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Anatomy and Medical Terminology for Interpreters

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Marlene V. Obermeyer, MA, RN

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Digestive System Case Study for PowerPoint Presentation

Carlos is a 13-year old boy who is brought to the Emergency Department by his parents. Through an interpreter, the physician finds out that Carlos has started complaining of right lower quadrant pain about 16 hours ago. He was unable to eat supper, was nauseated and vomited several times. He is now feeling feverish and has pain all over his abdomen.

An IV is started in his arm and he is given IV fluids and antibiotics. He is given medication for pain and given an antiemetic for nausea. He is also examined and interviewed by the physician. The physician obtains blood work that indicates Carlos has an acute infection. A CT scan of the abdomen indicates Carlos has appendicitis. A surgeon is contacted and Carlos is scheduled for emergency appendectomy.

The interpreter is asked to translate the surgery consent form that states Carlos is going to have a "laparoscopic appendectomy, possible open laparotomy" and the parents are asked to sign the consent form.

By the end of this section, you will learn the meaning of the following words:

 Acute  IV (IV fluid, IV antibiotics)  Antiemetic  CT scan  Appendicitis  Appendectomy  Laparoscopic appendectomy  Open laparotomy

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GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM TERMINOLOGY

Terminology Meaning Terminology Meaning absorption The movement of Alimentary Alimen – nourishment. Refers food from the to the gastrointestinal or small intestine digestive tract into the cells of the body. acute A sudden onset, Barium Enema Lower GI series. Barium is lasts for a short given so the organs would time. show up on the xrays Chronic – lasts a long time. aerophagia Swallowing too Fecal Occult Blood Testing the stool for blood much air causing Test gas and belching allergy Inability to Flatus Passing gas through the tolerate certain rectum foods or chemicals anastamosis Surgery to Gastroenterologist A doctor who specializes in connect or digestive diseases reconnect two body parts Anal atresia or Absence of the Cirrho (orange) Liver disease associated with anorectal atresia anal opening jaundice atresia No opening eructation belching ascites Abnormal buildup Asymptomatic Disease is not showing any of fluid in the symptoms abdomen bariatrics Bar –weight Icterus or jaundice Yellow coloring Iatro –treatment Ic – pertains to Specialty that deals with treatment of obesity Bowel Prep Emptying the diarrhea Liquid stools colon by enemas and laxatives to prepare for

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examination Calculi, litho Stones or solid Diverticulum A small pouch in the colon. clumps Digestion break down food emesis vomiting into simple substances Constipation stool becomes Continence The ability to hold in a bowel hard and dry. movement or urine Enema Liquid Enteral Nutrition Provide nourishment directly administered into the stomach or intestine rectally Enterostomal A nurse who GERD Flow of the stomach's Therapy Nurse or specializes in the Gastroesophageal contents back up into the ETN care of patients Reflux Disease esophagus. with ostomy. H2 blocker Medicines that Helicobacter pylori Bacteria that can damage the reduce the or H. pylori lining of the stomach causing amount of acid in ulcers the stomach Hernia An internal organ Hydrochloric Acid Acid made in the stomach pushes through or pouches through the wall of the abdomen Fistula Abnormal opening Parotid gland One of the salivary glands. between two surfaces Inflammatory Chronic irritation Irritable Bowel GI tract is sensitive to food, Bowel Disease and ulcers of the Syndrome (IBS) stress, gas, etc. Spastic colon. (IBD) GI tract Parenteral A way to provide Percutaneous A dye is injected through the Nutrition or TPN nutrition Transhepatic abdomen and xrays taken to intravenously Cholangiography visualize the liver and biliary organs Volvulus A twisting of the Varices Stretched veins that can bleed stomach or large easily intestine Upper GI Series or X-rays of the Upper GI Endoscopy Looking into the esophagus, Barium Swallow esophagus, or EGD stomach, and duodenum with stomach, and an endoscope. Also called duodenum after esophagogastroduodenoscopy patient swallows barium. Barium

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allows the organs to show up on the xray

ANATOMY-RELATED TERMS

Term Description Term Description epiglottis prevents food from intestine Bowel; small entering larynx and intestine and large trachea intestine duodenum First part of intestine colon Large intestine colon Large intestine cecum Beginning of the large intestine, right lower abdomen Gallbladder Stores bile. Empties jejunum Middle part of the (cholecysto) into the duodenum small intestine through the common bile duct. pancreas Produces insulin. liver Secrets bile. Empties into duodenum. appendix Pouch at the end of Saliva (spit, slobber) Watery substance in cecum the mouth for lubrication and to begin digestion of foods. Contains enzymes. ileum End portion of small peritoneum Inside lining of the Intestine. abdominal cavity laparo abdomen sigmoid Lowest part of the colon that leads to the rectum pharynx throat entero intestine gastro stomach lipid “fats” hepato liver insulin Produced in the pancreas. Regulates sugar in the blood. chole Refers to bile; amylase Produced in digestion of fats. pancreas and Secreted by the liver, salivary glands, stored in the helps digest starches

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gallbladder. cysto Sac/bladder Hemorrhoid Swollen blood vessel in the anus or rectum anus Opening where the lipase Helps digest fats in bowel contents leave the small intestine the body Common bile duct Tube that carries bile Bowel movement Body wastes passed (ductus choledochus) the gallbladder and to through the rectum the small intestine and anus Biliary tract Gallbladder and the Digestive tract Gastrointestinal bile ducts tract rectum Lower end of colon lactase Enzyme to digest that leads to the anus milk Vagus nerve Nerve in the stomach Stool or feces Solid wastes that is that controls acid passed through the rectum antrum Upper portion of the sphincter A band of tissue that stomach opens and closes an opening in the body

PREFIX, ROOT WORDS, SUFFIX

Terminology Prefix/Root Root Meaning Word Word/Suffix Anoscopy Ano - anus Scopy – use of a Viewing inside the anus with scope a scope Antacids Anti -against Acid –acid Medication to relieve produced in the symptoms of gas. Maalox, stomach Mylanta antidiarrheal Anti -against Diarrhea – Medication to control watery stool diarrhea. Imodium antiemetic Anti-against Emesis - Medication to prevent or vomiting treat vomiting. Compazine. antrectomy Antre, antrum Ectomy -removal Operation to remove the – upper portion upper part of the stomach of the stomach usually to reduce stomach acid. appendectomy appendix Ectomy-removal Surgical removal of the appendix appendicitis Appendix – ‘itis’ - Inflammation of the

pouch at the inflammation appendix end of the cecum Cholangitis Cholang –bile ‘itis’ Infected or inflamed bile duct inflammation ducts. Cholecystectomy Cholecyst - Ectomy-removal An operation to remove the gallbladder gallbladder Cholecystitis Cholecyst- ‘itis’- An irritated gallbladder gallbladder inflammation Cholecystogram Cholecyst - Gram –image or An x-ray of the gallbladder gallbladder record and bile ducts. Choledocholithiasis Choledocho – Lith-stone Gallstones in the bile ducts. bile duct Iasis -condition Cholelithiasis Chole –gall or Lith-stone Gallstones in the gallbladder. bile Cholelithiasis Chole –bile Iasis or iosis - Condition of having Lith - stone condition gallstones Cholelithotripsy Chole –bile Tripsy –to crush Crushing gall stones with Litho -stone sound waves Cirrhosis Cirrh -liver Osis - condition chronic liver condition caused by scar tissue and cell damage Colectomy Col -colon Ectomy -removal An operation to remove all or part of the colon. Colonoscopy Col -colon Scope or scopy – A test to look into the to look with a rectum and colon scope Colostomy Col -colon Ostomy - Opening into the colon to opening allow stool to pass. Dysphagia Dys –abnormal Phagia – to eat Problems in swallowing or difficult or to swallow Endoscope Endo -inside Scope –a lighted To look inside the body with flexible tube a scope Enterostomy Entero - Ostomy - An ostomy, or opening, into intesting opening the intestine through the abdominal wall. ERCP Endoscopic –to Graphy –an A test using an x-ray and a Endoscopic Retrograde look with a image or record dye to look into the bile and Cholangiopancreatography scope pancreatic ducts. Retrograde – backward Cholangio – bileduct

Pancreo- pancreas Hepatic Encephalopathy Hepatic –liver Pathy -disease Advanced liver disease with Encephalo - loss of consciousness and brain coma Hepatitis Hepato -liver ‘itis’ inflammation of the liver, inflammation hepatoma - tumor of the liver Ileostomy Ileo –small Ostomy - Opening in the skin to empty intestine opening the small intestine’s bowel contents Laparoscopy Lap -abdomen Scope – device using a laparoscope to look to look inside at and take tissue from the the body inside of the body. Laparotomy Lap -abdomen Otomy –to open An operation that opens up or incise the abdomen Paracentesis or Para -sides Centesis - Incision to drain abnormal abdominocentesis puncturing and fluid in the abdomen draining PEG Tube Percutaneous – Ostomy - percutaneous endoscopic through the opening gastrostomy, a feeding tube skin inserted into the stomach Gastro – stomach

Proctologist Procto - A doctor who specializes in disorders of the anus and rectum. Xerostomia Xero-nothing or Stoma –opening Dry mouth or insufficient deficient or mouth, ia - production of saliva condition

Explain the following terms: epiglottis Laparoscopic appendectomy pharyngitis Cholangiopancreatography antrectomy gastroenterologist Esophageal stricture Choledocholithiasis gastritis cirrhosis gastrectomy ileostomy cholecystogram GERD Peritonitis IBS

Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography esophagogastroduodenoscopy fistulagram gastroplasty hepatoma varices laparotomy laparoscopy

RESOURCES

Cancer: http://www.cancer.gov/dictionary CDC Index of Parasitic Diseases: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/index.htm CDC Vaccines and Immunization Schedules: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/default.htm FDA Medication Guides: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM085729 FDA Consumer Information: http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/default.htm Health Information in Multiple Languages: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/languages/languages.html Medical Encyclopedia: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html Medline Plus in Spanish: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/medlineplus.html Medical Dictionary: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html Medline Plus: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/appendixa.html Wikipedia Root Words, Prefixes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_roots