DOCSLIB.ORG

First to the Party: the Group Origins of the Partisan Transformation on Civil Rights, 1940–1960

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First to the Party: the Group Origins of the Partisan Transformation on Civil Rights, 1940–1960 Studies in American Political Development, 27 (October 2013), 1–31. ISSN 0898-588X/13 doi:10.1017/S0898588X13000072 # Cambridge University Press 2013 First to the Party: The Group Origins of the Partisan Transformation on Civil Rights, 1940–1960 Christopher A. Baylor, College of the Holy Cross One of the most momentous shifts in twentieth-century party politics was the Democratic Party’s embrace of civil rights. Recent scholarship finds that this realignment began as early as the 1940s and traces it to pressure groups, especially organized labor. But such scholarship does not explain why labor, which was traditionally hostile to African Americans, began to work with them. Nor does it ascribe agency to the efforts of African American pressure groups. Focusing on the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), this article attempts to fill these gaps in the literature. It explains why civil rights and labor leaders reassessed their traditional animosities and began to work as allies in the Democratic Party. It further shows how pressure from the new black-blue alliance forced the national Democratic Party to stop straddling civil rights issues and to become instead the vehicle for promoting civil rights. NAACP and CIO leaders consciously sought to remake the Democratic Party by marginalizing conservative Southerners, and eventually succeeded. The partisan transformation on civil rights is arguably became the party of states’ rights. The civil rights the most important twentieth-century case in Ameri- transformation arguably presaged the future partisan can politics in which parties changed positions on division on cultural issues as well. How and when did an entire dimension of political conflict. At the turn the parties change? of the twentieth century, the Democratic Party was Not long ago, leading scholarship held that that the widely viewed as the party that had initiated secession, fundamental change occurred in the 1960s. In par- obstructed Reconstruction, and institutionalized Jim ticular, Carmines and Stimson argue that Republicans Crow. As late as the 1930s, there were few signs that and Democrats resembled each other on civil rights the party would represent the interests of African until 1964, when Democratic Party elites led their Americans. Though sponsoring the New Deal, party’s evolution on civil rights.1 Recent scholarship which was popular among black voters, few Demo- has challenged this account and argues that realign- cratic leaders wanted a colorblind distribution of its ment took place in the 1940s. Among the revisionists, benefits. Some in the party supported civil rights legis- Farhang and Katznelson contend that southern lation, but Franklin Roosevelt was famously reticent Democrats began to ally with Republicans in the on this subject, and the party’s entrenched southern 1940s to limit the power of labor unions and the wing was adamantly opposed. All in all, the Demo- new political regime they were creating.2 Chen, cratic Party was little more promising as an ally to Mickey, and Van Houweling also find that California African Americans than was the party of Lincoln, Republicans were more likely to oppose Fair Employ- which had not prioritized civil rights in decades. Yet, ment Practice Commissions (FEPCs) in the same in the 1960s, Democratic Party leaders passed decade, and Chen finds similar patterns in other several landmark civil rights laws while Republicans states.3 Feinstein and Schickler suggest that the I would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for extensive 1. Edward Carmines and James Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and thoughtful feedback, which was much more detailed than and the Transformation of American Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton the norm for journal submissions. John Zaller and Scott James University Press, 1989). also provided insightful responses to several drafts of this paper. I 2. Sean Farhang and Ira Katznelson, “The Southern Impo- thank Eric Schickler for substantial comments on an early sition: Congress and Labor in the New Deal and Fair Deal,” version. My colleagues at Wellesley College, including Tom Burke, Studies in American Political Development 19 (2005). Nadya Hajj, Hahrie Han, Bill Joseph, Marion Just, Joel Krieger, 3. Anthony S. Chen, Robert W. Mickey, and Robert P. Van Hou- Paul MacDonald, and Lena Zuckerwise, made helpful suggestions weling, “Explaining the Contemporary Alignment of Race and on a practice talk based on this paper. Finally, Ayobami Laniyonu’s Party: Evidence from California’s 1946 Ballot Initiative on Fair insights on the NAACP and Kira Newman’s suggestions on Employment,” Studies in American Political Development 22 (2008): grammar and clarity are gratefully acknowledged. 204–28; Anthony Chen, The Fifth Freedom: Jobs, Politics, and Civil 1 2 CHRISTOPHER A. BAYLOR Democratic Party coalition partners led state Demo- delegates.6 Georgia Senator Richard Russell’s failure to cratic parties to adopt more racially liberal platforms get his presidential nomination off the ground at the than Republicans did.4 Schickler, Pearson, and 1952 convention was another meaningful signal of Feinstein provide evidence that “meso-level” party the party’s direction. activists influenced the national party through Con- From the vantage point of the 1930s, the alliance gress, where northern Democrats were more likely between the NAACP and CIO that helped bring to support discharge petitions in favor of civil rights.5 about these outcomes was anything but a forgone I concur with the revisionists in tracing the parti- conclusion. Labor had a record of hostility to san transformation on civil rights to the 1940s. In blacks. But the alliance overcame this history and the research presented below, I delve more deeply forced the national Democratic Party to meet a into the interest group origins of the civil rights minimum threshold of support for civil rights. This movement. The Congress of Industrial Organiz- threshold was unacceptable to many Southerners, ations (CIO) and the National Association for the some of whom never supported national Democratic Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), groups candidates after bolting the 1948 convention. that were not initially friendly toward one another, Without strategic pressure from external groups, it is forged a new alliance that aimed, as a matter of con- likely that African Americans would have spent scious strategy, to remake the Democratic Party as more time without a party, and it is possible that the the vehicle of their policy interests. While the Democratic Party would have maintained the same NAACP was one among many civil rights groups, it balance between northern and southern interests as was the principal civil rights group working with it had in the 1930s. Many northern Democratic the CIO in its effort to bring African Americans leaders had shown themselves quite willing to con- into the Democratic Party and drive out the agents tinue cooperating with southern segregationists of southern segregation. This paper examines both even after it was clear that the demographic base of the cause of the alliance—changing organizational the party was changing. needs and goals—and the transformative effect of To use Barry Goldwater’s metaphor of “hunting this alliance on the Democratic Party. The motives where the ducks are,” the alliance of the CIO and behind the alliance included both groups’ policy NAACP did not simply attract politicians to new agendas as well as the need to sustain themselves as hunting grounds. It created a hospitable ecosystem organizations. The groups worked to finesse their for ducks that changed the hunters’ behavior. It was differences in the interest of an effective political an environment in which labor and civil rights tra- alliance. velled together, so that disturbing one was likely to Before the McGovern-Fraser reforms, national disturb the other. This new environment offered party conventions were the locus of national power nourishment—door knockers, prestige endorse- within the parties. At party conventions of the ments, registration of friendly voters—to rising poli- 1940s and 1950s, the CIO sought to realign the ticians who would commit to the cause. party by gaining delegate support for nominees Part of the reason that political scientists have over- and platforms satisfactory to liberals and civil rights looked the role of the CIO and the NAACP in chan- activists. Platforms and nominations do not, of ging the Democratic Party is that they have only course, bind the “party-in-government” to do any- recently focused on the role of groups, rather than thing whatsoever. But activists nonetheless viewed national politicians, in defining parties. Political their convention struggles as meaningful, and cor- scientist E. E. Schattschneider asserted that pressure rectly so. Extensive behind-the-scenes maneuvers at groups are “rarely organized to deliver votes” or the 1944 convention led to the vice-presidential nomi- “conduct an active campaign in the electorate.”7 But nation of the racially moderate Harry S. Truman, rather he overlooked the possibility that groups could than the South Carolina segregationist James Byrnes, as remake nominating coalitions. And he overlooked the back-up to the visibly moribund Franklin Roosevelt. as well the active efforts of unions and civil rights Adoption of a racially liberal platform at the 1948 con- leaders to mobilize their followers, some of whom vention signaled a strengthening commitment to civil were otherwise inattentive to politics, for this rights, which led directly to a walkout by many southern purpose. A political science and social movement 6. One political scientist writes that platforms act “as a window through which to view factional fights and a means to assess their Rights in the United States, 1941–1972 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni- relative strength.” Jo Freeman, “Feminism vs. Family Values: versity Press, 2009). Women at the 1992 Democratic and Republican Conventions,” 4. Brian Feinstein and Eric Schickler, “Platforms and Partners: PS: Political Science and Politics 26 (March 1993), 26.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SCMS 2011 MEDIA CITIZENSHIP • Conference Program and Screening Synopses
    SCMS 2011 MEDIA CITIZENSHIP • Conference Program and Screening Synopses The Ritz-Carlton, New Orleans • March 10–13, 2011 • SCMS 2011 Letter from the President Welcome to New Orleans and the fabulous Ritz-Carlton Hotel! On behalf of the Board of Directors, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to our members, professional staff, and volunteers who have put enormous time and energy into making this conference a reality. This is my final conference as SCMS President, a position I have held for the past four years. Prior to my presidency, I served two years as President-Elect, and before that, three years as Treasurer. As I look forward to my new role as Past-President, I have begun to reflect on my near decade-long involvement with the administration of the Society. Needless to say, these years have been challenging, inspiring, and expansive. We have traveled to and met in numerous cities, including Atlanta, London, Minneapolis, Vancouver, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Los Angeles. We celebrated our 50th anniversary as a scholarly association. We planned but unfortunately were unable to hold our 2009 conference at Josai University in Tokyo. We mourned the untimely death of our colleague and President-Elect Anne Friedberg while honoring her distinguished contributions to our field. We planned, developed, and launched our new website and have undertaken an ambitious and wide-ranging strategic planning process so as to better position SCMS to serve its members and our discipline today and in the future. At one of our first strategic planning sessions, Justin Wyatt, our gifted and hardworking consultant, asked me to explain to the Board why I had become involved with the work of the Society in the first place.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold War Anticommunism and the Long Civil Rights Movement in America by Kierstin Stewart a Thesis Submitted To
    The Black Scare: Cold War Anticommunism and the Long Civil Rights Movement in America By Kierstin Stewart A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the MA degree in History University of Ottawa © Kierstin Stewart, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 ii Table of Contents Introduction………………............................................................................................................v Chapter One: The “Exaggerated” American: Strategy Split and Subversion................................1 Chapter Two: Black Culture and Subversion...............................................................................48 Chapter Three: The Death of the “Exaggerated” American.........................................................96 Epilogue......................................................................................................................................134 Bibliography...............................................................................................................................148 iii Abstract This thesis discusses the impact of the Cold War on the Long African American Civil Rights Movement in the US from 1945 into the early 1970s. I seek to address the historiography that argues that the Cold War was an animating or galvanizing force behind the Civil Rights movement. I argue that black strategies of activism and black thought during the long civil rights era were directly or indirectly influenced by Cold War politics. Strategies towards freedom
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Luther King Jr., Cesar Chavez, and the Images of Their Movements
    MIXED UP IN THE MAKING: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., CESAR CHAVEZ, AND THE IMAGES OF THEIR MOVEMENTS A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by ANDREA SHAN JOHNSON Dr. Robert Weems, Jr., Dissertation Supervisor MAY 2006 © Copyright by Andrea Shan Johnson 2006 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled MIXED UP IN THE MAKING: MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., CESAR CHAVEZ AND THE IMAGES OF THEIR MOVEMENTS Presented by Andrea Shan Johnson A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of History And hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. __________________________________________________________ Professor Robert Weems, Jr. __________________________________________________________ Professor Catherine Rymph __________________________________________________________ Professor Jeffery Pasley __________________________________________________________ Professor Abdullahi Ibrahim ___________________________________________________________ Professor Peggy Placier ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe thanks to many people for helping me in the completion of this dissertation. Thanks go first to my advisor, Dr. Robert Weems, Jr. of the History Department of the University of Missouri- Columbia, for his advice and guidance. I also owe thanks to the rest of my committee, Dr. Catherine Rymph, Dr. Jeff Pasley, Dr. Abdullahi Ibrahim, and Dr. Peggy Placier. Similarly, I am grateful for my Master’s thesis committee at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Dr. Annie Gilbert Coleman, Dr. Nancy Robertson, and Dr. Michael Snodgrass, who suggested that I might undertake this project. I would also like to thank the staff at several institutions where I completed research.
    [Show full text]
  • Youngstown State University Oral History Program
    YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY ORAL HISTORY PROGRAM 1952 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Steel Strike Personal Experience O.H. 1218 RUSSELL L. THOMAS Interviewed by Andrew Russ on October 28, 1988 Russell Thomas resides in North Jackson, Ohio and was born on January 18, 1908 in East Palestine, Ohio. He attended high school in Coitsville, Ohio and eventually was employed for the United Steel Workers of America in the capacity of local union representative. Tn this capacity, he worked closely with the Youngstown's local steel workers' unions. It was from this position that he experienced the steel strike of 1952. Mr. Thomas, after relating his biography, went on to discuss the organization of the Youngstown contingent of the United Steel Workers of America. He went into depth into the union's genera- tion, it's struggle with management, and the rights it obtained for the average worker employed in the various steel mills of Youngstown. He recollected that the steel strike of 1952 was one that was different in the respect that President Truman had taken over the operation of the mills in order to prosecute the Korean War effort. He also discussed local labor politics as he had run for the posiUon of local union president. Although he was unsuccessful in this bid for office, his account of just how the local labor political game was played provided great insight into the labor movement's influence upon economic issues and public opinion. His interview was different in that it discussed not only particular issues that affected the average Youngstown worker employed in steel, but also broad political and economic ones that molded this period of American labor history.
    [Show full text]
  • Roy Wilkins Papers [Finding Aid]. Library Of
    Roy Wilkins Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 1997 Revised 2010 April Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Additional search options available at: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms002001 LC Online Catalog record: http://lccn.loc.gov/mm81075939 Prepared by Allan Teichroew and Paul Ledvina Revised by Allan Teichroew Collection Summary Title: Roy Wilkins Papers Span Dates: 1901-1980 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1932-1980) ID No.: MSS75939 Creator: Wilkins, Roy, 1901-1981 Extent: 28,200 items ; 76 containers ; 30.7 linear feet Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Summary: Civil rights leader and journalist. Correspondence, memoranda, diary, manuscripts of speeches, newspaper columns, and articles, subject files, reports, minutes, committee, board, and administrative material, printed material, and other papers relating primarily to Wilkins's career with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in various positions between 1931 and 1977, especially his service as executive director (1965-1977). Selected Search Terms The following terms have been used to index the description of this collection in the Library's online catalog. They are grouped by name of person or organization, by subject or location, and by occupation and listed alphabetically therein. People Carter, Robert L., 1917-2012--Correspondence. Current, Gloster B. (Gloster Bryant), 1913-1997--Correspondence. Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963. Evers, Charles, 1922- --Correspondence. Farmer, James, 1920- --Correspondence. Franklin, Chester Arthur, 1880-1955--Correspondence. Hastie, William, 1904-1976--Correspondence.
    [Show full text]
  • Experiences of C.W. Editor in Steel Towns with C.I.O
    Experiences of C.W. Editor in Steel Towns with C.I.O. Dorothy Day The Catholic Worker, August 1936, 1, 2. *Summary: Impressions from a fact-finding tour of Pennsylvania steel towns and interviews with such figures as Bishop Boyle of Pittsburgh; John L. Lewis, chairman of the CIO; Kathryn Lewis, his daughter; and John Brophy, Director of the CIO. For readers seeking background information on the steel/labor struggle, she recommends several books. Applauds church and government efforts to support labor in its struggle to organize and notes with satisfaction The CW ’s ability to transcend race and ethnic boundaries. Keywords: labor, unions, social teaching (DDLW #302).* A story like this is too big to compress in one column. Impressions crowded upon one over two weeks of constant observation are hard to put down on paper. There could be an interview with Bishop Boyle of Pittsburgh; with John L. Lewis, chairman of the Committee on Industrial Organization; with John Brophy, director of the committee; with Philip Murray, head of the Steel Workers’ Organization Committee (SWOC); with Pat Fagin, president of District No. 5 of the United Mine Workers; with the wives and mothers of steel workers; with Father Kazincy, who spoke from a wooden platform out in an open air mass meeting at Braddock last Sunday; with Smiley Chatak, the young organizer of the Allegheny Valley; with the Slovaks, the Croatians, the Syrians, the Italians and the Americans I have been seeing this past month–individuals among the 500,000 steel workers who have been unorganized, oppressed and enslaved for the last half century in the giant mills of the American Iron and Steel Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of the Pension and Social Insurance Program of the United Steelworkers of America, 1941-1960
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2019 Bargaining for Security: The Rise of the Pension and Social Insurance Program of the United Steelworkers of America, 1941-1960 Henry Edward Himes III [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Labor History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Himes, Henry Edward III, "Bargaining for Security: The Rise of the Pension and Social Insurance Program of the United Steelworkers of America, 1941-1960" (2019). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 3917. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/3917 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bargaining for Security: The Rise of the Pension and Social Insurance Program of the United Steelworkers of America, 1941-1960 Henry E. Himes III Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Ken Fones-Wolf, PhD., Chair Elizabeth Fones-Wolf, PhD.
    [Show full text]
  • W. Averell Harriman Papers a Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress
    W. Averell Harriman Papers A Finding Aid to the Collection in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 2016 Contact information: http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/mss.contact Catalog Record: https://lccn.loc.gov/mm85061911 Additional search options available at: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms003012 Prepared by Allan Teichroew with the assistance of Haley Barnett, Connie L. Cartledge, Paul Colton, Marie Friendly, Patrick Holyfield, Allyson H. Jackson, Patrick Kerwin, Mary A. Lacy, Sherralyn McCoy, John R. Monagle, Susie H. Moody, Sheri Shepherd, and Thelma Queen Revised by Connie L. Cartledge with the assistance of Karen Stuart, 1999 Revised by Michael Folkerts, 2016 Finding aid encoded by Library of Congress Manuscript Division, 2003 Revised 2016 October Collection Summary Title: W. Averell Harriman Papers Span Dates: 1869-2008 Bulk Dates: (bulk 1895-1986) ID No.: MSS61911 Creator: Harriman, W. Averell (William Averell), 1891-1986 Extent: 346,760 items Extent: 1,041 containers plus 11 classified and 75 oversize Extent: 529.9 linear feet Extent: 54 microfilm reels Language: Collection material in English Location: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. LC Catalog record: https://lccn.loc.gov/mm85061911 Summary: Diplomat, entrepreneur, philanthropist, and politician. Correspondence, memoranda, family papers, business records, diplomatic accounts, speeches, statements and writings, photographs, and other papers documenting Harriman's career in business, finance, politics, and public service, particularly during the Franklin Roosevelt, Truman, Kennedy, Johnson, and Carter presidential administrations. Online Content: A digital copy of the Alaska expedition album is available is available on the Library of Congress Web site at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.amrvm03.
    [Show full text]
  • Andrew A. Robinson Elementary Every Student in Grades K-5 At
    Black History Timeline Andrew A. Robinson Elementary Every student in grades K-5 at A.R.E. will complete a Black History Timeline at home based on the guidelines in this packet. Students will select a famous African- American in the category for their grade level, complete a timeline at home, and submit it to your ELA teacher on the assigned due date for a grade. The final project is due to your Language Arts teacher on Tuesday, February 25, 2021. Being that this is an at home project, your child will not be given time at school to research, plan, or complete this project. Please help your child in his/her efforts to have the project follow the requirements and handed in on time. PLEASE NOTE: This project will count as a test grade in Language Arts and Social Studies. One project per homeroom class will be selected to be featured on the A.R.E. Facebook page. Let’s hope it’s yours!! Black History Timeline Make an illustrated timeline (10 or more entries on the timeline) showing important events from the life of the person you are doing your Black History Project on. This project should be completed on a sheet of poster board. Underneath each illustration on the timeline, please create a detailed caption about what is in the illustration and the date in which the event occurred. *You must include: • A minimum of 10 entries on the timeline put in chronological order. • At least 5 entries should include an illustrated picture and detailed caption. • You must include at least one event on each of the following topics: the person’s date of birth, education, what made this figure important in African American history and their life’s accomplishment (s).
    [Show full text]
  • Order Form Full
    JAZZ ARTIST TITLE LABEL RETAIL ADDERLEY, CANNONBALL SOMETHIN' ELSE BLUE NOTE RM112.00 ARMSTRONG, LOUIS LOUIS ARMSTRONG PLAYS W.C. HANDY PURE PLEASURE RM188.00 ARMSTRONG, LOUIS & DUKE ELLINGTON THE GREAT REUNION (180 GR) PARLOPHONE RM124.00 AYLER, ALBERT LIVE IN FRANCE JULY 25, 1970 B13 RM136.00 BAKER, CHET DAYBREAK (180 GR) STEEPLECHASE RM139.00 BAKER, CHET IT COULD HAPPEN TO YOU RIVERSIDE RM119.00 BAKER, CHET SINGS & STRINGS VINYL PASSION RM146.00 BAKER, CHET THE LYRICAL TRUMPET OF CHET JAZZ WAX RM134.00 BAKER, CHET WITH STRINGS (180 GR) MUSIC ON VINYL RM155.00 BERRY, OVERTON T.O.B.E. + LIVE AT THE DOUBLET LIGHT 1/T ATTIC RM124.00 BIG BAD VOODOO DADDY BIG BAD VOODOO DADDY (PURPLE VINYL) LONESTAR RECORDS RM115.00 BLAKEY, ART 3 BLIND MICE UNITED ARTISTS RM95.00 BROETZMANN, PETER FULL BLAST JAZZWERKSTATT RM95.00 BRUBECK, DAVE THE ESSENTIAL DAVE BRUBECK COLUMBIA RM146.00 BRUBECK, DAVE - OCTET DAVE BRUBECK OCTET FANTASY RM119.00 BRUBECK, DAVE - QUARTET BRUBECK TIME DOXY RM125.00 BRUUT! MAD PACK (180 GR WHITE) MUSIC ON VINYL RM149.00 BUCKSHOT LEFONQUE MUSIC EVOLUTION MUSIC ON VINYL RM147.00 BURRELL, KENNY MIDNIGHT BLUE (MONO) (200 GR) CLASSIC RECORDS RM147.00 BURRELL, KENNY WEAVER OF DREAMS (180 GR) WAX TIME RM138.00 BYRD, DONALD BLACK BYRD BLUE NOTE RM112.00 CHERRY, DON MU (FIRST PART) (180 GR) BYG ACTUEL RM95.00 CLAYTON, BUCK HOW HI THE FI PURE PLEASURE RM188.00 COLE, NAT KING PENTHOUSE SERENADE PURE PLEASURE RM157.00 COLEMAN, ORNETTE AT THE TOWN HALL, DECEMBER 1962 WAX LOVE RM107.00 COLTRANE, ALICE JOURNEY IN SATCHIDANANDA (180 GR) IMPULSE
    [Show full text]
  • OBSERVER Vol
    OBSERVER Vol. 96 No. 8 October 27, 1989 Page 1 Botstein Addresses Forum Cormac Flynn Alumni Witness Purgatory Valerie Scurto Fire! Fire Everywhere! Valerie Scurto Page 2 ACT-UP, Fight Back David Miller Chinese Table in Kline Jason Van Driesche Page 3 Club Actively Plans Events Andrea J. Stein Parents’ Day Agenda Planned Amy Sechrist Student respond to new Kline Tom Hickerson Page 4 “Green” Products Complete the Recycling Cycle Jen Anonia Health Talk: Comparing Pain Killers and how They Work Meadow Goldman Page 5 Broadway at Half-Price David Biele Page 6 Beer Column More Mexican Beer Jody Apap and Chris Hancewicz Gwar, for that Halloween Frame of Mind D.J. Spoon Phish: Coming to a Town Near You (Poughkeepsie in fact!) Seth Hollander Page 7 Children of the Sun Max Guazzoni Donald Goes Away Amara Wiley Page 8 Sports Women Trounce Columbia Greene Men Fall to Nyack Bard vs. Post Men Choke at Nyack Basketball has Begun Again at Bard Page 9 LIP at the Gym At The Gym Jody Apap Page 10 Opinion Saferides Condones Alcohol Abuse Some Suggestions Concerning Bard Transportation Sarah Chenven Page 11 Outlook From The Editor’s Sanctum Our Mascot, The Dead Goat Editorial The Boy who Cried “Wolf” Page 12 Calendar THE BARD VOLUME XCVI, ISSUE EIGHT BARD COLLEGE - "The best newspaper October 27, 1989 ANNANDALE-ON-HUDSON, NY 12504 in Annandale." Fire! Fire Everywhere! by Valerie Scurto lo\\"S out into the rain, Stone Row Fire· This past week was quite busy On Tuesday, October 24, the for the Bard Security Office.
    [Show full text]
  • Killing “Dixie”: the Naacp, the Black Press and the Battle to End Black Caricature Culture in Hollywood, 1950-1968
    American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2020 American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) e-ISSN:2378-703X Volume-4, Issue-9, pp-09-18 www.ajhssr.com Research Paper Open Access KILLING “DIXIE”: THE NAACP, THE BLACK PRESS AND THE BATTLE TO END BLACK CARICATURE CULTURE IN HOLLYWOOD, 1950-1968 Teisha Dupree-Wilson, JD, Ph.D. Department of Humanities, Coppin State University, USA Assistant Professor of History ABSTRACT: During the early twentieth century, Hollywood‟s television and film industries created its depictions of African Americans. Many of the images were derived from “Dixie,” a term used to reference the antebellum American South, during a time when African Americans were enslaved. This article examines the account, given by the African American Press, of the ongoing dispute over black imagery between Hollywood and the NAACP. The heightened voice of the African American Press ultimately helped to push for the infusing of black presence in popular culture with the goal of depicting the possibilities of an integrated American society. The NAACP and the African American Press emerged as the leading voices in challenging Hollywood‟s black caricature culture, after recognizing that harmful black representation was injurious to the burgeoning civil rights movement of the mid-twentieth century. KEYWORDS: Black Caricatures, Black Press, Hollywood, NAACP, and Walter White I. INTRODUCTION During the early twentieth century,Hollywoodspawned its depictions of African Americans. Many of the images of African Americans in television and film, were derived from “Dixie,” a term used to reference the antebellum American South, during a time when African Americans were enslaved.1The highly offensive caricatures of “Dixie,” which showed African Americans as subservient and unintelligent, became standard in many Hollywood productions.
    [Show full text]