Non-availability of a name electronically published: the case of Adamas Huber, 1979 (Pisces, , ), invalidly replaced on the Internet

Jean H. HUBER Corresponding member, Ichtyologie, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05 (France) [email protected]

Huber J. H. 2007. — Non-availability of a name electronically published: the case of Adamas Huber, 1979 (Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes, Nothobranchiidae), invalidly replaced on the Internet. Zoosystema 29 (1) : 209-214.

ABSTRACT A discussion on the nomenclatural status of electronic publications and on the procedures of replacement names, following the recent availability of Nomenclator Zoologicus on-line, is forwarded, to avoid deviations from the International Code KEY WORDS of Zoological Nomenclature rules and code of ethics. Th e case of Adamas Huber, Zoological 1979 (Pisces), preoccupied by Adamas Malaise, 1945, a in Hymenoptera, nomenclature, electronic publications, and invalidly replaced on the Internet, is presented. Adamans n. nom. is proposed Adamans n. nom., to replace Adamas. Th e derived family-group name, Adamantini Huber, 2000, Adamansini n. nom., Adamas, also changes to Adamansini n. nom. Finally, a short discussion is provided on Adamantini. the opportunity/risk of the Internet use for nomenclatural acts in zoology.

RÉSUMÉ Non-disponibilité d’un nom publié électroniquement : le cas d’Adamas Huber, 1979 (Pisces, Cyprinodontiformes, Nothobranchiidae), remplacé de manière invalide sur internet. Une discussion sur le statut nomenclatural des publications électroniques et sur les procédures de remplacement des noms, suite à la récente mise à disposition du Nomenclator Zoologicus sur internet, est engagée pour éviter des MOTS CLÉS détournements des règles du Code international de nomenclature zoologique et de Nomenclature son code d’éthique. L’exemple d’Adamas Huber, 1979 (Pisces), préoccupé par zoologique, publications Adamas Malaise, 1945, un genre d’Hymenoptera, mais remplacé de manière électroniques, invalide sur internet, est présenté. Adamans n. nom. est proposé pour remplacer Adamans n. nom., Adamas. Le nom du groupe-famille dérivé, Adamantini Huber, 2000, devient Adamansini n. nom., Adamas, Adamansini n. nom. Les avantages/risques de l’utilisation d’internet pour des Adamantini. actes nomenclaturaux en zoologie sont brièvement discutés.

ZOOSYSTEMA • 2007 • 29 (1) © Publications Scientifi ques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.zoosystema.com 209 Huber J. H.

INTRODUCTION constitutes published work within the meaning of the Code: [...] 9.8. text or illustrations distributed by means of electronic Th e problem of names fi rst proposed on the In- signals (e.g. by means of the World Wide Web)”. ternet (web sites, blogs, e-magazines, e-mailing, Even more, the Code recommends (Recommenda- newsgroups, etc.) is a recent key issue in zoological tion 8B) that a new scientifi c name or nomenclatural nomenclature and will become more and more act is fi rst published in a printed work. important with the development of that media. For example, if a new name is proposed in a web- Even though the relevant dispositions of the lat- site page or a PDF fi le (downloadable or attached est edition of the International Code of Zoological to an e-mail), and if the author does not clearly Nomenclature (ICZN 1999 hereafter called the Code) state that he will produce a CD-rom or a printed are clear on the matter, current practices sometimes version of the same work, and deposit it in at least contradict the rules and recommendations of the fi ve major public institutions, such a new name is Code. Th is may result in increased confusion in not considered as available. zoological nomenclature, which could fi nally be highly detrimental to systematics. Th is paper stems from a specifi c case, the fi sh ge- THE ISSUE OF NAME REPLACEMENT nus Adamas Huber, 1979 for which a replacement PROCEDURES WITH THE NEW ONLINE name has been proposed in Munis, an Internet-based AVAILABILITY OF NOMENCLATOR magazine. It fi rst describes the International Com- ZOOLOGICUS mission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) rules regulating electronic publications, and the ethical Th e recent online availability of the major text book issues pertaining to the replacement of preoccupied Nomenclator Zoologicus (since December 1, 2004 and, names within the environment of the Internet era expanded, since September 22, 2005, at http://uio.mbl. communication facilities (e.g., availability of No- edu/NomenclatorZoologicus) has consistently changed menclator Zoologicus online). Th e example of Adamas the process of replacing homonyms in zoology. Indeed, and its nomenclatural solution are then described. it is extremely easy with this on-line tool to determine if Finally, issues pertaining to the use of the Internet a name is preoccupied and if the homonymy has been for nomenclatural acts in zoology are raised. reviewed by a third party or not. Th ese informations are directly viewable on-line for each name with an “Homonym Mapping” tool in addition; unreplaced NEW NAMES PROPOSED ON THE homonyms, such as Adamas, are labelled as “Homonym INTERNET OR ON ELECTRONIC FILES yes, Corrected no”. As easily accessible as it is now, this information is of great help for taxonomists, as According to the current Code (ICZN 1999), valid it is a guarantee to avoid homonyms in the future (if from January 1, 2000, a new name proposed on universally known). It may however be misused (see the Internet or on electronic fi les is available if, below), especially if the code of ethics of the ICZN is and only if, it complies with articles 8.6 and 9.8, not taken into consideration. Th is code states : as quoted hereafter: “3. A zoologist should not publish a new replacement “8.6. Works produced after 1999 by a method that does name (a nomen novum) or other substitute name for a not employ printing on paper. For a work produced after junior homonym when the author of the latter is alive; 1999 by a method other than printing on paper to be that author should be informed of the homonymy and accepted as published within the meaning of the Code, be allowed a reasonable time (at least a year) in which it must contain a statement that copies (in the form in to establish a substitute name. which it is published) have been deposited in at least 5 4. No author should propose a name that, to his or her major publicly accessible libraries which are identifi ed knowledge or personal belief, would be likely to give by name in the work itself. [...] off ence on any grounds. [...] 9. What does not constitute published work. Notwith- 6. Editors and other responsible for the publication of standing the provisions of Article 8, none of the following zoological papers should avoid publishing any material

210 ZOOSYSTEMA • 2007 • 29 (1) Non-availability of a name electronically published

which appears to them to contain a breach of the above Herein, the name Adamans n. nom. is proposed as principles”. a substitute generic name for Adamas Huber, 1979. Replacement of a preoccupied name should Th e type species remains Adamas formosus Huber, better be performed by the author of the name, 1979. Th e selection of the new name, with a spelling and editorial boards should at least be aware of very close to the previous name, has been guided by the problem. conservative principles because the previous name was very well accepted and used in publications. Etymology: diamond, steel-blue (from Latin: THE SPECIFIC CASE OF ADAMAS Adamans, derived from Greek, initially used in HUBER, 1979 Adamas, with the same meaning), in reference to the unique white-blue brilliant heart-shaped frontal Adamas Huber, 1979 (Huber 1979) was erected to spot. Gender: masculine. include a new fi sh species from the Congo basin. Th e family-group name Adamantini Huber, 2000 Th is taxon has been immediately and unanimously proposed for the family level taxon containing Adamas accepted as a distinct genus of cyprinodontiformes is also invalid, according to Article 39 of the Code: fi shes, along with new morphological, osteological, “Th e name of a family-group taxon is invalid if the behavioural and biogeographical studies (Scheel & name of its type genus is a junior homonym or has Romand 1981; Parenti 1982; Van der Zee 1990; Hu- been totally or partially suppressed [...] by the Com- ber 1998, 2005) and was indexed as valid in all general mission. If that family-group name is in use it must or specialized catalogues (e.g., Wildekamp et al. 1986; be replaced either by the next oldest available name Wildekamp 1993; Poll & Gosse 1995; Eschmeyer from among its synonyms [...], including the names 1998; Huber 2000; Lazara 2001; Wildekamp & Van of its subordinate family-group taxa, or, if there is no der Zee 2004). However, Adamas is preoccupied. such synonym, by a new name based on the valid Th e name was fi rst published by Malaise (1945), for name (whether a synonym or a new replacement name a genus in Hymenoptera, itself a replacement name (nomen novum)) of the former type genus”. for another preoccupied name, Dinax Konow, 1897. Th en, because of a lack of synonyms and because Th e genus Adamas Malaise, 1945 has been studied the stem of Adamans, Adamant-, remains the same recently (Wei 2004) and considered as valid, with as for the preoccupied name, the new name Ada- the description of new species from China. mansini n. nom. is here proposed. Th e selection Late 2005, a team of scientists from Gazi Üniver- of the new name, with a very close spelling to the sitesi, Ankara, Turkey, submitted an article to a previous name, has been guided on conservative brand new in-house Internet-based magazine, Munis principles to minimise the change in nomenclature. Entomology & Zoology (received September 2005, It follows Recommendation 29A: “As a means of accepted October 2005) proposing a replacement avoiding homonymy between a new family-group name Fenerbahce, for Adamas Huber, 1979. Th is name and a previously established one, due to the paper was downloadable as a PDF document in the respective type genera having identical stems [...], January 2006 issue at http://www.munisentzool.org/ an author is advised to use the entire name of the downloads.asp?olay=detay&id=71 (Özdikmen et type genus of the new family-group taxon as the al. 2006). stem”. As shown above, the name Fenerbahce must be considered an unavailable name, because it has been proposed on the Internet and on electronic DISCUSSION ON SOME THEMES fi les only, in a work that was not intended to be REGARDING NOMENCLATURAL ACTS published in a CD-rom or printed version, nor AND ELECTRONIC DOCUMENTS deposited in fi ve public institutions. Th erefore a replacement name must be proposed Although the Adamas replacement issue is not very that complies with the Code. complicated with the current Code, remarkably

ZOOSYSTEMA • 2007 • 29 (1) 211 Huber J. H.

clear, the case appears to be emblematic in that Th en, where will be the borderline between a truly it raises, at least for the future, many questions ICZN-advised publication available primarily as a relevant to electronic communication. Th is is a print and also as an electronic fi le (“brick and mor- hot issue that ICZN may have to tackle quickly, tar” in the specifi c language of Internet) like most notably with the vertiginous and uncontrolled international scientifi c journals, and an e-magazine, – uncontrollable – growth of the various applica- even serious, which can be home-made, use electronic tions of the Internet (web sites, blogs, e-magazines, possibilities to reduce time to publication, costs of e-mailing, etc.) or of materialized electronic devices printing in volume and charges in staff , possibly of- (CD-roms and alike, USB keys, data-included fer on-line pre-publication downloads and just add software, etc.), for all items of nomenclature. fi ve prints (or CD-roms) as a side product? Th is is particularly true for replacement names, 3. Th e dimension of quick distribution of informa- with the many examples of still uncorrected tion has become over-weighted with the electronic homonymy that are shown in the online Nomencla- era: to index electronically a work and bring added tor Zoologicus. value with payable – or not – services is easy, and Th e case of Adamas is actually only one example may be quickly done, depending on the amount among many on the mentioned web site, where of brought-in resources (today mainly human, many cases of homonymy are corrected in a va- tomorrow fully automatic). Th is is done by many riety of groups by a very few number of electronic data bases that have emerged with the authors. Th e process of replacement is obviously digitising of data, such as the Zoological Record opportunistic and organised and does not result on-line where the indexation of a new work (with from a concrete research project. It is predictable or without CD-roms) is today extremely quick (for that such an hectic activity in groups for which example, the January issue of Munis, a new and local the authors have no demonstrated experience e-magazine, has been edited for computer screens and knowledge will only result in creating more during the second quarter). complex nomenclatural problems and that oth- Th en, since obviously it is not part of today’s ers will have to spend time to clean behind such mission of the Zoological Record to analyse the “prolifi c” authors. nomenclatural availability of a received paper be- In line with the Adamas case, some prospective fore its electronic indexation, where will be the thoughts may be proposed on the opportunity or borderline between nomenclatural availability and risk of the Internet use at least for nomenclatural the indexation for a paper in data bases, such as acts. the Zoological Record which appears offi cial because 1. Th ere is a positive aspect of electronic com- of its wide international exposure? Further, for an munication: to obtain the current electronic and invalid web-based generic name, what will be the postal address of a given living person will become diff erence in terms of nomenclatural availability more and more easy anywhere in the world, even between the initial incorporated data base indexer, if that person is not anymore involved in a given a follower “authored” indexer, and a subsequent domain of expertise. author who reports on it? Th e code of ethics of ICZN should consequently be more and more easy to follow, at least from a practical point of view. CONCLUSION 2. Th e choice of a specifi c electronic media for publication is not any more a secondary issue: to Th is article addresses two important thread of ques- prepare a new electronic magazine and to send at tions related to nomenclatural acts and electronic least fi ve printed copies to international institu- new media, such as the Internet, while keeping in tions is extremely easy with basic computer skills mind their huge capacities of sharing and spreading and dedicated software, and it is far quicker than knowledge and even their un-thought potentialities anything involving publishing. in the future.

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Even if the nomenclatural non-availability of of Similar and Distinctive Characteristics Regarding names created on electronic fi les only is today clear Distribution, Evolution, Ecology, Behavior, Morpho- meristics, Genetics and Color Pattern. Société française and self-standing, its translation into practice may d’Ichtyologie, Paris, 109 p., 17 40fi gs. be less obvious and may induce confusions, at least HUBER J. H. 2000. — Killi-Data 2000. Updated Checklist up until the proposed new registration system of of Taxonomic Names, Collecting Localities and Bib- ZooBank is operational (if it is mandatory and if liographic References of Oviparous Cyprinodont precisely the problem of materialized “prints” is (Cyprinodontiformes); in French, English, German tackled properly). and Spanish. Société française d’Ichtyologie, Paris, 538 p., fi gs. More specifi cally on preoccupied names listed in HUBER J. H. 2005. — A Review of Family-Group Names the online Nomenclator Zoologicus as unresolved, for Oviparous Cyprinodontiformes (Pisces; Teleostei). like the Adamas case, although the Commission is British Killifi sh Association Publication, Berkshire, quoted in the Code as “not empowered to investigate UK, Separatum, (October), 16 p., 1 tab. or rule upon alleged breaches of them”, the present ICZN 1999. — International Code of Zoological Nomen- clature. Fourth Edition. Th e International Trust for case might push it to reconsider the situation and Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 p. change those ethical observations into a rule (or LAZARA K. J. 2001. — Th e Killifi shes, an Annotated Check- a decision), including when the new ZooBank is list, Synonymy, and Bibliography of Recent Oviparous operational. It is herein expressed as a hope by the Cyprinodontiform Fishes. Th e Killifi sh Master Index 4. present author, with the aim of minimizing con- American Killifi sh Association Publication, Cincin- nati, 624 p. fl icts, of respecting others and of promoting equal MALAISE R. 1945. — Tenthredinoidea of South-Eastern access and share of knowledge. Asia. Opuscula Entomologica, Suppl. 4: 90-286. ÖZDIKMEN H., POLAT N., YÝLMAZ M. & YAZÝCÝOÐLU O. 2006. — A replacement name for the preoccupied Acknowledgements genus name Adamas Huber, 1979 (: Cyprinodontiformes). Munis Entomology & Zool- Th anks are due to Prof. Philippe Bouchet (MNHN ogy 1 (1): 167-168 (online as a downloadable PDF, and current ICZN member) and Dr Andrew Polaszek available at http://www.munisentzool.org/downloads. (current ICZN secretary) for their tireless cooperation asp?olay=detay&id=71). and help. Th e contributions of the two reviewers, PARENTI L. R. 1982. — Relationships of the African Alain Dubois (MNHN) and Maurice Kottelat Killifi sh genus Foerschichthys (Teleostei: Cyprinodon- tiformes: Aplocheilidae). Proceedings of the Biological (Cornol, Switzerland), have also been very helpful Society of Washington 95 (3): 451-457, fi g. and they are gratefully acknowledged. POLL M. & GOSSE J.-P. 1995. — Genres des poissons d’eau douce de l’Afrique. Mémoire de la Classe des Sciences, Académie royale de Belgique 9: 1-324. REFERENCES SCHEEL J. J. & ROMAND R. 1981. — A new genus of Rivu- lin from tropical Africa (Pisces, Cyprinodontidae). ESCHMEYER W. N. (ed.) 1998. — Catalog of Fishes. Vols Tropical Fish Hobbyist 29 (11): 22-30, fi gs, tab. 1-3. Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, WEI M. 2004. — Taxonomic study on the genus Adamas California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, 2905 p. Malaise (Hymenoptera: ). Entomotaxo- (also online at http://www.calacademy.org/research/ nomia 26 (3): 200-210. ichthyology/catalog/fi shcatsearch.html). WILDEKAMP R. H. 1993. — A World of Killies. Atlas of HUBER J. H. 1979. — Cyprinodontidés de la Cuvette the Oviparous Cyprinodontiform Fishes of the World. Congolaise, Adamas formosus n. gen., n. sp. et nouvelle Vol. 1. American Killifi sh Association Publication, description de Aphyosemion splendidum. Revue française Mishawaka, 311 p., fi gs. d’Aquariologie Herpétologie 6: 5-10, 6 fi gs, 2 tabs. WILDEKAMP R. H., ROMAND R. & SCHEEL J. J. 1986. — (English translation: Cyprinodonts of the Congo Cyprinodontidae, in DAGET J., GOSSE J.-P. & THYS Basin (Adamas formosus new genus, new species; VAN DEN AUDENAERDE D. F. E. (eds), Check-List with a new description of Aphyosemion splendidum). of the Freshwater Fishes of Africa. CLOFFA vol. 2. Journal of the American Killifi sh Association 12 (6): ISNB, Bruxelles; MRAC, Tervuren; ORSTOM, 165-174 [1979]). Paris: 165-276. HUBER J. H. 1998. — A Comparison of Old World and WILDEKAMP R. H. & VAN DER ZEE J. R. 2004. — Cypri- New World Tropical Cyprinodonts. A Parallel Outlook nodontiformes, in PAUGY D., LÉVÊQUE C. & TEUGELS

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G. G. (eds), Poissons des eaux douces et saumâtres 298-442. de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Th e fresh and brackish water VAN DER ZEE J. R. 1990. — Notes on the distribution fi shes of West Africa. Vol. 2. Faune et Flore tropicales area of the genus Adamas. Journal of the American 40, MNHN, Paris; MRAC, Tervuren; IRD, Paris: Killifi sh Association 23 (3): 71-75, fi gs.

Submitted on 11 December 2006; accepted on 15 February 2007.

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