blishrn ent of th e World Federation of T rade Unio ns with th e CIO playin g a principal part. I n im plementing furthe r th e work of th e \VFTU, Presid ent Philip Murra y in the summer of 1945 exte nded invitation s to th e British Trades Union Congress, th e French Confed eration of Labor and th e All-Union Central Council of Trade U nion"s of th e Union of Soviet Socialist R epublics to send delegat ions to visit th e U nited States as -guests of th e CIO.

The first .to resp ond was th e Sov iet trade uni on mov em ent, wh ich Il1 ] uly 1945 sent a de1ega tion to th e Unite d States, including represen ta­ tives of its ma jo r unions a nd headed by Vas ili Kuznet sov, Chairman of the ACC CT l i. This delegation made a tour of American industrial cit ies, visited many plants in its st ud y of American labor condit ions, a nd had ma ny opport unities to meet with C IO unioni sts and to establish close r ties of fr ien dship and understanding between our tw o movements. At th e sa me time, Mr. Kuznetsov on behalf of the AUCCTU extended an inv itation to the CIO to send a return del egation to the Sovi et Union for simila r purpos es. It wa s decided by President :~d u rr a y 'and th e CIO Executive Officers that thi s de legation sh ou ld be made up of CIO repre­ sentatives attending th e convention of the World Federation of Trad e 5 Unions in Paris, and that it should proceed to the Soviet Union imme­ diately up on th e conclusion of thi s convention. It had been expected that President Murray would head the delega­ tion to both the WFTU and the Soviet Union, but the many domestic questions raised by the end of military opera tions made his continued presence in the U nited States indispensable. In M r. Murray's absen ce, Secretary-Treasurer James B. Carey headed th e de lega tion that left Paris for M oscow on October 10. Other members of the delegation were CIa Vice-Pres. Allan S. Haywood, Director of Or gani zati on; Vice-Pres. Albert Fitzgerald, President of U nited Electrical, R adi o and M achine 'Workers; Vice-Pres. J ohn Green, President of Indus­ trial Union of Marine and Shi pbuilding Worker s; Vice-Pres. Emil Rie\"e, Presid ent of Textile Workers Union ; Vice-Pres. J oseph Curran , President of N ational Maritime Union ; Vice-Pres. Reid R obinson, President of th e Internati onal U nion of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers: Lee Pressman, CIa Ge neral Counsel; J ohn Abt, General Counsel of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers; Len De Caux, CIa Publicity Director and Editor of T he CIa N ews ; and Vincent Sweeney, P ubli city Director and Editor of t he Unite d Steelworkers. Sid ney Hillman, President of th e Amalga ma ted Clothing Workers of America, and Delegate Thomas- Burns of the U nited Rubber Worker s, were unable to make t he t rip because t hey had to ret urn to the U nited States immed iately after t he WFTU mee ting. Simila rly, Di rector of Councils J ohn Broph y and D irector of Int ern ational Affairs M ichael Ross were required to remain in P aris to pa rtic ipate in Internati onal Labor Or ganization confe rences.

6 A FTER a brief stopove r in Berlin, th e CIO del egation a rrived in Mos- cow on Octob er 11 an d rem ained in the Soviet U nion un til Octob er 19, whe n it left for London en route to the United States. The sho rt dura­ tion of thi s eight-day visit was deeply regretted by th e delegati on, but it was necessitated by th e fact that the delegati on had to be ba ck in th e U nited States by November 1 for th e CIO E xecutive Board' meeting prelimina ry to Pres­ id ent T ruman's Lab or-Man-

o age ment Confer ence on No ­ vembe r 5, a nd by th e difficul­ ties a nd delays incid ental to return travel a rr ange me nts un­ der exist ing cond itions . However, thanks to the excellent ar­ rangements made by our Soviet trade un­ ion hosts with whom we worked out a schedule enabling us to see all that we asked or were able to see in the period, the delegation was Vasili Kuznets ov, chairman of the Soviet trade union able to cover an ex­ con g re ss and host to the Cf O delegation. traordinary amount of ground during its visit, including a trip to Leningrad as well as Moscow, many visits to different industrial plants, and countless opportunities to meet with Soviet trade union­ ists and to obtain all the information we requested. W e arrived in M oscow late in the afternoon of Thursd ay, Octob erT l , and wer e most warmly welco me d, bo th at the airport and at a ba nq uet later at the Nationa l H otel, by a delegation of representative leader s of the Soviet trade uni on s. M essr s, Ca rey, R ieve and F itzgerald the n met with Mr. K uznetsov a nd his associates for a di scussion of their it ine rary a nd the pe rso ns, plants a nd products which they wis hed to see. In every cas e, NIl'. Kuzn etsov took prompt steps to fulfill th eir desires. On Friday, Octob er 12, we were taken to see an exhibition of Soviet wa r trophies ca ptured from the Nazis, so arrange d as to give a picture of t he exte nt and th e great difficulties and ac hieve ments of the country's war effo rt. 7 F ollowing that, we paid a v isit to the big Stalin automobile plant on the outskirts of M oscow , where we wer e welcomed , sho wn around a nd entertained by D irect or Li ckach ev a nd other pla nt officia ls, and by leaders of the Auto Workers' Union, shop committee member s and act ive uni oni st s. This pla nt, with a ca pacity of 100,000 trucks a yea r before the wa r, was conve rted to war p roduct ion, and when the Germans approached M oscow , 50 percent of its eq uipment wa s shipped ea st to the U ra ls, wh ere a second simila r plant wa s sta rt ed.T he ~f o s c o\\ ' pla nt is now eng ag ed in the production of 7-p assenge·r automo biles and truck s. Seen through American ey es, the ope ra tion is properly th e producti on of a uniform custom-built ca r. T he director a nd the workers are concent rating on efforts to ste p up product ion, and whi le the p rod uction might be con sid­ ered low , it must be remembered th at it is a tremendous improvement ove r the production of 10 ca rs in the ye a r of 1924,. the first yea r of auto mo bile product ion.

Emphasis on Piece Rates

W ages a nd workin g condi tion s are covered by collective ag ree me nt with the union, with pie ce rates the preva iling sys tem. About 50 pe rcent of th e plant's employ ees a re women wh o get eq ual pay for eq ual work. The worker gets two wee ks' vacation with pa y (with four weeks for th ose doing hot or mo re trying work) a nd with three days' ext ra vacation for each five yea rs of serv ice in th e plant.

Working hours at this and the other plants we visited are e igh t a day, six days a week, with time-arid-a-half for over­ time the first hour and double time the second hour. On night sh ifts and on hot or unhealthy jobs the straight-time hours are se ve n . Before the war, working hours were seven a day, or six on night shifts and hot jobs. During the war they went u p to ten or more with overtime for all extra hours.

T he worker s' actual take-h ome pay remains about th e sa me as during the war, we were told, despite the reduct ion in wor kin g hours. D irector Lickachev attributed th is to th e greater p rod uctivity of the workers with better mach iner y a nd condition s, a nd to the ir bein g more rested as a resul t of the shorte r hou rs. F ollowing a t rip a rou nd the plant, the CIa delegati on attended a union shop meeting, with abo ut 100 comm itteeme n a nd active unionist s present. \Ve were to ld how the union function s in the plant, and Chair ':' man Carey, wh o addressed th e meeting on beha lf of the CIa de legation , ex plained how unions functi on in the U nited States. Questi on s from th e 8 floor br ought out the Sov iet workers' interest in th is subject, and thei r interest in th e kind of social security of all so rts which Am erican workers receive. Later the same da y we were shown the "Metro", M oscow 's modern subwa y system , a nd remarked on the beautiful a rchitec tur e, color schemes and dec or ati on s of th e stations. On all M oscow subway trains a sp ecial section is reserved for wom en with small children, pregnant women, invalids a nd others wh o need sea ting and prot ecti on from subway crowds. In the eve ning we were entertained at a ball et in the Filial Theater. During the intermission it wa s a nno unced that an Ameri­ ca n C IO delegation wa s present, and the audience joined in a most warm a nd friendly ovation. On Saturday, October 13, the CIO del egation divided into tw o parts, one group go ing to visit a textile factory and a steel plant some mile s from Moscow, wh ile the other group remained in 1VIoscow to visit the Krasny P roleta riat .M achine- Building plant an d a po wer plant. " At the machine-building plant, now pr oducing lath es, Di rector Peter Taranichev to ld us of the he roism of th e workers during the war. He said that 100 incendia ry bombs had fallen on the plant in one month alone; that it wa s bitterly cold in the shop and in th e workers' hom es, due to lack of fuel ; that food and clothing were sa dly lacking. But in sp ite of all these difficulties, dan ger s and hardships, th e workers stuck to the job without com plaint, and pr oduction' ac tua lly rose month after month. At thi s, as at most othe r pla nts the del egation visited, th e chief com ­ plaint made was of a sho rtage of skilled labor. Mr. T a ra nichcv de cla red th at 1,000 more skilled work er s were need ed at thi s pla nt to achieve full production. Sixty percent of the workers at this plant a rc women, and we were told that as demob ilizati on proceeds, it is hoped to increase the p ropo rt ion or- men employed but thi s will not mean a ny reducti on in the number of women employed.

Lathes, Horns and Spoons

Mr. Taranichev informed us that the plant ha d produced 450 lat hes in August an d 457 in September. It is also producing mu sical inst rument s, spoons an d forks. Because of the shortage of consumer goods in the Sov iet U nion it is the commo n practice for plants to produce con sumer goo ds as a side line. This plant contains one of the first conveyor systems installed in the Sovi et Union for the pr oduction of lathes. The plant aver­ ag e of pay is 600 rubles per month, with workers' monthly pay ranging from 300 to 3,000 rubles. The director said that the ea rn ings remained 9. the same de spite the reduction in hours that came with cessation of hos tili­ ties. One gear cutter to whom we ta lked sai d he had worked the re for 2 1 years. He said his present job cou ld be learn ed in six mon ths and his pay was ,1,500 rubles a month.H is wife earns 500 rubles a mo nth, and a daughter is in college. The gear cutter also serves as editor of the plant newspaper. - When the food shortage became acute during the war, Director Tarani­ che v told us, the government turned over a farm for the exclusive use of the plant workers. Here and at other plants, the CIa delegates visited the plant clinic, where the Director exp la ined t hat med ica l se rv ice is free, as universally in the Soviet U nion; the prophylactoriurn , whe re workers who are run down or in need of medi cal supervision or special diets are given preven­ tiv e treatment an d rest at night while continuing to work during theday; the ch ild ca re center fo r children of working mother s, a nd other similar social welfa re instituti on s. I n the late afternoon a mass meeting was held in th e H ome of th e U nions in Moscow in ho no r of the CIa d elegati on. P res. Vas ili Kuznetsov of the AUCCTU presided and the au dience wa s made up of some 500 active uni on ist s.Chair man Carey, Allan H aywood and ] oseph C urran ad ­ dressed the meeting on behalf of the CIa de legation, joining with the Sovi et trade union speakers in stressing the vital importance of close friendship and cooperation between the labor movements and the peoples of the SSR and the USA.

The Stalin Auto Factory in Moscow, vis­ ite d by the CIO delegation. It's now get­ tingbad to civilian production.

10 Ovation for the CIO T hat evening, the C IO representatives attended the ba llet in the Bolshoi Theate r, and were ag ai n accorded a fr iendly ovation by the audi- ' ence. On Su nday, Octo ber 14th , th e de legation was take n for a tour of the Kremlin and v isite d L enin's tomb, outside whic h there is a constant line many blocks lon g of people wa iting to file th rough and see the body of the dead Soviet leader still preserved in a lifelike manner. Because of the unive rsal prestige accorde d labor leaders in the Soviet U nion , the wa it ing period was waived in our cas e. On this. sa me to ur we also saw t he Czar's jewels and other ev ide nce of the lon g-vanish ed authority of the R o manoffs. The t reasure is bein g maintaine d for it s cu lt ural va lue. The delega tion was ente rtained for lunch at the U nited States E mbassy by Ambassa dor Averill Harriman and spent several ho u rs di scu ssing wit h him a nd some of his 54 staff member s various aspects of A me rican-Soviet re lations . In the eve ning of. the same day we attended an enterta inment in the Home of the U nions with chorus, orche stra, dancers, singers, ac robats and ot her pe rformers co mi ng fr om the ranks of factory wo rkers. In addition, wo rkers ' child re n fr om trade schools in Magitogor sk, Kyubishev, Sa ratov, R ost ov and ot he r cities who had won ho nors in a nationa l co mpetition, put on some remarka ble dan cing and other acts. On Monday, Octob er 15, the CIO de legation , before it left fo r Leni n­ g rad, heard th e Sov iet social sec urity sy stem outlined by A. 1. G urbo nov, di rector of the social insurance department of the All U nion Central Council of T ra de U nions.

From the ' Cradle to the Grave This system is ve r y comprehensive, Mr. Gurbonov said, being designed to cover all contingencies of loss of income for a worker and his family from whatever cause. It includes benefits to women during pregnancy and childbirth; sickness and accident insurance, designed to maintain a worker's in­ come at its average level until he can return to work; sup­ port for families whose breadwinner loses the capacity to work; old age and widows' pensions; payment of funeral expenses, and many other features. T he soc ial sec urity sy stem, he pointed out, covers all wage a nd sala ry ea rn ers in t he USSR. It is finance d entir ely by a fund collec ted by the government from all emp loyi ng establishments in propo rt ion to the nu m­ ber of em ployees in each, a nd the workers themselv es a re required to make no contribution to this fund from the ir wages. 11 The trade union movement has complete charge over the administration and distribution of social insurance funds. NI r . Gurbonov said.

T he 1\ LJ CCT U d raw s up the annual social insuran ce budget, wh ich IS t he n submitted to the gove rn ment an d passed on - by the Suprem e Soviet (co rrespo nding to the U . S. Congress) . Qua rt erl y budgets a rc approve d by the Cou ncil of P eople's Commissars (the cabinet) . H ow­ ever, these gov ernmental bodi es pa ss only on the to tal amo unt of th e budget, and the distribution of the funds is determined sole ly by the AUCCT LJ, wh ich supervises the wo rk of affiliat ed uni on s and region al and sho p com mittees in ad ministering the sys tem, Besides being used to pay ben efits, pe ns ions, etc., ~l r. Gurbo nov pointed out that the soc ial insur ance fund is also used for th e establish­ me nt and mai nt ena nce of rest hom es, sanato ria, p rop hylactoria, health reso rts, child ren's summer camps, child ca re cent ers and othe r similar welfare services.

Free Medical Services ~I ed ic a l se rvices a re free for all citizens of the Soviet U nion and up to 1937 such serv ices were cover ed by th e social insurance fund, he said. Since th at time they have been transferred to th e gove rn ment, so that the trade uni on s no lon ger bear any resp onsibility for medical services as suc h. Workers and their families may v isit either fac tory or neighbor­ hoo d clin ics and hospital s, or have a doctor come to the ir homes. - The only case in which t hey have to pay for any kind of medical serv ice is when they are given prescriptions at hom e and have to get the m filled at the d rug store- in which case the medicine has to be paid for at gove rn- ment-controlled prices: -

U p to 1930, unemployment insurance was included in the soc ia l insurance system, NI r . Gurbonov sa id . But with the disappearance of unemployment in the Soviet U n ion , there has sin ce been no call for jobless benefits and the unemploy­ ment insurance fund has been used for other purposes. If a worker is rendered temporarily idle, through a breakdown of machinery, changes in equipment and similar causes, there is a ge n e r a l rule throughout Soviet industry that he must con­ tinue to receive his average rate of wages until production is resumed.

\Vhile t he union-a d ministered social insuran ce system cove rs only wa ge a nd sa la ry ea rn ers, all other cit izens a re also provided fo r, according to 12 M r. C urbonov. Collective farmers a nd self-employed handicraf tsm en, for instance, have th eir own mutual aid and benefit societies; the a rmed for ces have a sepa ra te government sys tem; a nd other citizens a re covered by th e govern ment Social \Velfa re Department. f ront-Line factories The CIa delegati on a rrived in Len ingr ad by air on th e a fte rnoon of Octo ber 15, and shortly after its a rriva l met with th e may or of th a t city, Mr. Peter Popkov. l\Iayo r P opkov to ld us of the heroic defense of Leningrad by it s peo­ ple, who sto pped the ~azi s at their ga tes and he ld them at ba y .all through the long siege, although almos t co mpletely CUt off from th e rest of their co unt ry. The people ha d little or no food, fuel or water, ' a nd as many as 650 ,000 died of hun ger and cold during the first te rr ible winter. " I know of .no battle in history where so ma ny laid down their lives," Mayor Popkov said. All civilians who cou ld not fight or work were fIna lly evacuated from the city, after. Lake Ladoga, th e city's only lifeline , had finally frozen

Escorted by Russian trade union ists, the CIO delegation gets first -hand information on Soviet ind ustrial processes and la bor organization. 13 Sec.-Treas. James B. C a rey insc ribes the visitors' book at t ha Muse um of th e H eroic Defense of Leningrad. "We ha il your great feats," Carey wrote . over su fficiently to permit t ra nspo rtat ion ove r it, th e Mayor said. L enin­ grad was virtually transformed into a military camp with every st reet and every hou se a for tress. ~ IIr. P opkov pa id glowing t ribute to th e trade uni on s of Leningr"ad. H e said they had. been th e most active helpers in the defense of the city at eve ry step, mobili zing three to four hundred th ou sand peop le to work at t rench building and fo rt ifications and maintaining th e mor ale of th e workers who prod uced mu nitio ns and supplies in unheated factor ies under constant bo mba rdment. ,,,

Asked about future plans for housing and other necessities of this deserving, heroic people, Mayor Popkov said that by 1950, five years from now, new construction will have pro­ vided more than 2,000,000 square meters of new floor space. He stated that this will mean a minimum of nine square meters for each person in the city. He commented that this 14 space-measuring approximately 9 feet 9 inches by 9 fee t 9 inches-would not seem much to an American coming from Chicago, New York or any other large American city, but that at the same time it must be considered a tremendous accomplishment in view of the w a r destruction.

H e said that advances in transportation were being planned. Con­ templated. are 20 kilometers of subway (12 .0 miles) , 15 kilometers of which is to be underground. Trolley lines will be extended by 250 kilo­ meters (156 miles), and 250 new buses have been ordered. The program for the introduction of gas that will eliminate the wood­ burning cook stoves now in univer sal use , Mayor Popkov said, should be complete d within four years with an expected pr odu ction of 4.0 million cub ic meters. He commented that Berlin produced 2.8 million cubic meters in 1941 after 125 years of development. :Mayor P opkov said the plans call for making Leningr ad one of the most beautiful cities in the world through the device of a big ga rden an d park system. Pl ans have already bee n drawn for bui lding a 250-acre park and a 165-acre park on the site s of ma jor battles.

At th e Museum of the He roic Defense of Leningrad-Delegates Carey, Fitzgerald, De Caux, Haywood, G reen, Robinson, Pressman, Abt, Rieve and Curr ~n. 15 Ind ustri all y, .\Iay or P opk ov sa id, Leningrad would tak e its place as one of the leadi ng industri al centers of the Sovi et L'nion . The manufac­ turing capacity of the city will be exp ande d ; steel pla nts will be bui lt: inland waterways and harbor facilities will be full y developed . "On to Peace, Prosperit y" On the eve ning of Octob er 15 t he del egates attended the Leningr ad ba llet. T he next day th e CIO delegation sa w many furt her evidence s of the magnificent war achievements of the people of Leningr ad , bot h at the exh ibition of the H eroic Defense of Leningr ad , and at the factories we lat er visited. At the Exhibition we saw sa mp les of the minute rati ons of sy nthetic b read, which wa s about all the population had to live on for mo nths, and othe r pictures and exhibits of dev astation , suffering, de at h an d her oic res ist ance. Ch airman Ca rev inscribed the visito r's record at the exhibition wit h the following sentiment: " To the H eroic P eople of L eningrad: W e hail Y01lr great feats that have surpassed an ything in hist ory. ' What yo u have accom ­ plis hed t o dejend th e freedo m of th e peopl e of Y0 1l r land and the civilization oj the wo rld, will remain in th e m em ory of the tcorleers fo rever. 011 to victory together, wit h peace and pros -perit v.s-sj o mes B . Ca rey for the CIO delegation." The big Ki rov machine-building plant, whi ch we visited the sa me day, lay only th ree or fou r miles from the Nazi lin es, from whi ch it was under continual bomba rd ment during the siege. T en th ou sand she lls fell on or around the plant, we were to ld. Much of the plant's machinery was moved to the East as the Nazis drew near Leningrad ; bu t the director said it cont inued opera ting all throu gh th e siege, althou gh the re wa s insuffi­ cient fue l to heat it and hunger and cold took a consta nt to ll of - the workers. Deputy Chairman Soloviev of the uni on sho p committee told us how the uni on orga nized workers' battalion s to defend th e plant. The workers in the pla nt were arme d and were given milit ary training after working ho urs; an d armed workers remained on the premises at night, constantly on guard aga inst Nazi attack . A factory at W ar and Peace In to uring th e K irov pla nt, we saw wh ole sections of it almost com­ plete ly destroyed by bomba rdment. But in th ose departments that wer e st ill stand ing or ha d been reb uilt st renuo us efforts were being mad e to get . back to peacetime p roduction.

16 This plant was originally const ructed by th e Czar in 1801 and in it s ea rly years produced little except ca nnon balls and handcu ffs. It boast s of hav ing the oldest trad e union in Soviet R ussia, which was organized prior to 1917, when two-thirds of its 20,000 emp loyees were members of the union. It was in th is plant in 1895 th at Lenin orga nized the .Work­ me n's Circl e. and Kalinin [former P resident of the U SSR ] worked here as a lathe ha nd. It was th e first plant in th e Soviet Uni on to be national ­ ized . H ere it was t hat the Stalin tank wa s design ed and bu ilt. Presen t plan s ca ll for th e bui lding of turbines and su bway t ransporta ­ tio n equ ip ment, de spi te th e director 's assert ion that it will take three yea rs to rebuild the plant. He said frankly th at th e pla nt was 150 years old, and that integratin g new machin ery with the old outmoded eq uipme nt was a major project in itself. H e said the fou ndry was p rod ucing mor e tha n before t he war, with fewe r wor kers availab le. The first tu rbine is .sched uled for completion in th e middle of 1946. Shell splinters killed 750 workers in th e plant during the siege, but the at tack wa s not the only war p roblem. M or e th an 9,000 of the plant's 30,000 em ployees in 1939 rus hed to join the army and it became neces­ sa ry for th e uni on to im pose restri ction s on enlistment s. Employment rolls at th e plant now show that 60 pe rcent of the wor kers a re wom en. In all they produced during the war 4 ,Y; million lan d mine s, 480 tanks, a nd 1,200,000 spades . The di rector declared that Am er ican lend-lease food and clothing saved the lives of ma ny during 1942.

Insufficient housing and the shortage of skilled workers are the chief immediate problems at the Kirov plant, union officials told us. Sixty percent of the workers' homes in the vicinity of the plant were destroyed during the siege, and whole suburbs where the workers lived were completely wiped out.

While visit ing the Ki rov pla nt the CIa de legates attended and ad­ d ressed a meeting of the worker s in the shop at change of shifts, and later went on to the trade uni on cente r in downtown Leningrad for a mass mee ting of act ive uni oni sts.

"The Price You've Paid" This meet ing wa s preside d over by P eter K azakov, D irector of Or gani­ za tion of the A ccru, and wa s addressed by J ames B.Carey, R eid R obinson and A lbert Fitzger ald on be ha lf of the C Ia; all the speakers exp ressed their admirati on for th e war and peace ac hievements of th e 17 wo rkers of Leningrad and their ea rn est des ire for closer cooperation between the peoples of the U nited States and the Sov iet U nion. "You have gained friends who are going to insist that our gouernrnent do eve rything in its power to aid you," D elegate Fitzgerald told the audience. " We've seen the price you have paid to establish freedom for all peoples of the world. W e in America are determined that no force within or wit hout is ever going to turn us against your people again." Delegate Robinson, in his address, pa id high t rib ute to th e demo­ eratic ideal : " We must break down the propaganda that you have no democ­ racy as we have," he said.

A Workers' Clubhouse The CIa delegates spe nt the eve ning at the Kirov "Palace of Cul­ ture," a large workers' clu bhouse and entertainment center, which belongs to the All-Union Ce ntral Council of Trade Unions and is run by it in cooperation with an advisory committee of rep resentatives of local uni on s in the vicinity. Before the war, the K irov P alace of Culture was capable of accom­ modating 10,000 people at one time in its va rious sports, entertainment, educational and ot he r departments. During the wa r it was seriously damaged by bombardme nt, its heating system was dest royed, and it is estimated that it will cost 22 million rubles to rebuild and refurnish it. However, we found that the ch ild ren's section, sports section and gym­ nasium, two theatres (o ne for movies and t he other for stage plays), dan ce hall, library, lou nges, lectu re ha ll and st udy rooms had alrea dy been reopened, and we were able to look in on the activities in fu ll swing in most of these sect ions. T he w or k e r s' clubhouse, like most others in the Soviet Union, is entirely a trade union project except that most other clubhouses are run by local unions rather than by the AUCC TU. In the case of the Kirov clubhouse 20 percent of its budget comes in the form of a subsidy from the AUC CTU, w h ich goes over all plans and appoints the director. The rest of the income comes from admission fees to movies, theaters, and concerts. There is also a charge for students who take special classes, but sports, dramatic groups, library, children's secti on and a number of other clubhouse activities are free. 18 On Wednesday, Octob er 17, th e CIO dele gates divided into tw o groups, one of which toured the Peterhof subur b of Leningr ad and visited the Baltic shipy a rds, whil e the other visited the Pushkin section and the E lect rosila elect rical manufactu rin g plant.

The suburban tours carried us to sections actually occu­ pied by the Nazis, and revealed the wholesale devastation they caused-while the further factory visits gave us addi­ tional impressions of the destruction and the workers' hero­ ism during the siege, as well as of the huge task of recon­ struction which is now under way.

The Baltic Shipya rds, we were to ld, suffered terrific bombing, whi ch was estima ted to have caused 200 million rubles of damage. . Many of the workers ha d to sleep at th e yards at night, due to lack of streetcar transportation. Despite these difficulties, lack of food and heati ng and countles s othe r ha rd ships, 'th e di rector said, th e shipy ards did not stop work for a single day. T he electrical works is the most important pla nt of its type in the . Soviet U nion, hav ing a tradition from before th e revolution as th e only plant in Europ e that could do its type of wo rk. The director to ld us t hat this pla nt had built half of th e equipment use d in the great D nieper D am, the ot her hal f coming from the U nited Stat es. The plant was shelled, rebuilt and shelled again during the war. Its production was 70 percent war material and 30 percent civilian goods. The director said that reconversion to civilian needs had started in January 1943 and that the plant was now back to 80 percent civilian production and .20 percent navy production.

"T he sho rtage of skilled labor res ults in our not being able to use mo re semi-skilled workers," said th e dire ctor. H e went on to say tha t the shortages he re resulted in sho rtages else­ where, and ad mitted frankly tha t th er e is more machinery than th ere is skilled lab or to us e it. Efforts a re being made to train workers as tool and die makers, and the need is such that some of them are. pu t to work with only six months' training, in stead of the six years' training that th e d irecto r con sid ered normal as a training pe riod. Som e Germa ns are bei ng used on skilled w ork and for t rain ing purpos es, t he director sa id, but th e practice is not general. On the evening of October 17, after a send-off banquet attended by a la rge number of Leningrad trade uni on leaders, th e CIO delegation left by train for M oscow. 19 The Trade Union Set-Up {vIost of the de legation's last day in t he Soviet U nion wa s spent at th e headquarters of the AUCCTU in Moscow, a large office building hou sin g some 600 employ ees of th at organization as well as 600 officers and em ­ ployee s of about a sco re of affiliated union s that share these head qu a rters. The wide scope of t he trade uni on s' ac tivities reflect ed in the depart­ ments included in the AUCCTU headq ua rters set-up were de scrib ed to us . Ther e a re special departments, eac h with its own di rector and st aff for wage negot iations ; legal; orga nization ; socia l insuran ce ; rest homes a nd sa nato ria; hou sing; worker s' sup plies; publication s ; labor sa fety and protection; phy sica l culture and sports ; international affairs; educational and cultu ral activit ies; resea rch ; as well as for per sonnel, office manage­ me nt and finances. We visited most of th ese depart men ts and interviewed , a number of th eir directors. Director Peter Ka zakov of the Orga nization Depa rt me nt outl ined for us the st ruct ure of the Soviet t rad e uni on movem en t. H e said th at indus­ trial unionism is the rule th er e as in the CIO, with all the worker s in each plant in a sing le uni on and one industrial uni on for each indust ry . There a re 168 All-U nion indust rial unions affi liated to the A UCCT U, eac h of them with division s for the va rious Soviet Republics in which they operate. In addition , there a re region al a nd d istrict committees, a nd each fac to ry has its shop committee and com mittees for eac h departmen t. As a gene ral ru le a shop stewa rd is elected for each twe nty workers.

M r. Kazakov emphasized that all union elections are by secret ballot. Departmental and shop committees and shop stewards are elected directly by the workers in the shops, w ho al so elect their delegates to district and regional con­ ven tions j these conventions in turn elect the district and regional committees and the delegates to All-Union con­ ventions.

How, Soviet s Determine Pay Scales

T he sup reme body in each .indust rial union is the All-Union Con ­ gress , or convention, which ,is required to be held at least once in even' two years. The delegates to these conven t ions el eci the union's Ce ntr~I Committee with a membersh ip ranging fro m 35 to 70, a nd a P r e ~id i u m of abo ut 10 member s; and the Centra l Committee in its tu rn elect s the President and Secr etary. 20 E ach industrial uni on , region al or district com mittee, shop co mmitt ee and departmental committee has de partments or subco mmittees to handle ea ch phase of th e uni on work, brok en down along similar lin es to those of the departments of the AUCCTU. ' U nion member shi p dues vary in differ en t orga niza tions, and approx i­ mate 1 percent of th e workers' wa ges. The un ion s pay a per capita tax to the AUCCTU ran ging from one to 4 pe rcent of the dues they receive from their members. F or additiona l information on the uni on s' pa rt in determi ning wage rates th e CIa del egation interview ed Alex Stepanov, directo r of the \Vages department of the AUCCTU. He explained that the budget for each industry in the Soviet U n ion is drawn up by a top government' planning body on which the AUCCTU is represented and consulted on the proportion of the budget which should go to wages, so that it can present the workers' dem nds and work for their incorporation in the national plan. Once the total payroll has been determined for a particu­ lar industry, the government Commissariat (d e p a r tm e n t) directing that industry consults with the industrial union on how this budget shall be divided between the various plants and sections of the industry, Finally, the union sho p com­ mittee in each plant works out with its management the wage rates for the workers employed in that plant.

In exp laining th e detail ed negoti ation s of wage rates, 1\Ir. Stepanov po inte d out th at beca use of the great a nd generally recognized need for increasing production, and th e im mediate and ta ng ible ben efits which the worker s ca n expect fro m increasin g th e supply of commo di ties, t he great emp hasis is place d on wa ge incen tives of all kinds to increase outp ut; piecewo rk is the predo mina nt sys te m, and progressive piece rates (with double or t riple pay for extra units of prod uction) a re common in ma ny factories and op era tions . I n det ermining piece rates and rates of output pe r wo rke r, the work­ ers conce rned a re in all cases cons ulte d, M r. Stepano v sa id . T hey discuss the matter in factory meetings and th e shop committee takes up their::' suggestions and dem and s with the managem en t, with a view to their incorporation in the collec tive agreement. T he fina l rates han to' be referred back to the shop co mmittee and ca nnot be place d in force un til that committee has attached its signature to t hem. Individual grieva nces over wages and : conditions are referred to a " rates and conflict com m ittee" on whi ch managem en t and . union a re equally represented, according to NIr. Stepanov. T his committee ca n dis- 21 cuss a particular gn evance only in the .presence of the worker who ad ­ vances it and the de cision must be made openly in his presence. The decision ca n be appealed through a wh ole series of higher committees of uni on and management, but if it is still unsettled after this procedure ha s been followed the final deci sion will rest with the AUCCTU. Once a deci sion ha s been du ly rendered a plant director who -fails to comply with it can be taken to court an d made to pay da mages if found guilty.

Conference : CIO delegates and Soviet union leaders sit around the table to discu ss labor pr oblems in t he United States and the USSR. The scene above, duplicated many times duri ng the American unionists' eig ht.day tour, was in the director's office of a large Lening ra d factory.

How Much Do Wages Buy? F or information on pri ces and the purchasing power of Soviet wages, the CIa delegation interviewed Matthew Berbasov, Director of Workers' Su pply D ep artment of the AUCCTU. H e told us that rationing wa s int roduced as a war measure and the amount of a worker's ration va ries according to the kind of work he performs, those doing heavy work getting more food than those do ing light or offi ce work. E xtra rations are also provided for expectant mothers, persons in a tubercular condition and other special groups; and special ration cards are provided for children to enable them to get the kinds of food they need . Prices for the food and other supplies to which people are entitled on their ration cards are rigidly cont rolled at pre-war level s. But pur­ cha ses beyond these rati ons ma y also be made at much higher prices at 22 the so-tailed "comm ercial store" or for still h igh er p rices on the open market where farmers bring the ir goo ds ove r and above their quota to the state. R ents are strictly con trolled an d vary from 5 to 14 percent of a work­ er's wages, according to figures given to the delegati on. It is difficult, however, to make any exact appraisal of the purchasing power of Soviet wages because of the above­ mentioned differences in prices "for goods bought within the ration and the same kind of goods legally purchased beyond the ration ; because of the various medical and other social se r v ices which a Soviet worker receives free or for a nominal charge ; and because of the shortage of most" consumers' goods, which makes a worker less concerned with the amount of his wages than with finding commodities which he can buy with them. To increase the workers' food supplies the trade unions "have set up wo rkers' supply depart ments and special committees in all large factories whic h concern themselves with the plant di ning rooms, with special farms to supply prod ucts to thei r plants, and with other methods of adding to the rationed food supplies. Victory ga rdens have bee n actively promoted by the union s, and the number of them has increased from five million in 1942 to more than 18 milli on in 1945. For sim ilar reasons of increasin g the supply of available commodit ies and th us rais ing living standards, the Soviet trade un ions place the great­ est stress on increasing production in every field and by eve ry means possible.

"We Have Been Deeply Moved" Afte r visiting the headquarters of t he All-Union Ce ntral Coun cil of Trade Unions, the CIa de legates held a press con ference at-the offices of Trud, the dai ly newspaper of the AUCCTU. At that con fere nce, Chair­ ma n J ames B. Carey mad e the follow ing statement on be ha lf of the CIa de legation : "Our visit to the Soviet Union as guests of the All-Union Cen t ral Council of Trade U~ ions has been brief due to the pressure of recon­ version problems in the United States wh ich necessitates our ea rly return. But it has bee n long enough to leave with us some deep and very positive impressions. "We have been deeply moved by the persona l wa rmth and friend ­ sh ip shown to us on all sides, not only by our official hosts bu t also by the rank and file of union workers with whom we have met in 23 On the move: CIO delegates cover ed a lot of gr ound during their visit to Soviet plants. Here they're leaving Ii la rge Leningrad machine factory.

plants, sho p meetings a nd worker s' clubs. The eager de sir e of th e Soviet peopl e for closer ties of under standing and. fr iendshi p with th e people of th e Unite d Sta tes ha s been evide nced ag ain a nd again.

','It has greatly strengthened our own determination as CIO representatives to do everything within our power to cement our cordial relations with the Soviet trade unions and to estab­ lish e ven closer unity between our two great countries for the maintenance of lasting peace and for growing prosperity and democratic progress.

"\Ye wer e particu larly im pr essed at Leningrad and her e at M oscow by the magnifi cent heroism of a peop le wh o under indescrib abl e diffi­ culties held th e N azis at ba y on th e outs kirts of th eir greates t cities and thu s hel ped turn th e tide of th e wh ole war for the U nited N ations. \Ve were horrified by th e wholesale de struction wrou gh t by th e N azis, bu t filled with the greates t admiration for th e det ermination and un ited effort of the people whi ch ha s already brou ght a bout substa ntial re­ construction and pro mises grea t things for th e future elevation of livin g standards .. " 1 am sure that a ny ethe r America ns wh o could see wh at we have see n would be moved by th e sa me feeling of de ep human sy mpathy which we ha ve felt and by the sa me desire to ass ist and coo pe ra te in the great tasks in whi ch t he Sov iet people a re now engage d . \Vc be- 24 lieve th at America ca n assist grea tly by supplying many of th e ma­ chines and othe r products which the Sovi et Union so so rely needs, a nd th at in so doing we sha ll be prom oting our own p rosperity a nd drawing close r to gether our tw o peoples for their com mo n goa ls.

Pride of Association

"As trade unionists, we have of course paid particular atten­ tion to the activities of the Soviet trade unions. We have been impressed by their promoting of the interests of the workers, as well as by their 'magnificent and wholehearted 'partic ipa tio n in winning the war and in the tasks of reconstruction. We have also noted with pleasure their many activities of a social welfare and cultural character and the comprehensive nature of the social security system which they operate. "Our observations have increased our pride in being asso­ ciated with such a great trade union movement through the World Federation of Trade Unions. " \V e a re su re that our visit and the rep ort we shall bring back to A merica n labor will aid in cementing international tra de uni on un ity and in bringin g about a closer underst anding and more active coo pe ration between ou r tw o peoples. W e wish to express ou r thanks and appreciation to the Soviet trade uni on mo vement fo r glvmg us thi s op po rt unity a nd for its' most ge ne ro us hosp itality ."

Confab With Molotov

F ollowing the p ress conference, the CIa del egation spent an hour with Foreign Commissa r V. 1V1. M olotov , wh o st ress ed his govern ment's de sire for the closest Sovi et-Ameri can fri endship- sentiments which were recipro­ ca ted by the del egates. Commissar Molotov discussed frankly with the delegation the great importance of improving the standard of living for the people of the Soviet Union. He agreed with Mr. Carey's observation that an increase in living standards of all workers was imperatively essential to world peace and security. In t he evening, we were given a most warm and friendly send-off at an affa ir presid ed over by President Kuznetsov of the AUCCTU, and early in t he morning of October 19 we left Moscow by air for London on o ur wa y back to the U nited States. 25 Shop stewards and union offic ial s pose with CIO representatives under a banner expressing " Hearty Greeti ngs" of the workers at t he Kirov plant in Leningrad to " The Congress of Tra d e Unions of the United Sta tes. "

The delegation cannot conclude its report withou t again expressing its deep ap preciation to P resid ent Kuznetsov and the other offi cers and membe rs of the Sovie t t rad e uni on s for their generous and unfailing hos pitality. The reception we rece ived everywhere made a deep impression on us, as did the eagerness of all Soviet cit izen s we met to demon strate their respect and friendship toward American labor and th e American people.

The cro Group's Impressions

This visit ha s made us more than ever determined, as CIa representa­ ti ves, to strengthen our movem ent's ties with the Soviet trade uni on s, as with the labor movements of othe r count ries, and to promote closer under­ stand ing and cooperation between ou r peoples for end uring peace and wo rld prosperity and progress. 26 We were impressed with the character of th e Soviet trad e uni on s, and with their many excellent activities in promoting the interest of the work­ ers, in th e economic, social welfare and cultural field s-as well as with th e most far-rea ching character of the social insurance sys tem they ope r­ ate, which is designed to protect working people and their families against all contingencies from the cradle to th e grave.

While there are many obvious differences in the systems and governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, we found parallels in the functioning of labor unions in both countries, as indeed throughout the world.

W e express our admiration and respect for the effort of the trade un ion s and th e peopl e of the Sovi et U nion for their pa rt in winning th e war and setting abo ut the hu ge ta sks of reconstruction that is abso lutely nece ssary to raise a sta nda rd of living that is low compared with American sta ndards . W e saw hor rifying evidences on all sides of ghastly destruction wr ought by th e N azis in their invasion of the USSR. But we also saw substantial progress in reconst ruction and mu ch evide nce of the unity and det ermina­ tion -of th e peo ple in rebuilding and developing their ind ust ries to make poss ible the high er living sta ndards t hat will come with increased pro­ duction.

How We Can Help

The United States can do much to aid the people of the Soviet Union in their great tasks of reconstruction and eco­ nomic development by supplying many of the machines, indus­ trial techniques, and other products which they so badly need. In so doing, we shall not only be increasing our foreign trade and making more jobs for American workers, but we shall also be laying up a store of goodwill for our­ selves from a great people whose cooperation we shall need in peace as much as in war for our own future welfare and security.

There mu st be an enla rged interchange of people between th e two count ries. Past pra ctices of exchanging students should be expanded, bu t side by side with this de velopment should go the interchange of workers who can both learn and teach the most modern indust rial methods . An organization kn own as the International Training Ad minist ratio n, Inc., ha s developed for the U n i t~ d States such activity in other cases. P erhaps 27 Soviet R ussia will esta blish a similar vehicle for the interchange of work­ ers between the two countries. T he recent establishment of a Soviet-American Trade U nion Commit­ tee, as a pp roved by th e C IO Executive Board and the ACCCTu, is hea rt­ ily welcomed as p rov iding a continuing me d ium for the exc hange of in­ formation and the promotion of ever-closer relations between ou r two trade uni on movem ents. We hope that th e visit of the Sov iet T ra de L nion delegation to th e United States and ou r ret urn visit to t he USSR will be the fore ru nner of ma ny simila r exchanges in the future.

The peace and prosperity of our countries and of the w orl d depend not only upon the cooperation of governments but even more upon the understanding and friendship which may be fostered between the working and common people of all countries. The CIO sent our delegation to the U SS R to promote this purpose, and our visit has added to our deter­ mination to continue its promotion in the future in every way \ve can.

28 CIO Publications

THE CIO NEWS. Official weekly newspaper of the CIa. Subscription $1.00 'a year ($1.50 in Canada). Special rates for bundle orders, group subscriptions and special editions upon request . UNION NEWS SERVICE. A weekly clipsheet for editors. ECONOMIC OUTLOOK. A monthly survey of current economic facts. $1.00 a year.

No. 63. The CIO and the Negro Worker. No. 112. Union Hall Books!l.elf. General la­ CIa's stand on unity of Negro and white work­ bor bibliography. 28 pp., IOc a copy, 100 for ers for victory and better living conditions. Re­ $8, 500 for $30. vised February 1942. 12 pp., 100 for $1.75, 500 for $5.75. No. 114. A Society of Free Men. Speech of Bishop Bernard J. Sheil at 1944 CIa Conven­ No. 80. Church and Labor. 4 pp., 100 for tion. 8 pp., 100 for $1.50, 500 for $6, 1,000 60c, 500 for $2.75, 1,000 for $4.75. for $10.

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No. 102. Lahor's Political Aims. By Philip No. 126. B·B.H, an Evil Bill. Analysis of Murray. An outline for Labor Political Action . the Ball-Burton-Hatch Bill. 48 pp., 10c a copy, 8 PP., 100 for $1.50. 500 for $6. 1,000 for $10. 100 for $8, 500 for $35. No. 127. Report on World Unity. Report of No. 103. Good Shelter for Everyone. A CIO Delegation to Paris Conference. 24 pp., Housing Program for an Economy of Abund­ IOc per copy, 100 for $5, 500 for $20. ance. 2 color. 28 pp., 10c a copy, 100 for $7. No. 128. Report of the CIO Delegation to No. 111. Labor and Religion. How they the USSR. A description of the forms and may cooperate. 20 pp.• 5c a copy. 100 for $4, functions of Soviet labor unions. 32 pp., 15c 500 for $15. per copy, 100 for $10, 500 for $40.

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