UNITARIP

The Unitarian Heritage An Architectural Survey of Chapels and Churches in the Unitarian tradition in the British Isles. Consultant: H.1. McLachlan Text and Research: G~ahamHague Text and Book Design: Judy Hague Financial Manager: Peter Godfrey O Unitarian Heritage 1986.

ISBN: Q 9511081 O 7

Disrributur. Rev P B. Codfrey, 62 Hastlngs Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshirc. S7 2GU. Typeset by Sheaf Graphics, 100 Wellington Street, Sheffield si 4HE Printed in England. The production of this book would have been impossible without the generous help and hospitality of numerous people: the caretakers, secretaries and ministers oi chapels, and those now occupying disused chapels; the staff of public libraries and archives in many towns and cities; the bus and train dr~verswho enabled us to visit nearly every building. We would like to record grateful thanks to the staff of Dx Williams's Library and the National Monument Record for their always courteous help; Annette Percy for providing the typescript; Charrnian Laccy for reading and advising on the scnpt; and to the North Shore Unitarian Veatch Program, and District Associations in the British Isles for their generous financial help.

Sla~rmsa.Burv St Edmunds. Unirarjan Chapel. 5 Contents: Introduction Chapter 1: The Puritans before 1662 2: The Growth of Dissent 1662-1750 Gazetteer 1662-1750 3: New Status, New Identity, New Technology 1750-1 840 Gazetteer 1750-18411 4: The Gothic Age 1840-1918 Gazetteer 1840-1918 5: Decay, Destruction and Renewal 1918-1984

Top photogruph c. 1900 cf Bessels Green Old Meeting House (1716). Gazetteer 1918-1984 Below. engravmg of 1785 91 Slockron-on-Tees,meeung-house on nghr 6: The Unitarian Chapels of Wales Gazetteer 7: The Unitarian Chapels of Scotland by Andrew Hi11 Gazetteer 8: Chapels of the Non-Subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland by John McLachlan Gazetteer Maps and Plans Bibliography Index

Chapters I to 8 are each composcd a/ an introduction, an alp~ab~t~ca. gazcrtear md o lrst of disused and demolished chapcls. The names and addresses of chapels are gwen as shey appear in the Directory of rhe Gcnuai Asssm bly of Un1 tarian and Free Chn'siian Churches AI1 quotations, unless otherwise stated, are from ~ndiv~duolchapel hrsloncs. A corologue m be consuIted at Dr M'iil~oms'sLbrary, Cordon Square, London Older chapels have been affected by alterations to their environment. Dissenting chapels occupied a distinctive place in the communityj some were built behind the street facade and approached by an alleway, thus concealing the extent of their premises [Kendal is a gmd example). Othms are more openly sited m a graveyard facing the street; yet others on the periphery of the community, alongside the boundary walls. Modem re-planning of urban centres and the development of road systems has completely destroyed the environment of some of these chapels, for example, Boston, Newcastle-under-Lyme and Dover. Attempts have been made at Mansfield and Dudley to incorporate the eighteenth century chapels into new developments; such an opportunity was magically missed at Oldbury. The environment of the fine chapel at Ipswich has been drastically altered. Other alterations include the turning back-t~-front of chapels where the thoroughfare changes, chapels once deep in the country (sometimes buiIt as a result of the Five-Mile Act of 1665) are now surrounded by suburbs. No house of worship, however simple, can be alrpreciated w~thoutsome knowledge of the kliefs and customs of the cowegation whose home it is. Albeit briefly, an outllne of the development of Unitarianism must illuminate the description of bnck, stone and mortar. From the seventeenth century onwards vmious strands of belief Above MansJ~eldUrntarion Chop1 have con~ibutedtheir quota to what is now an organised 11 701) seen jrom entxy in StockweII dmommation. Unitarianism only became legal in 1813 with the Garc. The old pxsonage is on ngh t BeInw plon of l816 show~ng passlng of the Trinity Act. The existing Unitarian chapels owe Rosslyn Chapd. Hompsread, JI~ much to the English Presbyre~ians,something else to the General grounds of he house of Edward Baptlsts and, in the nineteenth century, to the Methodist Carlrle. [Chopd rebuilt 1862 ) Unitmlans, Universdists and Christian Brethren. These grwps all contr~butedtheir individual strands of belief. The Unitarian Introduction This survey bring together for the first time those chapels of strand, or~inatingin various parts of Europe at the time of the architectural interest within the British Isles that belong, or have Reformation, developed into an organised denomination via a belonged, to the Unitarian and allied denominations. The majority movement of thought within the Church of England and the are still used as Unitarian places of worship; some have passed to dlssentiqg churches, and a liberalising of theology contributed by other denominations m are in secular use; some demolished teachers in the Dissenting Academes. The first avowedly buildhs of interest have also been included. Where a conmelration-" Unitarran congregation of 1774 grew out of a protest by Theophilus has been housed in more than one building, the succession of Llndsey, vicar of Catterick, against the imposition of the creeds of buildings will be noted. the Church of England as a test of orthodoxy. In the nineteenth The reasons for demolition or reconsmction are various. In the century the writings and teachings of Jarnes Martineau and earlier period, dissenters suffered persecution; Dr. Priestley's Americans like W. E. Charming, R. W. Emerson and Theodore experience in Birmingham in 1781 when his New Meeting was Parker con~ibutedto Unitarian development and consolidation. burned by the mob, and the harassment of the dissenters of Certain basic religious attitudes were typical; an early, and to Newcastle-under-Lyme in 1694 are cases in point. Often, however, some extent continuing,reliance on a rational interpretatlon of the the meeting-house became too small or old-fashioned and was Scriptures, a belief in human reason as a guide in the search for pulled down and rebuilt in Gothic style to accommodate a larger truth, and an acceptance of the individual's right to believe in his congregation. Sometimes a congregation split over theological own wav. differences. During the Second World War 13 chapels were The many different strains within the one tradition are reflected Top: The Old Meeting House, destroyed by bombs; at least 15 chapels have been demolished due in the budding$. Preaching occupied an important position in D~lchling.Sussex 11 '40). to local authority developments; a number of others have been Above Un~lanonMeerfng House nonconformity, thus the pulpit is a central feature in early dissent. Fromljnnham ,, ,, seen Ihmvnl; voluntariEy demolished by their congregations in order to rebuild hbl, except fw the important hold that Communion had among gop fro& Morkcr Square. in a form more appropriate to twentieth century needs. dlssmtas, was minimal. h General Baptist churches totd 8 immersion was practiced, making necessary the pmvision d enthusiasm wlth which James Mattineau, doyen of Victorian baptistnes. EspecialIy in the North-West, day-schoois were Unitarians, embraced the Gothic style. The last forty years has attached to Unitarian chapels, reflectmg the Unitarian bellef in the seen the demolition of many of these buildings. But much thought importance of education and democrat~cself-improvement. went into the design and planning of new churches, and the It is estimated that neluly 1,000 meeting houses were erected conversion of older buildmgs whose orientation reverted to the between the Toleration Act of 1689 and 1710. Of this enormous East end and whosepews were 'turned' to face the narrow end. The number, most have long slnce returned to dust; a few belong to the increased acceptance of ritual and litany - anathema to the earlier Bapt~stsand Soclety of Fr~ends,and more became Congregational Puritans - did not mean that the basic Unitarian tenets of Some 21 chapels from these early years axe now Unitarian, and the scholarship, reason and individual responsibility had been lost. 1 remainder - how many we are only now beginning to dlscovex - The Eoth~cidiom was still used to emphasise the role of the 1 are stdl in use as secular budding5 of one son or another. preacher, as well as bringing the organ and choir into great= , The simplicity of the early meetmg-house 1s an important factor prominence. Building for educat~onaland social functions - in its survival. It was solidly built, though far from costly (Ipswich always important for Unitarians - continued apace. Many of the Meeting House, one of the best, cost E398 m 1700). Their modest later Victorian chapels, and indeed up to the First World War,have s~zeand simplicity of deslgn reflects therr funct~onas both an open, single-space design reminiscent of the Friars' buildings of preaching-house and rneetlng-place and 1s in mute contrast to the the later Middle Ages, and thelr function as preaching houses was Unitarian chapels of the nineteenth century Gothic revival, whose of course similar. ?!.. <), - decay is an awful warning of the frailty of bricks and mortar. Throughout the Victorian age that are fine examples of newly- The large proportion of early chapels of architectural merit U h bang red with aesthetic dkmulktion in 1 wh~chare now Unitarian has been explained by Martin Briggs as Garcon, ,. m- Unitarian churches; Todmorden, Monton, Ullct Road, - due to their predecessors (the Presbyterians) bmg 'the most Liverpool, and Flowery Field and Gee Cross in Hyde were built by r inteIlectual of the thee denominations (Baptist, Independent and men iike the Fieldens, the Ashtons, Sir John Brunner, Sir Henry Presbyterian) and the most rnclined to approve and attain to Tate, and Richard Peacock. dign~tyof architectural design and beauty of internal fittings'. It apart from modest replacements of older More recently, Above the spire o/ Hyd~Chnpel. must also be remembered that they were among the most churches destroyed by bombs, local authority planning, 01 by the Gee Cross (18481 k11h the chapcI prosperous of the early Dissenters. From the pmod before 1750, 66 decisions of the congregations themselves, there are successful and schools In the foreground. chapd buildings have been duded, all but eleven of them carefully designed new churches at Goldms Green, West Kirby, Below. Church of the D~vineU~I l).. NtrwcastJe upon Tyne (3940) mentioned by Professor Sir Nikalaus Pevsner m Buildngs of Cambridge, Lytham St. Annes, and Halliwell Road Bolton from England. the inter-war period; the unusual church in date and style, of h the later eighteenth century chapels were distinguished by Newcastle upon Tyne of 1940; and post-war churches such as the~rpureIy functional character. Except where galleries were Bnxton, Bury, Kensington, Pendleton, Rawtenstall and Stand. Frenchay ,-hape,, Bnr;tol added, thus divlding the helght of single-storey wmdows, the h account of Unitarian churches of architectural interest must (16911 Below D~ssChapel Norfolk outs~deappearance truthlly reflects the mtemr lay-out. Several Include some which have been subjected to a change of use or (1822, now closed) chapels of this penod contaln important stmctural developments demolition. This needs emphasising, because some in our list had made necessary by Iarger and more sophisticated buddings. The only a short life as Unitarian places of worship. But whether they Octagon Chapel Norwich, Field Row Chapel Belper, and Lewin's lasted 50 or 300 years is immaterial - an unsatisfactory building Mead Bristol, feature original forms of construction which was rarely the cause of congregational failure. influenced later buildings of vwous denommations. To this period Some Unitarian churches would be outstanding in any survey of --- -- also belong the rebuild~ngand 'rnodemisat~on' of several older Bnt~sharchitecrure - others less so. Unitarians comprise a small meetmg-houses. Often, the roof was rased and the wmdows, body of people and their churches are not as numerous as those of orginally rectangular, were given arches, as for example at many other religious groups. Thus is it possible for us to survey in Frenchay, Bristol, and Kmgswood, Bmmgham Galleries, too, one book the complete body of Unitarian chuches in the British were added for larger congregations and later for Sunday Schools. Isles - a task it would be difficult or impossible to attempt with a Durmg the early nineteenth century Unitarians built a handful l~gadenomination. of churches in a severely classical style. Of these only one survives Mast of the older buildings have been altered, extended or * L with an active congregation - Brighton. Other 'classical' chuxcbes patlally rebuilt; only a handful are in their original condition. In have been demolished or adapted to secular use; the style seems to hstlng them, the earliest date of erection has been taken as the

, 4 have been vncongenial for xclrgious purposes, and on occasion was reference point; it has, we hope, been made clear that subsequent described as pagan! altmdtlons may have greatly altered the original structure. Unxtmans were the first among the Nonconformists to adopt the Gothic revlval style. It was used almost without exception fo~

-&J:.: the 75 years following 1840. This was due h great part to the $0 3. 'L , l;.& --. .-. 2 . H>- :. .-: - .-, S-.:7.- -- *.:L *.:L -- -j

CHAPTER ONE Few dissenting chapels were built before the mid-seventeenth ease of Leigh Pansh Church. The Presbyterian mmister, James Lefr Doorway of the Rcfeclory. century, for the obvious reason that Dissent was illegal. But many N'od, was not ejected in 1662, and in 1672 the chapel was Tav~stockAbbey The Puritans: seventeenth century chapels were built by puritans who belonged Above Blocki~~ars.Canterbury w~th 11censed as 'a Presbyterian Meeting Place'. However, in 1721, brick extension c F 763. Before 1662 to the Church of England. Especially in the north - much later nearly smty years after the Act of Uniformity, the Jacobite Lord of Below: Grem Houghton Anglican than the South in developing a pansh-systemembracing the whole the Manor exercised his right to expel the Presbytmians. The Chapel o/ Ease (c 16501 Bu~ltby Edward for personal use. population - chapels were built to serve remote areas, their status Rhodcs his congregation wexe then compelled to build a new chapel, d~ssenl~ngchap! tlIl 1743 belng 'chapds of ease' attached to a parish church. In large parishes completed in 1732. A similar pattern of events occurred at like Halifax, Sheffield or Bolton, many such chapels existed in brigway [later Hale Barns in Cheshire), Rivington, Walrnsley and moorland and remote farming districts of Yorkshire and Hmdley in Lancashire, at Stannington in Yorkshire, and other Lancashire. Here, away from centres of church government, places. puritanism flourished and many ministers and congregations Several mediaeval buildings housed Unitarian congregations and adopted kesbyterianism. During the Commonwealth those theu predecessors for long periods. Blackfria~sir Canterbury, churches with a puritan character were strengthened, only so be Tav~stockAbbey, Devon, and Kirkstead Abbey, Lholnshire, are denounced in 1660 when the Restoration heralded the Act of examples. It is probable that other early dissenting gr~upsmet in Uniformity of 1662. h~ddmgsleft derelict by the dissolution of the monasteries; The few dissenting chapels built before 1662 a strong wldence for this exists at Norwich, Bridport, Warrington and resemblance to Anglicaii chapels of the period, and are not unlike Blackfriars, Londan. chapels built at the end of the century, when the laws against No complete interior of a dissenting chapel of the mid- d~ssenterswere relaxed. seventeenth century survives, but there is a description and h the remoter areas oEEngland the Act of Uniformity made little photographs of the Canterbury chapel and of Kirkstead. The Above. The Ancrenl Chapepel, difference to the way people worshipped. At Chowhtnear Bolton Ancient Chapel of Toxteth was largely rebuilt h 1774 but may be Toxleth (36181 the original brick chapel was in existence by 1645 as a chapel of clove to the original arrangment. 12 fie hcient Chapel of Toxteth, Liverpool, 1618 porch. Interior: small and dark with high pulpit, hwes: Wcstgate Chapel, High Street. Sussex. 'Xhc follow5ng mediaeval buildings were used as and 1974. galleries and pews of dark oak. Clock by 1595 and lT(H3, Founded 1662. Unitarian chapels but are no longer so used. En 161 1 Richard Matber arrived in Toxteth ss William Lassell of Toxteth Park (buried in Presbyterians and hdependents met in Lewes master at the new schml. Toxreth Park was a graveyard j . remote forest area, disparked in 1591 and a Memorials to 'Edward Aspinwall of Tocksteth before 1662; a licence to worship in a private T-L: The kbbRcfrctoq. Devon 13th century. house was obtained in 1672. The move to Founded 1660, when Wrllm, third Earl of Bdd haven for outlawed Catholics and dissenters. Bark, Esquire' 1656; Jeremiah Homx who Westgate reflected a split between hdependents prcmted and pald lor a dastnting Bapt~nmmistm cbrncn Mather later returned to Oxford ta complete his pred~ctcd and observed the transit of Venus ninctecntb and Presbyterians, prev~ouslyone congregation by the inhnbilants of Tav~rtock Dur~ngthe degree and was probably ordained by thc Bishop across the sun, Nov. W,1639; Doctor Matthew cenw the corqregatton bccarnc Un~tanan A llbra~jwas w~tbtwo rninlsters. Presbyterians moved into of Chester m 1619. The Chapel was built for Dobson, Physician, an original member of the houged m ~efccrowturret Con~nganonceased m 19M. him, and leased from Viscount Molyneux, a Saciety for the Establishment of an Academy of old town-house of the Goring farnrly adjacent to h. Cuterbuff: BloEkMam Rrktq. 1236 Founded 1642. Catholic. It was nwer consecrated, being Painting and Sculpture in Liverpool [est. 1769). the Westgate, partly occupied by the Bull A praque on the inn records that Tom Fame lived Aito the Dissolution it kcamc acloth-weavers' hall. Used outside a parish and beyond the jurisdiction d a He was a pioneer in treatment of dlabetes and by d~ssm~ersbefore 1M2 nought by Perer dc In Pmm or there from 1768-74. bishop. In 1633 Mather was suspended for became physician to Liverpool Infirmary in Pltsse, an habapmt, m 1658 Occupied by Genmd Baptists disobeying church law; he sailcd for 1770. Also memorial to his daughter Elisa, 1778. Of the Tudor house, the flint walls, one m 1698, then m catmuous ww by Cenaal Baptists and Un~tmanstd 1913, when sold tosnant~quedealer. Rcs~orcd Massachusetts in 1634. Chapel bell 1751 probably by Luke Ashton of doaway and traces of mullioned windows and m 19Ws by Nmcy, Lsdy Astor for Chlstlan Sc~cnristsNow Red sandstone,:stone flaggad roof with small Wigan. Graveyard with many memorials a~d remain. Two large mullioned transomed windows et back and east ddc. Tile-hangmg on pan o! Kulg's School lmzcrn. Original bu-lding work consists of two modern colurnbarim, Alongstdc Rivfr Stow, with quay. South end d d-tiw roof inter~orgalleries, part of the interior woodwork rear wall. 1648-1700. raised and lareer brick and tile probably added 1763. Symmmcal chapel (two pews dated 1650 and 1700j and some widows added, and c'ircular lod-bearing poits quccwd bctwccn rnmlstef5 house and rtane retectm Iscc d wmdows at back1 Good table tmb of Rev. Sampson masonry. Laqely rebuilt in 1774, reflecting inserted. In 1913, under the direction Ronald P. Jones,the interior was divided lengthwise and Kqsford, pastor of thc Ctncral Baptists for 40 years, growth in nearby Liverpool, but its compact The inrenor of rhr Anc~cnrChape!, 1750.1821 crowded interior has the fee1 of the seventeenth Toxteth. turncd to form meeting-room and chapel. rather than the eighltcenth century. A thrrd Opposrre side vlew of Westgate Vestry-cum-library adjoins entrance lnto passage Chopd. Lawes. The chap? 1s on the to mh Street. gallery was added in 1774 with porch on south left (nore doonvav!... The Bull Inn IS side. 1841 extension on nmh slde with new c; the rqhr Until this was achieved there was little incentive to build chapels. Dissenters met in private houses, barns, guild or trade haus, or m the open air. Macclesfield and Evesham congregations met in barns from 1662 until they built their chapels in 1690 and 1737 respectively. In 1672 . the Cirencestcr Presbyterian Tap left L~cenceof 1672 groncsd by congregation led by James Greenwood applied for a licence to meet Charles Il to Warnngson in the Weavers' Hall. In London,,merchantsl halls such as Pinners Presbyrenon Chapel. The signatures of the King and Lord Arlfnglon con Hall, Salter's Hall and Crosby Han were used by dissenters as be seen places of worshlp. Above: Jocobmn pulpit ustd by Charles Il's Declaration of Indulgence of 1672 encouraged many R~chordBnxter. Now m K~ddermlnsterNew Meeting House. dissenters to take out licences; these have been preserved by Below At Newcostl-under-Lymc several Unitanan congregations - the first material evidence of (1 717) the P~esbytenon[now CHAPTER TWO Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 there was a then meeting-places. But Indulgence was followed by further Unitorion] Chapel was built or the period of intense persecution for dissenters. Informal promises had end of the Ponsh churchyard. The Growth of persecution. Seventy was sometimes softened by the realisation * been made by Charles 11 at the time of the Treaty of Breda that that dissenters were the principal agents of trade and prosperous Dissent: religious toleration would be given to all (including Catholics), no But town life. Dissenters' influence in local affairs grew stronger in this 1662- 1 750 matter whom they had supported in the Civll Wax. the period. renewal of the Elizabethan Acts of Uniformity in 1662 required all In 1689, immediately following the arrival in England of William clergymen to consent to using the Book of Common Prayer, to Ill, the Toleration Acts were passed, exempting dissenters (butnot conform to the 39 Articles of Faith and to &m ordination by Umtarians or Catholics) from the Acts oh Elizabeth I, provided that Day bishops. On St. Bartholomew's 1662 nearly 2000 clergy, about preachers and meeting-houses were licensed by the bishop m a fdth of the total, left the Church of England. The tendency to archdeacon of the dioccse. Most Unitarjan churches dating from long connect Dissent with treason persisted into the eighteenth thls time have a Presbyterian origin; a few were originally and Kmg' century, resulting in the "Church riots of 1715 (when at Independent (most Independents eventually became least 30 dissenting chapels were destroyed), and again at the time Congregationalistsj The first rmst deed of Framlingham Chapel of the anti-french riots of the 1790s. The idea of religious diversity 117171 says that the chapel '. . . is to be freely used . . . by such within the State was slow in growirg, both in government and Protestants as shall profess to be of the Presbyterian or and among dissenters themselves. The humble Baptists Congregational persuas~on'. In many chapels Presbyterians and Independents (not to mention the Quakers who had continued to Congregationalists met together in the early years, later splitting meet and build and endured constant violence and destruction as a over doctrinal differences. At Hinckley the Independent, Philip s result) had no desire to be connected with State church. Doddridge, preached at the Presbyterian, now Unitarian, chapel. Meanwhile, the Plesbyterians, increasingly suffering under A number of early chapels, mostly in the south and west ,qbovc Chowbent choppel, Arherron discrimmatoq laws (the Con~enticleAct 1664, the Five Mile Act country, are General Baptist in foundation. Besides those still (1 7221. 16651, wanted toleration for themselves. actwe as Unitarian congregations, there were many which dosed 16 in the second growth Left: Framlingharn Wnftonan Chop1 half of the ninetemth century, when the of simplicity, exemplary workmanship devoid of ornament. The Above left. Fulwood Old Chop!, (1 7171. Right. Wannmsiel Cenerol Strict and New Connection Baptists edged the more tolerant Sheffield (17281 Above and below: Wdings proclaim their permanence - an expectation that society Bapust, subsequently Unitarjon. General Baptists towards Unitarianism. These early Baptist cottages at Rnthmel, Cumbr~abuilt Chop1 (1 704) w~llaccept them and their occupiers, and announce their place in by R~chardFronkland as c- d~ssrncrng chapels are more house-like than their Presbyterian counterparts soclety - often a modest one, but novel in their role of the first ocdderny In 1686 1-h~inil:sIs mn h and closely related to the cottages and bms in their localities. purpose-built places of worship outside the Church of England. seen over a w~ndow They are pleasant examples of vernacular building - among the They are buildings which were commissioned and built by most ataactive now to be found among Unit& chapels. Their ordinary people, true examples of vernacuIar architecture. Richard quality as buildings has helped them to survive in their respective Baxter, leading opponent of the Act of Uniformity, wrote of the communities; they are often well-cared for and worth seelung out dissenting weavers of Worcestershire, '. . . ss they stand at their Only a handful of chapels surviving from this early period of - loom, (they] can set a book before them or edifie one another'. In are which 46 now Unitarian - remain in their original condition. Sussex the Baptist, William Evershed, pinned his reading matter to Most and some drastically so. have been altered h~ssleeve to learn it by heart while ploughing. Thereare numerous What did they look like when they were new? And why were humble occupations where talking and even reading is possible Boctom: Tha Grove Chapel. they built the way they were - so different from the English whilst carrying on the trade. Such people tended to think for Bradford-on-Avon (16981. churches of the middle ages! themselves, and were attracted to a dissenting religion. At Lincoln In the seventeenth century most churches were mediaeva1 in Umtarian chapel the original trustees of 1725 consisted of three charactex. They bad chancels, high altars, chantries and aisles, gentlemen, a grocer, a carrier, two tanners, a maltster and a wd wall-paintings, stamed glass and carved md stone. The brazier. The original trustees at Loughborough (1672) were one VI's had reforming zeal of Edward reign led to the abandonment of gentleman, two yeomen, three tailors, one cordwainer and two the high altar, the chancel became a storage or seating space, the farmers. Xn 1700, ten years after the chapel was built. Macclesfield walls were white-washed, and the stained glass often removed. cwegation consisted of 20 gentlemen, 90 tradesmen, 52 on Reformed chu~ches the Continent and in Scotland, where the yeomen, 44 labourers, and 294 women and children. Reformation was more complete and alterations to churches The earliest chapels were built by the same craftsmen as other became permanent, still give a puritan impression to the visitor. secular buildings in their locality. In the North, dwelling-house Cmeva, would Such churches in Amsterdam or Leiden be seen by and bam are commonly joined in line with mullioned windows many seventeenth mnnuy English Puritans in exile or attending piercing the facade as necessary. Visitors to College Fold, Rathrnell foreign universities (dissenters were barred from Oxford and near Settle, the surviving remnant of Richard Frankland's fkst Cambridge). Continental and Scottish rdmed churches, and the dissenting academy of 1686, can see the uaditmnal pattern. modest puritan chapels built in England earlier in the seventeenth Fulwood Old Chapel (Sheffield]of 1728 has the minister's house of were what dissenters hew; upon these they century, could base 1754 attached in :he same way as farmhouses and barns in the the designs of their new church buildings. Mayfield valley adjacent. Further south, the chapel lnow Zion A building style emerged which was common to a11 parts of the Baptist) of 1698 at Bradford-on-Avon forms the eastem end of the country. It is a style which declares its values; symmetry, tenace known as Middle Rank. At Ditchling the minister's Le!!. Grear Meeting, Le~ceater hollse is attached to the chapel, and the same pattern occurs at seems to have been the earliest public brick building in Sheffield. Abovc: lnlsrror of Friargate Chapel, (1 708). Probably the j~rsrbr~ck Ipswich (r700). Below: detail of one Godalrning. According to Eric Mercer (The Architectsrmd Hm'tage of bu~ldrngin Le~cesrer.Rlghl: port a/ The homely, domestic appearance of these chapels reflects both of he piIlnrs supporung the ro011n HJnckley UnlrPrjmchop, $hPrnng VmacdorBuildings in England) 'It was not until the last quarter Taunton Unlranon Chapel (1 721). br~ckpihsters (1 722) the modest standing of their members, and their fear of of the seventeenth century that houses entirely of hick were built persecution. They needed protective cover. But both outer design by men of lesser status' The new material produced 'a completely and, not surprisingly, interior arrangement, are quite diiferent new kind of house which was hth largm and more eleganr'. Brick from yeomen's houses of the period. was used particularly by the new middle classes - mm in trade Symmetry is the most important featwe. Order and balance and professions such as law, medicine and banking. They were were valued highly in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuties - among the first to build brick places of worship and the new form Renaissance virtues which wme not~ceableby their absence in of smcture evolving from the use of brick. most mediaeval churches. The elevat~onson pp 148-9 show that The meeting-house comprised a single interior space, unlike a the ordered disposition of two, four or six windows and one m two dwelling house. The focus of the meeting-house was the pulp~tat worcrgatechop], ~~~b~~.11698) doom can produce variations as subtle as any fugue. the centre of one of the long walls. There had evolved during the Demolrshed 1960 Brick and stone are the two principal materials. One complete seventeenth century she 'double plan' house, square rather than wooden chapel, in its original state of 1700, exists at Ipswich. lmear. The roof of a square house had to be supported centrally, Probably many others did not survive the early years; we know and in a house this was easily done by resting the central roof that befwe 1778 there was a wooden chapel at Bewdley, Worcs. t~mberon the walls dividing the front rooms from the back. Thus _-- Cob (clay and straw) was used at Crediton, Dwon. Stone is used in arose the double pitch and valley roof, commonly found on larger the traditional stone areas of the North, the Cotswolds and the meet%-houses. In a house this structure was quite satisfactory, ' . West. but in a chapel where the interim is open and the focus is central, 'C' There are a number of brick chapels which are early examples in \', the pillars supporting the roof occupy space and obstruct the view

, - their respective areas. Leicester Great Meeting (1708) was one of ot the preacher for anyone sitting behind them. These pillars were l + the first brick buildings in the city; nearby Hinckley Unitarian made much of as decorative features. For example, those of fi chapel (1722) must also be one of the earliest remaining brick Flemish oak at Taunton Chapel, 'perfect examples of the l buildings in the area. Preston and the surrounding part of Corlnthian order from base re entablature', are planted in the Lancashire is an early site oi brick-making, and the chapel of 1717 midst of the pews. A partial solution was to make them the front is an exceptionally early example. Knutsford (16891and Dean Row, supports of a galley, as at Zlminster and Hmcklgr. 1 1 Wilmslow (c.1690], though in an area where br~cks were The form of the dissenting chapel was new; but the detail was , commonplace in the eaneenth century, are two of the earliest often conservative - shy of decoration or flights of inventiveness. brick places of worship in Cheshire. Upper Chapel, Sheffield, -.2- : Flamboyance of style was not considered a virtue h dissenting " . .,..- ' 'C. i;l.. .<

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Above left: detail of brickwork on circles; the style associated with continental Catholicism was oak, with iron stud-nails and strap hinges, the whole hung on Above Knutsford Below. east s~de the {rolonl d Bury St. Edmonds baroque the essence of flamboyant, emotional over- Unl tarian Chapel (1 71 1, A un~que - hooks rci in the doorport. There are good examples at Chowbmt, ~o~'~$~~~~'"D"' "m"' and omb~rrousdes~gn, erecured in dramatisation. Uddness, later to develop into nineteenth Atherton [1721),Dean Row, and Fulwd, Sheffield (1728). old-fash~onedEnalish Bond. century utilitarianism, and Iater still into twentieth century unusual Above rkhr; pulbjr in Bury S; Impressive door-surrounds, with baroque decoration, are ~drnundi. - - functionalism, was already a feature of nonconformist to be found at Ipswich. At Bridgwater a fine shell-hood door- Below: Wibsey Fold, BmdJord architecture. Chapels of this period are traditional in many details. surround of 1688 was re-used m the rebuilt chapel of 1788. Often (1689J. The chapel was on the right. Dean Row, Knutsford and Macclesfield in Cheshire still there were two doorways, symmetrically placed, for the separate incorporate the mull~nedwindows of Tudor times. Knutsfordand use of men and women. Dean Row (c. 1690) are late examples of the use of English bond Drssenting chapels began to be planned according to the site, and brickwork, rather than Flemish bond. Bury St. Edmunds Chapel not with the eastrvards orientation of the Anglican churches. Dean (1711) is also English bond, and an outstanding example of fine Row, Knutsford and Maccledield chapels are almmt identical in brickwork with resfrained ornament of pitasters and broken design; yet Dean Row fronts to the south, faclng the graveyard. pediment. Knutsford laces north towards the road. Macclesfield, on a A number of chapels originally had exposed rafters, and were restricted town site, is also approached from the north. Knursford ceild-in later. Bessels Green, Sevenoaks 11716) had the ceiling and Macdesfield have their pulpits on the north side. Most early added in 1882; Great Meeting Leicester (17081 has a fine plastered chapels have thei. main facade to the south, as do most dwelling- ceding of 1786. Windows and doors are usually simple. Windows, houses of the period. The preoccupation with symmetry is thus at fist with a horizontal emphasis divided by mullions (as at strengthened; the morning sun shines obliquely on the front Bradford IWibsey Fold), Knutsford, Dean Row and Macclesfield), wmdows and mwes around to sunset in the west. The window 1 developed a more vertical form incorporating mullions and splay was sometimes adjusted to take M1 advantage of this effect, 1, tzansomes which continued to be used well into the 18th century, which must have been visibly appreciated during the long services as at Chesterfield and Crewkerne. Leaded lights were often set of three hours or more, customary when the chapels were new. straight into the stone or brick. Sasb windows were not introduced Few chapels had any artificialllght till the advent of gaslight in the horn the Netherlands till the end of the seventeenth cennuyj the early nineteenth century; the more light able to enter the chapel oldest surviving example of this in a Unitarian chapel is the the better, along with whatever heat the sun could provide as there Octagon, Norwich (1752).Doors do not so frequently survive, but was usually no system of heating. the few that do have simple vertical planks and horizontal ledges of Inside, a symmetrical plan was centred on tk pulpit. The 23 hierarchy of minister, clerk, elders and congregation, seated in (Oliva Heywood [lW1 7021, an indefatigable travelling preacher order of importance, is paralleled in the plan ot' law-courts, in the North of England, is recordcd preaching for threc hours or theatres, colleges and guildhalls. An elevated 'scat of authority' 1s more.) Windows are common behlnd the pulpit, giving a good at the centre of one wall; a canopy, or sounding-board is placed natural li~htfor the minister and clerk to read their books but an above it. hmediately below are seats and a table for those glare for others. However, box-pews did not attending in a prirFileged capacity. Reymd are the seats for the necessarily face forwards, but were grouped in squares. Although conpegation, fitting as many as possible into the space. All is gome might read the Bible it was not necessary to read to follow subordinated to the seat of authority, now central to the space, the service. rather than focuscd on the narrow east end. It was traditional for the congregatian to be responsible fm their Communion was important to early dissenters, but the pulpit own seating mangemmts. Early dissenting chapels were built in waq the focus of attention. During services it was the cenrre from the heyday of 'possessive individualism', and the notion of private which radiated words of comfort, wisdom, inspiration. Early ownerssh~p had embraced agriculture, wage-earning, and evcn service Puritans had valued the lecture, a sermon-based wh~ch worship. Heads of farnllies 'improved' their accustomcd seat h the enabled them ta avoid the services of an unsympathetic parish hglican churches by buildmg enclosed pews, and the new priest, and the dissenters' pulpit demonsmated the monumental dissenting chapels naturally included pews from the start. Material sermon's inherited value. Most early pulpits were moved in comforts were added in the form of cushions, curtains, backrests, Victorian times. Examples in their original positions can be seen at footstools, candles, and even individual stoves. As Dcan Swift put Bury Fpswlch, Hale Barns, Chowbent, Rivington and St. Edmunds. it. CIofk In R~~~I~~HiU and,C Most were fwt, OT three-deckers; the bottom level for the clerk who 1792. announced and led the psalms and hymns, the second for the Below. Inrenor of R~ngwod A bedstead of the antique mode LFn,rLlnanChopsr(1727,, C,ossd preacher whcn reading the lessons and prayers, the top for Compact of timkmany a load l075 delivering the sermon - the most important part of the service. Such as our ancestors did use Was metamorphosed into pews; Which still thelr ancient nature keep By lodging folks disposed to sleep.

The floor-space of the chapel was filled with private boxes, each Ahve rnemonol st drnswofth Relow memonal to U/~l?~arn with a door (sometimes with a lock) and seats on three sides. The Uuranr m Church of the Divine boxes were originally up to live feet high; thesc wmc often lowered Unrry, Newcastle upon WC. m the nineteenth century, or totally removed and rcplaced by lomard-facing bench-pews. The orklnals were often of oak, fine examples of loinery wlth elegant brass or iron fittings. There were other adjuncts to worsh~p.In General Baptist chapels the baptistry, large enough for total immersiun, 1s sometimes found below the pulpit as at Taunton. In humbler chapels a nearby stream might bc uscd, as at Billingshurst; at Bcssels Green a baptistry was constmctcd in the yard. Communion tabtes occasionally survive from this period; for example, the 17th cenrury oak table in Dean Row vcsny. Two fine Flemish brass candelabra survive at Ipswich and Taunton. fiere are a fcw early hells - rare m dissenting chapels where steeples and the ringing of bells were forbidden. Clocks are a common feature, often wlth the makm's name and date, and hung on the front at che gallery. Graveyards are important additions to many chapels. Sometimes an earlier yard surrounds a rebuilt chapel, as at Monton in Lancashire. The habit of Interment in vaults under the chapel (or even in the ground beneath an earth floor] continued into the eighteenth century; memorials to ministers buned in this way can be seen at Fulwood, Knutsford, Amsworth, and Walmsley. Excellent examples of the memorial stone-mason's art can he seen at Horsham, Billingshurst, hlcester, Hinckley, Bessels Green and Frenchay. Gazetteer 1662-1750 BesseIs Green: Old Meeting House, Sevenoaks. Rent. 1716. Ainswarth Presbyterian Chapel, Knowsley General Baptist Congregation dates horn Road. Lancashire. 1715. 1650, register of births from 1673. Congregation originated in chapel of ease of Chapel and parsonage housed under the same Middleton Parish Church, horn which they roof, hence the irregular, though pleasing, east were ejected. front. Chapel has three tal1 mullioned and Stone, gabled Welsh slate roof; two rows of transomed windows; right-hand window formed fom three-light mullioned windows to each the chapel entrance until 1882 when vestibule side, bellcote. Inscription over entrance: and vestry were extended into the pararsonage, to 'Erected AD 1715, Enlarged AD 1773, Altered which the present door originally gave access. and repaired 1845'. 1773 dargernent due to Parsonage extended northwards in 1887; first minisny of Rev. Thornas Barnes, eloquent floor windows raised into dormers, early 20th preacher, later minister of Cross Street, century. Walls of vernacular diapered brick (red Manchester, and principal of Manchester stretchers, blue headers) on ragstone base; tile College, buried in aisle. hanging on south wall. Lnterior, box pews (re-pewed 1845); cenual Intenor originally had box-pews and pulpit two-decker pulpit. Three-sided gallery. One- with sounding-board fixed to the west wall in handed clock inscribed 'Pr. Clare fect. 1749, when gallery added to north wall over Manchester 1774'. Good Victorian accessories, original entrance (gallery removed 18821. Pulpit such as umbrella stands, lighting, etc. Memofial and box pews replaced by present pulpit and to Rev. Joshua Dobson d. 1767. pitch pine pews m early ZOth century, these Extensive graveyard, many good stones. pews in turn replaced by chairs in mid 1979. The Associated buildings north and east of chapel; roof is open and spanned by two beams with Sunday School west of graveyard. kingposts. Brass chandelier; long case single- handed clock dated 1718. Memorids: bronze Atherton: Chowbent Chapel, Bolton Old Road. plaque to the Harman family, cycling memoria1 Lancashire. 1722. to Lionel AIlcyne Blundell Q. C. Congregation originally built a brick chapel of Two-acre graveyard with many good ease from Leigh Parish Church in 1645; memorials. Modem lych-gate (Nathaniel Bishop Presbyterians ejected by lacobite Lord of Harman gift, 1937).Remains of baptistery in the Atherton. Manor in 1721. First ministers were garden of 'Bastry', Westerham Road. three generations of James Wood; 'General' 'The scene is complete, an embodiment of the James Wood (minister for 64 years] raised a gentle, familial spint of &teenth century troop against the Jacobites in 1715 rebellion. nonconformity.' (rohn Newman, Buildmgs of Brick with stone detailing. Three bays, with England, Kmt.J gable-pediment, by four bays; round-arched windows in two storeys. Date of 1722 on top Bridgwater: Christcburch Unitarian Chapel, course of bricks on north side. Cupola and bell. Dampiet Street. Somerset. l688 and 1788. Square interior unaltered except for removal Congregation dates from 1662, when vicar, of a few pews and addition of organ loft and Rev. John Norman, ejected. In 1683 (during the vestibule in 1901. Three-decker pulpit Monmouth rebellion] Lo~d Stawell wrote: surmounted by gigantic memorial to 'General' 'Found the House of Worship, which was sower Top Intenor 01 Chowben! Chapel, Atherton. Jams Wood. Oak communion table horn pluckt down than built . . . We stood ~oundthe Centre left Bridgwoter Centre rixht Alnsworrh. 1645 chapel. Oak pews. Three-sided Below Hang~ngriles on the Old Mecting House. original box bonfme and health were not wanting'. He Bessels Green gallery supported on six oak columns with fine added, 'The Mitting hous was made rown like a double staircase. Clock. Stained glass c. cockpit, and once held some 400 persons'. In 1920-40. Good Art Nouveau light fittings. 1751 the chapel is described as 'a fine Meeting hposing setting in walled graveyard with House, with an advanced seat for the Mayor and gabled pediment. Forms part of street facade. impressive gates (1854). Aldermen, who happen to be Dissenters, as also Interior 'turned'; four massive stone pdlas Sunday School of 1837; day school [now local a private academy for such of then youth as are support bmel roof. Plain box pews; venetian authority school] of 1859 and 1890. intended for preachers'. (Eqhd's Gazetteer.) wmdow with ruby glass. Rear gallery with One of the best examples of Presbyterian Red brick, probably rebuilt 1788, Organ. Schoolroom adloining. Burial ground at architecture. incorporating shell-hod door of 1688; Dutch rean. Bury St. Edmunds Unitarian Chapel, Chodey Unitarian Chapel, Park Street. Dcan Row Chapel, Wilmslow, Cheshire. c. Chulchgate Street. Suffolk. 1711. Founded mcashire. 1725, 1690. 1672. Founded 1725. Abraham Crompton of Founded 1672. PmbabIy on site of earlier Impressive three-bay red brick facade aligned Cborley Hall gave £1,000 for land and chapel. chapel built to comply with the Five Mile Act of with ncghbouring buildings in the street. Four Ashlar stone in large random blocks. Two 1665. Location still rural though new pdasters rising to Dutch-style parapet with doors; tw~mulliond and transomed windows approached by suburbia. central sund~al. Cenrrsl dm w~thbrokcn on each side. Red brick chancel of 1885. Similax design to Knutsfmd and Macclesfidd. pediment and oval window above, flanked by Interior plam; arched rear window; organ and Red brick, English hnd. Two outer staircases two full-height round-arched windows with central choir seats in chancel donated William risc to gam access to gallcries and form leaded lights and original fittings. Double- H Tate 1902. symmetrical enlrance porches, Ten (sm over h~ppcdroof hidden by parapet. Iron railings and Graveyard with tomb of R#. William Tate, four] two-light mullioned windows retain gatcs at front. minister 1799-1836 [faher of Sir Henry Tare, diamond leaded lights; similar window pattern Lntaior. square with graceful double staircase sugar mandacturer and foundcr af the Tate at rear. Coped gahlcs with ball finials; bell-cote to three-sided gallery: superb woodwork. Three- GalEery, Landon). Attractive group oppositc of at West end. Stonc flagged roof, renewed 1972, decker pulpit and sounding M flanked by two school (18a) and houses; parsonage adjoins Interior 'turned' and ~cstmcd1845 afterperiod oval windows. Sornc pews removed and area graveyard. of disuse. Pulpit in nonh+eastcorner, re-aligned below galleries screened off, but most of the box-pews. GalEenes on east and west ends ori~inal fittings remain. Central pillar Cwwkerne Unitarian Chapel, Hermitage Street. (south gallery removedj. Organ (1894) in east supporting valley gutter. Somerset. 1733. gallery; area below walled off to form spacious Ambit~ousand unique design for a dissenting Founded 1666. Rev. Jemm Murch, writing in vestry, containing early cornmumon table. chapel, though the style is used in thc Eastern 1833, thought thc chapel had always hem Extensive and attractive graveyard, many Counties for middling size houses. The chapel is modern D.O.E. Unitarian; he called it 'of the plainest kind.' graves, sundial. Lych-gate 1870. Former being restored by thc Yellow Ham stone. Cropped gable roof. school (18621 and parsonage situated 200 yards Facade with semi-circular window over central north. Above Bury St. Edmunds. Below. Cheslerf~cld Chestetfield: Elder Yard Unitarian Chapel, Elder door, flanked by mullioned and transomed Way. Derbyshire. 1694. wmdows, also round-headed. Extension at side Founded 1662. In 1693 High Sheriff of Derby- so for organ brought from flminster Chapel 1913, shue 'Comelius Clake did purchase witb Interior Victorianised. Clock by Thornas intent to erect a new building thereupon to be a Cottell 1782. Mcmor~als to Blakc family place of Meetinge for Dissenting kotestants for (descendants of Admiral Blake] include Pastor Religious Worship'. The chapel's architecture Willlam Blake 1754.99, great-grandfaxher of rcflects the status of the county gentry of the Rev Margm Richmond Blake, designer of period. south mdem altar and memorial wlndow 1914-18. Qrlginal front faces graveyard. Stone Gdstained glass window 1893. SchooIrooms walls wlth quoins, now roughcast; tall 1399 mullioned and transomad windows. SlightIy projecting central sect~onwith pediment and line doorway. Chanccl added at east end in BsJnn. Crewheme. Right: Dean Row. 1821, destroying the symmetry. Interior 'turned' 1818; pulpit formerly on north wall. Original gallery blocked off 1981 to form meeting-room. Early ewhteenth century clock. Finc collection of mammoth pottery jars by Pearsons of Chesterfield. Early records describe windows hung with geen and red curtains, pews cushioned and lined with red or gecn baize, walls white-washed, pulpit rail parnted blue. Largc graveyard with good memorials. North of chapel, arched Sunday School of 1831 and 1846, now a shop. Above Evesham. Left memonol to Rev Ioseph Porter (d. 1721) or Eveshom Oppmrre Gmeacre.

Evesham Unitarian Chapel, Oat Street. Wmcestmhire. 3737. Frenchay Chapel, Frenchay Common. Bristol. corner, and rear gallery. Memods to first Founded 1696. Strong Puritan tradition in Apparently 1720, but roof timbers have been minister James Whittie d. 2702 (in aisle floor]; Evesham; prior to building chapel, congregation dated to 1650-80. also to Rev. William Shepherd d. 1847. Ditchling Old Meeting House. Sussex. 1740. worshipped in a barn behind 17 High Street. Founded 1620's. First Trust Deed 1691. Chapel surrounded by graveyard with mem- Genaal Baptist. Founded 1698 by Robert Third minister, Paul Cndale, authm of 'Inwry Pennant stone. Double-hippd roof with orials, including Rev. Joseph Lawton d. 1747. Chatfield of Streat (d. 17261, buried in gaveyard; whether we have my Scnptuse Warrant for a valley gutter. Windows arched, and entrance Centrally pivotted lych-gate. 'The centre of also earlier influence of Matthew Caffyn horn direct Supplication. Prmse or Thanksgiving. porch and bell-tower added at a later date. Bell Gateacre is not the church but the chapel' Horsham. Trust Deed dates from 1740 but eitherto theson, orto the Holy C;host'[lS75] - recast 1750; insmbed 'When you hear me (Pevsnaj. chapel may be some years earlier; adjoining impmant m spreading Unitarian ideas. mpg come and praise the Lord' (recently cottage is probably older than chapel and may Stone; ashlar front with pilasters, pxch and stolen). Hale ChapeI, Chapel Lane, Hale Barns, have been wed for early meetings. arched windows, all part of 1875 restoration. lnterior square on plan with rear panelled Cheshire. 1723. The two buildings form a splendid goup of Hippd roof. gallerj and two Tuscan columns supporting roof Founded 1662. Congegation met miginally at Sussex vemacula architecture. Chapel is brick Interior 'turnedv,pews cut down, apse added beam. Pulpit, clock inscribed Thornbury, and Ringway (chapel of ease of Bowdon Parish with central porch flanked by two tall mull- at East End. Memorial to George May, author of nlce little fireplace all probably early nineteenth Church - now under airport). Ejected 1722 and ioned and transomed windows. Hipped roof. History of Evesham. century. Recently modernised with box-pew resited 3 miles away at Hale. Cottage has hanging tiles. Interior modernised, Delightful garden-yard approached through panelling Iormlng dado. Brick, formerly wilth one outside staircase to pews removed 1877. No trace rernams of ach of Sunday School. Apart from thls, all Large graveyard with many memorials, gallerj. Bell-cote. Two original entrances on baptistery. aaces of enwonment have been swept away including extra heavy slabs to thwart body- north side. Delightful garden-graveyard approached by and replaced by car parks and supermarket. snatchers. Pleasant situation on Frenchay Impressive interior; open rafters and lungpost 'Twitten', footpath to chapel. Graves include Green, contemporaneous Friends Meeting trusses; box pews; pulpit with sounding-boardin that of Samuel Thompson (1766-18371, Free- Framlingham Unitarian Meeting House, Bridge House nearby, both supported by Bristol original position. East window by Morr~sand Thinlung Christian and radical reformer. Stree:. Suffolk. 1717. merchants in early days. Michael Maurice, Co. (Bume-Pones]1906. Founded 16M1. Long history of Dissent in father of Christian Socialist Erederick Wenison Swomdd by large graveyard, many rnem- Dudlcy Old Meeting House, Wolverhampton town; parish church had several Puritsn vicars. Maurice, was minister and schoolmaster here orials. Lych-gate c. 1890 by Percy Worthington. Street. Worcestershire. 1717. 17 16, Independent congregation at Woodbridge 1515-24. Arts and crafts style school 1880 and 1910; Founded 1690. Earlier chapel of 1702 bumt Quay gave f 8 for new church at Framlingham; architect F. B. Dunkaly. down in 'Church and Kmg' riots of 1715; rebuilt 'to be freely used. . . by such Protestants a5 Gateacrc Chapel, Gateacre Brow. Liverpool. with government compensation. shall profess to be of the Presbyterian or 1700. Hincktey Great Meeting, Baires Lane. Stone: facade with porch added 1869. Hipped Cangregarional persuasian'. Founded 1690. Red sandstone, pitched roof Leicestershire. 1722. slate roof. hnwindows at side and rear original. R-ee bay red and blue chequered brick. w~thbell-cote. Bell with carved head and A house was licensed as a Presbytesian meet- Interior 'turned' and restored 1869. Three-sided Mullioned and transomed windows; low hipped foliage, inscribed Come away make no delay ing place in 1672. Here the geat Independent gallery supported by cast-iron columns. Typical roof; domestic appearance. Interior 'filmed'i 1723' (same as bell at Platt Chapel, Philip Doddridge preached ss a student. slte down alley from main road; re-development plain. Single gallery. Small fore yard, graveyard Manchester]. Roof raised c. 172-3. Brick wlth crude corner pilasters; original has retained something of the traditional layout. at rear (added 1792). Interior 'turned'. Early pulpit at north-east hont is at the back. Segmental arched windows 35 31 Above left gulp~tused by Phillip Doddridge at Hinckley Above Horsham. on two levels. Date inscribed on east side at top of wall. New entrance added 1869. Impressive interior; two massive oak pillars Horsham Unitarian Cbmch, Worthing Road support valley-roof; three-sided gallery of 1727; Sussex. 1721. pews refitted 1912. Egg-cup pulprt predates Founded 1648. General Baptist origins in early chapel. Behind pulpit, tapestries of 1902, seventeenth century; Rev. Matthew Caffyn concealing recess used by students of HinckIey (1628-17141 was expelled from Oxford in 1645 academy when attending services in eighteenth for Unitarian views (memorial window in century. Clock. chapelj. Memorials include George Dare, first sec- Brick, simple dwelling-house appearance, retary and manager of Hinckley Cooperative hipped rood with stone slates. Porch added 1727. Society and secretary of first building society in pillars nbovc Ipsw~ch,extenor 01 cl~opelond dero~lof duor mouldink: Interior, two oak support high roof. Belorv Ilrn~ns~sr.~nrenor mews oJgollery p11larsend pulp~t. the town; hhur Atkins, hosiery manufacturer Small apse added at rear in 1838. Oakpews horn and founder of HincMey Free L~brary; also Crediton chapel. Good organ. Rear gallery. now m chapel. Sunday School of 1846 adjacent re-erected on site. The whole exterior is Elllott McEwen, music master of May AM Memonal to EIisabeth Gatford and her legacy. to chapel. plastered and painted. Five bays square, with Evans (Gemge Eliot]. Baptistry and 'Copper Room' for heating Maln approach is through avenue of yews to upper and lower storey mullioned and tran- Fine trees in large graveyard with many good water added 1772 over a well south of the we5t front. Graveyard with decaying tombs; somed windows and oval windows (added c. slate memorials. chapel. Spacious garden with good memorials. rnmor~alstone between entrance doors in- 1900) over entrance doors and on pulpit side. salbed 'A new hont and other repairs inside in Pedimented entrances with carved supports of Hiidley Presbyterian Chapel, Market Street. hinster Old Meeting, East Saeet. Somerset. 1851'. chembs and doves. Spy-hole in door to safeguard Lancashire. Dated 1700, although accounts sur- 1719. congregation when meeting. Double-hipped vive to suggest it was rebuilt on the same site m Founded 1672. Second chapel on the site. Ipswich Unitarian Meeting House, Friar's rmf. 1788. Congregation ejected from chapel of ease Moolham stone with Ham stone facings. Street. Suffolk. 1700. Interior virtually as built with addition of of 1641. Pediment with obelisks over two Tudor Founded 1672. First two ministers, ejected organ (1799),wooden floor and removal of small Brick, rendered. Three round-arch4 windows Gothic wimdows flanked by pair of doorways. vicars of Barking (Suffolk]and St. Andrew's, area of box pews. Four pillars support valley on south side, originally matched on north side. Side elevations show two unequal coped gables Colchester. gutter and three-sided gallery which strengthens Interior has central pulpit on short west end; also crowned by obelisks; square mullioned The only remabii timber-framed chapel of framework of building. Clock contemporary semi-c~cular communion rail. Single rear windows. th~speriod; built on brick footing [originalfloor with chapel. Magnificent brass chandelier with gallery. Altered 1798, 1852, 1879. Two Interior 'turned'; Victorian pulpit and pews. was brick). Defoe described it in 1720: 'AS large 24 candles, probably Dutch. Pulpit carved in memorials to Rev. Joseph Bowen, 'Minister 70 Prominent side gallerj [rear before nuning took and as fine a building of that kind as most on Gibbons style; also carving on balusters and this Society', d. 1765; and Rev. Jonathan place] supported by massive Ham stone pillars, th~sside of England, and the inside the best gdery. Hodgkinson, 'Instructor and Friend', d. 18 12. with twin central staircases. Licence of 1719 fmlshed of any I have seen, London not a- Surroundings drastically altered with re- Massive complex of brick schoolrooms to framed on wall. Clock by 1. Hansford, Ilminster. cepted'. Buildcr, Joseph Clarke, house carpen- development; verdant graveyard has dis- east, 1877 and later. Small graveyard at rear with Organ chamber added 1919. N~cesentimental ter, his contract hangs in the chapel. Probably appeared Area to east of chapel in process of few graves. chdd's fiefrom Sunday School date-niche, made in components in the builder's yard and restoration and developmmt. 33 Leicester Great Meeting, East Bond Street. 1708. Brick, rendered. Hipped roof concealed by Probably second chapel of conpegation pedimented facade of 1860. Rear semi-circulat founded 1662. Earliest surviving brick building apse of 1860 contains egg-cup pulpit. Gallery in Leicester (apart from Roman remainsj. added 1840. Square plan; double-hipped roof of Interior interesting chiefly for its memorials; Charnwood slates; corner pilasters, and Rev. Dr. Richard Price (1723- 1791 3, propounder mullioned and transomed windows Pn two of laws of probnbil~tyand autho~of Observations storeys. Vestibule across full width of bent and on Civil Liberty, supporting the American War vestry, choir and chancel added 1866. of Independence; Samuel Rogm and family; Interior very finei originally open to rafters, Anna Barbauld; Samuel Sharpe. splendid plaster ceiling added 1786. Gallery Prominent situation facing the Green. 1716, supported by iron columns. Chancel window with six lights in neo-Gothic 13th century style, commemorating chapel officers; painted and carved choustalls. Pulpit of 1708 (see tablet on chancel wall). Numwous memorials include the finest we have seen; superb lettering in stone and metal from eighteenth to twentieth centuries. Among them, Rev. Hugh Worthington, d. 1797, Mrs. Maty Reid, d. 1812, Paget family, Alderman W. Kempson, d. 1893, Edith Gittings, d. 1910, Thomas Fielding Johnson, d. 1921, hie Elizabeth Clephan, d. 1930. Vestry contains Inlenor of Knu~slord Calling at Greut Meeting. Leicester, ~nslolled1786. collection made by hieClephan of pictures of the chapel; also portraits, among others, ol James and Wllliam Gardner (introduced Beethoven's music to England). Above: Lincoln Unilarian Chopel before c. 1690 Bslo~~.: Large $raveyard full of finely lettered stones, Newington Green. slate memorials a speciality. South of yard, Sunday School of red brick, gothic, dated 1859. Kendal Unitarian Chapel, Market Place. Dark red brick. Two outer staircases rise to Westmoreland. 1720. gain access to galleries and form symmeaical Licences taken out 1671-2under leadership of entrance porches. Gabled roof, stone flags at Lincoln Unitarian Chapel, High Street. 1725. Rev. Richard Frankland, tutor at Cromwell's front, slate at rear, with timber framing errposed Durham University who later founded dissen- on east gable. Facade faces north towards road. Founded 1662. Foundation of congregation {N. Subtle arrangement of 12 two-light mullioned closely linked to Disney family [descendants ting academies at Rathrnel Yorks] and John Disney, Attercliffe (Sheffield). Chapel built during windows back and hont, four windows at sides. Rev. colleague of Theophilus hdsey, and Walt, of cartoon fame). ministry of Frankland's pupil, Caleb Rotheram Diamond leaded lights. Br~ck,stucco facade. Original appearance of {see headstone in chapel wall), who founded a Interior renovated but not turned in 1859; chapel much more homely than at present, with dissenting academy in Kendal in 1733 (entrance pulpit of 1859 in anginal position on centre of steep hipped roof and plaln brick walls. Facade to chapel from Market Mace is through arch of long north wall. Gallery on three sides with academy building]. carved balustrade. Short grandfather clock by with porch added late nineteenth century. Stone, whitewashed; two storey. mullioned Richard Richardson. Latin memorial to Isaac Interior 'turned'; leaving supporting pillar and transomed wmdows. Date 1720 on down Antrobus the Elder, schoolmaster and founder misplaced. spout. Interior repewed and altered c. 1845. First member of chapel. His gave and others in burial around 1722, now an attractive garden. central aisle. Graveyard added piecemeal during nineteenth London: Newington Green Unitarian Church, Knutsfod Brook Street Chapel. Cheshire. 1689. century; area in hont of chapel, now an open North London. 1708. Founded 1672. Isolation of area facilitated steep slope to road, contained Iarge Sunday Founded 1682. The area was inhabited by early growth of nonconformist worship. Several School building [demolished 1953).Many early influential Dissenters in the seventeenth private houses licensed in early years; first gravestones with good lettering; also grave of century, for instance, Defoe and Watts; there minister, Rev. William Tong, publlcly installed Elizabeth Gaskell, 1865. (Knutsford is the were several dissenting academies. Edward m 1687. Earliest of thee similar chapels at Dean original of Cranfoxd, where the author was Harrison, goldsnlth, erected the chapel at a cost Row, Knutsford and Macclesfield. brought up.] of £300. 34 Maidstone Unitarian Church, Earl Street. Kent. 1736. Congregation dates from 1662 Ejection. Brick; squae, with pyramidal slate roof and coma pgasters. Three bays to front and sides with mullioned and transomed windows. Front on pavement edge; central door with iron lamp over. Interior Gothicised but retaining orighl layout incIuding central pulpit now set back m shallow chancel [added in nineteenth century). Three-sided gallery. Flat ceiling with exposed beams and joints. Memorabilia of Rev. WiIliam Hazlitt Senior, minister here 1770-1780.

Mansfield Old Meeting House, Stockwell Gate. Nottinghamshire. 1701. Founded 1666. Important centre of nonconformity in late seventeenth century. Before 1701 coqgegation met in Porter's House at alley entrance (nowsolicitor's off~ce,formerly parsonage). Typical location of chapel down an alley from main road. Lydgate Unitarian Chapel, New Mill, near 'for kindness in letting the society have his barn Pmk sandstone with limestone quoins, Huddersfield, Yorkshire. 1695 and 1768. to mete in'. The chapel was dorninatd by the square. Two or@ doorways on east side, now Founded 167 1, by John Armit age [kinsman of Brocklehurst family [silk manufacturers) till blocked. Mullioned and transomed windows; Maidszone. Enoch Armitage, who founded a settlement in closure 1873-6 (the Brocklehurst Bank was double hipped roof. Symmetry of present front Hopewell Valley, New Jersey m 1719). First adjacent). elevation spoilt by porch of 1940. preacher at chapel was Oliver Heywood, great Design similar to Dean Row and Knutsford, Interior 'turned' and Gothicised 1870; chancel travelling preacher in the North of England. but here on a restricted town site and typically added 1882, enlarged 1908. Pillars of Sherwood Gritstone; pitched roof with coped gable, situated down an alley from the road. oak support roof. Stained glass by Morris and kneele~s and cupola. Some doubt about Sandstone; two outer staircases rise to gain CO 1890. Clock by Thornas Haley of Nomich Man sfield. rebuild~ngin 1768; possibly old materials re- access to galleries and form symmetrical c. 1748. used (see panel near pulpit carved 'John entrance porches. Twelve (six ove~six] two and Extensive school: buildings 1837 and 1885 hitage 1695'). Extensive repairs in 1848; thee-light mullioned windows in facade, now alongside entrance yard. Redevelopment all south wall partly rebuilt with new windows, with Gothic Qacery. Centre four windows are round, but chapel has survived well. full-height porch incorporating organ loft, dummies. Rear has 16 (eight over eight] three- cupola and bell. light mullioned windows Lead spout dated Jnterior, small and plam, high pulpit with 1690; lrm wall lamp opposite alley. Slate roof Newcastle-under-Lyme Old Meeting House, sounding board at narrow end of chapel. (stone flags prior to 1929). Lower Street. Staffordshire. 17 17. Chained books [three volumes Archbishop hterior Gothicised 1840 but stiU retains Founded 1672. Previous chapel of 1694 burnt Tillotson's sermons] below pulpit. Rear gallcry. 'Meeting House' atmosphere. Two-decker down by rioters, encouraged by town auth- Organ installed 1801, renewed 1926. pulpit with sounding board in centre of long orities. Patronised by Josiah Wedgwood and Large graveyard with many memorials. north wall. Around the pulpit, blocking the four family; Charles Darwin's mother, Susannah Parsonage 1842 next door. Beyond, interesting central windows are dark wooden panels with Wedgwood, alsa attended [see plaque in chapel). Oliver Heywood Mmorral Sunday SchooI 1911, Gothic decoration and gdt lettering. Originally 1804-20, chapel closed; open on and oft attributed to Edgar Wood 470 sittings {ZOO on ground floor and 270 in throughout nineteenth century. Periods of act- Macclesfield: King Edward Street Chapel. gallery); box pews fitted 1840; present pews ivity connected with rise of Chistian Brethren Cheshire. 1690. 1929 (original benches in gallery). East and west (see chapter 41. Congregation dates from Ejection of 1662. galleries supported by timber columns 20 in. Brick, rendered. Approach was through grave Chapel was opened on St. Bartholomew's Day square. South gallery removed c. 1800. Organ of yard of adjacent Parish Church. Meeting room (August 24th) 1690 - the anniversary of the 1876 in west gallery, where open rafters still above chapel added in 1926. Interior plain, Ejectton. List of seat-holders for the opening survive. William Leicester's chair inscribed renovated 1898. Rear gallery. Chapel now includes John Broadhmt, given a whole pew W.L. 1688. exposed by ring road. 36 Park Lane Chapel, Wigan Road, Ashton-in- Mr. W. Ronksley'. WiIliam XEonksIey (l#@ Makerfield, Lancashire. 1 697. Founded E 672. 1724], tutor and librarian, wrote several Brick walls with mow courses, now ren- children's text-books on mathematics, English dered. Mullioned windows, stone flagged roof grammar and the classics. His will states: with bell-cote. 1826, one of the two entrances '. . . forasmuch as Fullwood . . is very remote blocked, chapel 'tumed' and ceiling put in. from Church and Chapel my mind and wlfl is 1861, coal mines started in the area, changing that for the conveniency of the inhabitants *- 1. ,? ' make-up , ;, - , - :;, enviranment and of congregation; thereof (who are most of them Dissentas frnm L I.,. ,l renovations in 1871, 1904, 1926, 1946, all in the Church of England) . . . a large and part due to subsidence. handsome Chapel shall be built and finished Present gallery and pews of 1871 when box with a Pulpit and convenient seats . . . with the pews converted into panelling (some dated interest or produce of the said four hundred 1697). Interior colourfully Gothicised with pun&. . .' much charm; stain4 glass: memorial window Sandstone with gritstone mullions, and door to Gaskell family, 1914-18 war memorial surrounds. Not large. Two doors, four windows, nice sentimental painted glass in mulliond windows with original leaded l@ts vestibule, etc. Pulpit moved from mlddle of and glass. Interior 'turned" nineteenth north walI to narrow east end. Present pdpit centuty, gutted and modernised mid-twentizth horn Prescot chapel (17561896). Memorial to century aft= long period of neglect. Rev. Samuel Park, d. 1775. Collection of Adjoining parsonage, 1754; also attached, memorabilia gives insight into chapel life small schnolroom built sow after. Former through the centuries. graveyard contains village stocks found nearby Very large graveyard, with interesting tombs. and re-erected 1930. Now on edge of suburbia, Day school buildings west of chapel (1902); but faces beautiful Mayfield Valley. Above Underhnk Chopel. Stanningron, Sheffield. recently demolished Sunday School buildings Below. Rivington (18671 stood nonh of chapel. Lych-gate of 1934 Sheffield: Underbank Chapel, Stannington. erected by the Women's League as a memorial 1742. gallery! delightful sampler depicting chapel, to Rev. Matthew Watkins. In 1652 Richard Spome left funds to support signed 'Inday Oates 1848'. k pea- minister' jn intannington. Place of Small cottage adjoins chapel. Schoolroom Rjvhgton Unitarian Chapel, near Horwich, worship at this time possibly a bam. The Pres- dated 1853 across road on moorside. Large Lancashire. 1703. byterian Mjnisser was ejected in 1662, but until graveyard with many interesting stones. Superb Congregation originated in parish church of 1699 ministers were entered as curates of she setting; still isolated, yet suburbs creep nearer. l566 on opposite side of The Green; ejected Diocese of York. A licence was taken out by 1662. Patron, Lord Willoughby of Parham, d. dissenters to meet in nearby Spout House and Sheffield: Upper Chapel, Norfolk Street 1700, 1765 (see remarkable monument in chapel). endowed a minister to be 'a Protestant reconstructed 184. Congregation originated Stone. Two mullionad and transomed win- Dissenter. . . of the Presbyterian or Con- with ejection of Rev James Fisher, vicar of dows with leaded l&ts flanked by pair of doors, gregational denominations'. The chapel has an Sheffield, in 1660; met in private houses till headstone on nght dated 1703. Stone flagged exceptionally sophisticated design - who was 1678, then at New Hall Chapel on Snig Hill. roof with bellcote at west end. responsible for it? Present chapel built during ministry of Timothy Interior original and unaltered. High pulpit Sandstone with hipped stone-flagged roof. Joll~e (Jollie was principal of Attercliffe centred on long north wall. Box pews with seats South front has two tall centxal round-arched Academy, East of Sheffield). facing each other rather than the pulpit. windows with flanking dwn; circular windows Chapel originally faced West, approached extra bay was added to the East end, forming a Canopied pew of the Willoughbp family. Stone above. Pronounced gritstone window and door from Fargate down Pepper Alley. In 1948 - vestibule with classical stone facade and portlco floor. Framed stone tablet inscribed 'Ye REVD surrounds and quoins. Origmally had six delayed till passing of Dissenters' Chapels Act supported on 4 Ionic columns. At the West end SAMUEL NEWTONE, Driven from ye church mullioned windows in two storeys to sides and - it was enlarged and 'turned' to face Norfolk the first vestry with organ loft was added, on Bartholomew Sunday lb62', revealed when rear; west elevation now has two round-arched Street. This street, laid out c.1770, became the incorporating datestone 'Built in 1700 enlarged workmen were pulling down a wall c. 1840. windows with two blocked mulliond windows, principal street in the town for chapels - 1847'. Rural graveyard overlookmg beautiful scenery altered in 1866 when pulpit moved from south Unitarian 1700, Congregational 1715, Internally present gallery added, and a layout on lower slopes of Rivington Pike. to west wall and chapel 'turned'. (Pulpit Methodist 1780, Roman Catholic 1.850. smilar to today adopted. Rebuilding cost about subsequently moved to north-west corner 1921 A Bok at the rear court is insrmctive. Brick fZ,000, under the direction of John Frith, side walls of I700 - the oldest exposed Architect, of Sheffield. Re-openec for public Sheffield: Fulwood OId Chapel, Whiteley Lane, when war-memorial organ installed; returned brickwork in the city - can be discern4 rlsing worshp On 21st May 1848, the chapel makes an 1728/9. 1952 when transposed with organ.) Originally three galleries; only east one survives, leaving to the uppm window arches. In 1848 these were hteresting contrast with Mill Hill Chapel, Founded 1714. Inscription in centre of front raised by 6 feet and a new roof constructd. h Leeds and Gee Cross Chapel, Hyde - both built wall, 'Built 1729 in Persuance of ye last will of interior sadly much altered. In vestry [under 39 38 Great Hucklow (son of William Bagshawe, 'Apostle of the Peak') by Chantry; the Hunter Family (Rev Joseph Hunter was author of definitive histories d Hallamshire and Sauth Yorkshire, and instrumental in establishing the Publ~cRecord Office). Vestry contains fine collection of paintings and photographs of past ministers of the chapel and of Susannah,wife of Rev Joseph Evans. Adjoining West wall in the rear yard is a barely legible Latin memorid to Timothy Jollie. Front graveyard landscaped as a small public garden with memorials and sundial. Southwest of the chapel and adjoining is the Hollis block Upper Chuppel, SheJf~dd. built as the Sunday School c. 1815. South again are the caretaker's house and Channing Hall, Rivington. the latter built above a smart parade of shops in 1882 on the then new Swey Street. Facade resembles a Venetian palazzo; interior has multi-coloured glazed bricks and fine timber roof, linked to chapel by spud staircase. lnrerior of Shrewsbury. Architects, Flockton and Gibbs. [E. M. Gibbs, a leading member of the congregation, also responsible for pews, pulplt and vestry extension).

Shrewsbury Unitarian Chu~ch, Hlgh Street. Shropshire. 1691-1885. Interior "turned' and xe-pewed. Original pulpit Congregation dates fm 1662 Ejection of two with sounding board. Barrel-vaulted ceiling with Shrewsbury vicars, Rev. John Bryan and Rev. timber boarding. Stained glass window by interior of Tountoo. Rancis Tdents. Chapel bumt down in 1715 Mayer and Co., Munich, 'Christ Preaching'. riots, rebuilt 17 18 with government funds; large Clock by 'William Homsey Exon 1767'. Taunton Unitarian Chapel, Mary Street. Coat of Arms of GmgeI in chapel. 1839, further Schoolroom of 1897. Leigh-Browne room 1939, Somerset. 1721. rebuilding. 1885, forecourt budt over to create housing assomnent of pictures and furniture. Founded 1646. General Baptist origins; in the same year but under the influence nf the the present stone street facade; Pevsner thinks it Graveyard and north-east entrance of chapel amalgamated with Rresbytet5an Taacred Street advocste of Cothicism, lames Martinmu. may be an attempt to recreate style of earlier with onginal rectangular windows preserve Chapel [built 1732, closed 1815, now h 1866 a 3 mwlorgan was installed by fade. somethng of pre-Victo~ianatmosphere. demolished). Earlier building htdown in Edward Wadsworth of Manchater. It is still in Interior, refined classical; panelled dado, high Monmouth rebellion. use, being overhauled in 1984. Thus a new square windows, central pulpit with recmtly- Tarnworth New Meeting House, Victoria Road. Street facade ~enderedc. 1850 with Itdianare vesty added 1866, enlarged and re-styled 1900 ...restored . coat of arms above. Memorials include Staffordshire. 1724. pilasters and md-arched windows. OriginaI to celebrate bicentenary. Chapel repewed in one to Charles Damin, who attended chapel in Eounded 1690. brickwd at rear. 1882 and present pulpit and organ console added his youth; also Rev. Job Orton, mhster 1741-66 Original front is now the back, which retains Excellent interior; pews altered in nineteenth in 1907. and a founder of the Royal Salop Wm.1798 chequered brickwork and stone above former cennuy, otherwise untouched. Baptisq mda These alterations have left an interior redolent Coleridge candidated for the minisny here; porch inscrib4 'This house was built 1724'. floor below pulpit. Two square Flemish oak of solid Vrctorian comfort. The vestibule leads Hazlitt describes hearing him in 'My First Modem rendered front faces road horn the pillars 'perfect examples ofthe Corinthian Order into 3 blocks of pews facing high central pulpit Acquaintance with the Poets'. (Brass plate nem railway station built for Queen Victoria on her complete from base to entablature' (R. P. Jones). supported on 4 columns. Three-sided curved pulpit in commemoratiw.j Clock of 1724. visit to Tarnworth in 1853. Hipped roof. Galleries on three sides. Chandelier of 23 gallery ahnve Organ lnft behind pulpit, flanked Interior 'turned' 1879; gothic-arched pitch- candles, wrought iron and bras, inscribed by two unusual stained glass windows depicting Sidmouth Old Meeting, All Saints Road. Dwm. pine chancel, organ chamber and vestry formed "atathaniel Webb 1728'. Clock contemporary liberty and truth, c.1940 by Easton. Other 1710. out of east end. Memorials. M else is swept with building. Good monuments to TouIrnin, stained glass by Henry Holiday, 1899. Lofty Founded 1710. Chapel originally front4 by away in modernisation by Royal Naval Blake, Kosdloty. panelled ceiling. 'White HartJ public house on south. Association, who share chapel. Brick School with bell tower 1866; hall with Memorials to Rev James Fisher; John White render m stone. Pleasant restoration Graveyard adjacent, god stones leaning frescoes. Remakable memorial window in Rutherford, surgeon, 1389; John Bagshawe of 1886; pointed windows and barge-boarding. against side of chapel. school hall. Burial ground at rear. 40 41 Walmsley Unitarian Chapel, Balton, Lancashire. 1713. Founded before 1671. Congregation originated in Old Walrnsley Chapel, Turton Heights, about one mlle away (now consists of foundation remains and graves). Remote sinration, so Act 0f Uniformity not vesy effective; Old Chapel shared by Anglicans and Presbyterians till 1706. First minister at Wdmsley, Rev, Jams Mhe, buried beneath aisle. Reddish Valeatme stone from nearby quarry. Six three-light mullioned windows on each long side, altered In nineteenth century. Interior 'wed' and Gothicrsed; three-sided galley; roof altered and faced with pitch pine C. 1870. Large ninetmth century east window. Organ c. 1850, from Bank Street Chapel, Bolton. Porch and bclky added 1874. Sunday School across yard 1851. Large gave- yard with many memorials, including Rcv. Job Aspinall [built cotton-carding engine on nearhy stream]; Rcv. Thornas Davies (d. 181l), doctor, mathematician, chemist, tutor at Manchester New College, introduced cow pox vaccination Opposr~e.almve, Wa1mslt.y; below, Tcnterden. to the district; Rev. William Probm, minister York: St. Savfowgate Unitarian Chapel. 1693. 1821-1870.Many table tombs. This pge: Icfi. York; right, memorial$ Jn Wanington. F~unded1692. Eord Hewley (mayor of York 1665, MP for Pontehact and York, d. 1697)and Warringtan: Cairo Street Chapel. Lancashire. Lady Hewley (held licence to preach at her 1745. house, d. 17101 gave money to build chapel. See Founded 1662. mind chapel of 1703 on portraits in vesrry, also Lady Hewley's chair. same site; before that congregation met in The Hewley bequests later gave much trouble to Wmington Courthouse (was Greyfnars]. It is Unitar~ans- see Chapter 4. possible chapel has similar design to previous Brick; austere facade belics elaborate plan in chapel, wen incorporating part of the structure. form of Greek cross. Short tower on crossing Rrick. Front on able end; central round- originally pierced by windows; pyramidal slate arched window with Gothic tracery, two doo~s. roof. Sash windows 1830. Interior altered; repewed and gallery removed Interior: communion table at west end. Small 1863. Now a strange amalgam of Nec-Gothic ked brick' universities. Rev. John Seddon was organ gallery over entrance 1800. Late 18th pitch plne and the remains of eighteenth minister of the Chapel 1747-1770 and tutor in century hexagonal pulpit. Originally open to the ccntury glories - chiefly evldwt m memorials Language, Oratory, Theology and Phdosophy. It ratters, ceiling mserted 1859, obscuring tower Tenterden Old Meeting House, Ashford Road. round the walls. Mcrnorials: Edward Garlick, d. has recently heen transported 60 feet to a new aches, windows and barrel vault. Pews ISM). Kent. 1746. 17511, aged 15; John Andrew Wilson, d. 1760; site at Bridgefoot and restored. Good 'flashed ruby"1ass. Fie memorials by Congregation dates from 1662 Ejection of Rw. John Galway, student m the Wanington James Fishcr of St. Saviourgate and Matthew Georgc Haw from parish church. First met in Academy, d. 1777; John Aiken, Professor, d. Whitby Old Chapel, Flowergate. Yorkshire. Skelton of Micklegate, also R. Remart of barn, possibly on same site. 1780; Holbmk CaskcEl, d. 1842; Rev. Philip 1750. Founded 1694. London. Memorial to Rw. Charles Wellbeloved, Brick, s~rnpledomestic character, hipped rmf Pearsall Carpenter, R.R. London, Ph.D. New Completely hidden behind shopping street; principal of Manchester New College, then at with cropped gablc, tile hanging at sidcs. York, d. 1877. Licence of 1672 framed in vestry. approached down side alley. One of the walls York, minister of chapel 1800.1858. Interior, original thrce-sldcd gallerj. Central 'Parliament' clock has been found to be the back of a fourteenth Chapel set in graveyard; h~ghhrick wall pulpit, large sounding board. Semi-exposcd Chapel faces long yard full of gravestones, century house in flewergale. replaced by rarlings 1860. 'Its centralised plan rafters. Short-case parliament clock. many table graves to Gaskell fmily, etc. Fine Interior simple, small; 'turned' and repewed. and austere character make it the most Burial ground has gave of Rev. Lawrence wrought-iron gate from street. Large Single rear gallery. Memorial to Rev. Francis d~stir~ctivelyNonconformist chapel in the city, Holden, minister 1774-18r4. Stone E974 schoolrooms of 1882 and 1896. Haydn Williams, rnin~ster1888-1910, lifeboat wholly uncompromlsrnpl and making no commemoratrng bicentenary of Acnjamin Warrington Dissenting Academy, 1757.86, campaigner and early charnplon of footpath concessions to anyone.' (Professor Patrick Franklin's visit. Adjacent hall 1839 was rhe most celebrated of the nonconformist legslatmn. Nuttgens, York.Buildings in the City. 1978.) 42 43 Commonwealth Gwernor of Dd Castle, his grave is m the Newbury: Waterside Chapcl, Northbrook Strtet Berkshire Disused and Demolished fIm (see also Dover chapcl) Rehonted m 19th century wirh 1697 Founded 1664. Clod 1946. Demol~shed1960, but Chapels and Churches Gothrc wmdows pmmmge incmpmted m Toomcrs' depanment store Derby, Fnargate 1698. Founded 1672 Demolished 1975. Chapel of bnck, four by Ilve bays square plan. Mullioned Alccster: Bull's Head Yard, Knowsley Road. Wor~er;tershie. hge,red brick, four bays with pediment. Impressive mtenor mndows in two storeys, tnple-b~ppedtiled roof htmior, two , rt- I l* 1721. Closed 1896. Dernollshed 1963 after fit damage. Had refitted 18W; thremided gallery; two srone Tuscan columns: rows of four columns suppmt valley ptters. Rear gallery. .pxl meeting house mtericn wirh two-decks pulpit and organ loft over may behmd pulp~t.A sad loss m a clty where Box pews Chapel had private qnay on adlacmt bvm Kcnnet soundmg bard. all too few bulldugs have been spared. (New chapel: see Prcmon, Church Street. hcashire. 1717 Founded 1672. Allostock, near Knutsford, Cheshue c. 1646 Foundad 1672. chapter 5 1 Closed 1975, now derelict. Rendered bnck, arched wmdows. From 1909 tdl recently used m a pnmary school with De~iz-, Wdtshi 17th cenmy M mid-19th century Schoolrooms of 1905 adjoin at rght anglw. Small graveyd. Ringwood: House occeslonal services. Now a dwcIling-house Dorchcstcr, Pcasc heDorset 1720 Foundd 1662 Closed Sr. Thornas's Chapel, Meeting Lane. W.; Ashford, Buton Road Derbyshire c 17W Founded 1696 1875 Dcmollshcd c 1970 Hampshue. 1727. Foundd 1672 Closed 1975 Acquired by nrt : '' ,, Closed 1875, demolished Graveyard mves on road to Eilby, Norfolk 1706 Ocmyed by hmb 1940 Graveyard local authority for local studcs cenue Imprwsivc lnsldc md --... - I '* . MO,-,S~] uead (~cdBwh~kheImr~sr 9 0.4 89) SWIYCCI. out. Three bays square, mullioned wmdows, doublc roof l --:p=..,:>+-. , ~.t74~[ w~thcropped gable. Box pews, three gdlerles, hexagonal --- =- Atheistone, Long Street Wmickshue. 1725 Closed 1918 Findun, hwer Green, Derbyshire c 1660. Clmed 1860. - v a:. :--&+-z a.-- A-= - .X. Demolished 1956 Demol~shed1939 Former Academy m Doles he(ad~sccntJ pulpit, barrel-arched ceiling to mam ~oofand over gsller~es, - .:>-----.-:,- :-2-'7 ,..+, ..--: =:-..: Barnstaple, Cross Street. Devon Early 18ih cmtluy. surv~vcsss a row ot cottages. suppond on SIX oolumns. Elouham, East Milton, OxEordshue c. 17IM Closcd 1M3. Fleet, Llncolnshlre c. 1703 Became Baptist in 19th century Rushall, Wiltshire. 1706 Closed 1972. Wemollshed 1982 Chapel now a farm bam adjoining graveyard of pansh church Victorian chapel now on slte, but old paveyard survives, General Bsptlst. Very small. Archetype for GPO rural Mllton, Chapel Lane Closed 1865, fragment survrves as a good headstones relephme achanges Chapel fitted happily into village street garaRe Gloucester, Banon Street 1W. founded 1662. Closed 1967 scene. Bradford on Am: Grove Meftmg House, Middle Rank. and demol~shed.Three bay classical facade of Cotswold stone St. Albms, Cower Dagndl Street Hertfordshire 1697. Wiltshue. 1698 Closed 1873 Now Zlon Baptrst Chapel hid modest brick budding wlih hlpped rwf Interior Founded 1662 Closed 1895. Now a bank. Four by three bays, Bath stone, end of terrace of wavers' houses Impressive originally had threegaller~cs,box pews, pulp* wth sounding bnck with segmenlal arched windows m two storeys, hlpped Bullhouse, near Penrstone Yorkshuc 1692 board. Tmed and refitted 1893 with chancel and organ double root. Rullt as, and still IS, an Mependent chapel, but dun= the extension mtercd through mumphal pmccn~waarch w~th Sale, Cheshire. Cross Street, 1739, moved to Atkinson Rond mmistry of Thorns Halliday (1772-1793)and hls successors, Cormthlan pibastm 1876, closed 1970. Both buildqqs tecently demolished. adopted Unitarian theology Typical of several 'paum@' Hapton, Norfolk 1741 Closed 1959. Founded 1729 by Shepton Mat,Cowl Sueet. Somerset. 1896. Founded 1692. chapels m Ymkshue with Presbyterian or Unltman Brewer's wldow, Eluabeth Gay. Timber framed, lath and Restmed 1985 and 1886. Closed 1961. Four by two bays, connections, such as Atfercliffe H1H Top Chapel 116291, plastered Dmr from Octagon Chapel, Norwich Situated stone. Fmnt has pedimented dwrcases and two mormous Bramhope [1649], Great noughton (16501 qv, Wibscy, wlthm grounds ol Hapron House, now a dwellmg-house ~'ound-arched windows with Gothic tracery, hjpped ro~i. Bradford {sec chapter 51 Sllvanus kch budt Bullhouse Hall, Honiton: Bridge Mcetmg Housc, HI& Smt Devon Early Re= wmg has mullioned windows /anginal?).htenm had his son Elkanah the chapel Flue pleceof Pennlne Vernacular 18th century Closed 1860 Demolished Clock-facenow in nchly carved pulpit on slender stem, balustraded staus, lamp architecture, mtstone w~thmullioned uansomed wundo~s, Muscum brackets and sounding board, now transferrad to St. coped gables with M1finds Lntmor retains hghpulplr and Leeds, Call Lane 1691 Congregatmd, General Baptm and Nicholas's Church Museum, Bristol. soundiboard and some box pews Unitam ~nfluenw Stafford, Mount Street 1689 and 180i. Founded 1672. Calne, Bollm he.Wrltshue 17th century Clwed 1835 Zewes, Eastpmr Lane. Sussex 1741. Chapel closed 1826 Presbyterian Chapel bndy became Unitarian m carry 19th Top. Ringwood. Above: Roof limbers. Rjwwood Demolished 1962 when congregation amalgamated wtth Westgate Chapel. century. Both the earller buiIdmgs appear to swvebehind Below: Shepton Mdlet. Chichester, Sussex BaffinsLane 1688 Closed 1% now an Now a dweHmg house thc Victm~anchapel. auctlon rm. Adlacmt to Pallents 'New Town' Gmd Landon: Hackney 'Gravel Plt Chapel' of If 16 nwivcs in Topshm, Ropeu-dk, now Victoria Road. Devon 1727. desw, bnck with pedunent hldmg valley gutter, three Ram Place oft Chatham Place, now a factory Rectangular, Closed 1888. Now Masonic hd1. round-arch& wmdows Also Eastptc General Baptist yellow stock br~ck Interim much altered though caved Totnes: Lower Mect~q, Fore Street. Devon. 1'24. Chapel 1720 Closed 1943 Now a community centre Seven timber columns survive. Conpegation had four sllustnous Apparently demohshcd coffms rccently found under noor, lncludlng hchard mmisters 1770 to 1845 Richard ksc, Joscph Priestley, Warminster, North Row. Wiltshi. 1?04 Founded 1687. Drmkwater, 'Pastor and Me%!mger' Bnck now rendered, lhomas Belsham and Roben Aspland [note Bclsham Street Clorfd and sold 1869. Now a school meals centre. Five bays, gabled ends, two round-arched wmdows Graveyard to s~dc nearby] h 1809 congregation moved to the octagonal 'New brick with stone quoins, mull~onedwindows in two storeys, Cincester, Cosditch Strcet. Gloucestmhve Built and Gravtl Pit Chapel', &her South on Chatham Place 1858, doubke-hipped tiled root founded 1672 Regular sctvices mused 1969 One of a uoup rebuilt m Gothic style Clod 1968 and acquued by Creatc! Wem, Noble Street. Shropshire. 1716. Closed 1874 Adjacent of nondonnl~tchapels Iormmg a "etto' Approached London Counc~lwho demol~shedit for housmg, leaving only to vonage where W~llimHazlitt l~vedas A boy [his tather down alley. Rendered wlth rnullloned windows Interior the gaveyard Aspland Hal! of 1913 dcslgncd by R P. ]ones. was mmisterl. Chapel half-demolished and used as a garage. medand restored m 1891 by Thornas Wortlungtw tong Sutton, Chapcl Br~dge(tutm Panshl hcolnshlre. Whitchurch. Congregat~onfounded by Fhiilp Henry [father Colchester, &sex c 1692 Closed 1821 Dcmol~shed1894. 1700 Closcd c 1930 Demolished c 1970 Garage now m of Matthew Hemy, see Chester! in 1672 at Broad Oak Farm Colpton: Ceorgc's Meet- Qucen Squme Devon 1743. sire, graveyard grased over wlthout headstones Fonnw three miles west of the town and Ctm Wales. He bullt a Founded 1662 .Closed 1939 Now a community centre Two parsonage surv~vesbeslde road. chapel here m 1689. round arched wmdows, rod orlgmally thatched Interm has Malton, Wheelgate Yorkshire 1715. Altered 1785 md 1878 First chapel between nos. 7 and 9, Doddington built 1707. bancl arched cellmg, floor mserted, vault of Pole famdy Closed 1952, now Elm Pentecostal Intmor little changed Destroyed by rioters 1715, rebuilt 1717, closed 1844. SUIVIVCS and rcms monuments. Subsequently served as a British School and a Music Hall Crediton, Bowden H111 Dwrm. 1721. Founded 1672 Closed Morpeth. Cott~ngwood Lane Northumberland 1732. Non, derelict but cnes out to be restored Fme vernacular; 1963 Demolished 1966 Dne d the largest buddws ever Latterly a pnmary school, now disused Red brick, stone brick with hyped and qquartcr-gabled roof, round-archad made of cob lmud bnck) Frne classical desp, fire bay, quom Two mudarched wlndows N~cechest tomb to windows, now blocked. Set back from road down alley. round-arched wdows and mall central pediment. Intenor Rev. Gcorge Aicn at rear. &so m Whitchurch, 'Church of the Saviour', Hlghgzte. pulplt wzth soundmg bard and s~mplepews (now at Nantwich, Hospital Srreet. Cheshire 1726. Founded 1688 1877. Closed 1921 and demolished H~ghgaseInnnow stands Horsham] Two gallens, bm1-vaulted cmlmg supported on Closed 1963. Demolished 1969. Jmeph Pnwtley Was on site. A cormgated mn 'Gothlc' chapcl; George Eyre two tlrnber columns mlnistcr 1758-61. Had a fine brick facade with two tall bans, Unitarian historian, minister 1889-97. h1:Tavernefs, Lower Sneer Kent 1688 Clod 1910 round-arched windows and two Dutch style gables. Set back Wisbcch, Great Church Smt Cambridgeshire, c 1700. Now a private house Built by Captam Samuel Tamer, from road. Clowl 1898, demol~shed. 44 Clockwjse from rap left: Shepton Mdllet pulpit: Shepton Maltet extenoc Credrron, Nantrr-fch. Crrd~lonrnterror .- .* . Clock~v~sefrom top left Heplon; Eustplrt Lrwer. Lane, c: * Buiffns Ch~chester.Derby, Rushdl and the chapel shared in its prosperity. It is large and up-to-date - brick, with classical detailing, iron-frame windows and high- quality woodwork. This was the first cennuy of peace between Establishment and Dissent, coupled with widespread we of the printed word. There was decreasing persecution [apart from the time of the French Revolution] and greater freedom of debate in dissenting cbcles, on matters theological as well as political. Educated ministers of religion and dissenting laymen read and discussed the works of John Liockc, Samuel Clarke, Joseph Priestley, and, on a more . . , . popular level, Isaac Watts. The Bible was, of muse, the .. I.! 4':' ';g foundation of church life and was also discussed freely. Ministers were sustained by leading laymen such as the Earl of S[ou*ridg~ 11788). Shelbume, who employed PriestPey as his librarian, Lord Russell, who paid the Presbyterian minister at Tavistock, and the merchants of Exeter and Norwich, who were able to dictate to the dissenting communities in their cities. Led by Priestley and Rev. John Taylor of Norwich, the more intellectual dissenters gradually expressed new ideas based on a rational interpretation of the Bible. From the second quarter of the eighteenth century Presbyterians, General Baptists and some Independents progressed via Arianism to Unitarianism [Arians held that the Father is the supreme Gcd; the other persons of the Trinity owe their existence to Him]. The dissenting academies were at ithe root of the change. kiestley wrote of his education at Philip Doddridge's academy: 'The general plan of our studies . . . was exceedingly favourable to free inquiry, as we were referred to authors on both sides of every question, and were required to give an account of them". Education was not confined to the academie~smaller schooIs, nzn Academy of by dissenting ministers as a supplement to their livelihood, Below: memotia1 in New~ngton became a common feature of town life in this perid. Green to Rev. Richord Pnce The cross-fertilisation of ideas via academies and dissenta (1 723-1 791) M~nrsterof the chopeI far 26 yeor$ and founder of the ministers (who moved around the country m the course of their prinuples of actuonol practice careers) is well-documented. An average example was Rev. John Houghton (173@1800], who was born in Liverpool, educated at CHAPTER THREE Daniel Defoe argued strongly for the encouragement of dissenters rather than their persecution; they created bade and wealth. They Northampton academy, and was minister at Platt, Hyde, were now in a position to provide for not only the town charities Nantwich, Elland and Wem, before sunning a school in Norwich in New Status, his retirement. Joseph Priestley was educated at Daventry, was New Identity, and musts for which they are well-known, but also for ministers of religion, new chapels, and increasingly, for schools. minister at Needham Market, Nantwich, then taught at New Technology: At the beginning of the ei&teenth century there had been a Warrington academy, moved to Leeds and Birmingham, before 1750-1840 spate of chapel-budding; in most towns and larger villages the emigrating to the United States. It would be surprising if the dlssmting chapel became an accepted part of the scenery. Later in material designs of chapels were not also transmitted from one part the century their improved status was expressed in the building of of the country to another, and indeed their visual appearance is larger and more sophisticated chapels. Westgate Chapel, Wakefield remarkably similar. (1752) was built nearer she town centre than the old chapel at In many cases, it was not long before chapcl extensions and Westgate End; among its members were some of the leading gentry galleries needed to be built (though confidence m expansion was and tradesmen of the neighbourhood. Stourbridge Chapel { 1788) often misplaced). replaced the previous chapel, itself a replacement of the chapel The substantial oak galIery at llminster seems to have been destroyed by the 'Church and King' mob of 1715. The 1716 chapel added even before the chapel was completed. At Cross Street, was described as 'inconven~ent. . . having nothing venerable, but Manchester, the gallery of the old chapel (destroyed in 19401 was Above. intenor of she Octagon exciting the idea of a dwelling house of three stories converted into built by private subscription less than a year after the erection of Chapel, Norwich flithograph of the chapel. Galleries were added at Lydgate (1768), Bessels Green Isas). a place of worship'. Stourbridge was an expanding industrial tom 48 --T*rr?rru (1749))Newport (1790)and many more. By the end of the century accommodation was being added for Sunday Schools, often in the a gallery; Bridport has special 'end-on' pews for teachers to supervise k children in the gallery. Fewer chapels were needed in the second half of the century after the earlier spate of building. Designs of this period often depart from the vernacular style, but they are not generally the work of known---- architects. Often we must assume that they are the work of local craftsmen working in close touch with their clients. They reflect new fashions and structural innovations, but the puritan qualities of symmetry, proportion and non-figurative design persist. The Octagon, Norwich (17561, the most ambitious chapel of this period, was built by Thomas Ivory, a carpenter. Westgate Chapel, Wakefield (17521, may be a very early design by John Carr, who was born at nearby Horbury. Lewin's Mead, Bristol, was built in 1791, probably to designs by William Blackburne, who also designed the Watermen's Company Hall in London. Bridport Chapel (17941 replaced a previous meeting-house which was 'extremely mean in its appearance, unbecoming the respectability and opulence of the society'. Much the same sort of situation must have arisen at Bath and Bewdley, where the existing buildings were deemed inadequate. Trim Street Chapel, Bath (1795))is an ,ru1 'U 11 11 0 R! Connection, the New Baptist Connection and Universalism. Out integral part of the Georgian street design, and would have entirely & .6~@!!4- L,.-- 'L,.+'. fulfilled a fashionable congregation's expectations. At Bewdley of Methodism evolved the energetic and influential Methodist (1786), the original chapel of 1698 was timber-framed; it is Unitarians of Lancashire, and the Christian Brethren of the probable that it became too dilapidated and 'old-fashioned' to suit Midlands. Small but significant growth in Unitarianism took place left: Lewin's Mead Meeting, with the secession horn the church of England of Rev. ~heo~hilus the congregation of a sophisticated, though decaying, inland port. !Etndelevations of Changing theology led to splits within congregations. Chapels Lindsey . Meeting House, Kidderminster Sunday School pews in gallery at Methodism's 'warmth' and 'enthusiasm' - deronatorv terms to (mo~tl~~resb~terian]which became avowedly Unitarian lost more W, Bridport. Calvinistic members to new causes. Independent congregations the old Dissent and Anglicans alike - brought many converts to broke away from the old meeting-houses at Chesterfield, Sheffield, their cottage meeting-places and chapels. Methodism was disliked Stand, Hinckley, Maidstone, Ilminster, and elsewhere. At by the old Dissent fbr obvious reasons - it took away members and it was undeniably working-class. The result for Unitarians Kidderminster, the more liberal members had to leave and build U was, on the one hand, reduced support, but on the other an Below: Styal village, built by anew. At Bessels Green, the stricter Baptists left to build their own Samuel Greg for chapel on the green nearby. At Brighton, members of a Calvinistic ultimate enrichment through Methodism's greater vigour. The workers at his mill. The Unitarian Baptist chapel were attracted to the more merciful teachings of emotional stance of Methodism affected Unitarianism as much as in distance. Universalism. other religious walks of life. Joseph Cooke (1775-1811) was a Print of Birmingham Old Meeting in A handful of chapels newly founded in this period survives. Methodist lay-preacher on the Rochdale circuit. He was expelled 1827. A girls' school crocodile for his 'unsound doctrines' and his numerous followers built enters on the left. Some sprang from older foundations, as at Billingshurst (from Horsham) and Lye and Cradley (from Stourbridge). Norcliffe chapels at Rochdale (Providence Chapel, Clover Street] and tr-- *- , Chapel, Styal (Cheshire) was founded by the Unitarian Samuel Newchurch. Congregations were also formed at Padiham, Todrnorden, Haslingden, Rawtenstall and Burnley. Methodism's ~regfor workers at his Quany Bank cotton mills. Field Row .. Chapel, Belper, was built by Jedediah Strutt for his workers. Lye influence is still apparent in the strongly cohesive, basically - - ,I-- -*.. Chapel, founded by Rev. James Scott, served a community of nail- working-class Methodist Unitarian congregations of the Rochdale , ; *I I makers living in mud huts on Lye Waste. By contrast, the area. fi Unitarian chapel at Cheltenham was founded in 1832 by Mr. The Free-thinking Christians were a small group founded by - Furker, described as a tradesman horn Bath; its founding could be Samuel Thompson, grandfather of the poet Sidney Dobell. considered a contribution to the development of the town. Thompson influenced a group of churches in Kent and Sussex, and . ., , _ . Not only within the old Dissent were there changes in this further afield at Loughborough, Dewsbury and Jewin Street, ! period. English religious life as a whole was changing. Methodism, London. The large, plain but well-preserved chapel at Cranbrook emanating from the Church of England, was the greatest agent, but survives, now a social club. other sects evolved, among them the Countess of Huntingdon's The relationship between Unitarians and General Baptists 51 evolved over a period of a century or more. By the mid-eighteenth century General Baptists were Arminian in outlwk, that IS, they had a tolerant attitude towards redemption, leading to a mare mc1usive church. In 1770, the Baptist New Connection (Strict Baptist1 was formed by the more evangelical members. In 1802, - the General Baptist Assembly was transformed by the admission of rFlri the Baptist-Universal~stWllliam Vidler. Hrs preaching caused the 11111 I IIKCI IJBEQ find break with the New Connection, and many General Baptist U ~IIEI itall I - chapels followed Vidler and the mm who mspired him, the Amcrican Rev. Elhanan Winchester. Chapels were budt as a result f at Brighton (congregation formed 17931, Northiam (1810), Chatham (1802), Cranbrook (18071, Headcorn (1819), Rovenden, LllGD Biddenden (18341, and South Place, Fmsbury, now the Ethical - - Society (1824). At Dover, a chapel was built for the Presbyterian congregation, '=*f*,rq.tT~n rcw founded in 2643, now much expanded by Benjamin Martin, a - b-23 follower of Yidlo. The trsvclllng Baptist-Unitarian missioner RiRichard Wright 11764-1836) and Robert Aspland, minister of the compensation. In central Birmingham, the New Meeting was Prov~dcnceChapcl. CFover Street General Baptist-Unltarim chapel at Newport, low, did much te burnt down, and rebuilt in 1802. In Manchester, the Unitarian ,lR07)Bul,l rhc Merhd,sr Un~lunonimph Cwkr strengthen causes at this time. A number of places had General chapel in Moseley Street {built in 1789) was dcsuoyed bp a mob in Baptist chapels which in the course d tirnc joined nearbv 1792. The congregation rebuilt in Upper Brook Street in 1839.

PresbyterianlUnitaisn congregations, as at Boston, Portsmouth, Until the very end of this period there was an apparently.- Lewes, Taunton and Hull. In 1916, the General Baptists off~cidly conscious effort on the part of dissenters to avoid any suggestion of Above left t071y pjnrmg of Dover joined the Unitarians, and in 1929 became pan of the newly- ecclcnastid style. By contrast, out of the 214 Anglican churches ChvJ11820) founded General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian bu~ltfollowing the Church Build~n~Act of 1818, 174 had Neo- :zi f~,?c'~fh~~$~~~~,"," Churches. Gothic archltecture. h other words, 174 Anglfcan churches bad c,h,l,, church Below hrewport. Isle of Wqhr All these movements arose hmdifferences within dissent, from pomted arches and pitched roofs rather than classical columns, a a freely-expressed individualism which found a place under the horizontal architrave and pediment. Untll 1839, no Unrtarian tolerant umbrella of Unitarian~sm.However, a mwe important chapel of this penod has any Gothic features [Wwick, Styal, sch~smfor Unitarian~sm was the secession ol the Anglican Kiddermlnstet and Kingswmd, among others, were gothicised m clergyman, Theophilus Lindsey. The only churches founded as a the later nineteenth century). Gothic architecture, described by A. result were Essex Church, London, originally m Essex Street W.Fugin as 'true Chrlstm architecture', was associated In many

-- -. -- - m - (17741, now in Palace Gardens Terrace, Kensington (rebuilt 19781, people's rn~ndswith the Cathollc Church; nonconformists were A Uevonport (17911, now B public house, and Dundee, founded in therefore reluctant rouse it. Conversely, she architecture of Greece 1785 by Lindsey's friend Thornas Fyshe-Palmer, the last man in and Rome seemed entuely appropmte to Unitarians who were m Britain to be transported for sedltim. In the nineteenth century, the vanguard of academic learning, uade and classlcd education. the presence of ex-An~lican clergymen within Unitarianism 'Gothlc' equalled 'superstrtlon'; 'Classical' equalled Reason'. probably helped to ~ducnceboth archltecture and liturgy in an Unitarian chapel facadcs resembled town mansions, assembly Below pnnr of NCW Mcetrng drier Anglican direction. rooms, even custom-houses and warehouses The bu~ldersof m111 destrnct~onIn [he Prlerlle~riots Between 1796 and 1814, only a handful of new Unitarian chapels and chapel were one and the same; the architecture of the - were built. The reason is not hard to find; Unitarians wae Industrial Revolution was plain, cvolving out of a heritage of enthusiastic supporters of the French Revolution, seeing it as an vernacular craffsmanshlp and long-inherited classical, forms. overthrowing of the kind of unjust pnvilege which had for long And the vernacular traditlm was not dead. In remote areas, or barred their own progress in government and many other spheres where traditional budding crafts excelled, the old styles continued. of lifc. Tom Paine attended the Lewes Unitarian Chapel; Marat Stannmgton (17421, Marshlleld (17521, and Saffron Walden (1792) briefly taught in the Warrington Academy; Bwjam~nFranklin, are finc cxamples from the Pennines, the Cotswolds and East

3 Amer~canAmbassador to revolutionary France, was a closc frlcnd Anglia. In the deeper rural communities, simply-crafted chapcls 1,' of Joseph Pricstley, and Priestley himself suffered the destruction survive; in the Pennines, Bradwell (17541, Great Hucklow (17951, of hahome, chapel, lrbrary and laboratory in thc anti-French riots and Lydgate (16951, In the South, Malrning (17891, Rilllngshmt of 1791. It was not the time for conspicuous building projects. (1754) and Northram 11810). Congregat~onsof the towns and more Kingswood, Bmingharn, was destroyed by an anti-revolutionary prosperous villages wanted something more appropnate to tbelr i, \ mob in 1791, and was rebuilt in 1793 with government *respectability and opulcnct' as Brldpolr congregtion put it. 52 53 Landmarks of this kind in their respective communities were Wakefield 117521. Stourbridee 117881. Kiddaminrter ,17821. Bewdley (1i861,~rid~ort (1~64)~ Bath 117951, Boston (1819) and P .: .E::;r- , .- - . , - I m The persistence of the large chapel, where an auditorium was the essential requirement, meant that the structural problem of roofing a wide span still remained. Various solutions to this problem were tried out. At Paadise Street, Liverpool (1791)) an ingenious system of king-past and radiating beams was devised by 'an Irishman by the name of Wynne', the architect in the initial stages of building the octagonal chapel. At Lewin's Mead (17911, a compEetely new idea was intrduced, by suspending the ceiling on chains. At Belper (17881, a comparatively small chapel was created out of the upper segment of a cube, the lower segments on either Exrerior of Belper. side forming a burial vault and part of a caretaker's cottage, with the auditorium raked above. But the biggest innovation was the Octagon Chapel, Norwich, built in 1756 by Thornas lvq. Using the supporting columns on the periphery of the octagonal seating area, an open central space was created. Whether Ivory was the In the relatively new London suburb of Brixton, a congregation Upper Brook Street, Manchester originator of this idea, or whether be was prompted by the large had been formed and rt chapel was soon after built It had a hgh and influential congregation led by its minister, the eminent gable flanked by turrets, and a large rose window which, according Stamfonl Street. ond don. Only rhe theologian Rev. John Taylor, we do not know, but it was certainly to the architect R. P. Jones (no great lover of the Gothic style] PoRjcorernmns the first octagonal ecclesiastid building to be erected. Wesley's 'probably appeared to the building committee to be no less truly visit to the Octagon may have been seminal in that numerous Gothic than the west htof Rheims Cathedral'. Methodist octagonal chapels were subsequently built, as well as a More noteworthy, however, was the openrng of Upper Brmk few Unitarian ones; (the best-known, the Octagon Chapel, 1763, Street Chapel in Manchester. The Unitarian congregation of subsequently Anglican, now demolished, and Paradise Street, Moseley Street dated from 1789. It was founded in response to the more assertive Unitarianism of Priestley and Lindsey; the 1791, demolished 1849 - both in Livelpool). ,- - . In many chapels of this period, the load-bearing pillars are of Protestant Dissenters' Almanac of 18 11 refers to Cross Street, a cast-iron, as they were in facmies and warehouses built at the seventeenth century foundation, as hsbyterk, Moseley Street same time. At Stowbridge and Lye, the builders introduced iron as Unitarian. Its members included an affluent adintellectual window frames. section of Manchester society led by their minister, Rev. J, j. The style of the meeting-home had long been flavoured with a Tayler. In spite of destruction in the 1792 riots, the congregation classical ingredient such as the 'classical' pediment, albeit in survived, and in 1839 built their new chapel at Upper Brook Street, humble brick, at Chesterfield, Wakefield and Bridgwater. Mary commissioning Sir Charles Bany as architect. Thee years earlier, Street, Taunton, and the Octagon, Nomich, employed the Barry had won the competition for designing the new Houses of classical orders an interim columns. Sometimes, in the course of Parliament. He was riding on the high tide of success, and had just restoration, a 'classical' facade was added to an earlier, mm completed the Royal Manchester Institution [now the Art Gallery, modest, vemacdar one, as at Lincoln and Newington Green. 1835)and the Athenaeum in MoseIey Street (1839).The Unitarian During the period of Greek-revival architecture of 1820-30, congregation demonstrated, m their choice of architect, the fact when the work of Sir Robert Smirke and Decimus Bmon was that they had 'arrived'. Not only was the architect the best that fashionable, several Unitarian chapels were built in this style. The money could buy; the style was completely new for a dissenting best-known, and only one now active as a Unitarian chapel, is chapel. Upper Brmk Street was built nearly twenty years after the Brighton. Others were at Diss, Norfolk (18221; Stamford Street, fjrst Neo-Gothic church in the area [Barry had designed Stand London, where the facade done remains (18231; Wareham (18301; Pmish Church in 1822))but it claims to be the first nonconformist Little Portland Street, London, now demolished (1833); and the chapel in Neo-Gothic style. Like the Homes of Parliament, it is a recently-demolished St. Vincent Street Chapel, Glasgow (18561. rectangular shape in Gothic dress; it has a plaster ceiling, galleries, Apart from the Grecian facades, the area behind lremained a and an impressive central pulpit in the traditional dissenting 'preaching box' on traditional dissenting lines. The classical idiom pattern. It was opened by Jarnes Martineau on September Tst, II"L. .nnl."~ll**11 O**.fL 1VWD" did not inspire the design of the interior. 1839. In spite of the superficiality of its Gothic style, Upper Brook Street was a landmark and a precursor of many Gothic Unitarian Pon~ands~~~~ Idemol,shed, But tines were changing. Two new Unitarian chapels werebuilt in 1839. churches to come. 55 Gazetteer 1750-1840 pulpit, the singers in the gallery, the hymns intrduced by the wail of a pitch pipe.' (J. Dendy, Record of my Life, 1878)

Belper: Field Raw Unitarian Chapel, Green Boston Unitarian Chapel, Spain Lane. Lane. Derbyshire. Dated 1788. House-wmship Lincolnshire. 1819. Founded 1804. from 1689; hst chapel 1721 in Green Lane (now 1780s Mellow red brick, three bays square with Sunday School, darged 1855). The were hipped roof. Well-proportioned facade, round- a period of enormous industrial growth in arched door, windows with interlaced tracery. Belper, with Jedediah Stmtt's development of Interior little altered apart from Victwian pine local water-power for cotton-spinning. He built in pews; original gasllght fittings at pew ends. Rear mills 1778, 1786, 1795, 1804. Smtt, a gallery supported on four fluted Doric columns. dissenter, built Ficld Row Chapel to serve his All woodwork is of excellent workmanship, but growing workforce. seems pride of place goes ta central pulpit, mahogany, It that only the hipped roof rectangle classical style with Doric pillars; deacons area was built 1788, when the pulpit would have in below. Art Nouveau stained glass screen forms been on the short wall, facing the tiered congreg- vestry at hnt. ational pews (moved to present location 1906). Graveyard and garden at rear with some wall containing The extensions Sunday School memo~ials. Gothic styIe caretaker's house benches wereprobabIy added at a similar time to adjoins. Chapel now faces busy bypass road - the buildkg of the cottage, circa 1820. It is which also caused demolition of General Baptist likely that access was then to the present rear of on chapel of of 804 [congregations amalgamated by the chapel, fim the Sunday School Green mid 19th Century). Lane. T shaped plan. Sandstone with hipped raof, round-arched windows and cantilevered stone Bridport Unitarian Chapel, East Street. Dorset. staircase to gallery. Interior has unique 1794. Founded 1672. Original chapel probably construction with tiered seating on each slde 1690. In 1791 demolished as 'emreamly mean in sloping to middle aisle, with Stmtt family vault its appeaance, unbecoming the respectability under congregational box-pews md part of and opulence of the soaety, incornmodims caretaker's cottage under the Sunday School both to the speakers and hearers, insufficient for benches (Strutt established schools at the mills). the accommodation of all those who worship Two cruciform iron columns. Clock of 1788 by there, and, moreove, in a very decayed and Above Brrdpoxt. Below Billmgshurst. John Whitehurst of Derby. Memorids to Strutt ruinous condition'. Bridport manufactured nets family and others. and ropes, supplying most maritime needs in Front of chapel faces small graveyard, rear the 18th century. Merchants and town adjoins gardens of mill-workers' cottage 'Rows'. copration wae largely dissenters. The new chapel was paid for by subscribers among the BWhgshurst Unitarian Free Christian Church, congregation and fiends and by pew-rents (not High Sueet. Sussex. 1754. Founded in the same freeholds, as previously). Built on the site of the year, from Horsham Chapel. First preacher and Crown Inn, alongside town ditch. Total cast founder, William Evershed, is buried in £1,942 1s 3d. No designer or architect can be graveyard. aaced; possibly Rev Samuel Fawcett, leading Chapel set in large graveyard with many fine instigator of the rebulld, though nor the headstones, at end of long approach from road. minister of the chapel; one Hyde is paid bills for Small, patterned brick; tde rood wlth over- joinery repairs, and joinery is by far the largest eaves; segmental arched mullioned and item in the cost of building. transomed windows. Vestry at rem 1825, Plain, brick painted white with a side wall of incorporates baptistery (previouslyYsed stream]. stone. Two-storied facade with 3 bays, round- lntcrior has simple pews and rear choir arched windows and semi-circular Ionic pillared gallery. Six-bracket chandelier and clock by portico. 'Unitarian Chapel' was cmed above Inkpen of Hmsham. the portico in 1821. Hipped roof. Chapel faces 'A dehghtful plah rural chapel, with the men down long graveyard to road, with fine and women sitting on different sides, the memods to prominent Bridport citizens, deacons crouchmg round a table at front of the many net-makers. 56 -. W

.?-- * L..

Brighton. Lswin's Meud. Bristol. Interior, spacious with Ionic pillars of marbled Architecture. It is described in the Royd Carpenter, the social reformer (1807-771 are in Pensnet Meadow, destroyed 1715; rebuilt 1716, wood supporting three l~gegalleries, back Brighton Guide of 1827 as 'built after the the chapel. sold to Methodists 1796. Present chapel built by gallery for singers, sides for Sunday School; manner of a heathen temple'; and in The Architect, William Blackbume. Stone, Rev James Scott. Set in open, semi-industrial special pews for teachers at right-angles to Strange~inBrighton of 1822 as 'this very elegant classical design. Central pediment over semi- country - an area of collieries, nail and chain- supervise; two entrances dhect born galleries to and truly classical building'. circular porch. Lower floor of rusticated stone; making. Sunday School at rear, added 1840. Downstairs, Stucco facade, four Doric columns and upper floor has large rri-pmite window with Pattern4 brick made on the spot the previow pulpit on short wall, box-pews with special pediment, originally with Greek inscription. scmi-circda top in cenee of each elevation, summer; plain well-proportioned round arcbed accommodation for mayor and corporation. Interior was pure dissenting meetinghouse, and three such behind pulpit at rear. The whole windows with interlacd tracery. Bell-tower and Pews re-arranged mid-19th century. Clock by plain cube with central pulpit and box-pews; exterior is reminiscent of a mansion-house (18th spire added 1864. Intenor: pulpit set in chancel, Matthews of Bridpmt. now modernisad. Meeting rooms adjacent added century members included lord mayors of also added 18M. Gallery with large central c.1880. Organ from Essex Church, London. Bristol). organ, organists' memorial plaques and chon Brighton Unitarian Church, New Road, Sussex. Stained glass memorials include one to Lntaior, very broad and spacious (similar stalls. Large verdant ~aveyardwith many good 1820. proprietress of the Theatre Royal (across road]. propordons to Wakefieldj. Excellent pulpit memorials. Substantial parsonage of 1753 stood In 1791 the Calvinistic Baptist congregation centre of rear wall. Mahogany box pews for close by Small school (also 1753?)along track in Bond Street was joined by William Stevens, a Bristol: Lewin's Mead Meeting. 1791. 2,000 sittings (imported through Bristol Docks). - now used for light industry. follower of the American Baptist-Univmsalist, Congregation dates from Ejection of Rev Joh Two side galleries and organ gallery with Rev Elhanan Winchester. 'The rnaisl split. . . Weeks, one of seven ejected clergy in Bristol; choirstalls over entrance. Coffered ceiling Dover Unitarian Church, Adrian Street. Kent. came on the issue of eternal punishment far evil first chapel 1694. Murch described the chapel in suspended from the roof on chains. Many 1819. doers. Stevens ~ucncedother members . . . 1835: 'Besides commodious vesules attached to memorials on pulpit wall, including one to One of the oldest General Baptist foundations and on October 13, 1793, it was decided that all the chapel, the congregation possesses other Rammohun Roy (1780-1833),founder oi the (1643); Captain Taverner of Cromwell's army those who could not accept the doctrine of eligible buildings on the same spot. When the libaal Hindu movement, Brahmo Somaj, who (see Wed] was a founder-member. Second everlasting Hell should be expelled. 19 members chapel was built, stables and coach-houses were died while on a visit to Mary Carpenter. chapel built 1745, enlarged 1793. Resent chapel were thus excommunicated.' After joining the provided fox the accommodation of the Many ancllliary rooms and caretaker's house built to house large following of Benjamin Genexal Baptist Assembly, they came under the worshippers. Over the stables is a lecture room at side and rear of chapel, built into the cliff face Martin, disciple of Universalist Williarn Vidler. leadership of Dr Morell, headmaster and built in 18I8 . . . here the intermediate school is below Christmas Steps. The future of the chapel Yellow brick, octagonal. Two matching classical scholar. A plot of land was bought horn taught and the chapel library kept.' Further is uncertain. venetian windows on opposite sides wlth the Prince Regent for f650, Morell had the extensive rooms built 1826, mostly for pediments over; slate roof, formerly with bell- theory that a modem church should resemble a educational purposes, during the influential Cradley, Netherend Chapel, Park Lane. cote. Plain arched wlndows of good proportions. Greek temple; design is based on the Temple of ministry of Lant Carpenter (1780-1840). Worcestershire. 1796. Interior: original plain box-pews; pulpit Theseus as illustrated in Millar's Ancient Memorials to him and his daughter, Mary Original Meeting-house of 1707 was at moved to one side when semi-cucular organ 58 59 Left to right: Exerex; Exeterppul; Cradley; GoUalming. chamber added late 19th century. Rear curving on three sides supported on square Ionic timber gallery supported on four iron pillars. Architect pillars. Good stained glass. Thomas Read. Chapel now deserted, fate uncertain. Meet- ball of 1971, bdt as compensation gave William shelter and use of a barn, possibly work in pitch pine', incorporating organ for road encroachment. Small garden. Godalming: Meadrow Unitarian Chapel, that on the south of Grindlow Lane. It is not chamber in rear gallery. Architect, J. M. Gething Famcombe. Surrey. 1789. clear whether the present chapel replaced an of Kidderminster. In 1883 chapel lengthened by Exetec Gcorge's Meeting, South Street. Devon. General Baptist foundation. 'Wed June 4th earlier one. Gritstone, set lengthwise to the road 25 feet incorporating a vestibule. New facade 1760. Founded 1662. 1783, at a church meeting held at Bro. Wm. in a small graveyard. Porch with bellcote, and built of red sandstone with lighter stone Originally there were five dissenting Evershed's at Eashing, Godalming, it was agreed gallery added 1901 when interior refurnished; detailing, 'ogee' windows and doors; also carved congregations in Exeter, with much scope for that a more convenient Place of Public Worship schoohom behind pulpit. Memorials. Former open parapet, four pmacles and bell turret - all sch~smaticopinions. 'Presbyterianism was vesy may conduce much to hehe and prosperity of parsonage 200 yards north in village street. removed 1955, leaving the chapel with present acceptable to successful merchants, for it gave this chapel. Agreed that a meeting house Be shorn appearance. At the sides 'the old ugly them a degree of control over religious affairs Erected at Meadrow Godalming fox that Kidderminster, New Meeting House, Church wooden windows and frames were removed and which would have been impossible in the purpose.' Street. Worcestershire. 1782, remodelled the openings enlarged. Stone windows with Church m England, or hn the more democratrc Brick and stucco with stone quoins, three 1870-83. Founded 1781 when dissenting con- cusped and tracerled heads, glazed with organisations of the Baptists, hdependents and round-arched windows back and hont; porch gregation (established by Richard Baxter when cathedral glass m various tints were Quakers, all of whom were active in Exeter.' added later. Brick cottage of 1821 attached. ejected from the parish church] disagreed on the substituted'. Internally, ceiling panelled with Hallett" dissenting academy was active in Chap1 faces down long graveyard with many choice of a new minister. The less Calvinistic stained tlmber and 'chancel enriched with a Exeter in 1720s and '309, when Trinitarian- memorials to road entrance, where new Gothic (and more prosperous) group, including carpet handsome dad0 of encaustic tiles by Messrs. Unitarian controversy was rife. &-alignment of chapel was built 1870. Original chapel became manufacturer Nicholas Pearsall, withdrew from Maw and Co. of Brosdey'. Architects, Payne congregations led to fowndiag of Ceorge's Sunday S&mI. In 1976 roles reversed; chapel at original meeting house and subscribed to and Talbot of Birmmgham; cost £2,600. Meeting in 1760. the gate now being the meeting-room-cum- building of 'The New Meeting-House'. Below the chancel arch is Richad Baxter's Impressive facade of red brick and stone schml. Chapel interior cleared of pews (some Chapel is situated at the end of long approach pulpit dating from 1621 - a fine example of dressingsi Tuscm porch and arched parapet. line walls]; back gallery (now enclosed); from Church Street, with graveyard at side. 'The Jacobean woodwork. It was thrown out of the Segmental arched windows to ground floo~and baptistry under floor. Good row of hat pegs. building was originally of the old square barn parish church as rubbish and bought by Fearsall round-arched windows to Just floor, front and Chapel rear faces towards River Wey. shape and appearance, 39 feet long and 36 feet in 1785. Good memorials including Lant Cm- sides. broad. penter and Nicholas Pearsall [whose gravestone Spacious interior with high quality Great Hucklow, The OM Chapel. Derbyshire. In 1870 it was re-pewed and the three-decker stands outside chapel doors). Stained glass. workmanship gives an impression of opulent 1796. pulpit replaced with a single-deckm. Large scale At side of the chapel, now demolished, were good taste in spite of neglect. One of the earhest Congregation founded 1696 by William extensrons 1879: chancel added 'in Grammar and Chanty Schools built by Peasall chapels to have pulpit on short wall. Very fine Bagsbawe, 'Apostle of the Peak', His brother perpendicular style, so as to harmofilse as 1792, enlarged 1865; part of these buildings later two-decker pulplt with canopy and carved John, made High Sheriff for Derbyshire h that perfectly as possible with the old building'; housed the library. Also Sunday School, enlaged drapery surmounted by cross. Box pews. Gallery year, lived at the Old Hall nearbyi he probably gallery renewed 'with some pretty perforated 1883 (classes begun by Peasall in 1780j. Kingswood Meeting House, Packhorse Lane, chapel 1728. Brick, rendered and brightly Birmingham. 1793. painted. Nave Gothic. Original chapel founded and built in 1708 at Hung slates on side and back walls. Set back Dark Lane, burnt by mob in 1715; rebuilt and from street with long graveyard, caretaker's again destroyed by mob in 1791. Chapel and cottage at side. Enlarged 1825; eithm then or parsonage rebuilt nearby with compensation later, facade and windows Gothicised. Interior money, Set back hmroad in large graveyard in cleared of pews and modernised. Back gallery open country. Large number of Davestones, w~thiron pillars holding organ. Large Victorian 18th century to present day. schoolroom at back. Reconstruction of 1874 has dl but obliterated earlier character, though sunoundings remain Northiam Unitarian Chapel, Dixter's Road. idyllic. Brick; porch, chancel, roof and walls Sussex. 1795 and 1810. (Datestone). above window height of 1834. Lower side wdl Founded 1796 from Brighton on initiative of has bricks of 1792 mcised with builders' names: Rev William Vidler. Brick, hipped tded roof. B. & S. Greves, Thos Grwes, John Redditch. Inteior has pine pews and open roof with simple Facade now has broad 3-bay porch with gallery trusses, very modest. over middle bay. Semi-circular, segmental and pointed arches feature h the pesent confusing Norwich: Octagon Chapel, Colegate. Norfolk. elevation. Interior completely Gothicised; 1756. raftered roof, singas' gallery over porch, chancel Rev John Collinges ejected from St Stephen's with organ chamber. Simple stain4 glass; pitch Church, 'but his people loved him and pine pews. Marble memorials, including Rev purchased a place of worship tor him in Colegate James Tsplin 1882 with bas-relief pomait. in 1687 on the former Blackfrks convent Schmlmoms of 1890 to sear; parsonage next ground'. (Interveningmeetings had been held in door also 1793. the convent.) The congregation flounshed, and Moretonhampstead, Devon. during the ministry of the eminent theologian Two chapels, linked from 1835 onwards, but Rev John Taylor 11733-1757) the chapel was both continued in use. General Baptist in Fore rebuilt on the same site by Thomas Ivory Street (founded before 1650 by habaptist (1709-17791.Ivory was also responsible for the Methodist Meeting of 1753 and the Assembly woollen workers). Built 1796, closed 1966 and Octagon ChopeI, Norwich now a min. Simk proportions to Cross SOeet Rooms of 1754. h 1757 he built and became but with rectangular windows. Presbyterian in manager of the Norwich Theatre. He was Cross Street, built 1802 (founded 1662 by Rev described in his will as 'builder and timber subsequent years. He wrote: 'Wednesday, circa 1698 behind his house hCoventry Street. Robert Woolcornbe). merchant'. December 23rd, 1757. 1 was shown D* Taylor's Bumt down by mob 1715 but rebuilt within a Stone, rendered. Pyramid slate roof. Front First octagonal place of worship. Brick. new meeting house, perhaps the most elegant year. facade has two-storey plam windows, sides and Portico with four Ionic columns. Two upper and one in all Europe. It is eight square, built of the At the Government Commission of 1716, set rear two long round arched wmdows. Builder two lower sash windows on each af seven sides, finest brick, wlth sixteen sash-windows below, up to assess reparations for property destroyed came from Exeter, used materials from prevlous three windows over entrance. Bulls-eye dormer as many above, and eight sky-lights in the by riot, John Conquest, carpenter and joiner chapel of 1693. Interiori concave gallery over windows in octagonal roof. dome, which indeed are purely marnental. The stated that he had helped to build the original entrance with nice woodwork. Central pulplt Most impressive interior. Eight huge wooden inside is furnished in the highest taste, and is as chapel, and estimated that to ~ebuildit would flanked by stained glass wlndaws in memory of pillars with daborate Corinthim heads support clean as any nobleman's saloon. The cost £82 8s 3d. This was confirmed by John Susan and Thomas White, 1873. Chimmg continuous gallery and terminate m arches communion-table is fine mahogany; the very Wright of Bxomsgrove. Thomas Parker, mason, Parliament clock from Crediton. Memorial to which support the roof. Special seats for mayor latches of the pew-doors are polished brass. How also helped to build the chapel 16 yens More. Edward Bowring. (Moretonhampstead was the and aldermen. Sword-rests for official regalia. can it be thought that the old come gospel The 'Meeting House was 38' in length, 21' 11" home of the Bowring family. Sir John Bowring Mmords. lnterior was originally 'marbled by should find admission here?' in breadth and 17' 9" in height from the flower was author of 'In the Cross of Christ I Glory'. an eminent artist from London" Total cost to the wall plate' . . . 'Cost of bricks, tyles, Thomas Bowing donated the Public Librqand f 5,174, nearly all raised by the congregation. Re- Stourbtidge Presbyterian Chapel, Lower High time, hayre, sand, masons workmanship and built cottage terraces and parsonage c. 1895). pewed, organ and pulpit wall reananged 1889. Street. Worcestershire. 1788. laths and other things would be L34 9s 68. John An attractive chapel, Set in walled graveya~d Martineau Memorial Hall 1907 by Chatfeild Philip Foley, ironmaster, was a strong Bankes, glazier testified that the cost of with good memorials, looking over Bovey Clarke at side of forecourt. James Martineau was supporter of the dissenting cause and had a 'casements, bms, and workmanshipp . . . E6 Valley to Dartmoor. member of prominent Unit& family in prlvate chapel in the grounds of his house. His 19s 28.Joseph Carpenter, mstee, claimed E4 66s Norwich. chaplain, Rev George Flower, became the first for time overlooking the workmen. Newport, IOW Unitarian Meeting House, High John Wesley visited the Ocsagan in 1757 and pastor of she Dissenters' Meeting House in Rebuilt on new site during ministry of Rev Street. 1774. Congregation founded 1726. First adopted this plan for several of his chapels in Stourbridge. This was built by Richad Baker Benjamin Carpenter. Urban setting in the best 62 63 street in Stou~bridge,rising from the canal past Wakefield: Westgate Chapel. Yorkshire. 1752. shops and town houses to Town Hall. Chapel Congregation founded 1662. Ambitious design, and day school in paved yard with gates at ftont. possibly the work of Robat or John Cur. Qpposira. Srourbridge. Above. Wakef~eld Classical brick facade ulth pediment and Replaced the earlier meeting house of 1697 poach; inscription over door l788 Hoc which stood in Westgate End and suffered wealth and influence of several of its leading choirstalls, organ and altar, the unusual raked Templum Aedificaturn'. Thee iron-framed flooding from Alvenhorpe Beck; graveyard and families . . . perhaps the most considerable in floor with original box-pews has been removed round-arched windows to hont and four to sides. parsonage survived till early 20th centmy. the North of England'.] and the gallery blocked in. Interior: excellent woodwork; wainscotting Trad~tionalsite arrangement of chapel at end Passageway leads under Back Lane from Diamond clock. Memorials to the Field from old chapel, box-pews, doors with refined of long approach and graveyard, now opened up. chapel to schoolrorrms - formerly the orangery family (Rev William Fidd minister 1789-1843, fanlrghts. Small rear gallery added 1794 with Red brick mth classical pediment across full of Pemkon Hwse, owned by the Milnes his son Edwin Wilkins Field MP saw Dissenters' Sunday School seats, supported on two iron width of facade; bell-cote at apex. Two classical family, leading cloth merchants in Wakefield Chapels Act of 1844 through Parliamentj. fluted Doric columns. Chmcel added c.1860 doors flank venetian window, three windows and early benefactors of the chapel. Delicate with impressive Corinthian arch. Present organ, above with rusticated stone sunounds. At sides, classical design, slngle storey of stone, round- Woodhall Spa Presbyterian Chapel. Mill Lane. which fills chancel, added as a memorial in three rount-arched windows in recessed panels. arched windows with iron tracery. Surrounded Lincolnshire. 1821. 1913. Organ screen 1896 by Fercy Worthington, Four windows at back - two either side of by evocative garden containing burial Congregation worshipped from c.1663 in also cholr stalls. Clock. Standard lights rlslng pulpit with stained glass. monuments; caretaker's house at entrance. chapel of 13th century Cistercim Abbey of from pews, originally gas. Flne series of Interior has woodwork of high quality. Tall Kirkstead (now Anglican Chwch of St Leonard], memorial tablets, including Scotts and central pulpit with sounding-hardand flanking Warwick Unitarian Chapel, High Street. 1780. e2dowed by the D~sneyfamily with a Presby- Worthingtons. staircases dates from 1 737, brought from earlier Congregation dares from c.1635; first met on tertan minister. Rev John Taylor, later of chapel. Rerewed 1882 in walnut, but retaining the boundary of Warwick Castle precinct; land Norwich (qv]was minister 1715-1733.Anglican StyaE: Norctiffe Chapel. Cheshire. 1824. original orientation. Former box pews re-used as for present chapel given by Lord Warwick in Disney heir dispsessed the Presbyterians in Founded 1824 by Samuel Greg as part of the wall panelling. Rear gallery with organ of 1847, exchange for anginal site which he wanted to the late 18th century; rdtwas a long court model village for his workers at Quarry Bank supported on iron columns encased in timber enclose in castle grounds. case, Chapel was awarded to the Disneys but Mill. Greg, a Unitarian cotton manufacturer, with arcadjeg betwcen. Side galleries added Stone front and rear, brick sides; small fore- endowment went to the congregation. Mid1 Lane also built the Methodist chapel in the village. 1790, now ~emoved.Timber-panelled ceiling of court, graveyard behind. Restored and Goth- Chapel was built 1% miles away (Spa water was The Mill is now the National Museum of the considerable span. Memorials indude Daniel icised 1863. Stone facade added with two arched hscovered three years Iata in 18241. Textile Industry, owned by the National Trust. Gaskefl of Lupsett Hall, first MP for Wakefield. windows and central doorway; roof repitched; Brick, small, utterly plain, segmental arched Brick with half timbered pwch and bellcote. Under chapel are barrel-vaulted catacombs chancel, gallery and vestry added. windows. Large graveyard with yew trees and Chancel added and windows Gothicisd 1867. with tombs containing remains of gentry, sealed During 1965-83 the pulpit has been replaced many gravestones. Minute caretaker's hwse Interior also Gothic with open roof. Memorials with inscribed slates. (The congregation was by eagle lectern from New Meeting attached at back (now meeting rooms). Interior to Gregs. described iii late 18th century as 'from the Birmingham, the chancel has been cleared of renovated 1981, chairs replaced benzhes. 64 Disused and Demolished Chapels

Alnwick, Gonactim Hwse Yd, off Mmkec Place. Northumberland. 1817. Clod 1862, now demolished.

Ashwick, Pwnd Chaper, Downside. Somerset. 1758 Closed lRRO (see 'Old Mendp'by Robin Atthil]

Bsth, Tnm Sweet. Somemet. 1795. Replaced chapel of 16% m New Bond Street. Bath stone, five round-arched windows, ped~mrnted apst added 1860 Architect, Palmer Among mmfitm, historims Jerom Much and Joseph Huntm. Closed 1969, now a remurant.

Battle, Mount Street. Susex. 1789 Closed 1897, demolished 1958. Brick, 3 bays. Arched windows, paper hiding hipped roof. God design, bad lw.

Bewdlty, High Street Worcestershire. c.1778 Set back from mal end of streei m large graveyard. Replaced t~rnbcr-framed chapel of 1698. Bnck, ell~ptical ends, mend staucase (recently enclosed) Shallow tilcd mf. Interior has lost box pew3 and pulpit but retalns cwed gallery. Closed 1894; Diss, Parkfidds. Norfolk. 1822. Founded 1697 at Palpve slightly projecting porch, round-arched windows and hipped Opposite: above, Bath; below. Dsvonporr. This pge: s~nce1953, Roman Catholic Church of the Holy Family. ISuffolk), one mile south, where the graveyard survLves roof. Congrckatlon moved 1875 to chapel in Broad Street. bfl,Bewdley, right. Heudcom. Wonh visiting Smking dassicd facade in stucco, square with hipped mof. Thc Broad Strcct and Paradise Street areas have been totally God setting above the Mere. Now a masonic lod~c. rcdevelopd, ne~therchapel survlves Biddendm, Kent, c.1834. Clod 1868. Central Baptist foundation of 1648. Ddfield, cm 4e new road to Wuksworth' Derbyshire. 1766 ileawwd, Church Street, near Matlock. Derbyshire. Chap4 Lease fram Henry Coape of Ddtield Hall; lease noi renewed endowed by Nlghtingde family who Ilved at h Hurst Bhingham: Paradise Meeting, Little Cannon Street. 1809. in 1842, savlcw in school till closure m 1867. Cbapel Closed c.1900, later used by Methodists. Laver walk 1877. Tudor-styled facade, dcmolishtd. Replacad chspel of c.1790 m Paradise Street, closed 1814. surv~vcs,much altered, as workshop. survive, enclosing a gmdm Parsonage adlacent survives. WghgPte, Sourhwwd Lane Five bays, zrchedwmdmvs. Now a synagogue Bradwell, Derbyshire. 1754 Limestone wrth 3 gitstwe Durham, Claypath. Pmb~erianchapel of 1751 behind Liverpool: Octagon Chapel, Temple Corn. 1763. Closed Zittlc Ponland Stroet. 1833. Founded 1824 m Duke ol York mullioned and uansorned windows each side Graveyard at present Gothic church. Now used as schoolroom. Red hrck 1776, now dcmolished [see chapter al. Srreeo Restramed classical 3 bay ashlar facade, portico wnh side Sltuated at top of village, cnce dependent on lead with pediment md round-arched wmdows. twoTuscan columns, pedimented doorcase in mess Cior;ed rn~nlngCloscd 1954. Now a scout centre won: lW9,demolished Fahwth, Killigrew Street. Cornwell. An old theatre Not surprisingly, there are several extinct conpgatlons in Shoraditch, Worship Stmt. 1779'81 amalgamation of 4 Bridwell Hall, near Uffculmc. Devon. 17P2. Richard He11 converted to chapel 1818 Closed c.1854 urner London, whilst others haved moved from the centre General Baptist churches. Ciwed by 1900. Chke, owner of Hall and a Unitanan (d.18211, bdt a chagel wlth the outward growth of the capital. hdon: Walthamstow Old Meeting, MMar Street, Essex here /see County Life 19th March 1981). Ha= Derbyshm. 1839. Limestone; simple Gothic with Bermondsey, DockheaC {General Bapt~st]Clad 1865. Cuca 1796 Un~tariant~ll 1825. lancet mndows and bellcote. Closed 1963 but used by FOY Bishopspte - Finsbury. Foundcd 1793 by RN Elhanen Cran'bmok, High Strect Kmt. Dad 1807. Lsrge Rcgcncy Society and PJlgllcans. Winchester in Parliament Cowt off ArtiIItry Lane Mndon Manchester, New Bridge Streer, Strangeways P838 style; 3 bays w~thcoped gable. Brick. Graveyard bchind stock brick Now a synagogue Congre~arionmoved t South Congregation fomdcd 1818 Elegant clasacal structure. Built by Benjamm Dobell after split of F~ee-Thmkmg Gulliford and Lympstwe, Dwon. 1774 First chapel 1689. Place, Finsbuly 1824 Rcmamed t~ll1927 when off~ccblock 1903, congrcytion moved out to 363a Bury New bad; Christbans horn General Baptists Closed 1875, now the Closed 1888, demollshed Em7 but graveyard survives. Round built. [A plaque record: thc site over kver Plate Housc) It cbsed 1913 The shon-lived Greengate congegatlon (built Cramp Lnstktute arched wmdows and unusual eliprlcal parapet. 1819, Rev has large classical lacadc, pediment, Ionic pillars 18241 amalgamated with Strangeways in 1842 John Jew13 mlnlster of Gulldord built new chapel a mile Congegation bccame South Place Ethlml Scclety, now C&, hdy Lane. tancashm. 1839 Witedat Risl~yin away in Lymprtone; dosed 1887 and now demolrshed. mettlng in Rcd Lion Sguare]. IKmhestet: PEatt Chapel, Wilmslow Road. 1791. Fwnded 1707 from which Wnims weexpelled (Chapel there Blackfriars, Stamtord Street. 1823. Closed 1962. Classical 1662. Replaced chapel of 1700 Rnck with round-arched demollshed 1971 - in path of M62 ~otmay].Closed 1959 Hanley, Hill Street. Staffordshire. 1824 Christian Brethren facade with six coIunns, enrablature and pediment, wmdou.s d varyq proponlons. Porch 1874. Bellcorc with and dcmolished, though graveyard survives, neatly foundation. Closed by 1862. One of several wngmgsrsws m 'wrprlsing m its Greek Doric severity, wedged in bctween bell inscribed 'A.R. 1718 Come away makc no delay' [see marntalned by Warrington Corporation. the Pottcnes >ut one of the few to build a chapel. nonnal late Georgian tmced houses' [Pevsnerj Only the Gnteacre, chapter 21. Interior Goth~c~sedClosed 1973 and facade des preserved, konting a playground Chapel was thc now used by photographic club. Dcvonprt, Ker Street Chapel budt 1791 with loan horn Hcaduom,Kent. 1819. Cmeral Baptist, now rmed W result of the amalgamat~on In 18W of the St Thomas" Theophilus Lidsey. Adjacent to dockyard, and damaged in Baptist Union. Brick, 3 bay front in Z storeys, pedhented congregation [SouthwarkJ and that founded 1666 m Tothrll Mmhestec Upper Bmok Street. 1839. First chapcl 1789 in anti-Prcnch riots. Closed and sold for f 1,000 in 1806 Now gable insclihd 'Unitarian Baptist 1819'. Graveyard. Strect, Westrninstcr Mosley Stretr Recognised as rhe flrst neo-Gothic the 'Old Chapel W. Granite 3 bys sqwc w~thpmch, Borough, No 26 Coles Street. Now a factory but retaming noncodormist chapel. Arcb~tect Slt Charles Rarry. West pcdlrnented gable and circular wmdows. New chapel opened King's Lynn, Norfolk. Two congregations Presbyterian some chapel features. front dominated by tall nbbed arch w~thrcczssed entrance 1829 m Grmby Street. Larger chapel built 1864 m Duke chs~lc 1701 m Spinners Lane [now Paradise Rood], Clerkenwell, 5t lohn's Square Founded 1808, built 1832 Symmetrical s~decIwation, 7 lancet windows dividrd by Street. Closed 1913, demolished m~d19M's. Gothic with Unitarian Baptist 'Sdem Cbapel' 1812 stwd till 197E, Known as 'The Society of Free-fh~nhgChristians' but~cs,pinnacles nsing at each corner Interior rectangle spue, arch~tectAlfred Norman. reached down alley adjacent 127 Norfolk Sneet. Bnck, Amalgamated with Dlngleg Place Miss~on(WC chapter 41 with threes~dcdgallery and central pulpit in hont of broad 66 67 organ case on short east wall, rose window above. Ribbed and arched plaster ceiling. Closed 1921. Now Centre for Islamic Studies. Interior divided.

Marshfield, High Street. Gloucestershire. 1752. Founded 1680. Traditional situation at end of long approach from street. A beautiful example of Cotswold vemacular. Ashlar stone. Hipped stone slate roof. Symmetrical; two round- arched windows front and rear; central door with date over; sundial at rear. Small graveyard at rear. Interior retains two side galleries. Closed 1886, now British Legion Hall. Still immediately recognisable as a mid 18th century chapel.

Mountsorrel, The Green. Leicestershire. Mid 18th century. Mountsonel granite with gable end to road. Much altered. Closed c. 1842, now a chemist's shop.

Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Pandron Bank. 1779. Closed 1836. were Unitarians for over a century but the chapel closed after Unitarian Baptist. death of Henry Fordham in 1894. Timber-framed with weather-boarding, 47 X 14 feet. Now very decrepit (1981). Stainforth, East Street. South Yorkshire. Founded and built Opposite: left, Marshfield; right, Wareham. This page: North Shields. Northumberland. 1832. Closed 1846. 1816, inspired by missioner Richard Wright. Closed 1854. Upper Brook Street, Manchester. Saffron Walden, Hill Street. Essex. Founded 1711 by Robert Demolished. Oldbury, Unity Place, Birmingham Street. Worcestershire. Cozens, Head Steward at Audley End. He adapted adjoining 1806. First meeting house 1708. Red brick with blue brick house on Hill Street as first chapel. Later chapel at rear built Stoney Middleton, The Bank. Derbyshire. Founded by detailing. 3 bays by 4, round-arched windows with iron 1792, reached up long entry and graveyard. Essex vemacular; William Bagshawe, 'Apostle of the Peak'. Closed c.1850, glazing bars. Heavy moulded pediment. Interior altered 1862 square, stuccoed, double-hipped roof. 3-bay front with sash became a reading-room; converted to a house 1900. and 1899 but on classical rather than Gothic lines. School windows. Interior gutted and Gothicised 1890. Closed 1930. added in similar style; 'Oldbury Free School 1851' on Now a clinic for Essex County Council; nothing remains of Sunderland, Bridge Street. CO Durham. 1831. Classical interior. building in white brick. Closed 1967, demolished 1970. pediment. Later parsonage linked two buildings 'Making the Upper Brook Street, Manchester; under gallery. establishment very complete for educational and congre- gational purposes' (Eyre Evans). Demolished 1981 - along Sheffield: Norton. Founded 1672 at Norton Hall under Sutton-in-Ashiield, Unwin Road. Nottinghamshire. 1791. with most of the centre of Oldbury. patronage of Comelius Clarke (see Chesterfield, chapter 2). Patronage of Samuel Unwin, leading hosiery manufacturer in The estate passed to the Shore family who built chapel 1794 town. Closed 1850, demolished. Ormskirk, Aughton Street. Lancashire. 1783. Founded 1662 at Bunting Nook on boundary of estate. Estate sold 1843 on in private chapel at Scarisbrick Hall. First chapel 1696 in collapse of Shore ban- interests; chapel closed, pulled Thorne, Orchard Street. Yorkshire. Founded and built 1816, Chapel Street. Closed 1886, demolished. down 1853. Windows and door re-used in Hollinsend inspired by Richard Wright. Sold to Congregationalists 1903, Wesleyan chapel nearby. Snetzler organ is now at Hastings re-fronted. Demolished mid-1970's. Prescot, Atherton Street. Lancashire. Founded and built chapel (see chapter 4). Parsonage and school still stand 1757. Closed 1879; sold to Methodists who rebuilt. Pulpit opposite, now known as Norton Grange 1744. Chapel had 3 Walsall, Stafford Street. Staffordshire. 1827. First chapel of now at Park Lane Chapel, Ashton-in-Makerfield. round-arched windows, hipped roof, well-dressed length of 1700 in Cox's Court off High Street. Damaged by mob 1710, wall opposite parsonage indicates its location. 1743 and 1751, but rebuilt. Brick with stuccoed front; 3 bays Ripley, Butterley Hill (top). Derbyshire. Founded and built with pilasters and pediment, demolished. 1811. Closed c. 1870, now a pair of houses. Ashlar stone; 4 Smarden, Smarden Bell. Kent. Eighteenth century bays, middle 2 and end Tuscan porches set forward, parapet. foundation. Graveyard survives with good memorials, Wareham, South Street. Dorset. 1830. Founded 1828. Set Y. -9. . g Set back from road. includmg Hosmer family. back from road in narrow entry. Plain classical style, d//y(p;, --- /, stuccoed front with prominent portico on 4 Ionic pillars. c- Rolvenden Layne, Kent. General Baptist foundation. Became Soham, Cambridgeshire. Founded and built 1810 by Rev John Now a library. an Anglican Mission Hall, c. 1900. Demolished Gisburne whose theology changed from Wesleyan to Baptist then Unitarian, influenced by Robert Aspland (see Wicken). Wicken, Cambridgeshire. c.1800. In grounds of family house Royston, Hertfordshire. Chapel opened 1832 in former bam Closed 1870, converted into cottages, nos. 5-9 Hall Street. of Rev Robert Aspland (1782-1845), 38 High Street. Links at rear of 47 Upper King Street. The Fordham family had a No. 3 was parsonage. Brick, segmental arches and hipped with Soham, 2 miles across the fen. Could well be smallest long connection with Royston and lived in front house; they roof. chapel in the country. 68 period, but their efforts continued to bear hit in the work of Rev. CharIes Wellbeloved at Manchester New College, York. But a serious challenge was at hand. h 1816 the Unitarian chapel in John Street, Wolverhampton, was appropriated by a umltarian group and actlon at law failed to secure its return. h 1825 George Hadfield (a Manchester Calvinistic lawyer) published The Manchester Socinian Controversy, maintainmg that all - chapels with a Presbyterian foundation were rghtfully the property of C)rthodoxy, r~rharthan the inrambmt [h~tarians The chapel at Risley, near Warrington, was taken over, and the ousted Unitarians were forced to re-build at nearby Croft In 1830 the Hewley trust, founded in 1700 by Dame Sarah Newley of York for 'poor and godly rnmisters of Christ's Gospel', was taken out of Unitarian hands by a court case, finally lost by the Unitarians m 1842. It was now realised that chapels and funds alike would be lost unless Parliamentary protect~wcould be obtained. The reformed Parliament of 1832 contamed six Unitarlam members. Above Motrram In Longendale One was Mwin Wilkhs Field, M.P. for Warwick, whose hther had been minister at the Warwick chapel. He accepted the ~esponsibllityof seemg appropriate legislation through Parliament, and in 1844 the Dissenters' Chapels Act was passed, securing chapds tu the cungregatluns whu had wurshippd in them fur the previous 25 years. ' Now that Unitarians were safe in their own premises, renewed - confidence led to new buddmgs, renovations and extensions. Confidence flowed into the movement. The strength of non- I :> confomrty in general was revealed by the census of 185 1, and later by the unofficial survey of 1881-82. Nonconformist strength m the 1 CHAPTER FOUR In the nineteenth, as in the erghteenth century, Unitarians were House of Commons, led (m much of the rlme by the Scottish distinguished by their role as civic leaders, and workers for social Presbyterian, Gladstone, made Liberals the governing force in The Gothic Age: good and improvements in health and education. By 1840 they had politics. Unitmans found acceptance in this scheme of things - 1840-1918 also won the battle for civil r~hts;the Act of 1813 Iegalised their unlike theu predecessors of the eighteenth century. No longer religion and in 1828, along with Roman Catholics, they benefitted ostracised, they inevitably became assimilated into the by the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts. Establishment. Children of wealthy Unltarlans went to public During the early nineteenth century the travelling preachers schools and to Oxford and Cambridge. Predominant in 104 Richd Wright and Robert Aspland strengthened md founded government, Unitarians mixed w~ththe Iocd gentry and aris- tocracy. As with other nonconformists, mcreasd status hrought a ofMossle~*Ond vlewfmm congregations, and produced infiuential periodicals such as The rear af chapel Monthly Reposrtory and The Christian Reformer. In 1841, Joseph complacency which had little time for doctrinal nicet~es. Barker was expel14 from the Methodist New Connexion and Unitarianism's progress was along two ways; on the one hand, quickly formed a f0110wing of about 200 congregations, called via the mheritors of eighteenth century rationalism followmg Christian Brethren or 'Barkerites' in she North and Midlands. He Priestley, Thornas Belsham [minister and tutor at Hackney was supported by Unitarians, including Sir John Bowring, who Academy] and advocates such as Lindsey, Wright and Aspland; on gave him a printing press. Older conpegations such as Newcastle- the other hand, through the less sectarian, libmal Christian under-lpe and Bank Street, Bolton, welcomed the newer more element, based largely on the old meeting-houses. Here the most working-class Brethren, and permanent chapels were built at Influential voice was that of James Martineau, who developed a Mossley, Mottram and Pudsey. h identifiable Unitarian and Free philosophy of liberal Christianity based w the dictates of * c;" Cluislh~body was thus fortified by small dissenting ~oupssuch consclcnct. as the Methodist Unitarians, General Baptists, Free Christians and How did these developments affect Unitanan budding? Now Chrtstian Brethten. In 1825 Unitarians estabTishd for the first that their premises were safe from onhodox predators, chapels time a natlonal organisation, the British and Foreign Unitarian needed to be appropriate expressions of Unitarian teaching and Association. The confident, rational Christianity of the dissenting status. The story of chapel architecture in the later nineteenth A~DWM~I] HIII, Leeds, c 7900 academies had been muted by the intolerance of the Napoleonic century is the story of the Gothic revival. 70 71 unchanged today, was well adapted to time-honoured Unitarian Above. Duhnf~cidextenor and practice, with the pulpit in a central place. The sense of Gothic gpi pprevious at Above: Hvdc Chapcl. Gee Cross. The Church of England had adopted a superficial Gothic style for style is nevertheless d-pervading and successful. DuEunf~eld,blown down in o gait in many of the 'Commissioners' Churches' of the 1820s, but not In 1848 the nearby church at Gee Cross, Hyde, was completed in 1839 until a deeper understanding of Gothic architecture was the most upto-date Gothic style, to all intents and purposes demonstrated by A. W. Pugin and protagonists of the High-Church identical, witb an Anglican parish church. Gone 1s the central Oxford Movement in the late 1830s did a genume neo-Gothic pulpit, the Sunday School gallesies and vestiges of eighteenth architecture emerge. century meeting-house mentality. Surrounded by a large grave- hitd enthusiasm for mdiaeval styles was not shed by non- yard, it is clear that the Unitarians of Gee Cross considered them- conformists, who abhorred any style reminiscent of Catholicism. selves as 'established' as any other branch of Christianity. It was But Unitarians in some parts of the country, notably Liverpool and opened by Rev. Chaxles Wicksteed, since 1835 minister of Mill Sheflield, had co-operated with Catholics in social work during the Hill, Leeds, and close associate of Martineau. In the same year Mill T - W,,: cholera epidemic oi 1844, and m mutual efforts to secure the repeal Hill was rebuilt by the same architects, Bowman and Crowther, a of the Test and Corporation Acts. And, of all dissenters, Unitarians had: built Gee cross. were probably the most open to new ideas. A spokesman for the congregation wrote at the time: 'Taste In Avgvst 1840, Dukifield Chapel was opened, though the varies with the generations, and the Meeting-House congregation building was not quite finished (nor would it be till 1893).It was a has never been afraid of expressing its own mind, wen at the risk ' 1 replacement for the 1708 meeting-house, blown down in a gale m of the pitying disapproval of its successors'. Despi:e the defiant 1839. The congregation, led by the dynamic Rev. Kobert Brook tone of uncertainty, Mill Hill Chapel remains an impressive +_-,- Aspland (son of the mission preacher) chose a neo-Gothc design by expression of mid-nineteenth century Unitarianism. As Pwsner -- Richard Tattersall of Manchester 'in the style of architecture that polnts out, the plan is reminiscent of that of St. Peter's pdsh prevaded at the beginning of the fourteenth century'. The interim, church, Leeds, rc-built only six years before. The Mill Hill 73 conpegation evidently wanted to keep up with the Anglicans; the helped new congregations, some of which ww out of the central position of their chapel was appropriate for their major role missions. in local government and business affans. What was the geographical pattern of chapel-budding in this A yen later in 1849 Hope Street Chapel, Liverpool, was opened. per~od?Firstly, older chapels were rebuilt in a larger, mm com- , Its minister, James Martineau and his friends John Tames Tayler at fortable, modern style. Secondly, long-established cmtres such as Uppm Brook Street, Manchest=, John Hamilton Thorn at Liverpoof, Manchester and Birmingham, saw expansw into both 1 Renshaw Street, Manchester, and Charles Wicksteed, previously at 'Mission' areas and the suburbs, where many lead- members of The Ancient Chapel, Toxteth, were central figures in the adoption the congregations now lived. Thirdly, chapels were built m seaside of neo-Gothic architectuse by Unitarians. Where new chapels in towns such as Scarborough, Hastings, Blackpool and Gothic style were erected, inevitably one or other of the 'Quater- Bournemouth. The custom of retirement by businessmen and nion', as they were called, would deliver the opening sermon. government oflicials to the seaside strengthened this development These perorations emphasise the value of earthly beauty in Not surprisingly, the majorrty d ambitleus Victorian chapels are carvings, stained glass and a generally 'ecclesiastical' atmosphere in the North of EnglandI with a number in the M~dlandsand a to the quality of religious experience. All four men bad studied the handful in the South-west. Thousands of churches and chapels of new German biblical criticism; Martineau travelled in Gesmar,y all denmhations were built in Victorian and Edwardian England, for a year h 1848-6, having previously ensured that his manlfest evidence of increased wealth and confidence. The congregation at Paradise Street would abandon their 'spacious and Un~tariancontribution to this corpus of architecture was small, elegant' chapel and ze-build in Gothic style in Hope Street. The but the quality of many of their chapels was good. Starting with AlbOYE schooI odlaceni l. new romantic mood emanating from Germany affected religion Dukinfield of 1840, a succession of impressive chapels were built: MO,IO~ church Bnllr by and the arts alike. While the English Gothic revival had its roots Gee Cross, Hyde (18481, M111 Hill, Leeds {1848), Trowbridge Un~tanans. hes school was deep in English mediaeval buildings, encouragement for its use, (1855), Todmorden (18891, Brookfield, Gorton ( 187 1), Mtmton ~~,"s~~~*Authority Abow Hope Street, L~verpooI BuIJ! ~~~~~~~~~~ among Unitarians at least, was found in Germany. for Morr~neauIn 1849; demolished (18751, High Pavement, Nottingham [1876), Flowery Field, Hyde 1963. The Gothic style had been fhly and ably expressed in Uni- (18781, and Ullet Road, Liverpool (18991. Other notable churches, tarian chapels; but was it a suitable styIe for a rellgion concerned now demolished, mclude Hope Street, Liverpool (1849),Banbury with rational thought, social service, and non-ritualistic worship? (1850), Bank Street, Bury (18521, the Church of the Messiah, This was an increasingly irkwant question. Unitarianism had Birmingham (18621, Old Meeting, Birmingham {1885], Chapel become acceptable, aIongside orthodox Christianity, In the Lane, Bradford (18681, and Essex Church, London (18871. development of Victorian society. The contemporq style was These chapels were landmarks in their locality - Gee Cross Gothic, and something so m-attuned to Victorian taste and spire can be seen lm many miles from the south-west, making an relig~oussentiment as utilitarian functionalism was not to be unforgettable featue of the lower Peak scenery; Todmorden is found in chapel architecture. h factmy, railway and industrial even more impressive in its commanding heqht abwe the tom, building - ironical'ly often dominated by Unitarian management its soaring steeple balanced by the high classical pediment of - an austerity of style could k found; but Unitarian religion, for Todmorden Town Hall, designed by the same architect, John all its rational roots, had no apparent connection with rational Gibson. 'The best building m Dukinfield' according to Pwsner, weryF,sld, Hydt design. Only in the missions, Sunday Schools and ather ancillay the chapel dominates the top of the town. Hrgh Pavement (no buildings is there a tangible expression of the Unitanan belief in longer a Unitarian chapel) speaks eloquently of its status in the reason and the power of good works. Educating the unlettered - anctent quarter of Nottmgham, with the Parish Church across the FS Below: Renshaw Street Mission. In and +=J- Monchestcr. not just the Bible but in literature, science, history load and the busy law-corns adjacent. Brookfield, Carton, 1s philosophy were important aims of Unitarians. Day Schools, set ,-a - 'stnkmgly ~rnpressive',says Pwsner. Conigre Chapel, Trowhidge, A \ up on non-sectarian lines, Sunday Schools to teach children is descnbd m the chapel history of 1890 as Quire an ornament to - - working during the week, adult evening schools, libraries, the town'; the complex of school-rooms, chapel and gardens are a a Mechanics' Institutes, were often ancillary buildings in the chapel focal point of the CDnlgre (an area new sadly derelict). The Church + complex. The high regard for social maturity and personal of the Messiah, Birmingham, had perhaps the most unusual site of development was reflected in the carefullydesigned social halls them all, astride the canal entrance to Gas Street Basin. and meeting-rooms. Unremarkable hmBroad Street, the approach by boat through the hspired by the work of Dr. Joseph Tuckerman in Boston, USA, tunnel and under the church was unique. and by Mary Carpenter in Bristol and India, domestic missions Few, If any, features of this Gothic revival ar? unique to were founded in the 1830s in the poorer areas of Birmingham, Unitarianism, Steeples, coloured and traceried win do^^, chancels, Manchester, Liverpool and London. They were often supported aisles, are all indistinguishable from orthodox places of worship. through difficult and impecunious times by the new District The Ecclesldogist mlght ndicde the idea of desw-ng tripart~te Associations of Unitarian and L~beraIChristian congregations (the windows, symbolic of the Trinity, for Socin~ans, but such East Cheshire Union, for instance, was founded in 18591, who also doctrinal niceties were not required by most chapel, buiiding 75 This me,top and bottom left: Todmordcn. Top and boltom right. High Pavement. Nottingham.

Opposits, rop left Monton. Top nghr Brookfrs!d Church. Gorton. Bottom nghr. Peacock memorio~, BruokJjeld. Bottom left: Brrmingham Old Meeting committees. Two characteristics of Unitarian chapels stand out. setting for the pulpit and communion table; they wcrc removed The finest of them, cited in this chapter out of a number of less from the long wall and placed as in an hglican church. The significant buildings, comprise first-class workmanship. Such chancel might be decorated with wood-cm, stained &ss, tires, quality 1s not, of course, unique to Unitarian chapels, but the and embro~dery.It was now the focus of the chapel. The chancel quality of detail and construction is noticeable. When stained-glass arch mkht be painted with the saoll and words so redolent of is chosen, whether by Morris and Co. or Holiday or from a contin- nonconformist worship: 'Worship the Lad in the beauty of ental workshop, it is often the best. Masonry, as at Tdmorden, holiness', 'The Lord our God is One Cod', 'Rejoice and be Clad', Flowery Field, Mill Hill, Leeds, or Ullet Road, Live-], is 'Strength and Beauty are in His Sancn'. Often the only remarkably accurate and sensitively wmkcd. Fittings, as at evidence of the existence of an earlier chapcl are the memor~ols Brookfield, Mill Hill or Ullet Road are welldcsigned and made fixed to the walls, their classical austerity a mute reproach to the A very smalI number of post-1850 Unitarian chapels are not surmundirq: clutter. built in the Coth~cstyle. Astley, near Manchester, and Shelf, nw At the end of the century standards of design improved with the Halifax, are smdl and plain with no Gothic feature. Hastmgs has a growth of the Ans and Craft movement, insplred by the teaching of class~calfacade and details on a modest scale. ldlc (Yorks)and the Ruslun and Williarn Morris. A stained-dass window by Rume- impressive Mossley Ilancs) are utterly remote hom Goth~c~sm. lones from the workshop of Morris and Co. became the hall-mark ZJppcr Chapel, Sheffield, rebuilt in 1848, follows the classical style of the large, succcsshl Unitarian Church. The movement of the 1700 chapel. flourished in most of the large cities of Britain, but was especially Two firms at architects were responsible for some of the fmest associated with Unitmans in Birmingham and Liverpool. William Unitarian chapel designs. Bowman and Crowther of Mmchestcr, Kenrick, ironmongery manufacturer, Mayor of Birmingham and followM the example of A. W. Pubin and Gewge Cilhen Scort, lead& Unitarian in the city, was Chairman of the Board of the created chapels and churches of convincing soltdity and Birmingham Guild, a quasi-commercial venture whereby crafts- A ho~.e pew-end In Uppcr Chapel, acwmpIished detail. men and women, t~ainedat Birmingham Municipal School of Art, ShcfOeld lrnrer~orrebu~lr I8U81 The Worthington family firm of architects was more important. supplled work in a variety ot disciplines for churches and private Unitarians themselves, they were descended from a line of houses. Virtually nothing mains in Birmingham Unitarian Resbyterian and Unitarian ministers (see thc memorids at Stour- churches, apart horn some very fine lettering on inscribed bndge). The family l~vdh the heartland of Manchester suburbia memorials from a later date at Five Ways Meeting. Murals in the Below New Meermng. Kiddcnn~nsrer at Alderley Ed~e.Thomas Worthington was a followw of A. W. school of Old Meeting, Bristol Road, were destroyed jn the blitz. was gtven o Goth~cjmnt In 188.3 Pug~nand learned his craft wizh Rowman and Crowther. He built, Howcver, the leadmg Birmingham craftsmen Bemad Slclgh and aImtIR others, Flowery Field Chapel, Hyde (18781, BmkheId, Bcniamin Creswick, plus thc potter, Harold Rathhne, decorated Carton [1871), Monton 18751, Manchester Collegc, Oxford (18931 the chapel interio~at Lrscard, Wallasey (1899),a complete example and Ullet Road, Liverpool (18991. This last was dcslgned in of the period. association with his son, Percy, who was responsible for the In Liverpool, the Rathbone family were lonpstanding patrons of splendtd social hall and ancillary roams. Percy also designed thc the ans; Edmund was a member of thc Ccnturj Guild (as was Arlosh Hall at Manchester College (19131and was in fart the morc RddP. Jones, the lea* Unitarian architect of the early 20th accempl~shedarchitect. century); Harold Rathbone ran the ddla Robbia Pottery of Not only were new Gothic chapels being built; older chapels Rirkenhead; hchard tau~htmetalwork at the University of were beinp, adapted to the new style (it was cheaper to achieve a Livewl. All these skills came into play ir~the buildlng of the 'correct' religious atmosphere by convert@ an old interior than to ambitious Ullet Road Chapel, Sefton Park, where fine examples of build new\. Two eighteenth century 'preaching boxes' which Arts and Crafts wmk can be seen. R.P. Joncs, whose first work was received a complete face-lift were Upper Chapel, Sheffield, and wizh the Warthingtons at UIlet Road, later worked mainly in the Kidderminster. Meete-houses were often re-built horn the south of En~Iand,and emphasised the quality of wo~kmanshipin wmdows upwards, with archcd windows and an open-beamed roof his writh and m his architecture. replacing the old rectangular windows and flat ceding. End walls There was adornment - rhcre must also be comfort. It was were breached and chancel extensions built. New facades of Jamas Martineau's acid CD!IImenkS on the stuffy cwestion and ~~''~&~~,~ ~~~~~~~~ Gothic design were added, creating vestibules and stairs. The 'arctic' conditions in Paradisc Street Chapel, Livnpool, that led to college~h~~l, oxford interior had to be suitably adorned; box pews werc taken out and a swZt re-building in 1849, incorporating grand Gothic style and a bench pews of varying quality, mostly pitch pine, were put in their new 'commodious and economical way of hcating lar~ebuildinprs'. place. Stained glass, often memorials, replaced plain. A font was Eighteenth century worshippers usually had no artificial heat or added [prcv~ouslyunnecessary, as Presbyterian baptisms werc light; the instaIlation of gas Ight was often the first step in a rithcr hcld in the famrly home or a small portable metal how! was scheme of modernisation. used). The chancel with its East window and choi~scal!s, was a better Gazetteer 1840-1718 a (rare)good example of a Gothic Church. Ic was Blackpool, South Shore Unitarian Church, a substantial building with three large lancet Thames Road and Lytham Road. Lancashire. Mtrincham Unitarian Chapel, Silvan Grove, off windows and a talI assymetricd tower and spm; 1903. Dunham Road. Cheshire. 1872. architect J. A. Cossms. Bombed in 1940; the Congregation found4 1894 as off-shoot from Congregation founded 1814 in Shaw's Lane* congregation did not long survive this event. North Shore Church, first services held in Architect Thomas Worthington. Brick, stone New Meeting moved from Deritend to Moot Masonic Hall. 'Early English' windows. Steep-pitched roof Street m E 732; this chapel was Joseph Priestley's B~ick,stone detailing in modified lancet style. with apsldal end. Interim, three windowed apse charge and was destroyed in the riots of 1791. Simple interior, timber beams with decorative with stained glass; north Aisle with stone pillars Rebuilt in classical style in 180Zi this chapel iron braces. in typical Worthington contrast with whlte stlll stands as the Roman Catholic Church of St. walls. Adjacent meeting-hall and caretaker's Michael. Stuccoed five-bay front, round-arched Bolton, Bank Street Unitarian Chapel, 1856. cottage in brick and black-and-white Cheshire- windows divided by paired Ionic pilasters, thee- First Ministm, Rev. Richard Goodwin, ejected style gabling; echoed by parsonage 11899) across bay pediment. Interior retains three-sided in 1662; Fist chapel built 1696, on the same site, road; attractive group. gallery with rear organ and pews. 1862 Church as was school and parsonage. Towards mid-nine- of the Messiah hilt over the canal tunnel teenth century 'the old buildmg began to show Ieading from Gas Street Basin by a prosperous signs of decay" Also, c. 1855, congregation Astley, Unitarian Christian Chapel, Manchester and confident congregation - members were enlarged by Christian Brethren who had adopted Road. Lancashire. 1865. the vanguard of Birmingham Civic Unitarian ideas [see p ??). Present chapel faces Congregation founded 1857, breakaway from development, including the Chamberlain street with steps. Architect George Woodhouse. Parish Church. Plain, brick, adjacent to road. No family. Pink sandstone with limestone details Stone facade with lancet windows and pin- hint of Gothic. Scboohoom 1858 attached. and assymetrical tower and spire. Large nacles. Original 1854 Sunday School was in Interior has two (Gothic) memorials to Rev. decorated window. Rectangular interior with basement (large brick Sunday School premises Richard Cowling 1876, and lames Grundy 1895. rear gallery. Demolished 1978, site now a of 1874 to north of chapel now demolished). gardw. Architect J. J. Baternan. See Chapter 5 Interior dark and cluttered - not unpleasant, for modem chapel. but architecturally undistinguished. Stained Bedfield Unitarian Meeting House. Suffolk, One late nineteenth century Unitarian chapel glass: rose window of 1867 in memory Harwood 1895. suvives in Bmingham, at Wavetley Road family. Memorials to cloth merchant Robert Congregation founded t 892 through work of Church, Small Heath, 1898. Budt partly from Heywood, main donor of new chapel and Mayor Postal Mission and Rev. Alfced Amey, who proceeds of the sale of Church of the Saviour, of Bolton (1786-1868)and his business partner, pushed a mobile organ around the Suffolk Ianes Edward Street, founded by George Dawson, Charles Darbishue. Bell, now in vestjbule, and held open air services at Bedfield, Ashfield Baptist founder of the 'Free Christians', whose given 1695 by Rev. Robert Seddon, M.A. and Monk Soham. articles of faith were, and are, the guiding Small, corrugated iron, set in village street principles of this church - see memorid plaque Bolton, Deane Road, Unity Church. Lancashire. among farm workers' cottages. Interior retains now m vestibule of Sikh temple. h 1846 1843. Top: Church of the Messlah (New Meetirrf). mission room atmosphae; much timber board- Dawson led his congregation from their Baptist Congregation founded 1862 from Bank Street ~zimin~ham. chapel to Hurst Sueet Mission for morning Above: Dawson memorial in Woverley Road Church ing. The chapel is also used as village hall and by as an extra Sunday School: fist met 1868 in a [nmIn Slkh Temple). British Legion, etc. services, and to Newhall Hill Chapel for evmg beerhouse in Commission Street. Rd brick, services. A building society with E10 shares was front and side gables, perpendicular windows. formed by the congregation, and in 1847 Edward Sunday School below, chapel above stairs. Day Below: Coseley, Birmingham Street Chapel opened. Sold 1897 to Methodists, school of 1870 at rear. J. J. Bradshaw, F.R.I.B.A., The history of Unitarian chapels in Birm- congregations joined with group formed at L~ttle a member of the chapel and partner in Bradshaw Lane ingham is a complicated one, and a brief outline Green Board School on initiative of Mid- and Cass, architects of many town halls, public history of Unitarianism in the city mi~htbe land Christian Union and together built Waver- libraries, etc., bought the land and presumably ley Road Church. designed the chapel. helpful. Before the nineteenth century there Church were two Presbyterian/Unitarian chapels; Old was built first, then connecting cloister, Dawson Hall (1918) md anciIliary Meeting, founded in 1687, and New Meeting, Bournemouth Unitarian Church, Westhill founded at the Lower Meeting House, Dexitend, rooms. Brick, stone detailing. Gabled roofs of church and M1 stand on either side of garden Road. Dorset. 1891. in 1672. Old Meeting, partly desaoyed in Covegation founded 1882. Red brick, oma- 'Church and King' riots of 1715, and split by the and cloister. Interior of church spacious; hlgh arcaded nave, aisles, clerestory lights; now rnented stone detailing; pleasant arrangement of secession of hdependents to Cams Lane Chapel porch, hexagonal tuwer, and chapel. Interior an in 1747, was destroyed in the Birmingham riots cleared of pews. Architects, J. A. Grew and S. H. Eachus. (1980, sold to the Ramgaria Gurdwara elongated octagon with ogee mouldings and free of 1791. Rebuilt 1795, it was again demolished Gothic tracery. Rich woodwork including open as part of the New Street Station extensions. Sikh Temple.] Unitarians have converted the Dawson Hall into chapel. roof, altar screen and pews. Meeting room below The 1885 budding was regarded by R. F. Jones as chapel. 80 Bradford, B~oadwayAvenuc Church Yarksbke. Congregation originates from 1662 ejection. 1906. Two prevlous chapels, 1698 and a cob building Corrugated iron 'temporary' building. Envir- ol 1815 which collapsed. Nice example of late onment of streets and stone housing still intact. neo-Gothic, more or less as built. Architect R. N. Clallice. Interior, bare brick walls, stone Bristol, Clifton Unitarian and Free Christian quoins. Original iron electric Iight brackets; Church, Oakfield Road. Avon. 1864. stained glass window 'The Good Shepherd' horn Stone, saddIe-back tower with tall lancets and Wood Green Unitarian chapel. Furnlnue made plainer ill-matched chapel in Decorated style. by members of the congregation. Two gd Dark, churchy mterior memorials fmm previous chapel.

Chatham Unitarian Church of the Good Com- Denton Unitarian Chapel, Wilton Street. panions, corner of Hammond Hill and New Lancashire. 1879. Road. Kent. 1889. Congregation f~unded1875, on initiative of Congregation originally General Baptist Robert Stuart Redfern and Robert Kenyon of dating horn 1686. Present building replaces Mottram and Oldham; trial services held in Co- chapel of 1802 on same site. Brick with stone op. Hall. First Minister, Lawrence Scott detailing. Chapel with p~ettyVenetian porch, ( 1879-1930). Red brick, simple lancet windows, rose window and hall form pleasant group. butaesses. Large Russell Scott Day Schoob of Decorative brick wall encIoses older graveyard, 1882 adjoining Tear. now garden. Steep views down to Medway Doncaster Free Christian Church, Hallgate. estuary. Yorkshire. 1912. Founded 1692. First chapel was on the same Cheltenham, Bayshill Unitarian Church. site, then eastern edge of towq built 17U. Gloucestershire. E 844. the Slrnple, brick, two round-arched dows,pan- Congregation founded 1832 by Mr. Furker, tiled roof. Present buildmg, approached thruugh large 'Geometrical' window flanked by a pair of tradesman of Bath. Architect R. Ahaharn. Plain archway from Hallgate, is externally turrets and pinnacles. An early use of the Gothic brick box with 'Norman' ashlar facade; large style in a Unitarian chapel. four-light window, plain glass. Interior: central undistinguished. Interior rectangulas with three-sided gallery, Interior virtually unaltered; lofty nave with dark stained Gothic organ case, pulpit m right. side aisles. Iron columns, emphasising Ornate 'stepped' beams. Recently partitioned. organ chamber beyond chancel arch, barrel- vaulted ceiling. Light timber panelling. cruciform plan, support three-sided gallery. extensive range of ancillary rooms to rear. Pulpit with canopy and organ screen of dark Coseley Old Meeting House, Old Meeting Road* stained wood give a rich 'antique' aura. Pulpit Staffordshue. 1875. Dukinfield Old Chapel, Chapel Hill. entered horn vestry with preacher's seat Founded c. 1662; first Minister, 'ejected' Lancashrre. 1840. incorporated in door. Roof construction Above left Bournemouth. Above DuJunbld Bdow,. Assistant Vicar of Sedgley. First meeting house Original congregation connected with Denton concealed above plaster rib vaulting with iron previous chapel at Doncaste7 (demolished 191 1). 1717, a 'primitive structure with two stout chapel of ease [in Stockport Parish]. Among first bosses not unlike ventilators in pre-Gothic timbers upholding the roof'. This date is ministers, John Angier of Denton, and Samuel chapel ceilings. ,Many memorids including recorded on two bricks set m the wall hier of Dukdield, who was licensed to Astley and Armitage families. Stained glass. descendmg to the heating chamber, which preach in a barn in 1686; Sir Robert Dukinfield 'The best building in Dukinfield' (Pevsner]. suggests that the present chapel 1s built on the gave land for a chapel In 1707; first service was Chapel stands at bighest point of town, adding foundations of the old. The chapel was built thanksgiving for the battle of Oudensrde (July to impression of helght. Large rear graveyard with the proceeds of the sale of mineral rights to l l th 1708). 1839, chapel collapsed in a storm - (including Astley memorial 18251 merga with the Bilston lron Company in 1874. after the congregation had decided to re-build. municipal cemetery with distant views of the Stone, gabled front with Decorated wlndow Led by their minister, Robert Brook Aspland Peak District. Manse of 1865 next door. Early above central door; ma pinnacles. Main (1837-583, they chose as arch~tect Richard Sunday School 1810 in nearby Pickford Lane; interior, altar screen now removed, rear organ Tattersall of Manchester. In 1839 he also enlarged 1820, 1839 and 1882, also used as day gallery on two iron c0Iumns. Behind the chapel designed St. Paul's Church, Stalybridge, and a school from 1873; an extensive gsoup of an older building now rendered, with industrid large cotton mill at Golbome near Wigan. buildings reflecting the importance of education iron round-arched windows as at Stourbridge. The chapel was built in stone to a crucifom to the Unitarians and of their standing in this Was this origmally the Sunday School of 17997 plan in the Lancet style, with a facade of thee 19th century cotton tom. lancets above dootway, similar to that still Cullompton Unitarian Chapel, Pound Squae. v~sibleon the transept gables. It was extended Hastings, Unitarian Free Christian Church, Devon. 1913. farward in 1893 when the facade was given a South Terxace. Sussex. 1868. 82 Founded 1858. Pedimented classical facade forming part of terrace. Plam, small, rendered brick. Interior, four blank arches either side; matching round-arched windows back and front, stained glass in mtre. Back gallery supported by two cast-iron Corinthian pillars. Central carved wood pulpit with wt-iron accessories. Rush bottom chairs. Snetzler organ acquired from Lewes chapel, who got it from Banbury chapel, who got it from Norton (Sheffield]. Architect Geowe Beck, builder G. Clarke Jones.

Homich Unitarian Free Church, Church Street. Lancashire. 1896. Congregation founded 1890 with help of N.E. Lancs. Mission. 'Accringtan' red brick. Modest Gothic facade with 'French Renaissance' side porch; school-zoom below.

Hyde Chapel, Stockport Road, G= Cross. Cheshire. 1848. Original chapel 1708, second chapel 1767, on same site. Architects, Bowmm and Crowtber of Manchester (Pup was asked but refused the composed to a large extent of the employees at Opposirs: Howcry Field, Hyde. Above: Leeds commission); they were a pro~essive and Ashton mills and other works in the neigh- fashionable firm who designed Anglican bourhood. A considerable proportion of the churches and secular buildings in this area. 731s Hpde, Flawery Field Church, Newton Street. work has been carried out by the workpeople at with flew-de-lys finials. Memorials, especially is the first nonconformist church to be built on Cheshire. 1878. the mills' (North Cheshire Herald, 1876). The good one to Captain Samuel Walker (d. 18091 in the model of an Anglicm parish chwch set in its Congregation founded by cotton rnanufac- church is the focal point of the Flowery Field vestibule. Jrlterio~now divided by screen below churchyard. mer Thomas Ashton senior, 1831 (he had al- Estate with cotton mill, school and cottages. gallq, but effect still impressive. Stone church in 'Early English' style; long ready established a school for his work-people in Environment drastically changed with nave with clerestory, nave and chancel. West 1810): '. . . the development of his trade and Leeds, Mill Hill ChapeI, City Square. Yorkshire. adjacent development of shopping centre; tower with tall broach s~iTe(145ftl. It cost manufacturing industry made Flowery Field the 1848. graveyard flattened, extensive Smday School E7,500; major patrons, the Ashton family [see populous place it now is. . ' The origlnal Congregation founded 1662. First chapel buildings demolished. Statue of Priestley in City Flowery Field Church). school and chapel 'came to be regarded as too 1674. Rev. JosephPriestley minister 1767-73. Square faces chapel. [By Alfred Drury.) Intenor: chancel with large East window plain' anc Thornas Ashton junior offered to Stone, 'Decorated' Gothic. With Gee Cross, contains finely carved altar :able and stone font build a new one. Architect Thomas Hyde, the flrst Gothic style nonconformist Leigh Unitarian Church, Twist Lane. with massive conical hanging cover, also Worthington. chapel. Bowman and Crowther of Manchester Lancashire. 1897. memarials from old chapel. Pulpit by chancel Stone, Tudm perpendicular style. Substamial were architects fw both chapels. Plan and style Congregation founded 1887. Typical small arch. Organ at back of church with adjoining square battlernented south east tower with stair- seem to have been partly inspired by rebuilding but well-built chapel in red brick. Meeting hall choir stalls. Six pointed arches each side divide turret. lntaior displays sumptuous use of oak. of Leeds Parish Church of St. Peter in 1841. at side. hgecmcifom-design window in gable. nave from aisles. Clerestory windows. Hammer- Cmciform plan, with wide nave, rear gallery. Long, buttressed seven-bay facade to City beam roof with carved stone corbels. Much Chancel with choirstalls flanked by side-arches Square. Central projecting gabled vestibule Liverpool. stained glass of later 19th century. Pews and all to vestry and organ loft. Polygonal apse. surmounted by large window; god stone A brief survey of early chapels may be useful. woodwork of oak. Impressive roof of carved oak. Stained glass m carving on parapet and gable, but pinnacles Apart from the Ancient Chapel of Toxteth (see Very large verdant churchyard with many chancel, remainder plain glass in large mullion removed c. 1960. Nave and side aisles, wide chapter l), there were two Presbyterian gravestones. Original chapel stdon east side, side windows making interior light and chancel, stained glass by Morris and Co., also in 'Election' chapels, at Castle Hey [built 1688) Tower and spire are a prominent feature in the spacious; crests in cerrne of each window. side aisle, Carved stone heads at side arch- and Kaye Street (built 1707). Castle Hey ('Old town and can be seen for many miles around set Attractive vestibule area with tower base and springs. High hammer-beam roof with stone Meeting'] moved in 1727 to Benn's Garden against Pennine scenery. staircase, typical Worthington design of corbels carved as delightful angels. Magnificent {SouthCastle Street), in 1811 to Renshaw Sueet Southwest of church, in Enfield Street, red whitewash, restrained wood and iron work. Caen stone carved pulpit in orlthodox Anglican (graveyard now Roscoe Garden),and in 1899 to brick schools 1889 (Henry Enfield Dowson 'Neither labour nor expense has been spared position to left of chancel arch. Carved stone Uller Road, Sefton Park. Kaye Street mmister 1867-1918). in its erection . . . The congregatim . . . altar screen with mosaics of saints. Gothic pews congregation moved to Paradise Street in 1791, 84 85 the Mall; no expense was spared and it is a by Mayer and Co. of Munichi chancel, 1886 by splendid Ioom. Wood-panelled walls and stone Wilson and Hammond. Gallery windows me arches give warmth and solidity; simple black- from Essex Church (demolished 19731, in and-white timbered roof with carved collar- mernmiam Sir John Brunner. Cmed oak choir beams give brightness and a lively homeliness. stalls with brass decoration now at rear of chapel Ingle-nook fireplace mounted by mats-of- were designed by R. P. )ones 1904 and also came arms of Tate and Brunna. Two bay-windows at from Essex Church, as did the oak font designed front and side. Lantern llght in roof. Fine metal- by Jonesin 1908. Another smaller stone font is a work details throughout - door furniture, fire nice example of genuine fifteenth century work. irm, lights, outside railings, etc. A fine essay of Gdmemorials; marble relief of James the Arts and Crafts movement. Martineau by H. R. I-Iape-Pinker (was in Little Portland Street Chapel, demoliskl 1910); Art Nouveav metalwork of 1901 by Wragge to Rev. Brooke Herford; marble and lapis lazuli Celtic- London. style of 1616 to Rev. Stopford Brooke; metal- Bethnal Green, Mansford Street Church and work Celtic style of 1900 by Kathlem Shaw to Mission. Purchased horn the Congregationalists Isaac Solly Lister; marble and Inlaid work of in 1889 to house the mission founded 1832 1926 to Helen Allingham; bronze panel with (mission building 1837) at Spicer Street (now lettering by William Morris to Dr Thomas and Buxton Street),Spitalfields - the first Unitarian MqSadler. Four marble panels by Flaxman. Mission in London. Parliament clock by William Billinghurst of Grand Romanesque facade with pediment and London c. 1792. Spacious grounds include rose window, yellow stock brick. Rectangular earlier chapel and cottages. auditorium with coved ceiling; arcadmg on east wall rises from Corinthian pilasters. Pulpit and mgan added this cennuy, gift of R. P, Jones.Rear Stratford Unitarian Christian Church, West gallery. Basement room with stage. Memorial to Ham Lane, 1869. Charles Corkran, missioner at Spicer Street Architect T. Chatfeild Clarke, A.R.I.B.A. 1848-79. Three storey manse attached. The 1829-95 - a prominent Unitarian. Con- style of this chapel - not unusual for the gregatlon founded 1857 m Bow, at Breeze's Congregationalists - is quite unlike Unitarian UElet Road, Liverpool Lecture Hall, Stratford Broadway (over and to Hope Street - an ambitious Gothic chapels of the period. church built 1849 in the ministry of James chemist's shop) yellow brick, modest gabled Martineau - demolished 1963. h 1763 pm of clerestory windows, canopied pulpit. Polygonal facade with stubby central Itahanate tower. Benn's Garden congregation left to form the apse with large staked glass window by Monis Hampstead, RossIyn Chapel, E 862. Interior plain with round arched windows. new Octagon Chapel in Temple Court, where a and Co. Altar table with carving of Last Supper. Congregation founded in 1687; first minister Stone font in memory of Edith Jane Noel 1935. liturgical service - an innovation in Caved choir stalls. Splendid Art Nouvcau was probably chaplain to the Honeywoad famlly Hall: and meeting roms 1885; hall has Morris- nonconformist practice - was introduced; it electric light pendants with eight lamps. Beaten (city merchants, lived in adjoining Carlile type decorative wood paneIling at one end. closed in 1776 and became St. Catherine's copper West doors. House]. Previous chapels, all on same site, built Upper storey 'Clubroom' and 'Guild Room' Anglican Church. Better than the church are the cloister, m 1692 and 1828. This last, a plain brick box, deslgned and given by R. P. Jones1410; nice blue library, vestry and hall, added after completion sunrives as school-room and parsonage Resent tiling w stairs. Liverpool: Ullet Road Unitarian Church, Sdton of church and donated by Sir John Brunna and chapel of Bath and Kentish Rag-stone. Architect, Park. Lancashire. 1899. Sir Henry Tatc. 'They were designed by Perq John Johnson, with extensions of 1886 by Architects Thornas and Percy Worthington. Worthington, son of Thomas, asslsted by Rodd Thamas Worthlngton. 1862 building was ample Loughborough Unitarian and Free Wistian Exterior, red brick with monumental nave P. Jones. Spacious cloister with stone pillars, gabled nave with small central spire, porch and Church, Victoria Street, 1864. buttressed by porch, transepts, side-aisles and black-and-white timbered roof; contains many vestry to west. In 1886 east aisle, chancel, Congregation originated in 1672; chapeI of ape, 'Decorated' Gothic detail. Facade with good memorials from Renshaw Smet Chapel - flanking vestry md committee room added, 1744 off Churchgate survived till this cennuy. fme rose window above h11 width porch, topped Roscoes, Rathbones, etc. Library with Tdor ereating a more irregular appearance. l Robert Bakewell, agriculturafist, 1725-95, was by starue of Christ and bell-cote (no bells). canopy fireplace and wealth of decorative detail; Interior, wide nave (pews deaxed 19661, plain member.] Church is joined to matching haEl (1902) by murals by Gerald Moira, "The Pursuit of Truth' boarded roof vault. Several good stained glass Stone, steep pitched roof, gable end with cloister. - high-ride Symbolist painting, which should windows; south side, 1867 unknom artist, enhance and circular window; side tower. hterior of chu~chfaced in red Cheshire sand be better known. Vestry has murals by Moira, ~esembleswork of Hardman; west aisle, 1887 by ilrchitect John Noms of Nottingham. Church stone (added as an after-thought - ori&ially subject 'The Cardinal Virtues'. Spacious Henry Holiday, 1886 by Wilson and Hamrnond, and school were built with the proceeds from design was in glazed brick]. Wide nave, narrow complex of domestic offices, as usual m 1888 and 1899 by Morris and Co. (Erne-Jones], sale of Mountsorrel Chapel (sol2 to Baptists arcaded side-aisles; high simple vaulted roof, Unitarian chapels, planned with care. Finally, 1889 by Lavers and Westlake; north slde, 1887 1867, now chemist's shop]. 86 87 architect dso Thomas Worthington. On imposing raised site above the Bridgwater Canal, open country behind and moundad by mame trees and parkland. Arched gateway surmounted by canopied figure in mernoriam Henry Leigh, 1895. Stone, long nave with clerestorj, transepts and f~ve-sidedapse. South- west tower witb steeple incorporating richly carved doorway. Interior, typical Worthington contrast between hght walls, stone arches and dark woodwork. Windows were originally clear glass; clerestory stained glass installed 1903 in memory Mary hnGrimshaw (d. 1893), depicts the Arts; transept glass 1882 donated Martha Leigh of Greenbank Id. 1886) depicts Christ blessing the children and Christ and his flock in a technique evolved by J. G. Sowerby of Gateshead Stained Glass Company; aDse dass of Lye Unitarian Chapel, Stourbridge Road. Manchester. Old and New Testament figures. ~ighhammer- Worcestershire. 1806 and 1861. The city's expansion has engulid several Opposite: Lye. Above: Chorlrcn-cum-Hardy. beam roof, wdengargoyles hold iron tre-rods. Lye waste was open common occupied by erstwhile villages, where a Unitarian chapel was Superb organ-loftand case in dark wood at rear Attractive mural of :the Heavenly Host above 'rude and barbarous' mud huts built by nail often a part of the community. This is m area of (organ installed 1883). Gdcanopied choir makers. From 1790 Rev lames Scott of Cradley early Presbyterian strength, but no early chancel arch; twelve neat roundel wall paintings stalls in apse; fine iron standard and hanging preached in licwced houses, then with a legacy buddings survive (but see Platt, chapter 3). below clerestory, depicting Unitarians in history lamps. Pair Jacobean chairs, possibly from old from his aunt acquired a thin strip of land and 'great minds' of the past [subjectssuggested chapel. Memorials to Lelgh and Grimshaw ChorEton-cum-Hardy Unitarian Church, adjoining the Birmingham to Stourbridge by Alexander Gotdon). Two mosaics of St. Paul families iLeighs owned silk mill m PatricroftJ. Wilbraharn Road, 1900. Turnpike, building the meeting-house in 1806. and the Good Shepherd flank chancel window Large paveyard with good tombstones, many Congregation founded 1890 as a mission effort Brick witb iron framed round arched whdows, (stainedglass]. Carved marble and wood reredos pre-1875. North-west of chapel, School (J888), by the Manchester District Association of back. now middle of the group of buildings. of faux saints. Sol~dstone font centre local authority day-school till 1982. Unitanan and Free Christian Churches. Pictur- Simple georneaic stained glass in large west Present chapel built to west of 1806 chapel, Christian Unitarian Church, Stamford esque, half-timhed; gabled facade with bay window. Memorial to members of the Mossley begun 1857, '. . . a small but beautiful and Road. Lancashire. 1852. window over full-width porch. Steeply pitched Worthmgton family from old chapel; jolly carefully arranged Early English Church . . . Congregation founded 1841 by Christian roof with small spire. Set in wded grounds, turreted memorial to Rev. George Henry Wells, from khe designs of Francis Smalrnan Smith of Brethren led by Joseph Bmka (see chapter 3). approached through Art Nauveau gates. d. 1888. Stourbridge. WMst it was in course of erection, Trust Deed of 1853 describes congregation as Interior plain, design inconsistent with Extensive grounds s-urround chapel, mall. the villagers, reverencing the memory of Mr '. . . persons of the Christian name who by exterior. Organ dated 1856. lodge northeast corner; interesting gravq two Scott determined to add a clock to the building some are called Chistian Brethren and by memorials to Richard Peacock bronze relief and they subscribed in sums varying from a Bmokfield Church, Hyde Road, Gorton, 1871. - others Unitarians' and describes the chapel as a church wall has bust of Peacock flanked by penny upwards'. Congregation founded 1694; rmginal cbapel of on '. . . large plain building capable of holding 800 Vulcan and angel [erected by his workforce), and Chapel hugs the pavement with 4 round 1703 was at the rear of present chapel, on other perms with schoolroom beneath, and beneath Gothic marble mausoleum west of church, arched windows with Gothic openings and side of the brook. Brookfield was built at the that again a class-room and a cottage, . . . built 1875. Large hall and Sunday School of 1863 steeply pitched slate roof pierced by small expense of Richard Peacock, M.P. for Gorton on the side of a hill, and from the back looks like further to west. dormers. Tallish tower over entry polch, red and locomotive builder [his partner, Charles a factorv'. brick with blue band courses and yellow top, Beyer, built Gorton Parish Church at the same Mexbomugh Free Christian Church, College Solid stone, set in Pennine community. Slngle now minus spire and weathemane. Clock time). Architect Thomas Worthion. Very Road. Yorkshire. 1913. Congregation originated storey gabled front; cemd five-light window renewed 1953 to commemorate coronation of large stone church of 'Anglican' Early English 1912, breakaway from Congregational chapel. flanked by doors with enormous arched lintels. Queen Elizabeth II. Interior simple, colourful design, orientated to east. Gabled nave with Red brick gabled, dual-purpose hall and chapel Plaque above records 'Christian Church and and attractive. Hammerbeam roof with corbels clerestory, aisles chancel and north transept. plus meeting rooms. Unchurchlike appearance. Sunday School Built 1852'. of leaves and flowers, plus one skull, picked out Almost free-standing north tower with high Interior. vast single square space, no gallery. in vivid colom. Two memorials to Rev James broached steeple - a landmark along Hyde Monton Church, Monton Green, Eccles. Beautitully curved pews with gradated angle at Scott, one in Gothic niche in chapel, other on Road; gargoyles, and peal of eight bells. Lancashire. 1875. she sides. Carved pine and maple central pulpit slate tablet in porch. Hall contains pomaits of Impressive interior; white painted walls with Congregation founded 1662; earlier chapels of and dais front. Raised dais across h11 width of all past ministers. Gothic school addition to stone arches and pink granite columns (typical 1698 (destroyed by mob 1714) and 1802. Like chapel with cholr stalls and central original East. Worthington tonal contrast). Barrel roof. Brookfield, completely Anglican in design; organ by M. Holt of Leeds. The whole 88 89 impressive interior is custom-made for a Oxford, Manchester College, Mansfield Road, Barker preached in Pudsey to 1,400 people in the performance of the 'Messiah" Jndushial-type 1893. open air. Cong~egation formed 1853. Stone, mnroof supports. Plain round-arched windows In 1889 Manchester College moved to Oxford modest. Steeply pitched toof with front gable, with pastel glass, giv~ngspectacular views of from London; previously it had been m side buttress with pinnacle, now removed. River Tame, cotton mills and hds armd. Manchester and York. Architect Thorns Interior, blue and white painted wood, stained Worthington. The buildings are manged round glass in apse. Schoolrooms behind. two quadrangles. Library donated by Sir Henry Mottram Unitarian Church, Hyde Road. Tate. The chapel has Geometrical windows, Richmand Unitarian Free Church, Ormond Cheshire. 1846. hammer-beam roof, flne carved oak screen and Road. Surrey. 1896. Christian Brethren foundation of 1841. Main, canopied choir stalls. 'The whole set of Burne- h 1884 a society was founded 90 discuss rectangular stone 'meeting house' of six bays. ]ones windows hManchester College Chapel of religious and kindred subjects'. h 1888 at a hn-framed hntwindows with diamond panes. 1893-8 is in fact a pure joy.' (Pevsnerj. They meeting in the Schoolhouse, Petersham, Shallow pitch mf;no hint of Gothic. Sunday depict the six days of creation with inscription attended by the Earl of Dysart, Countess Russell Old chapel. Rotherhem iI?O6). Large School on ground floor, chapel above. by Diderot 'Elargissez Dim'. Arlosh Hall by and members of her family, and E. Wilkes Architects Flockton and Gibbs of Sheffield (see square hterior recently divided; half retains Percy Worthington has good timber roof and oak Smith, Headmaster of RusseII School, Peter- Upper Chapel), much of the craftsmanship iron origmal and wood benches - 'Sunday- panelling 11913). sham and lust secretary of Richmond congreg- being done by members of the congregation. Schmlbappearance. Central plaque records ation, it was decided to build a church. Soon Cost f3,620. 'Mottzam Christian Sunday School for children Padiham, Nazareth Unitarian Chapel, Church after, Chiug Hall in Friars Lane was built. of a11 denominatlons built by subscription AD Street. Lancashire. 1874. Founded 1806. {JamesRamsay MacDonald was a lay preacher work Scarborough Unitarian Church, Westborough. 1846'. Much building done by the In 1819 Richard Wright described a visit: 'In there.] Present chuch, brick, stone detailing, Yorkshire. 1877. congregation, redtmg in construction cost of this manufacturing village there is a society of gabled roof, side porch. Interior better than Seaside resort foundation of 1873. Red brick, only f 7m. Method~stUnitarians who meet together and exterior; fine wood roof and panelling; shallow stone detailing, side tower with Zstage spire. instruct and eddy one another; Mr. Ashworth apse with windows by Bume-]ones. Raised dais Rourld mched windows in Gothic manner. Plain Newchurch, Bethlehem Unitarian Church, and others occasionally visit and preach among at front. No pews but original wooden chairs. interior. Waterfoot, Rossende. Lancashire. 1865. them; they meet in a pretty large room, but it is Beaten copper memorial to Countess Russell, Methdist Unitarian foundation of 1806. Like too small . . . The people are all poor'. First 1898. Modem hick extension at rear, architect Sheffield: Unity Church, Crookesmoor Road. Providence Chapel, Rochdde, and Todmmden, chapel of 1823 still survives in West Street - Kenneth Tayler. Pleasant gardens. Yorkshire. 1915. the earlier Newchurch Chapel was built for domestic appearance: nourished, though always Congregat~onfounded 1859 as Sunday School Joseph Cooke and John Ashwonh, the leading poor. By 1859 the building was 'too smdl and Rotherham, Church of Our Father, Moorgate. extension of Upper Chapel by Rev. Brooke preachers of Methodist Unitarianism. A library inconvenient, besides kmg situated in a back Yorkshire. 1880. Founded 1662 when John Herfo~d;met in joiner's shop. First chapel in embracing all subjects was an important part of street" Relocated on two-acre site on Kmght Shawe and Luke Clayton seceded kom the Addy Street, Upperthorpe, 1861, in lancet style. the chapel from the start, remaming a local Hill. Parish Chmch. Architect John Frith, who also rebuilt Upper amenity until Camegie Librar)r opened in 1930. Grit stone, geornetrial Gothic; gabled nave, First chapel of 1706 still stands opposite in Chapel in 1848. Latterly a cinema, demolished Stone; large gabled with two transepts; Early chancel, transepts, porch and north-east tower Downs Row. Stone, originally with mullioned 1971. In 1915 congregation moved up the hill English Gothic. Slngle space interior with with spire and pinnacles. interior hlgh, pitch and ~ansomedwindows, hipped roof. Altered and upmarket. prominent roof trusses. Pulpit in memory of pine roof, small galleries in transepts Crernoved 1841 during long ministry of Jacob Brettel, when Bright red hick with stone detailing, gabled John McLachlan c. 1925. Memorials. 1984). School~ooms underneath. Architect it was turned, windows round arched and porch front with central window and projecting porch. Lmge Hillside graveyard with Gothic Sunday Virgd Anderton, member of congregation. 'Mr. added. Chapel became schoolroom, now a work- Bullt on steeply slopxng site with meetlng hall School adjoining dated 1874, built on site of first Comelius Andaton, as the contractor for the shop. Small graveyard adjoins. On the brow andgames room on separate floors beneath. Rear chapel 11.809). masons' work, did his work at merely a nominal above confluence of rivers Don and Rother. elevation includes caretaker's house. Architect price. Mr. Eli Whitehead undertook his share at Present church pink sandstone, Early English J. R. Wall; builder D. O'Neill. a low rate. The three stone crosses on the roof Northampton Unitarian Church, Kettering style. Frant gable has richly detaild central Interior has transepts and low side aisles; were worked and glven by masons engaged on Road, 1897. doorway by Wharncliffe Fireclay Co. (John through arch, large chancel with choir stalls; the building, viz. Joseph Anderton, Fergus Congregation seceded 1827 from Doddridge's hitage, proprietor, buried at Underbank organ brought from Addy Street. Curved ceiling. Anderton and Andrew Wilkinson. A large part of Castle Hill Congregational Cnapel; occupied ex- Chapel, Stannmgton). North-west tower and Good stained glass includes chancel window the excavating was done by the people them- Wesleyan chapel in King Street. Present chapel spire rises to 100 feet. Schoolroom underneath. depicting 'Security, Truth, Mercy, Peace' with after work hours.' Centenary memorial donatd by Sk Philip and Lady Manfield. selves Little-alteredinterior includes brass lectern by central figure of Justice by Holiday; Charles school built at rear, 1905, in similar style. hchitect Charles Doman, who had recently Guest and Chrimes of Rotherham; organ by Woollen memorial window 1898 and matching Offshoots were establishd m Acuington, designed the Manfield shoe factory. Red brick Albert Keates of Sheffield c. 1900; Bathstwe war memorid window in Morris style. Beaten BumIey (21, Colne and Nelson but since closed. with stone detailing, assymetrical steeple. Large font. Rear gallery with vestibule under. High, copper memorials in chancel. and extensive meeting-rooms adjoin. Interior, steeply pitched hammerbeam roof. Stained glass Below are extensive hall, meeting-rooms, single space with wide choir and chancel, rear Pudsey Unitarian Church, Church Lane. Yorks. Iancet side windows include 'The Good Shcp kitchen md cloakrooms with original fittings. gallery. Original light pendants. Now isolated 1861. herd' commemorating 25th year of William Surrounded by gardens. The last chapel built on on a aaffic island. Ckstian Brethren foundation; in 1846 Joseph Blazeby's ministry, 1885. Memorials. the gad scale. 90 91 Stdybridge Unitarian Church, Forrester Drive* Cheshire. 1871). Congregation founded 1865, result of mission by East Cheshke Union of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches. Surmundings have been transformed by demolit~onand redevelopment of suburban housmg. Stone, gabled facade, flanking turrets (extended 1888 so incarpotate gallery). Interior unexceptional, good stained glass; 1907, Morris W Co., in memory Juseph Greenwood (as is font), 1925, 1934 in memory John Jackson , 1834-1904,chancel window in memory Joseph Restwich Rosling {minister 1928-19471, signed 'EW 1955'. Chancel renewed 1950s with htar Shelf, Pepperhill Unitarian Church. Yorkshire. table painted with panels depicting Science, 1862, extensively rebuilt 1936 after collapse of Revelat ion, Technology and Enlightenment, roof. signed 'Young 1953'. Congregation established 1858 as a mission Above; Southport. Right ond below Todmordeden. horn Halifax. Stockton-on-Tees Unitarian Church, G~itstone;gabled building of 5 bays plus Wellington Street. Durham. 1873. entrance. Round-arched windows originally Congregation founded 1688; meetings hell in with iron tracery, replaced by h Deco 'Rising Bolton House Yard, Thistle Green - in same Sun' pattem in 1930's Stone slab roof replaced room where John Wesley founded Methdist Architect John Gibson of Westminster [pupil of by Welsh slate 1936. 'Pepper Hill Unitarian congregatlon in 17 70. First chapel in High Smet Charles BarryJ also built Todmorden Town Hall Sunday School AD 1861' still inscribed over 1699 (see frontispiece). Growlng congregatlon and Fielden residence. The style is 'Decorated entrance. and needs of Sunday School resulted in present Gothic', built to Anglican pattem. Millstone, Simple interior. Coved ceiling; central organ; chapel. Architect J. P. Pritchest of Darlington - very shqly and accurately cut. Nave, aisles, dado panelling, chairs. Few nice memorials. architect of Huddersfield station. transepts, bell-tower and spire over ennance, Chapel set in upland farmq community. At Stock brick, red brick detailing; gabled nave, rising to 196 feet. 1,000 feet, the &hest Unitarian chapel in side-aisles and lancet windows. Schmlroorn Interior, long nave, marble floor and pillars; Britain. behind. Interior: high nave, clerestory supportd transepts form a mortuary chapel to south, on 2 x 5 iron columns, pulplt on central dais. or~an chamber and vestry to north. Both Southport Unitarian Church, Portland Street. Memorials from old chapel to lames Crowe, transepts have pined rmfs of red and white Lancashire. 1867. 1825 (Improver of Tees Navigation, built New Mansfield stone. Main roof oak, corbels and Congregation founded 1862; first met in Cut in 1809), H, E. Wright, 1857 (now partially spandrels of carved fruit, flowers, angels, etc. Town HaH. Chapel was built as part of plans of hidden). Original fittings including lights (converted to Southport Improvement Society, inaugurated c. 'In 1835 an organ was placed in the chapel. It electricity). Superb font in coloured marble. 1852 to develop the town ss a seaside resort. contained two barrels and twelve tunes each, Woodwork by Messrs. Clay of Audenshaw, Architects Cuffley, Bridgfmd and Horton; and this foz some years was made TO satisfy the marble work by Fields of London. Three builders Bowden, Edwards and Foster of musical aspirations of the congregatlon . . .' matching memorjlals to the Fielden brothers in Manchester. Cost, C1,895. Trustees of 1867 Redevelopment round chapel. north aisle. Stained glass by M. Capronnier of included alkaline (soap) manufacturer, Brussels results in under-lit inter~ox; circular commercial traveller, solicitor, photographic Todmorden Unitarian Church, Fielden Squzne. apertures in spandrels of clerestory arches give artlst, architect, dentist, physician, metal Yorkshire. 1869. extra light. Porch has polish& granite memorial broker, shrp owner and leather salesman. Methodist Unitarian foundation; became part to the thee Fielden brothers, set in floor under Stone, plain gabled front matched by adjacent of 'Rochdale Circuit' with Padiham, Newchurch steeple. hall. Forecourt with carriage turn. Plain interior, and Rochdale Icd by Rev, Joseph Cooke. Chapel Todmorden is one of the most impressive md open timber roof, semi-c~cular ape with built 1824; remained in use as Sunday School accomphshed Victorian chapels. The setting is 'Norman Transitional' arch, truncated altar rail. tlll recently (sold 1981). John Fielden, M.P. for exceptional, steep hillside and mature Green and white glass in side windows, nice Todmoxden, mlll-ownn and advocate of 'Ten- woodland; it is the natural religious focus of stained glass m side bay in memory Charles Hours Bill', heard Richard Wright preach in Todrnorden and could be mistaken for the parish Wellbelavd [minister 1883-1903). Memor~als. Todmorden in 1818, became closely connected church. Extensive grounds and graveyard with Coloured glass screen at re=, no gallery. with chapel. Present church built as a memorial winding walks up the hillside. Caniage drive Original harmonium of 1867; organ 1887. to him by his sons, Samuel, John and Joshua. has small lodge at entrance gate. 92 Toquay Unitarian Church, Monltpellier Road. chapel and meeting-room; stone with two Devon. 1912. matching gabled facades, semi-circular Congregation met intermittently from 1850s windows, arcaded doors and windows below. in halls and coffee-rooms. Henry Lupton of Memorials in chapel and schmlroms. Leeds raised funds to buy site and build. Grey Devon granite w~thsandstone detailing, crisply Urmston Free Church, Queen's Road. cut. Architects, Bridgeman and Bridgeman. Lancashire. 1900. Gmup of church and hall, short central tower; Congregation originated 1894. Rdhick. Free 'modem' perpendicular style. Interior less good; Gothic with gables and central turret. Large perpendicular style roof and green wind~ws. two-manual ptpe-organ by Alexander Young Wide arcaded apse with central maple pulpit. Ltd. 1910, transferred from Mill Street Chapel, Original light pendants. Manchester, in 1951. Wallasey, The Memorial Chmch, Manor Road. Tmwbdge, Conigte Chapel. Wiltshire. 1857 Cheshire. 1899. and 1865. Dates from 1888 as Liverpool District Mission Congregation estabIished 1655; habaptist venture. Temporary chapel of 1892 survives in origins among clothiers in nearby Southwick. Crescent Road - an excellent example of First Conigre Ghapel of 1703/4, off-shoot from 'corrugated Gothic', well-maintained and now S~uthwick;The old Meeting House was built used by United Reformed Church. Church was in a style which indicated that the worshippers gift of Mrs. Martha Elam in memory of her were opulent as well as numerous in its early husband William. Architects, Wahg and days. The roof consisted of several arches, Rathbone. Red brick, stone detailing, with miously consaucted, and supported by two projecting octagonal tower and adjoining hall. large pillars, There were three galleries, a htenor 'decorated in a style new, so far as we baptistry and a vestry; beneath the pews are are aware, to this country' (TheInquirer 18991. many vaults, in which, as well as in the In other wards, Art Nouveau. Oak panelled cemetery adjoining, are the remains of myof walls and ceilmg; stone arch to chancel wh-ich the most duentlal and intellectual families of contains Della Robbia panels by Harold the town . . . The Sunday School was estab- Rathbone from his pottery in Birkenhead; the lished and new Sunday School rooms built in panels depict a blue and white glazed mother 1838. In 1856 the old chapel entirely disappeared and child, shepherds, fields and trees wlth and the present handsome Gothic building, with inscription 'And what doth the Lord require of vestries, was erected in its stead.' (W. Doel thee but to do justly and love mercy, and to walk 1890). Murch wrote m 1835 chat Trowbridge honourably with thy God'. Painted communion and Conke had two buildhs but one table, pulpit and choirstalls by Bernard Sleigh of congregation. Chapel of 1857 now disused, she Bromsgrove Guild of Arts and Crafts. Original congregation moving in 1972 to schoolrooms light fittings by Walter Gilbnt. next door. Whole group contained in well-kept garden in midst of 'town-planning'devastation; Wolverhampton, All Souls Unitarian Church, away across a roundabout stands the 18th Park Road West. Staffordshire. 1911. century parsonage; 1838 Sunday School lies Cong~egationoriginated m 1700. First chapel derellct between chapel and bus station. 1701 in John Streeti Unitarians lost it in 1817 on 1857 chapel, architect WiEliam Smith; cream successful orthodox claim (see Hewley case). oolitic limestone, Dccoxated Gothic. Very tall Chapel built at Snow Hill 1831, sold 1898. gabled facade with large stained glass windows, Temporary chapel, Bath Road, 1902. Present corner pinnacles. No tower. Deserted interior on chapcl red brick, simple, friary-inspired design. the grand scale, ee~ebut still inspiring. Long Tudor Gothic window over entrance. Interior, high nave, arcaded side aisles and galleries, wide nave with simple arches to nmow side clerestory windows. Chancel wall has central aisles, Tudor ached roof. Chairs, not pews. One carved stone pulpit, ogee-headed panels in- of the first town-centre chapels to move to scribed with scriptures, and colourful window suburbia. incorporating rose tracery through which a soft Opposite, lop. Torquay (left).Trawbridge fnght). orange light filters. Rear gallery and organ loft. Mlddlc. UIlel Rood clmsters ond hbrary. Liverpool. Schoolrooms of 1865 now converted into Slolybrjdge. Bottom. Wu?lusey IIeft). Cmdley (r~ght). 94 Disused and Demolished carlislc. Victoria Viaduct. c~tnhlr,d.F 1883, B 1889, C Hudde~field,Firzwilliam Street. Ywksbuee.F 1853, R 1854, 1957, latterly maet~ngat Lome Street. Chapel survives, V 1962. Now Roman Catholic. Tall stone gabled building Chapels and Churches much altered, as elecaicity showrooms. Originally had with corner pinnacles and decorated windows and doorway. baronial turrets and arched windows.

B - Built: F - Founded: - C - Clod c - Circa: Chelmshd, Legg Street. Essex. P 1877, B 1879, C 1913. Now Idle, Highfield Road. Yo~k$hire.F 1853, B 1558. Founders D - Demolishe$: V - Vacate$, ie thc congregation 'Oddlellows' Hall', were formerly kirnitivc Methodists who built in that style. continues to meet eIsewhc~ Stone, pediment& gable. Choppington, Front Street. Nmthumbcrland. F and B 1868, C 1975. Coped gables, kneelers, round-arched windows, Ilkeston, High Smm. Derbyshire. F 1700. B 1719, 1869. C Ashfod, Hempstead Street. Kcnt B 1875, D c.1970. rendcred walls. Mission room interim. c.1930. Now lehovah's Witness. Ashton-under-Lyne, Ricbmond Hill Unitarian Chmch. tancashm. F 1897. B IN7 C 1984. Clcaror Mill, Cumberland. c.18W. Established under Kcnilworth, RosemaqHill. Warwickshire. F c.1700, B 1'0.5, patronage 01 Thornas hsworth, Unitarian mill owner, 1846 with procccds of restimonial pncsentml to Edwin Banbury, Horsefau Oxfordshire. F 1672, B 1716, 1850, V C c.19DO. Wilkins FieTd on the passing of the Disscntm' Chapels Act 19W and D. A Gothic building of some quality replacing (Arclli~cctHorace Field]. C 1891, now the Priory Theatre. carlv mcetina house. Chdville. Bri&e Road. tciccstmhire. F 1W5. B 1908, - I . Me. Bamard Castle, Newgate Snect. Durham.F 1842, B 1870, C Leeds, Domestic Strca, Holbeck. F 1844, B 1883, C 1929 c.1930, D 1957. Congletom, Cross Sncct. Cheshire F 1667. Fmt chapel of large rnngc of mission buildis in stone, mulrl-gabled, two fidifx. 1733 probably on same site. B 1883, C 1969 Decorated storcys, Early English ayle. Now a workshop Bkdngham, Fatley Street Missiw. F 1844, B 1848 Gothic m red sandstone, gabled with beIlwte. Adlaccnt Lawrence Street, 1877 Lower Fazeley Stmt Schoolroom Sunday Schml dared 1865, brdc. Now Elim Pentecostal. L&, JosephSwa, Hunslet. F 1865, B 1868, C andD 1970. 1888. Now a factory Foundation stone laid by Richaml Chamberlain. kimtcr, Narborough Road F 1866 d Cmwe, Beech Street. F 1862, B 1865, C and D 1977. Fust &pet 1875 swlves in Well~ngtrmStreet. B 1901, C 1978 Now Eltm Birmingham, Hurst Streer Mission. F 1840, B 1844, 1870, C Large range of chapcl, schmlrwm and link-block. Brick with and D Know as 'The People's Hall' Croydon, Dennctt Hall Mission, Dennctt Road. Surrey. F 1886, B 1888, C and D 1931. stone drcssing Gcrrmde van Petwld bccarne imt woman rnmlster In Britam when appomred herc m 1901 Birmingham, NewMl Hill F 18W, B 1840, edqed 1896 Now a messroom for bus cmIn 1915 mgeytion moved Darlington, Lad Yard. hham. F 1852, B 1873, C 1922, D. Church to Cibson Road, Handsworth, now 'Bethel United of Li-1, Hope Street. F 1663 (for carly chapels see p 811, B and Damn, Bolton Road. Lancashire. F 1877, ]B 1878, C and D. Jesus Christ'. [For New Meetq Old Meet- see p 76). 1849, C 1062, D 1963 Architects Bany and Brown. hlartineau's Chapel ard Hgh Gothic Stone, gabled with Dewsbury, Willans Road. Yorkshhe. F 1858, B 1866. C 3953. Blackpool, North Shore, Dickson Rd.hcashii F 1878, transepts, tall comw tower and splrc Now El~m.Stone, gabled. hcet and rose windows. Sunday B 1883, Sunday School 19W, C 1975 h1y Edish style MillStreet MISSIMI.E 1836, B 1892, C 1978, D First mission Schd underneath. with corner tower and spue built mder dlucnce of Dr Joseph Tuckeman of Boston, USA. Rev John Johns [183&1847)fmt minister on Dough, Isle of Man, Circular Road. F 1880, B 188d, C. Bolton Dme, Prrory Road. Yotkshve F and B 1911, C Nonhend Domestic Mission, Bond Street F and B 1859, 1972. 'Corrupted Gothic' now used tor storage. C 1909, D Elland, HuMersflcld Road. Yorkshire. F 1695 First cmpel Hamilton Road Misslon. F 1862, B 1871, C 1974, D. 1697 m Southgate. B 1844, C 1931 Bdtm, High tmtt and Halslad, Essex. Hi Camtt Bootlc, Stanley Road. F 1890, B 1895, C and D 1972 built under patronas of Samucl Ccurtauld, whohved nearby Gaston Free Chmch, Bowdm bed F 1fl99, B 1910, C 1920 Gateshead, Coatswofih M. &ham F 1898, B 19M1, and owned textilemills in Rravrtrce and Walstead. He opened Now Presbyterian. Brick, half timbered. a school m 1850 and started services m 1853 The buiIding m C 1947, D Mso earlier foundation, 1846in Gronenor Prect, Elmbtthan gabled sryie survives 9s a market garden ccntre and outlying congregation at Eghton Bank!. (recorded on plaque withm). In 1895 congregation moved to chapel m Coggeshall Road, Bramtree, clos~ng when London BEIOW.HamiJton Rood. Liverpool patronage ceased. Glwsqp, Flrzallan Street. Derbyshire F 1871, B :896 Acton, Creffield Road. F 1902, B 1906, C c 1944, D A chapel also built 1857 in Factmy Lane East, Halatead, C Occasional suvius since 1983. Stone, gabled, wmer two and %ell Street Mission. F 1887, B 1897, C 1963, D 1958, D It std amld Counauld mills and workers' stage tower spm. Bermondsey, Fon Road, F 1882, B 1888, C 1940, D. cottages Dingley Place Miss~on.F 1835, B 1877, C 1938, D. Ward Street. Surrey. F 1874, B 1877, C 1972. Now GuildEPrd, Finchley, Ballmds Lane. F 1902, B 1911, C 1940. Nov a Brlstd, Mmtague Street Mission. F 1839, B 1861 D by a 'Rehge'. bombing WW2. Fvnagogue. Forest Gate, Upton Lane. F 1888, B 1893, C c 19'5. Now a Burnley, Trdalgar Street Lancashire. F 1858, B 1871, C Habx, Nwthgate End. Yorkshic. F 1675 First Chapel Sikh Temple. c.1960, D Architect Ylrgil Andenon [sec PadihamJ. (Also 1696, gaIleripd meetmg housc, box pews, two-decked pulpit. Highgate, Hihgate Hill F 1886, B IWO, C 1961, D rnissiw in RusMorth Strcct 5 1903). E 1872, V 1979, D 1982 Stone, Gothlc, 3 bay gabled facade IUord, Htgh Road/Connaught Road, F 1936, B 1909, C 1979 with pinnacles, Early English and Perpendicular windows Kcsrmh Town, Clarencc Road F 1854, R 1855, C 1928, D. Bury C)teshpm, Halwead Street Lancashire. F and B 1883. B Contemporay schwhm attachcd to South. InFerim Kilburn, (luex Road. F 1893, B 1908, C 1965 1974, D. mtamcd woodwork from earlier chapel, god stained glass. kwisham, Hlgh Street F 1897, B 1910 V 1968 Good rnernor~alsby Flaxman and others. Llmehouse, Elsa Sweet F 1884, B 1895, 'Duming Ha11 md Buxton, Derbyshire F 1715 B in Market Placebchind King's Inst~tute',C 1940, D Hcad Hotel, fragment smvcs with stone spud stascasc Pcckham, Avondale Road, F 1875, B 1882, C 1936, D. llnk to parsonage. 1875 Hanmgtor, Road, C 1968. Mhitect Heywood, Brittain Hill. bcashue. F 1856, B 1860, Rhyl Street Misslon. F 1882, B 1887, C 1950, D Organ now Thorns Wonh~ngran V c.1965, D. m Arlosh Hall. Oxford 96 Stwry, CoIlege Chapcl, Stcpney Gmn F 1867, B 1875, C NotzWam, Bentinck W, Hywn Crovt. F md B 1883, C 19L6, gsbltd Tudor iacndc still surv~vcs 1901 Walthamaow, Tnvo Road F 1895, R 1897, C 1960, D. Wwd Grecn, Newnharn Road F 18W, l3 1W1, C 1966 0ldh.m Leek, Lancashire F 1841, B 1849 C Became Sryl~sharaksque motlfs; archr~cct C Mummery. Council Offl~cs.

Longton, Stone Road. Stdfordshirc F 1862, R 1870, C 1933. Oxford, 'Church of the Dlvute Love', Pocy Saccr B 1898. S~mplelancet Gothic with 3 sforey house attschtd Mocclcrficld, Pamroage Street Chcshiie Christran Bicrhrcn congreganon 1847-18,9d, amalgamated wth K~ngEdwd hlc, Hill Stm. DMset. F l&, B 1705, 1868, C l?@, D. Srreer Chapel Sow a factory audlnk London Road. Berkshire. F lU76, B 1877, C 1973,D. Muxbcan Blacklcy Chavl Lane F 1M9, R 1697, 1884, C 19666,. Scb, S! Michael, Millgate. Yorkshire F 1672, B 1699, lW3, Bradford, Mill Street F 1894, l3 19W, C 1960, D C 1968. Now Pentecostal. Lollyhurst, Witlert Street F 1833, B 1879, C 1960. Htaronmoor, Ktnp Drive F 1R93. B 19W, C 191 1 Sbdhld, Shirland Lane, AttcrclJfe. F 1901 as rnlssion from IIulrnc, Renshaw Street Domcsric Mission F 1859, B 1883, Uppcr Chapel, R 1906, C 19'1 Became a mosque, destroyed L lVr6 by fw,dcrcllct Lon~r;ighi,Plymouth Grove F 1866. B 1883, C 1950. Subs[anual ~ablcdfacade, pmdes and Decorated window, Swth Shields, Daby Tmacc Durham F 1870. B 1874, C schoolroom er re=. Rccmtly vacated as BBC studlm c 1480. Mass-side, Shrewsbury Srrect F l887, B 1901, C 194', D. Miles Plutting, Oldhnrn Kasd F 1857, B 1883, C 1929, Stockpmt, St Petergate Cheshire. F 1681, first chapel in High amalgamated w~thCollyhlvsl Q Slrccr 1722. R 11142, architecr !&chard Tattersall, Jmprcssrve Sale, Atkrnson Road. F 16W R 1876 Chapel d 1739 stmd in carly Corh~cexample. Y and D 1973. Cross Street till 1970's C 1970, D. Swd, lansdorm Road C1oucestcrshne F and R 1Bf6? C Mismtsh~h,Corpation Road Yorlrshlre F and B 1833 1894 Arch~tectT. Charlc~ldClark Now a ball- Wot Strmt, the fmt chuch estdlrshed m ~hcthm new town. R 1873. C 1961, D. Swindon, Bndgc Strcct Wiltshue F and B 1861, imn church later ihcught by Church ol Entland Also R 1667 in Rollutm MWton, 018 Road. Lmcashirc. F 1860, B 1893, C 1961, D Strcec, C and D. 1965. Brick, stone dttn\ling, crbsp frce mdlculmGothic Architect Edgar Wood, born m Mlddleton 1860. Swinron, Swmton Hall Road. hwhirt. F 1820 at Pcndlcbury Hall, B 1858, C 1983, D l985 Red and white Nelson, Elcanor Strcct hushre F I-, B 1912, C 1931. brlck, lancet windows, slocp gabled roof with lantcm. Now St John'sAmbulance ccntrc Adlo~ningschoolroom wd graveyd.

Newnk, KWs W Nottinghmsh'i F 1863, B 1884, C West Bmmwich, Ldr Road. Staffordshire. F 18'1, E 1875, 1950 Now a CECB sacial centre V 1979, now Pcntccosral Newcpsrlc, Bykcr Mrssion, Denmark Strcct. F 1508, B 1891, C 1910, now z rnccimg room.

Newton Abbot, Albany Strect Dcvon F 1899, B 1901, C Now lehmah's W~tncsr Top lelr Wood Crren Let1 hllddlelon Nortinglum, Hlgh Pavement F 1662, B 1693, 1805 md R~gbr High Puvemenl, rllolt~n~hwn~ 1876, all on same site An importan1 church, w~thmany town mayors and leading cirizcns amow its 18th and 19th century conpgatlcns Rcbullr on grand scale durmg succrsstul mmlstry oi R A Armsuong Mchirccr S. Colrnan of nr~stol Goth~cwith prominent tower and spirt with garpylcs, alqlts and tran

Nothtgham, Ptax H111 Road F 1880, B IRM. C 1938, D of the ernaging welfare state. Women ministers, the first of whom had emaged in the 18701s,now became more numerous. Despite the pessimism induced by the war, and general disillusionment with Victorian ideals of progress, Unitarians tended to remain

loyaI to their maxim of 'Onward and Upward for Ever!' -:-. , . State-control and its influence on private, life was echoed in religious organisation. No longer was the individual congregation =- expected to exist in isolation, minding its own business and 5 If;. pursuing its own path, increased cenrralisadon, even in Unitarianism, that most individualistic and unsupavised of religions, was accepted with the formation of the Genera1 Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches m 1928 - the amalgamation of two 19th century organisations, the British and Foreign Unitarian Association [founded 18251, and the National Conference of Unitarian, Ljberal Christian, Free Christian, Presbyterian and other non-subscribing or Kindred Congregations Top the Mymourh church of I832 (founded 1881). MinisteriaI training and welfare, annual meetings, shorrly ajter bombing. and international links wae all better organised. Centralisation Below:1958 Arch~tecr. rebuilt ~nLou~s Nottede StreetSoissons. in could be seen as strength in retrenchment rather than growth at grass roots. Moreova, it could be seen as a 'regrouping' in order to move forward more securely later. For the first time in English history, books appear about chapel atchitecture; Roaald P. Janes's N~nconformist Church Architecture (19141 and Martin Brigg's Puritan Architecture (1946); she emphasis was stiIl m advice to those contemplating bddmg a chapel. Not until John Betjeman's First and Last Loves of 1952 were chapels considered in a historic context as aesthetic creations, and thelr religious function and design discussed. The architectwd quality of chapels is analysed in Pevsner" Buildmgs of Enghd, 1951-74; further serious assessment has been done by Marcus Bhey and Kenneth Powell of SAVEi and the British Council for Archaeology. Chapels of all denominations are being abandoned, because congregations cannot or will not maintain them. Religious habits are changing, and often congregations prefer to start anew rather than try to adapt the buildings they already " have. Thirteen chapels were desmyed by bombing in he second CHAPTER FIVE hang Unitarians, the First world war marked a period of crisis; world war. At least 15 have been demolished for re-development or . change was brought about by the early death of young Unitarians roadworks. 35 new chapels have been built since 1914; four were :-- Destruction, Decay in the war; by a Iandslidededine in churchgoing,paralleld by the for congregations founded in this century: Cambridge, Lytham St L.: and Renewal: swift decline in the fortunes of the Liberal my (supported by hes, Golden Green, and West KYby Tie rernaind~replaced 1818-1984 many Unitarians); by a sense of reaction and release from Victorian chapels destroyed by war or town planning. attitudes and values. This reaction, common to other non- Local authorities are far from averse to the development of prime 2. - - +- .+-A conformists, was marked in Unitarianism, where individual sltes, and their road-building programmes have takm precedence -- . reason and responsibility are considered paramount. It was man- uver the conservation of old buildings. About 56 Unitarian chapels ifest in energies put into btmational relations and the euly work - over a fifth of the total - were dosed in the 1960s and '70s. ' of the League of Nations, and iT1 an egalitarian approach to This does not necessaxily mean that the congregations died out - Unitarian congregations in India and Africa. The Dorn~tic they sometimes carried on jn other premises. Missions in England began to lose their impetus, though remaining The twentieth century has not been a time when English active in the blg cities through the depression of the '20s and '30s. Unitarianism has needed new buildings. Growth has taken Abovc inierior a! the Church of the many DIvrnc Unrty, f,,ne Individual Unitarians played the~rpart in Idgovernment and place in other parts of the world, but not in England. Suburban pop- IJQOF. state education, valuing the democratic and progressive character ulation-growth, briefly seen by nonconformists as a promising area I UU IKI l tzl l

he work of R P /ones. above. plan of religiou growth, dld not produce more than a hanw of first permanent homes for their new congregations; the last two ; Unit arm chapels [though ~t d~dstrengthen previously m1 had distingu~shedhistories from the time of the Ejection. by WJ~~OWS,n rhe 1711 chop] at chapels such as Dean Row 1Wihslow),Kingswood (~irminghamJ, Chapels destroyed by bombing were Croydon, Brixton, Bury SI Edmlrnds and Fulwood ISheffieldl. At West R~rbvmd Lvtham, hth areas of Islington, Cross Street Manchester, Plymouth, Portsmouth (two), coastal suburban development, new chapelsSwere'erected when St Helens, Southampton, Stand (north of Manchester), and Great . Unitarians moved out from the oldex towns. Yarmouth. Destroyed and never re-opened were Old Meeting, ; Above. two views of Brixron 11962). The architect of the two finest 20th centmy Unitarian chapels, Birrnlngham (built 1885) and Fjlby, Norfolk (built 1706). Those Below: memorjol in West Ki~by, at Cambridge and West Kirby (both 1928), was Ronald P Jones, rebuilt vary cansidwably in the success of theix desw. designed by R. P. Jories who also adapted the Westgate Chapel at Lewes in 1913. Joneswas Unashamedly nostalgic is Stand Chapel 1195.5) an evocation of a pupil of Thomas and Percy Wmthington, and received his American colonial style. The most successful designs are those architectural education in :he heart of Unitarian church-build in^ which take advantage of their site to create a satisfactory series of practice, at Ullet Road, Liverpool. He wrote an interesting acwunt rooms and outdoor areas with various functions and uses Such are of work on PIIlet Road luublished in Transactions of the Urn't~'~ Croydon (1959, architects, David Evelyn Nye and Partners], Hjstoncal Society). &'admirer of the neo-~eor~ikstyle and no Brixton (1962, architect Kenneth TaylerJ, and Portsmouth (1956, lover of Victorian Gothic, h~sown work is m atmactive exampIe of architect E. A. Down]. TayEer's work at Bnxton in particular is a , j 11 I , , the former. However, in his book he gives a balanced assessmat of model of its kind; he also designed Islington, the modest Putney I I Gothic chapel architecture, recognising that many congregations chapcl and the pleasant garden extensions at Richmond, besides possess nineteenth century Gothic chapels, and it is desirable that being the architect of the new Essex Hall (1959, bombed in 1940). they should appreciate their good qualities. His intenors at If the '50s and early '60s were the age of replacement after the Cambridge and West Kirby are similar in their restrained yet rich war, the later '60s and '70s wee the age of 'urban renewal' - often design and woodwork. Jones was an enthusiast for the work of a case of population shifting and traffic reorganisation. Here, too, Wren, and he was not ashamed to use the master's lessons. As he new chapels vary considerably. Of those in the South, Essex intlrnates in his book: 'In all interior fittings, Wren's example is a Church (19771, Kensington, 1s one of the more mteresting; in the safe guide; however richly his pulpits are adorned, the tone and North, Rawtenstall is, perhaps, the mast adventurous. Five Ways colour are the same throughout, the limitations of the material New Meeting, Birmingham (19731,the replacement for the Gothic itself curb undue extravagance, and the essential repose . . is Church of the Messiah, is uncornprumisingly plain with a well- never broken'. It is sad that R. P. Jones did not design more planned interior. The two slate memorials at New Meeting are Unitarian chapels. examples of the fine twentieth century lettering to be found in The other churches built between the wars were Golders Green Unitarian chapels - a facet of the renaissance ol that art inspired . ,. (1925), Lytham St he's(19351, Halliwell Road, Bolton (1P31), by William Morris and latex by Edward Johnston md Eric Gill. Coventry (1937) and the remarkable Church of the Divine Unity, Leicester Great Meeting, West Kuby, Croydon and Hampstead . 2. - have good examples on their walls. . . - ,, ,! .. I Newcastle upon Tyne, completed in 1940. The first three were the 1 U2 Gazetteer 1918-1984 area. Stone, pyramidal slate roof with gutter and brackets forming marked feature. hterior: central vestibule with worship area Birmingham, Unitarian New Meeting, Five one side, hall and offices on other side. Flexible Ways, 1973. worship area with back partition. Round-arched For earlier history of Birmingham churches windows behind dais contain stained glass horn see Chapters 3 and 4. Victorian chapel, a memorial to Rev George Architect, Eric M. Hemsoll. Brick, low-lying Vance Smith. Clerestory windows to sides, with continuous concrete lintel band. Raised boarded pyramidal ceiling. Architect, Kitson and copper roof over worship area, with clerestory Partners of Leeds. windows. Central concourse with lmge marble memorial to Priestley of 1805. Hall and offices Bury Unitarian Church, Bank Street. on one side, chapel on the other. Two good Lancashire. 1974. memorials in chapel, to John Sutton Nettlefold Flrst chapel, 1719 in Silver Street; second 18661930, first Chairman of the town planning 1837; third, 1852 in Bank Street (by Bowman Committee of Birmingham City Council and and Crowther, design similar to Mill Hill, his wife Margaret; and to Ruth Nettlefold, Leeds). 18781957, both of incised gdded slate. Purple-brown brick, strongly vertical design with vestigial tower, gently rounded corners, Bdton, Halliwell Road Free Church (Unitarian), and narrow full height windows between brick Lancashire. 1931. mull ions. Congregation founded as a mission from Bank lnterior square and high, slim floor-to-ceiling Street Chapel in 1899; fist met in converted windows, blank front wall wth hanging bronze cottages. sculpture of five joyful fies, top-lit from Br~ck with end saddleback tower. Rear tower. Rear organ loft (organ rebuilt from old Sunday School at rqht angles. chapel). Rurne-Jones windows hm old chapel Interior is a latc and original example of incorporated ar rear. Bell from first chapel, Gothic revival. Rectangular with narrow side inscribed 'Haste away, make no delay'. Two aisles. Brick semi-circular arches divide tower, storey wmg, lounge and vestry with classroom nave and chancel. Mellow red brrck walls and and hall wer. Architect, Terence Ratcliffe. Cost, low-arched clerestow windows with purpose- approximately f90,000. made brick tracery. Open black-and-whiti roof with wedtirnbex trusses. Raised chancel in- Cambridge Memorial Chwch, Emmanuel Road, cludes war memorial lectern and chair from pre- 1928. vious chapel. Architect Bradshaw and Gass, Congregation founded 1904. Faces across builder Tyson of Bolton, bdckrnaker Higson of green of Christ's Pieces. Architect, Ronald P. Dobble. Jones. h style of Wren {as in Pembroke Cdlege Chapel). Lght brown brick with full-height Bradford Unitarian Church, Russell Street. stone Ionic psasters hking entrance and at Yorkshire. 1971. each corner; oval window and pediment with Congregation founded 1672 at Horton Hall. dentilled cornice, Lantern on roof. Meeting hall Moved 1689 to Wibsey Fold; chapel still in slrnilar style at rear, 1922. Classical interior, survives as a cottage. Stone mullioned and panelled oak wails; coffered barrel-vault ceding; transomed window, coped gables and kneelers. seml-circular apse with side lunettes and Ionic Manse adjoins in close-knit cottage pilasters. rear organ loft carved with classical environment. motifs and swags. Congregation moved again to Toad Lane, now Chairs with embroidered memorial kneelers. Chapel Lane, in 1719, rebuilding in 1869 in Metalwork, Birmingham Guild of Handicraft. Gothic style. Architect Andrews Son and Cost of building donated by MYG. W. Brown, 'a Pepper. Gabled with side wings, geometrical man of business', in memory of his daughter tracery window incorporating large rose. Millicent Latin memorlal in chapel is based on Demolished 1969 for city centre development. 18th century memorial at Tmteth, qv. Chapel is Top: Five Woys New Meeting. Birmingham. Top: Brodjord Unitarian Church, Rwsse!! Street. New chapel shares site with Society of similar to West Kirby, also designed by K. P. M~ddle:Cambrid~e MiddIs: Cambridge. Friends, set in large garden in inner suburban Jones in the same year. Below: Bury. Below: Holliwell Road. Boltan. 104 3 05 Chester, Matthew Henry's Chapel, Nevin Road, style with castellated corner turrets. house style. Orqinal window in gable, rendered 1956. New site on Friends' Road (since rmmed). walls, steep pitched roof with pantiles. Cwgregation dates from 1662; Matthew Architects, Wavid Evelyn Nye and Partners. Architect, Edgar Middleton. Interior, lofty Henry was ordained in 1687 and began his Brick and concrete, meeting-house style with square space w~thpulpit one end and stage the ministry at Chester, where a chapel was built large window divided by mullions. Good use of other. Two stained glass windows hrn old for hlm in Crock Lane (Trinity Streetj m 1700. site with cenlual garden surrounded by chapel, chapel. Hall at right angles to chapel. (Gallery added 1706 for use of Independents in covered walkway and hall. Large vestibule with the congregation.) Redevelopment led to stairway and upper landing leads to chapel. High London. BriRton Unitarian Church, Effra Road, demolition and rbbulding about 2 miles along ceiling, strong light fron full-length windows; 19-51. the Blacon Road on an extensive housing estate. back gallery. Focus is on front wall, with mural Saxon Congregatation founded 1836, when Brixton Architects, Smith and Partners, Chester. incorporating words from the Wisdom of Solo- was developing as a suburb. First church 1839; Brown and yellow brick. East wall of brick mon and stained glass windows by Lawrence Gothic 3-bay gable, centre set forward with and translucent gold plastic forming grille. Flat Lee. circular window over porch. Destroyed by roof with skylights. Central porch, hall on one bombing 1940. side, church on the other. Surprisrng interior Derby, Friargate Unitarian Chapel, Stafford Architect, Kenneth Tayler. Brick with making much use of items from the old chapel. Street, 1977. concrete window surrounds, low-pitched copper Plain brick walls, a foil for pulpit at 1700, cho~r On site of original chapel of 1698 (demolished roof. Spacious grounds progressing from garden stalls, rail Matthew Henry's communion table, 1976). Now incorporated in ground floor of [site of old church) to porch and chapel, hall, organ, hken pediment clock by William office block. Interior plain; large wat of arms of parsonage and caretaker's bungalow, all Thompson of Chester, memorials. Stained glass George II from old chapel. (For old chapel, see attractively arranged with mtmspersed gardens. at sides depicting Matthew Henry and Chapter 2). Interiox of chapel simple; exposed brickwork, rear Martineau, at with motifs of lily, rose, wood laminated tmsses, organ loft at rear. wheat and vine (all now lit artificially). Font Great Yarmouth, Old Meeting, Greyfriars Way. Original pulpit. Behind, complex of meeting- 1972. Folding doors at rear to schoolroom-hall. Norfolk. 1954. rooms, offices and stage. Congregation founded 1642 on ejection of Coventry, Great Meeting House, Holyhead Vicar, William Bridge, the town had been London, Golders Green Unitarians, Hoop Lane, Road. Warwickshire. 1937. ~bove:Chester. Below-: coventry. strongly Puritan for some time previously and IBIS... . Congegation dates from 1662; vicars of St an Independent congregation, out of which the Congegation founded 1903 in Weech Road, Michael (now Cathedral], and Holy Trinity were chapel gew, was in existence in 1644. Second Hamostead: chanel and land donated by the four founder-ministers. Fust chapel 1700 in Smith- t chapcl 1845 in Middlegate Street. Destroyed by ~issis~leih, da'ughters of Edwin Wilkins Field 1 ford Street; demolished 1935 'when the old bombing 1940. _. MP [see Chanter 41; they also donated land for ' k chapel became unsuited to the exigencies; of our Brown brick, pantile roof, fronting directly the new chapel. age'. Rebuilt in mcr suburbs. onto street. Intenor plain, pews from Victorian Architects, G. Regindd Farrer and Sydney R. Red brick with decorative banding; stubby chapel, Memorial clock to men who died in war Tuner. Red brick and Portland stone, pantile tower, pantile roof, Interior impressive, almost with Japan. Architect, Clifford H. Dann. roof. 'Byzantine' style with semi-circular steps square, contrasting white walls and dark oak and entrance arch under pediment. Interior, panelling, staircase. Good ribarch plaster Hull Unituian Church, Park Street. Yorkshire. single space with apse. Large plain windows; ceillng with inset I~ghts.Chancel arch with 1976. rear gallery; vaulted ceiling; 'Byzantine' wall central pulpit on dals. Font from old chapel. Congregat~on dates from the Ejection. First pilasters. Chairs [originally intended to have "' 1935 electronic organ - still in use - behind chapel bcfore 1700 in Bowl Alley he;second pews). Partitioned side opening to hall. Focal chancel. Tip-up 'cmema' seats with striking Art 1881, demolished 1975. Stone, gabled, point of church is semicircular mural in apse, Nouveau design Tower forms vestibule and assymetrical tower and spire, twin porches. the first known painting of Ivon Hitchens, 1919; meeting room Clock inscribed 'Ellicott Brick, small, plain, gabled, on site of previous painted as a war memorial, forest scene with London'. Stained glass depicting subjects related church. Dual-purpose chapel and hall with deer and legend 'The hit of righteousness is to industry. Hall and offices at rear of extensive kltchen and vestry. sown in wace. The leaves of the tree are for the site, mostly used as car-park. . -- - healing of the nations'. (Another version is in 1 Lancaster Unitarian Church, Scotforth Road, Maidstone Parish Church.] Memorial to Rev n Croydon Unitarian Free Chtistian Church, The 1966. hyce Daplyn 1931, daughter of fust rninistm, Flyover. Surrey. 1959. Congregation founded 1687. First chapel Rev Edgar Daplyn. Congregation founded 1870 by newly sub- 1690. Second chapel 1786 in St Nicholas Street. urban Wnltarians. F~rst [iron) church bought Impressive stonc classical building with 3 London, rslington, Unity Church, Uppm Street, from Baptists and opened l~yMartmeau. Stone round-arched windows, low pediment and semi- 1958. Gothic church opened 1883, destroyed by bomb- circular apsc. Demolished 1965. Congregation has elustrious history dating ing 194 1. Broad-gabled church, perpendicular Rebuilt away from city centre: in meethg- back to 1671 Matthew Sylvester, ejected vicar " 106 of Cunnerby, Lincolnshire, friend d Baxter, 'A forms accommodation for minister and high genius of rich imag~nation'according to caretaker. Interior, wide vest~hule with Calamy, his assistant, joined a congregation at staircase. Chapel walls rendned In flowing Charterhouse Yard. Succeeded by %chard forms without corners. Circular top I~ghts. Baxter, minister there fox last fou~years of his Raised dais with rnonolith~c wood table. life. Chapel built 1692 in Meeting-House Court, Meeting rooms behind, patio garden at rear. Blackfr~ars,destroyed m High Church riots 1710. Ncw chapel built 1734 at Doctors London, Putney Unitarian Church, Upper Commons, Little Carter Lane, 'in point of lbchmond Road, 1968. workmanship is scarcely equalled by any Congcgation founded 1882 in Wandsworth; dissenting place of worship in London" The small hu~ldingon Tonsley Hill still survives, architect, named on foundation stone, was G. replaced 1885 by Gothic chapel on East Hill Sampson. Stone incwporated in Unity Church, Curnpulsor~lypurchased 1967 for road-works. Islington, built In 1861. Declining Cmty Arch~tcct, Kenneth Tayla. Small, gabled, population on Sundays was reason for move to a yellow brrck. Full width porch set forward. restdcntial suburb. Architect was Thomas Inter~or, plain; pey Lrrrck dado and whlte Chatfeild-Clarke, A large stone church with plaster. Wood comrnunron tablc with canopy in towcr and broached spire. Destroyed 1940 by memory of Dorothy Tmant. Organ from old bombing. chapel. Arch~tect, Kmneth Tayler. Set back from street down passage. Stock brick with copper Ly~ytham SF Annes, AnsdeIl Unitarian Church, roof. Large dual-purposc hall and church w~th Channing Road. Lancashire. 1930. concrete trusses; high ceiliug; shallow 'chancel' Congrgation founded 1905; first chapel, area partitioncd ofl behlnd stage. Gallery and corrugated uon, 1906. minister's room at rear contains portraits of all Brick, stone detailtng, mildly Gothic. Short mlnistcrs since foundation. Reat compIex of square tower between gable-ended chapel and meeting rooms and offices su~lvedbombtm; meeting-rooms overlmkmg gardcn. Intenm has entrance on Florence Street has inscription pine pews, chancel with choirstalls and organ. 'Preston Hall 1906'. Roof trusses and ceiling in dark oak. Mcmorial chalice window to Rev Herbert Crabtree London, Essex Church, Palace Gardens Terrace, 1943-54. Kensington, 1977. Cowgation founded by Rev Theophilus Manchestec Cross Street Chapel, 1959. Lindsey 1774 afta his, respation from Church Congregation origmated in 1662 Election; first of England; the lust avowedly Unitarian chapcl 1694, surv~veduntil bombed in 1940. foundarron. First purpose-built chapel m Essex The focus of Lancashire Unitarian~sm- its Strect, Strand, P 778, meeting-house with box- importance h the history of Manchester can be pews and 3-stded gallery measured by the fact that the chapel features in Following declsion of British and Foreign the 1983 Corporation of Manchester's leaflet on Unitarian Association to form 'a Free Christian Conservation areas, when the site alone has any Church m the Wcst End of London; church present-day slpificance. Rebuilt on same slte in built in Kensington 1887 Architect T C. the hcsrt of the city's commercial quarter. Chatfeild-Clarke, who dcs~gnedEssex Hall at Architect F. L. Halliday. Buff brick with the same datc. Portland stone window sumundq. Flat rmf, tall Plain gahled brick extenor, but exceptional mullian windows, Emtian-style pillars form intcrlor rctitted early 10th century in Arts md mullions. Interior, spacious, plaln; '. . . a Crafts style. Rcctanwlar with rear gallcry and digmflcd conception of a modem "Meeting chancel apse Panelled dado and ce~llnp,Carved House", fret from unnecessary or fussy deta~l pulpit with sounding-board below chancci arch, and refying on good proportion and simple lincs Top Ieft: Ansdcfl Unitanon Church, f~rsrhu~ldrng r906 choir stails and rrrrdus, all w~thmotif of winged to rnakc thc~raffect' (Kenneth TaylerJ. Top r~ghi Essex Church, Jntenor of {~rsr chdprl >lad 1908. M~ddJclcft Ansdell Lyrham Sr Annes 11P301. chembim by R. P. Jones, Carved angels Vestlbulc contains memonal to Elizabctb Mjdd:e rlghr Interror 01 Essex Church (19'71 surmounting panell ~nc.Demolished 1976. Gask~ll (1810-65), wife of Williarn Gaskell, Below Cross Srreer Chap~I.Manchester, /rrs~bmlding New church is of pale brick, assymetrical rn~nister 1828-1884. Vestry block at rear of 1694 tumts flanking entrancc across drawbridge. survived 3litz; contains pictnrcs, clock and Arcb~tects,Morgan, Branch, Robens. Basernunt memorabilia of old chapel and Sunday scbools. 108 Includes the famous 'Cross Street Chapel Second chapel 1877, both in Lord Street. Rebuilt Room', where the Manchester Literary and 1971 because of town re-development. Philosophical Society and the Manchester Brick, small; narrow windows, flat roof. Sited Academy (College] were founded. Graveyard an trafficladen road. w~thmany goad stones, now laid flat. Manchester: Dob Lane Chapel, Oldham Road, Plymouth Unitarian Church, Notte Street. Failsworth. 1975. Devon. 1958. First chapel built 1698, evolving from pre- Founded 1662 by Rev Geoxge Hughes, ejected Ejection Newton Chapel. Gabled brick, four vicar of St Andrew's Church. First chapel built bays with round-arched windows. Three-storey 1689. Rebuilt 1832 during successful rnmistry of parsonage added 1750 to left. Set back horn road Rev W.J Odge~s,founder of numerous chapel In graveyard. Replaced by buildrng in Early institutions such as library, savings club, English style 1879. This collapsed in early writing classes, Sunday school, etc, and 1970's. Schoolroom c 1900 now adapted as campaigner for improved Public Health chapel with simple brick neeting room added to facilities. Stone, 5 bay with pediment. front 1975. Gravestones removed. R fine old Desuoyed by hmbing 1941. meeting house site, ruined by decayed urban Architect, Louis de Soissons and Partnen. surroundings, and an incongruous group of American Colonial style, square, wood with chapel buldings. rendered panels and pyramidal sfate roof surmounted by slim spire. Newcastle upon Tyne, Church of the Divine Unity, Ellison Place, 1940. Portsmouth, John Pounds Memorial Church, Congregation founded 1662 by Rev Richad High Street, Old Portsmouth, Hampshire. 1956. Gilpin, physician and elected vicar of Two congregations pined in 1946; Grcystoke, Cumberland. Soon after, the Presbyterian-Un~tarian chapel in High Street Independent congregation gathered by Rev (first chapel 1691, second 1718, destroyed by William Durant, ejected Lecturer of All Saints' bombing 19411, and St Thomas Street General Church, jolned them. [Durant's memorial can Baptist Chapel [first 1693, rebuilt 1715 and be seen on thc vestibule wall.] Fist chapcl 1685, 1865, bombed 1941). Top left Ruwrensrall. Close Gate (exact site and a?pearance unknown; Architect, E. A. Down. Brick, stone detailing. M~ddle.Ponsmourh. facade with steep gable and symmetrical Top 11ght: memorial ig {ohn built for Dr GilpinJ; second 1727, Hmover Pounds, Portsmouth. Square (plain meeting-house style); third, the window and door pattern in a modem Below. Newcastle upm Tyne 'magnificent9854 Church of the Divine Unity, interpretation of meeting-house design. Bridse Street, architect John Dobson, designer of Attractive anangemat of chapel, garden and many of the dignified streets and squares of 19th parsonage Intenor, barrel-vaulted ceiling, semi- century Newcastle. Demolished 1939. ckcular apse, mullioned side windows. Pews. Church of 1940 built during the long and Orgm horn Poole chapel. Garden contains huitful ministry of Herbert Barnes 1819-51. memorial to John Pounds (1766-18391, Architects, Cackett, Burns, Dick and shoemaker, who, though crippled by a fall into a MacKellar. Brick, stone deta~ling- a very Iarge dry dock, taught numerous children to read and building. Flat roof with c!erestory to chapel; write while at his work. tower with full-height slit windows. Monumental stone gateway entrance to Rawtenstdl Unitarian Church, Bank Street. vestibule between hall and church. Church Lancashire. 1971. interior almost square, large, with chancel. First chapel 1757, an Independent foundation Narrow central roof bounded by clerestory and by George and Richard Whlttaker, inspired by rear gallery. Light oak pews. The brlght pastel preaching of George Whitefield in Rossendalc. colours of the decor, impressive beamed ceding, 1818, congregation decided to become rectangular 'An-Deco' desigu of chancel, and Unitarian. 1853, second chapel built, altered period window-glazing make this interior and schoolrooms underneath added 1&52 unique among Unitarian churches, possibly Demolished 1971 when roadworks damaged the among all British churches. foundat~ons. Unusual and effective design in white Oldham Unitarian Chapel, King Street, 1971. artificial stone. Chapel surmounted by larger Congregation founded 1813; flxst chapel 1816. cantllevered upper hall with pyramidal roof. Set 110 on brow and approached by Victorian gates and hall with raked smf. Set in area of new housing steps rising through old graveyard. 44 mile south of previous chapel. Interior, modest chapel, cedar woodwork. hterior yellow brick with narrow lights. Splendid hall with slatted wood ceiling rising to Lattice steel trusses rlse from octagonal corners pyramid; clear vertrcal windows here and in to central lantern. Interlocking chairs. Pleasant chapel give magnificent views of surrounding hotel-like lounge opens into chapel. Large stage country. in hall. Architect, Ray Cowling, chosen because he had never designed a church before? Rochdale Unitarian Church, Clover Street. Lancashire. 1974. Southampton Unitarian Church, London Road. Two congregations, one Presbyterian, the Hampshire. 1956. other Methodist Unitarian, amalgamated 1890. Congregation founded 1846 by Rev Edmund Thc first founded by ejected vicar and curate of Kell of Birmingham, archaeologist and anti- Rochdale Pansh Church; built meeting house slavery campaigner. First chapel 1860, an ornate 1672, again m 1717 and m 1857, both in design in free Lancet style. Destroyed by Blackwater Street (h 1857 first monwas bombing 1940. Present chapel is built on its preached by Martineauj. Demolished 1974. foundations (see lower stone courses and rear glass in memoram 'Archibald and Helen Stone, gabled, small Eel1 turret, two aisles, rooms). Woolley Winterbottom', and side front window geometr~caltracery. Brick, Iarge window on facade. Interior, plain, 'fie Lesser Brethren' 1954, both by William The second, PLovidence'Chspel, built 1807 for spacious; stained glass in apse. Edmund Kell Morris Studios. Painted window in vestibule in Joseph Cooke, replaced by Clover Street Chapel Memorial Hall at rear. Chapel is about to be memory of Emm and Henry Pennington, in 1818. On amalgamation this became the rebuilt on rear site. realistic study of children and parents c.1955. Stand Unlrm~unChopl, Whrzcfreld Sunday School, demolished 1972 to make way Complex of meeting-rooms on lower rear Lefr Pendlaton. for present church. S-mple, gabled, round- Southend-on-Sea Unitarian Meeting House. level, replacing old Sunday School on opposite arched windows in two storeys. On the old road Essex, 1977. s~deof road (demolished 1975). Modem over Rooley Moor towards Rossendale are Congregat~onfounded 1897; first chapel 1898. parsonage on site of old one of 1788. Large Corrugated iron with bargeboard and three remains of 'Preaching Stations' used by graveyard, stones; vault of Joseph Hanson 'The turrets. Disused Chapels Methodist Unitmans, eg Fairview, Kltbooth Weavers' Fnend, d. 1811, aged- 37. Lvch. Eate of and Knacks Farm. Stand Unitarian Chapel, Ringley Road, Stand 1901. Accningtan, Oxford Street Lancashire F 1859, B 1868, New chapel is of red brick with prominent Close, Wh~tefield,Lancashire. 1955. rcl>uilt I9&5 Prefabricated box, now Eltm stone five-sided apse, Shallow pitch roof, plain Congregation originates from period of West Kkby Free Chu~ch,Brookfield Gardens. wlndows. htnior, dual-purpose hall with rear Ejection, when Stand was a remote area where a Cheshue. 1928. Birkenhead, Clwe Road Chahue F 1850, B 1851 at Charing Cross, ad1903 at Bessborough Ro~d.Typ~cal rum-01-thc- stage, Bume-Jones windows from Blackwater number of Puritan families lived. First chapel Congregatron founded 1906. century Tudor Gorhlc Cllapel. Rebullr 1856 43e relocated on Street Chapel set in rectangular frames in apse. l693 on site of present chapel; exact appearance Archirect, R. P. Jones (see Cambridge). Rustic ,me sire]*plam gabled yellow brldgc NOW ~lm. School and meeting-rooms in two-storey wing unknown but possibly on HaleJDear, Row brick and stucco. Gabled chavel and matchina using sloping site. pattern; leased from Trustees of Stand Grammar hall wlth arched link and bri& steps; good iroi Bbthghrn, BiUesley. F 18W, B 1899 m Denn~rRoad, bannisters, lamps, drain plpes, etc. Chapel side Moseley, moved 1928 to Yardley W& R& Prefabricated St Helens Unitarian and Free Christian Church, School (minister was schoolmaster, and school bu~ldm~with half-t~mboedgable and small porch walls have brick pilasters wlth wooden heads Corporation Street. Lancashire. 1950. appears to have taken place in chapel on forming eaves. Congregation founded 190 1; first chapel 1904, weekdays). Rebuilt 1818, meeting-house style Colne, Lancashire. F 18'6, B 1879 in Stanley had, 1970 m Byron W. C 1979 Prefabricated bulldmg. destroyed by bomblng 1941. with pedlmented porch and bellcote, a design hterlor beautifully designed - the best of R. Architect, G. H. Webber, Liverpool. Brick, not unlike the present building. Bell in old P Jones. Parana pine panelled walls to pilaster height; semi-circular chancel with Tuscan Gainsborough, Llncolnshm F 1664, B 1701 in Beaumont small. Dual-purpose hall and chapel, extended chapel inscribed 'Henry Penn made me, 1708'. Street, l928 mTrinity Street, C 1974 Cabled brick with full- 1856, Destroyed by bombing 1940. pillars and two lunettes. Shallow heI-vault wdth porch and vcnet~mwlndow. Grave 01 Rev Jerem~ah Architect, J. S. A. Young of Young and hrves ceiling, plain round-headed windows. Original Gill, d. 1796, survnes in forecourt. Now a cl~b. Salford, Pendleton Unitarian Free Church, Cross (his grave is in the churchyard]. Brick and heating and lighting Ilxtures. Chairs. Font in Lane. Lancashire. 1976. painted wod, American colonial style with tall memory of Harold Coventry 1934. Very good Won, bytonstwc. F 1912, B 1931 in Lea Bridge Road, Knott Crcen. C 1960, now an electrical shop Founded 1861 as mission. First Church 1874, lantern Stone set in wdl below lantern memorial tablet to chapel members who died demolished 1976 for re-development. Red brick inscribed 'Condim AD 1693 Renovotum AD before chapel was built, 1928. Whole chapel is a Manchester, Wythmshawe. F 1935, B 1936 and 1959 in with lancets, semi-cucular chancel. Architect, TB18 Deleturn AD 1940 Rartiturum AD 1952'. subtle geometrical arrangement of semi-circles Brownley Road. Cabled hild'i Initially successful attempr Thomas Worthmgton. Interior, long rectangular chapel in neo- and repeated mcddes of space. Good window to found church on overspill estate. C 1976 Now a Wcst Large complex of buildings in brown Georgian style. Shallow chancel. Pews of light httings. Indian Church. brickwork with castellated appearance. oak, also pulpit and rear glazed partition from Hall and kitchen 1932 also with gdoriginal Yeovil, Someact. F 1660, R 1704, 1809 in Vicarage Sneet, Octagonal chapel with copper roof and spire, vestibule. Round arched side windows with fittings. Surrounded by pleasant gardens; 1928 at Kmgstm. 1969 Ln Goldcroft Previous chapel school and meeting rooms and large windowless interlaced tracery; chancel wlndow of stained adjacent parsonage 1965. dernol~shedfor ring road Plaln brick. 112 century, and especially &er the Ejection of 1662. For example, in Swansea, three houses of dissenters were licensed for religious services in 1672 and from these congregations arose a General Baptist and a Presbyrenan church; thc present Swmsea Unitarian chapel stands on the site of the fust Presbytaian chapel of 1698. Rev Samuel Jones(1628-16971, ejected in 1662, founded the impor- tant academy of Brynllywarch, and establ~shedthe Presbyterian Chapel at Bridgend, which in the course of the 18th century adopted Unitarian beliefs. Welsh Unitarianism owes its swngest mts to the love of learning and thc founding of a number ot academies, some of very modest size, in the nuaI communities of mid and South WaIes. Thc ltheral academy founded by Rev Samud Jones at Brynllywarch Bndrend.C;l0mor~an 11 '951. m mid-Glamorgan was later transferred to Carmanhen, and be- came the most important training centre for Unitarian ministers, although it was open to orthodox independents as well. A pupil of Samuel lone$ was James Owen of Oswestry, who was in turn the teacher of one of the most innumtlal of the wlyliberal tutors at Carmarthen - Thomas Permt. The Unitarian David Davis (Dafis Castell Hywel] 17'45-1857 kept an academy on his lam at Castell -- Hywel, near Lhymhydowen, where he prepared students for Carmarthcn Col:ege and the English universities. A classics scholar and renowned poet in the Welsh language. he translated Gray's Elegy into distinguished Welsh. Davld Evans of Cnbyn established a number of small schools d academies in South rp-r ! ' Wdes around 1800. William Thomas (Gwlym Marles) kept an v acadcmy at Llmdysul in the tsms and lSOs. 1; Ministers tralned in these academies came from rural cm- 7 i .' munltics and often returned to thm. Thomas Evans (Tomos Glyn &,# a. r ,l m 7 CHAPTER SIX h preparing this chapter, we owe a debt of gratitudc to Rev m CothiJ 17&-1833, s farm seryant and weaver at Brechfa, Carmar- EFwyn Davles, whose book on the history of Welsh Unitarianism thenshire, was tawtby Ddis Castell Hywel and later established 21b .-. Unitarianism They Thought for Themselves 1 1982) has been the main source of what is considered to be the first Unitarian church in Wales at in Wales: infonnatlon. Cwm Cothi near Gwernogle, north of Carmarthen, in 1792. He Thc names in brackets follawjng some proper names are the later moved to Abedarare and amslated a numbet of English The Background bardic names of the individuals conccmed. They are often an easier Unitarian books into Welsh. Jeflkin Joncs 1?m-1 742 (gear-uncle to Belief method of ~dentification. of the American architect Frank Uoyd Wright) was a pupil of Thomas Perrot. He built his own chapel at Llwynrhydowen in The most distinctive feature of Unitarianism in Wdes, in contrast 1726, after eviction horn his Lndependent church because of to that of the rest of Britain, is the Welsh language. Its almost unorthodox Arminian views lunlversal salvation as opposed to universal use m the chapels of Cardiganshire and Carmarthenshe salvatron of the elect). Rebuilt in 1733, it b now a museum of (called the Black Spot' by orthodox critics) is an integral part of Welsh Wnitar~anism.h 1742 a sister church was built at nearby close-knit communities with a rich history, ddficult for the Alltyblaca. h occasional weather at these two churches c. 1800, En~lish-speakerto penetrate. In South-East Wales Engl~shis more Dr Charles Lloyd, inspired the building of two more nearby Inienor of Rbvdynwtn. Fehnfoch often used. chapels at Pantydefaid and Capel-y-Groes. A minister here, Rev liRu8) The Orthodox Established Church in Wales was the church of John James,lodged on the farm at Lloyd Jackof David jenkins Rees the landowner and squire, often English-speak~ng.The strong who, by his enthusiasm and generosity, founded a school at Ystrad growth of nonconform~tyin Wales sprang from the alienatiun of and the Unitarian Chapel at Rhydygwin. The old chapel at the Welsh people from them landlwds, and, as elsewhere, horn a Llwhydowen continued to provide points of g~owth;the rapid industrialisat~onwith its attendant imrnmation into the dynamic preacher and social reformer WilIiam Thornas (Gwilyrn towns and valleys of South Walcs. MarlesJ 1834-79, great-uncle of DyEan Thomas, was minister here Above L?wynrhydow4enUnlienan afta training at Carmarthen and Glasgow Unrveaity. He also Chrtpel, lsd,,,; Ch,,,,,r~+ Unitarm hcliefs, as in England, developed within the Prep tountk-tl 1726 byterian and Independent congregations formcd duxing the 17th founded Craig Chapel in the market town of Llmdysul. 115 Nineteenth century engrav~ngof By the late 18th century contacts were king forged with chapels in the area of Aberdare, Merthyr Tydfil, Pantypridd, and H1ghlondP1ace.Ahrdom Unitarians outside Wales. Edward WiIliams [lolo Morganwg) Glanrhondda. Welsh nonconformist chapels - ~ncluding 1747-1826, monvmental mason, poet and bardic antiquary, Unitanan ones - have characteristics rather different from English possessed, accorcliig to Richard Wright, 'great zeal for the chapels. None of the Unitarian chapels rise to the soaring Infenor d Capel-l-y-Gms. Uonwnen pmrnotion of rational religion'. He translated several English splendour of the Baptist ox Methodist Z~onsand Bethels. Most of 890) 11 Unitarian works into Welsh and travelled on foot to hndon many them were built in the 19th century, but their style is generally traditional [the meeting house tradition is still evident as late as IV . times to meet Lmdsey, Priestley and Belsham; he attended the opening of Essex Chmch in 1774. The three RF~Sb~othas, sons of 1900 at Cape1 Ifan]. The earlier chapels of the meeting house Rev Josiah Rees of Gellionen, 1744-1804, who published the first period, stone and often now rendered in a sombre grey, have the Welsh magazme, Yr Eurgrawn, were respectively Thomas Rees, characteristic end doors with central pulpit on the long wd and translator of the Racovian Catechism and author of The Beauties of galleries to the sides and/or fear. Some are now 'turned' and Wales; Owen Rees, founder of Longmans publishing company; and galleries removed (as at Bridgend]. Sir Josiah Rees, Britrsh Consul in Smyma. Rev Dr Richard Price of After the mid-19th century most chapels present a gable end to Bridgend became Minister in Landon at Hackney and Newington the road with a cenaal entrance, round-arched windows to sides Top, Gelhonen r l501 I. Above, \ Green, and was a champion of civil iibertier as well as the pioneer and above. Only rarely was the Gothic style adopted, usually in the inrenor U/ Puntydetdld. Prerrgwyn of the principles of life assutance. In 1811 and 1816-19 G.Lyons, larger more sophisticated towns such as Swansea 11847) and 11876). Below Akery~rwyth. George Harris and Richad Wright travelled through Wales on Merthyr Tydfil [1901), where Gothic detail is in full flight. Cardiff preaching missions. Their records of these journeys provide has a character all its own. Gothic was never used in the village valuable insights into Welsh Un~tarianisrnand its chapels. chapels; designs were copied from one location to another. . -. The rdeas of the French Revolution found a sympathetic ear Internally the later chapels are a plain rectangle with gallery over mong Unitarians in Wales, as elsewhere. Tomos Glyn Cothi was the entrance on iron columns. ']The centlal pulpit is on the short jaded in 1801 for his political views. Later in the century the wall opposite the entrance with a shallow moulded and painted radical minister Thomas Ernlyn Thmaa of Cnbyn supported the arch behind, of which quite a feature is made. The large pulpit dais Children of Rebecca by preparing a petitlon fm the extension of the 1s ~eached by a pair er single flight of steps with decorative ?,-,: 1 franchise. Gwilym Marles, champion of an oppressed tenantry, fell balustrading, h hut is an enclosure for the altar cable. foul of the landlords and was evicted from Wwynrhydoww Chapel Smce many chapels are in remote areas, the only artificial light , in 1876 for supporting free elections. had to be an oil lamp mounted on the pulpit. Electriury has In 1802 the Welsh Unitarian Society was founded on she reached some of the chapels, but the oil lamps remain - an initiative of 1010 Morganwg. At the same time a number of General attractive feature. Nearly all the interiors are impressive in the Baptist chapels in South Wales became Unitarian. hingthe 19th met~culouspreservation of aaditionaI arrangements and furniture. century rapid ~ndustrialisationin the Valleys led to the building of I16 Gazetteer: Wales from his living at Llangynwyd, mid-Glamorgan. His frnt dissenting congregation was at Aberdare, Highland Place Unitarian Church, Cildwdy from which sprang churches at Bcttws Monk Street. Glamorgan. 1860. Founded same and Rr~dgend.Now ~mtedto Elim Pentecostal year. Church; occasional setvices dy. An English-speaking church, the result of Tracitional meeting-house design, bluc-grey increased population in this coalfield area. rendermg, slate hippcd roof. Nice arrangement Unitarian landlord encowaged the budding of a of sash and circular (now blocked) windows. group of chapcls - Methodist, Baptist, Catholic Central date-stone. Plain interior, turned, side as well as Unit&an. gallerics now removed. Paved graveyard with a Stone, high gable-end with Gothic window tcw gdgravestones stacked at sides. above pch. Architect H. J. Paull of Cardiff. Towards the top of the town, on a steep m. Capel Ifan, Panteg Unitarian Chapel, Newcastle Emlyn. Carmarthen. 1900. Congregation windows and Ionic sidc-p~tasters. Central Abcrdare, Trecynon Old Meeting House, Alma founded 1697. Earlier chapel built 1764. dedlcat~onstone, usual on Welsh chapels. Srrect. Glamorgan. 1862. Foundcd E 751 One of ten Baptist chapels which decided not together with Cefn Coed as a result of to accept the Calvanistlc Baptist Confession of Ceh Coed ,Hen Dp Cwrdd, Old Chapel Road, breakaways horn Cwmyglo and Ynysgau Faith at the Bapt~stAssembly of 1799 at Salern Mcrthyr Tydhl, Glamorgan. 1853. Independent churches on the other side of the Meidqm addressed by Wllliam Richards of Founded 1747 together with Trccynon chapcl, King's Lynn. Ahve left Cape1 Penrh~W. formarly oat Drefuch. mountam. Has had a succession of dlstin- Aberdare, as breakaway from Independent LlandysvI, re-erected ox the WelfhFolk Mrrseum, S? guished radical mmisters. Stone, traditional meeting-house style. churches at Cwrnyglo and Merthyr. Site was a Foxon's, Cod!fl(f7 77). R~ght Curd~ffUmranan Church. North wall has inset headstone from grave of remote forest-clearing. Rev Owen bans Wesc Grove. Below Caewnncn Un~isnanChupel. Cellan. Lampe~cr fiurnas Evans (Tornos Glyn Cothi], miniscm Cdiff, West Grove Unitarian Church, 1887. lrnlnistm 1835-65)founded Yr Ymofymydd.the l81 1-33, radical, Unitarran, and friend ol Congregation founded 1880. In spite of Welsh Unitarian periodical, examined in Priestlcy and Lindsey. Another minister, !oh presence of old dissenting causes in 17th and Hebrew at Carmarthcn College and kept a Joncs,kept school and was founder of thc Welsh 18th centuries, and scattered Unitarians later, Grammar School at Cefn Coed. hquuier, Yr Ymofymydd. there was no Unitarian church m Cardiff until a H~ghgable-end on steep h~llsidc,rendered. Rendered stonc, gabled facade with arched congregation started rneetq in the Great Romanesque windows with classical pediment. doorway and first-floor wmdows. Western Coffee Tavern in IRRO. Usual clcar lettering rdenthfylng chapel on Gabled building m debased Queen Anne style facade. Aberystwyth, New Street Meeting House. with Italianate stmtower and ill-matched Cardiganshire. First met 1895 m library of vestlhule along street frontage. Interior, large Ceh,Cacmnnen Unitarian Chapel, Lampeter, G. Eyre Evans. Chapel was 'truilt as an estate single space. Dark red-brown brick walls, stone Cardrganshue. 1846. officc c. 1810, later a Quaker Mectlag House deta~ling, as outside. Original futnlture and Coqregation originated c.1654 in a church (now shared with Quakers). Ded~cated as a fittings. Central pulpit on da~swlth rising sun 'gathered' by Recs Powel. Congregation Unitarian Christian Church, 1906. Vcry small; decorntion and text, set in arch. worshipped in a canvmed barn [remnants of classical facade, clegant arrangement of doors, gallcrj survive) at Caeronncn farm until wlndows and pediment. Cardiff, St Fagans, Penrhiw Unitarian Chapel, removal to Ccllan village fonntrly at Drefach, Llandysul and re-erected in Small, sturdy meeting-house, rendered stone. Allrgblaca Unitarian Chapel, Llanybyther. St Fagans Folk Park (National Museum of Sash windows, Name and date m plaster in Cardiganshire. P 837. Wales). 1777. gable. Plain, traditional interior. Clock inscribed Founded 1740, the second foundation in 'the Simple whitewashed stone; two doors, thee 'Rhodd. Mrs Dav~es Trebanne. D. Joncs Black Spot' after Llwynrhydowen, and by the windows. Intcrlor complete, three-sided galIery Lampeter'. Graveyard and manse adjoining. same minister, Jenkin Jones. D,Jacoh Davics, a reached up stone stcps. Box-pews include national figure was mmista 1957-74, The Squire's and clders', pulpit. Open roof of flve Ciliau Aeron Unitarian Chapel, Lampeter, original budding is reputed to have Gccn trusses supporting coffin bearer - a fine Cardigmshire. 1899. converted lnta cottages. example of 18th century joinery. Services are Conpegatlon founded c.1650; ssmc early Grey rendered, simple arrangement of arched conducted here in the sumrncr. history as Caeromm. Ciliau means retreat, windows and two doors. Long graveyard in rflerrmg to early secret meetmgs. front, many graves. Carmanhen. Pax-y-Velvet Chapel, Manse1 Rebuilt in stone in Gothic style on Strcct, 1849. embankment above road. Interior with nave and Bridgtnd, Old Meeting Hnusc, Park Street. Until 1963, the chapel of Carmarthen CoIlege chancel; pulpit hy chancel arch, backed by nice Glarnorgm. 1795. lcellege merged with Aberyxwy&]. oil lamp. Hammahearn roof. Memorids on Founded 1672 by Rev Samuel Joncs, ejected Small, plam, gabled; odd mixture of bcet mside and outside walks. 11 R Opposite left: Capel-y-Cwrn, Cwmsychbant. Llanybylhe Congregation was one of five dissenting minister at Llwynrhydowen. causes founded by Rev Robea Thomas after his Dark stone, Gothic, with stubby ennance ejection in 1662 hmCadoxton Church. Two of tower and schoolroom at rightangles. Sa in Crilyn Unitarian Chapel, Lampeter. Pink stone; gabled facade, arched windows hntand side, cenaal porch. Interior beautifully the five (Blaengwrach and Gellionen) became town backwate~of passages and narrow lanes. Cardiganshire. 1852. Unitarian by the end of the 18th century, during Founded 1790 as off-shoot of Caeronnm by painted in pastel colours. Cenual pulpit cm dais, painted arch above, rear gallery. Nlce wooden the long ministry of Rev Josiah Rees (see Llanwnen, Capel-y-Gmes Unitarian Chapel, Dafis Castell Hywel. Original chapel of mud and Introduction]. His fellow minister at Lampetm, Cardlganshire. 1890. ceding bosses. Fine graveyard with stone war straw thatch. Blaengwra&, Rev Thomas Morgm 11737-18131, Founded 1802 at the same time as Pantyde- stone, memorial. Modest rneering+house, rendered front. practised medicine and is reputed to have faid, result of preaching of Rw Charles Lloyd at Slate dedication stone on side wall; original administered cow-pox sem to hundreds of Alltyblaca. David Jenkins Rees and Iolo datestone of 1790. Traditional arrangement Felinfach, Rhydygwia Unitarian Chapel, long Lampeta. Cardiganshire. 1848. chlldren m the valleys, before Jenner's Morganwg also involved in foundation; inside. Large graveyard, many stones. School expmiments to cure srnal1pox.j Bwied in Rees dedication stone carved by 1010, recently found conducted by David Evans (1886-1928), Congregation originated in 1802 at Lloyd Jack Farm, Vale of Aeron, home of David Jenkins family grave (see inwduction) in Gellionen under the pulpit, now mounted on right-hand reputedly the last minister to keep an academy, graveyard. outside wall. in cottages alongside chapel. Rees. Outbuildings in which services were held can still be seen. Rees gave hospitality to Rev Chapel is rendered stone, meeting-house Rendered stone, gabled facade and interior JohnJames, minister of Pantydefaid and Capel- style, occupies the top of Gellionw mountain, similar to Cwrtnewydd. Beautifully cared for; Cwmsychbant, Capel-y-Cwm, Llanybyther. surrounded by a large graveyard. Interior has interior colody decorated. Large graveyard Cardiganshire. 1906. y-G~oes,and services were held at Lloyd Jack until Mr Rees built a school in the village of memorid to Thomas Morgan, reputedly carved includes grave of John Jenkins the jockey, The most recent Unitarian chapel built in by Iolo Morganwg. d. 1804. Cardiganshire. First meetings held in 'Ty Cwrdd Ystrad in 1808. Opposition caused she Storws' (The Stores Mee:irrg-House) 1905. congregation to be evicted. The h1 of Carrington then offered a site on his estate for Lampeter, Brondeifi Unitarian Chapel. Llwprhydowen Unitarian Chapel, Llandysul. Beautifully kept simple rendered chapel, Cardiganshh. 1904. Cardiganshire. 1879. schoolroom behind. Large graveyard with many the present chapel. rendered Founded 1874,:first chapel 1878, but structure The precursor of all the Unitarian chapels of stones. Design similar to Cwrtnewydd. A most attractive building, and w painted with hung slates on side wall and was faulty and had to be demolishd. Rebuilt South-West Wales, founded 1726 by Jenkin same s~te. an was access y pleasant arrangement of doors and windows. lones. Jones, Independent, denied Cwrtnewydd, Capel Bryn, Llanybyther. Dark grey stoge, light sandstone detailing; to his church at Pantycreuddyn and had to build Cadiganshire. 1882. Cottage adjoining. Intimate interior perfectly preserved; 3 sided pine gallery, pews and pulpit. Gothic style with small spire at side. Graveyard his own chapel in 1733 - the fkst Armi Congregation originated in the 1830~~when a ~thnice stones. church in Wales. school-house was built and used by Unitarian Clock; oil lamps. Graveyard with good memo~ials. There followed a number of distinguished ministers from Llwynrhydowen and Pantydefaid Llandysul, Graig Unitarian Chapel. ministers, including David Davls of Castell for services. A successful link with Alltyblaca Cardiganshire. 1584. Hywell, who kept an Academy at his farm, and enabled new chapel to be built on hill above Gellionen Unitarian Chapel, Pontardawe, Swansea. 1801. Foundd 1868 by Gwilym Mules when he WiUiam Thomas (Gwilym MarlesJ, great-uncle village. living and tea- in Landysul and of Dylan Thomas, champion of rbe poor and 121 oppressed tenantry at a time of great hardship. Swansea Unitarian Church, High Street, 1847. When members of thc church did not vote in the Denves horn the early history of Puritanism 1RhR elcction according ro the wishes of the in the town; an Emdependent 'gathered' church landlord, the congregation were wicted and of hbrose Mostyn c.1646. Three houses Gwilym Males held services in the open air. licensed for worshlp 1672; that of Daniel Hiss His grave is Ln fmnt of the chapel. A new chapel of Rhosilli who bullt a chapel c.1689; later used built on the Pont~ianRoad; stone, gabled, by Baptists. Presbyterians built new chapel, recessed centre arch with 3 windows above 1698, on size of present Unitarian chapel. porch. Interior sirnllar to Cwrmewydd, Set back from street behind gpaveyard Stone, Old Chapel is now a museum of Welsh with arched port~caand two pinnacles, large Unitarianism, tall stone meeting-house w~th Gothic window above arcadmg. Interior has iron cropped gable and fine arrangement of doors and columns; ensign displayed near pulpit records windows. Probably 1726. Graveyard. support for William of Orange on his landing m Woadcn chapel (Ty Cwrdd] used by evicted 1688. congregation can be seen on B4338 Newcastle- Ernlln Road. Castell Hywel, now a holiday Talgarrcg, Bwlch-y-Padfa, Llandysul. fm, is on New Quay Road about two miles Cardiganshire. 1906. from Old Chapel. Blacnralltddu, home of Frank Founded 18 12, breakaway from Above left. Ponrydelafd Rqht memorial or Lloyd Wripht's ancestors, lies off A475 between Llwynrhydowen. Dhdor demolished Ch*pels LIwynrh ydowen. now Below W~ckBotrom Nortugc. Castell Hywel and Llwynrhydowen. First meeting-house cottages. Chapel Transient Unitarian =uses in Wales hlvc ben mmy, the identical in design with Gralg Chapel, following buildings rcfloct wbmt prcscncc m the past: Nottage General Baptist and Unitarian Chapel, Llandysul, built 22 years earlier. Porthcawl, Glamorgan. 1877. Bmws. Btidgmd, Glamor~a. Eiatim foundation. C Founded 1789; Baptist minist~Evan Lloyd c 1880. Chapel cltuatd at farm known as meCity', now Ttebanos, Gnig Unitarian Chapel, Pontardawe, dcmol~shed attended Assembly of Salern Meidqm in 1799 Swansea, 1894. and refused to assent to Baptist Confession of Founded 1862 at bottom d Gellionen Blnmgwnth, Clamorgan. Foundation samc as Cclhoncn. C Faith; hccarne minister at Nottage and Wick Mountain, to ease access for Unitarian worship. 187R. Now frmndat~ons only. Entrcmely more on 1806. These two chapels were scrved by him Stone, gabled facade wlth arched windows mountain side atmvc Yale of Neoth, amongst sh-p and p~t heads with vlcws to Rrccon Beacons. and thrce ministers of his family untiI 1928 (see and finid stands high almve the road. plaque inside chapel). Cl+& V&, Clydach Road. Clamorgan. B 1895. Small plain chapel squeezed into narrow lanes 'bcynon, Old Meeting House, see Aberdare. of Nottage village. PEaln tradrtional mterior. Cwmbmch Unitanan Clupcl, Bridge Street, Abmlare. Glamorgnn. F 1857 E 1879 Oetar~onalservlws. Pantydefaid Unitarian Chapel, Prengwyn, Treorchy, GIanrhondda Unitarian Church, 1002 High Street. Glamorgan. 1895. Cwmwrdu, Rmhfa Fm,Cmanhenshirc B 1832. Now a Llandysul. Cardiganshire. 1836. 'Unitanan Youth Cmtre Founded 1802 wtth Capel-y-Groes by Rw Founded 1893 from Aberdare. Charles Lloyd, land given by son of JcnkiJones. Rendered stone facade with 3 arched windows Cwm Cothi: Wal chawl of Tornos Clm Cothi. graveyard and b&w chapel needed by 1836. Rev and centrc porch on stecp site by roadside; Cwcmoglc neat ~rcchfa,~ar;nanhcnshne. B 1791 Now a Thornas Thornas, minister 1847-95, kept caretaker's house underneath. Plrm intcnor, heap of stones appealing in sts austenty. Central pulplt, secondary school at Pontsian specialising m Do*rlais, White Street. Clarnorpr. B 1881. class~cs and seamanship. Numerous graves boarded ceiling with wden bosses. Recently vacated. (some with English wording) include rnarmas. Hmhn TVW. St hasStmt Chad. Clamorean B H I Rendered stone with pyrarntdal roof. Four 1901 '~cpiaccd Twynyrodp Chapcl, 'dcmollshedY exly Wick Unitarian Chapel, Bridgend, GIamorgan. IY'Ws Attract~vcGothlc sryle, pod stained glss.5 In uscasa Romanesque windows, centrc two above community ccnue late '711's. entrance. Intenor; central pulpit, cast won 1792. ~alleryand painted pinc ceiling. Stained glass. General Baptist foundation. Link& in its Moumrin kh, Napier Street. Clamorgan. B 1912. Marhle memorials; plaque to Jenkin Lloyd Jones passage to Unitarianism with Nottage, qv. of Chicago 1843-1918. Very modest, typical Baptist meeting-house on the edge of Wick C~PP~Two long lancet Ongbal dedication stone above door carved Pontypridd, Unitarian Chapcl, Mmpn Sttcer. Clamorgan. B by 1010 Morjianwg, now missing. 'She wording windows e~therstdc of door, lean-to meetw- C 19M. Gothic, similar to Swansea. 'To us thcrc 1s only One God the Father' was room. Interior unspoilt, with 3 sided gallery, carved by 1010 in the belief that words on a pews. Large interesting graveyard with remains ape,St Clears, Carmarthenshire B 1860 C c. 1902. chapel wall would preach more to the passing of baptistry. One of the most delightful of the St Cltus. CPrmanhmshirc 18th century B 1827. C larr people than a thousand sermons. Welsh chapels. lpth century. Rational Dissenters felt quite at home in the Kirk But the 'New Light' thinking was eventually eclipsed by an upsurge of evangelical scllgion and renewed emphsis upon the Westrmnster Confcas~onof Faith itbe doctrinal standard of the Scottish Church). Against this background Scottish Unitarianism, now represented by four conmegat~onsat Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow, made its appearance. Two strands of influence were important: l A native response to the tyrannous God of Scottish Calvinism resulting in a number of small Universalist societies in the Ccntral Lowlands durathe late 18th and wly 19th centuries. St Mark's Unitarian Church, Edinburgh began as one of these societies in 1776; and the present Dundee church is a memorial to Henry Williamson, a Wniversal~st who refounded the Unitarian church there in 1860. 2 Contact with English Unitarians. WiIliam Christie, a waespondent of Joseph Priestlry, started the first Scottish Unitarian congregation at Montrose in 1781. Chr~stie eventually followed Priestley to the United States and officiated at his mentor's graveslde. Chrjstie was also responsible for encouraging Thornas Fyshe Palmer, an English ex-Anglican Unitarian, to come to Scotland whcre Palmn began the earlier Dundee congegation in 1785. Palmer was later deported to an Australian convict settlcrnent for alleged sedition. The Glasgow Unitarian Church is a response to both these Above: Aberdcen (1906). Relow: strands of mfluence. Universalist societies were numerous in the Interior a1 Darnder (1969). west, and many English Unitarians came to study at Glasgow College (now thc Umversiry) renowned for its theolog~cd moderatism, whcn the English universit~es were closed to nonconformists. The congregation dates from k 791. The Aberdeen congregation, the most northerly Unitarian congregation in Britain, is a rribute to the cncrRy of Glasgow minister George Harris, in propagating Unitarianism in a wlde variety of centres. The Aberdem Church was founded in 1833. The low Scottish churches are all very different in character. They all belong to the Scottish Unitarian Association which acts hoth as a district association for the British Unitarian General A~sembly,and as a nationat association representing Unitarian interests in Scotland. CHAPTER SEVEN Scotland has a distinct heritage all nf its own. In education, jurisprudence, family law, property ownership and banking, and Unitarianism above all religion, Scotland is substantially different horn the rest in Scotland ot the Unitcd Kingdom. The religious heritage of Scotland is predominantly Reformed. by Andrew Hill The reformat~onof reli~ionwcnt fwther in Scotland than it did in England, precluding the second stage reformation which brwght forth the English Noncodormist tradition in which many older English Unitarian congregations have their origins. So 'moderate" Above S1 Mark s Church. m places, durmg the 18th century, was the Church of Scotland (the Ed~nbumh(3835) Arch~tecl.Dav~d Bryce poet Rah Bums was theologically Unitarian], that English I 24 compensation; in 1893-4 received E3,000 Gazetteer: Scotland wayleave for railway tunnel [hall built with Abwdeen Unitmian Church, Skene Street, 1906. proceeds). Founded 1833. First chapel 1840 in George Glasgow Unitarian Church, 72 Berkeley Street. Street. Solidly built of grey granite. Two squat Congregation dates from 1791; first chapel towers either side: of pedimented and pilastered 1812 m Union Street. St Vincent Street Chapel facade; Kirk upstairs, hall below. Arched opened 1856; strikmg classical design in the window at top with niches, superfluous balcony heart of the city. Limestone pure Ionic Greek below. Interior: barrel-arched ceiling. Chancel temple; interior illuminated by skylight, with arch encloses cenpal pulpit in front of large large draped female figures holding I~ghts, mural of Parable of the Sower by John Aitken. mounted on elaborate corbels. Procen~wnarch Henry Wiliamson memorial window from enclosed platform fo~pulp~t and fine Snetzlex Dundee. organ [now in Glasgow University]. (Pews removed and platform insened 1854.1 Dundee, Williamson Memorial Unitarian Chapel demolished 1982 for government Christian Church, Dudhope Street, 1969. offices. An excellent dassical building and a sad Congregation founded by Thornas Fphe loss. Congregation now moved to former Haig Palmer, minister 1785-88, transported I793 for Whisky offices in Berkeley Street. critic~smof the Government over parliamentary reform. Second, Gothic building P870 in The following aongregatiws built chapels, though most were Constitution Road, during record 60 year short-lived: ministry of Rev Henry Williamson after wham Gm,Wikon Sueet. Ayrshiia B 1850 Closed 1863. present chapel named. Demolished for inner Ctasgow, Ros Strcct B 1876 C 1947 Remtry demolished rlng road. Exterior a stark glass and concrete Founded 1871 by 10hn Page-Hopps as East-md rnlsslon tor box. Interior more sympathetic and colourful; Vmccnt Street Romanesque w~thprominent rose wrndow in traditaonal worship layout, fixed benches; organ gable largely built by William Mdlar (ministw Kirluldy, Hunter Street Plfe. B 1899. C 1920 andnow pax af 1967-72). Meeting room underneath. Post Oifim. Stone, simple ped~rnrnf Edinburgh, St Mark's Church, Castle Terrace, Kilmamock, Clerk's he.Ayrshire B 1775 C 1907. Square 1835. stone bulldrng with hipped roof - quite ambit~ousBuilt as Congregation originatd 1776; breakaway an Anti-Burgher Meetlng House; 18861efr Evangclrcal Unlon group from Reformed kesbytery formed round and became Free Chr~stlanChurch. first minister, Rev James Pwves at Broughton, East Edinburgh (near Register House). After Montiose, Mill Strect. Angus. B 1781. C 1794. Early foundation assocrated with Thornas Fyshe-Balmer and several moves and support from William Vidler, William Christie. Richard Wnght and the successhly minisny of Rev Southwood Smith (1812-16), moved to Paisley, Gmrge Street. R&ew. B 1817. C 19ME. chapel at Young Street in the NW Town, 1823. Perth, North Willurn Street. B 1876, C c.1880 Three-storey, Baroque stone facade with decorative parapet, stone, domestic appearance round-arched windows divided by pilasters, dmrcase with broken pediment. Set in terrace Pon Glasgow, Gilespie's Wynd. Renfrew. B 1822. C c.1849. which it predates. Hall at rear. Interior has barrel-arched ceiling and side Stenhpuscmuir, St Paul's Universdist Church, Main Street Snrlingshlre. B 1875. C 1929. Became Frcc Masons' Ldge, gdlexies, both supported on cast iron classical SlINIVmg till 1965. colurans. Spectacular high pulpit with omte soundmg-board, now sadly discarded and Tillicoultry, Old Seccsston Church, M111 Street. replaced wah a modem tapestry hanging. CIackmman. B 1841 C c.1858 k slmplc:gabled building survlves m Mill Strcn opposite Middlcton M111, now a Two front windows have gIass donated by Masons' Lodge. John Pullar of Perth. Chapel miginally held 700; reseated to hold 400. Architect David Bryce Opposiie. Infenor of Glasgow Unrrarion Church. (later designed Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, The V~ncenrSlrcet (now demobshedL Fntenor of V~ncenrSrmel. Glasgow before altemtlon. Mound Bank of Scotland, and Fettes College]. shuwing the classical casmg for Lhe Snetder organ (now Chapel was underrnmed by Edinburgh and In Glasgow Lln~versrryJ Glasgow Railway in 1845, receiving f 1,000 Gbsgow Plnrianen Church. V~ncentStreei 126 Christian man and the right of private judgement. Soon after his settlement at An*, he founded an association of ministers for the discussion of theological problems It met at Belfast and became known 'The Belfast Society'. Its members included some of the nos intelligent, cultwed and distinguished Presbyterian ministers in Ulster. They determined to take the Scriptures, interpreted rationally and fairly, as them sole Rule of Fa~th.They were opposed to man-made creeds, specifically lthe Westminster Confession, and their opinions were dubbed 'New Light', as oppsed to 'Old Light', epithets that became famous. Early in 1320, Samuel Haliday was installed as minister of the First Presbyterian Church, Bdast, but refused to subscribe to any man- made confession. Other members of the Belfast Smiety likewise refused subscription to creeds. The Non-subscription controversy which ensued resulted in 1725 in the exclusion of the Prasbytery of huirn, in which the Non-subscribers were gathered, from the Synod of Ulster. Almost one hundred years later, when liberal idtas had hrther affected theology and softened the asperities of the old Calvinism, another went occurred which compelled some ministers and their congregations unwillmgly to separate from the Ulster Synod. This was the attempt of the Rev Hemy Cooke and others to fix the yoke of subscription once more on she backs of Presbyterians chiefly in County Down. Led by Rev Dr Henry Montgomery, a new wave of Non-subscribers drew up a Remonstrance 117 ministers and I I lay elders) and their body was excluded from the General Synod. The Remonstrants comprised three presbytenw Annag11, Bangor and Templepatrick, whlch eventually became assomated with the Presbvterv of Anuim and with Non-subscribers in the South of Ireland wio were organised in the Synod of Munster. Finally, all DU~,,, CHAPTER EIGHT The Plantation of Ulster took place from the year 1605 onwards these united in 1910 as 'The Non-SubscribingPresbyterian Church and brought to the North of Ireland many Scottish and English of Ireland', upon the basis of the Bible interpreted 'under the The Non- settlers. Nat a few were Presbyterians, opposed to episcopacy and a guidance of the spirit and teaching of Jesus Christ' and in tbe belief Subscribing liturgy. During the reign of Chafles I, the Government deprived that unity in religion is to be sought, not in udormity of creed, some of their pulpits, and only in 1W1, with the cornkg of a but in a common standard of righteousness after the pattern and Presbyterian Church Scottish army under General Munro to put down rebellion, did commandment of Jesus.The 'sacred right of private judgement and of Ireland Presbyterimsm gain a firm foothold w Irish soil. the importance of free inquiry in matters of religion' were both by John McLachlon The first presbytery was set up on 10th June 1642 at upheld m the Constitution of the Church drawn up in 1910. Hence CarricEdergus. Thls kind of Presbyterianism was based directly m general Non-subscribers have been in the forefront of religious upon the Bible as the word of God and not the Confession of the thought in Ireland from that time onwards. Westminster divines of 1647. In Dublin and the South an English h 1928, at the formation of the General Assembly of Unitarian type, freer both in doctrine and discipline established ~tselfand its and Free Christian Churches, the NSPCI was invited to become an existence there influenced the North in the direction of a milder affiliatedmember. It remains, however, completely iadependent of and mellower faith. h Bdfast thc fist minister of the first the General Assembly in its government. meeting-house (note the typical word for a church], erected Though small in size - there are only 33 churches sewed by an probably in 1668, was an Englishman, the Rev William Keyes, and even smaller number of ministers and lay-elders - the NSPCI: his patron, Letitia Hickes, Countess of Donegal, was an English occupies an honodplace within the community. Congregations Presbyterian. are markedly 'church-minded', generous and loyal. Their meeting John Abemethy has been called 'the father of Non Subscription houses are often plain and largely unadorned, but possess a simple Inrenor of Fir81 Presbyterian in Ireland'. Educated at Glasgow University, where he came under dignity which impresses and 1s conducive to sound preaching and Church. Rosemary Srreet, Bdasr. the influence of liberal-minded teachers, Abernethy and his fellow smcere worship. Most aeplain halls with sash-wmdows lighting 1783. Atch!recr, Roger Mulhdlond. students cherished the Reformation principle of the lihty of the quite dignified interiors, not seldom containing box-F~WSand a tall 128 Plan of ground floor ~ndgallery. Rosemary Sireer, Beifas; Relow Rosemary Sirnet. Belfast. Lcfr CerI~ngof Rmemary Slresl, Rellast.

pulpit against a long wall. Towards the end of thc eighteenth century, a number were two-storeyed with galleries and entrances treated in classical style, sometimes with columns or pilasters surmounted by an entablature and pediment. The First Prcsbyterlm ChGhu, Belfast (1783) by Rogen Mulholland (1740-1818)is ellipt~calin plan, with a fine swerving oak balcony front, oak box.pews and a rich effect centring on the tall pulpit opposite to the two entrance aisles. The Dunmumy First Presbyterian Church (17791, on the other hand, is a magnificent barn-church, entered by two doors on the long side of the rectangle, set between thrce semi-circular headed r 2 7. .'" ---:A-. . wmdows. Clough, Killinchy, and Ranbridge Nnn-subscribing churches ase good examples of thc classical mde, whilst Newry and All Souls, Belfmt, are examples of the Gothic style. All these Non-Subscnhing chapels are well wed for. In the F~rsrPrcnbytrr~on Church. Rnsrmpry Srreer, B~J~~~~11783,. "CRf of a congregation ceaslng to care for a chapel, due ta closure Arch~rccr.Aogcr Mulholland or inability,the presbytery assumes responsibl~ty. 130 Gazetteer: Ireland Congregation (B 1891) in 1942. The Gothic church with tower, chancel and altar front are unique in hhNon-Subscribing BaUee Presbyterian Meeting House. County church archltectme; built during ministry of E. Down. 1890. I. Ftipp. Adjacent hall. Congregation founded 1697. Meeting house built 1721 and renovated in 1890 and 1912. The L-shaped building stands in its own little 'estate' Belfast, Mountpottinger Unitarian Church, with grounds, graveyard, and a substantial 1875. manse amid the fields. Founded 1862, Stone, Gothic style; adjoining Sunday School and hall. Ballycarry Presbytwian Old Meeting House. Counrry Anaim. 1710. CAm~stleOld Meeting House, Ballygnlly, Originating in 1646, probably the oldest Lame, County Antrim. 1875. Presbyterian cause in Ulster. Plain rectangular Congregation founded 1646. Plain oblong preaching-room. worship-halt, in fine position overlooking Antrim coast. BaUyclare Old Presbyterian Meeting House, Main Street. County Anuirn. 1871. Clough Non-Subscribing Presbyterian Church, Probably founded 1652. Low-lying rectangular County Down. 1837. worsh~p-house with simple pointed Gothic Congregation founded 1829. Classical style; windows, neat small garden at froet. portico with two Corinthian columns of Moume granite, four pilasters and entablature. Ballyhalbert, Ballyhemlin Meeting House, Interior, plain, pleasiw design. Chapel faces the Newtownards. County Down. 1835. Plain. Mourne mountains. Graveyard and caretaker's house. Banbridge, First Presbyterian Non-Subscribing Congregation, Downshire Road. County Down. Comber Non-Subscribing Presbyterian Church, 1844 Mill Street. County Down. 1838. Imposing, Founded 1716. Imposing classical style; stands in its own 'estate'; nearby Sunday facade and porch w~thpediment and Ionic School, also within the grounds. columns.

Belfast, First Presbyterian Church, Rosemary Cork, The Old Presbyterian Church, Prince's Street, 1783. Street. 1715. Congregation dates from 1644; the mother- Founded 1670. First entry in minute-book is church of Presbyterinn~sm in the City. 1717. Georgian style. Entry between two shops, Dublin, Unitarian Church, 112 St Stephcn's Architect, Roger Mulholland (1740-1818) who original gates and flaggcd approach. Interior oak Green (West), 1863. panelled, square room. Box-pews seat 60.Organ was influenced by Gibbs. Elliptical shape; fine Congregation founded 1649. Enlje* building curving gallery supported on classical columns. of Origmally approached by boat through Downpattick First Pxesbytelian Church, Stream 1817. in Eustace Street, 1728. Gothic church upstairs, Duncomb Marsh. heet. County Down. 1710. Original oak pews; carved pulpit. Many good ha11 below. Built for narrow site between alfCady now Founded 1650. Georgian meeting-house, memorials. 'The finest example of Georgian In 1980 fire damaged the galleries, exist~ng 18th century buildings - now in Belfast' [John Betjeman). In repaired. Occasional services. cruciform in plan, claimed to be earliest work 1789 John demolished and replaced by modem high-r~se Wesley preached here, described it as examplc of its kind in heland. 'Squire's gallery' 'the neighbows. Architects, Lyn and Lanyon of completest place of worship I have ever seen'. Crumh First Presbyterian Church. County adjoins pulpit. Ha. set of 4 collecting 'spoons' of copper with long oak handles, all Inscribed and Belfast. Fine stained glass; main window is an Severe bomb-damage of the 1970's has been Antrim. 1837. early example of Irish stained glass revival and repaired and the whole restored. Good stained Congregation originated 1672. First meeting dated 1754. Restored 1965. Schoolroom over three old cottages. bears the mark of 'An Tur Gliome' (Tower of glass. house 1715. Stone, octagonal with large two Glass], the first Irish company making srained storey ped~mented porch. Imposing elliptical glass. Designed by Sarah Purser, 1916-19. Also Belfast, Second Presbyterian Congregation, All interior; similar to First Presbyterian Church, Dromore First Presbyterian Church (Non- Flemish and French glass of the 18Bas. Good Souls' Chu~ch, Elmwood Avenue, 1896. Belfast. Gallery. Wine-glass pulpit with wmding Subscribing], Rampart Street. County Dawn. organ. Chapel library with books from earlier stairs on enther side. Stands back from the road IFomerly Rosemary Street, demolished c.19651. 1811. Founded 1610. meeting house. Fine communion plate c.1880 York own First buildhg 1708. Amalgamated with in its field and graveyard. Has elegance and Plain meeting-house in extensive yard with bequeathed by Dr Thornas Harrison, Chaplam a simple grace. Street Non-Subscribing Presbyterran separate school and hall, built in 1961. to Oliver Cromwell. 132 133 Dunmumy First Presbyterian (Non-Subscribing] Church, Glebe Road. County Antrim. 1779. Congregation founded 1676. First church 1714. Excellent example of a bm-church; two entrances set between three semi-circular headed windows. Poss~blyby Roger Mulholland. Box pews and 'wine-glass' pulpit w~thstaus either side. Many memorials. Remarkable for 56 year ministry of Dr Henry Montgomery (1809-65).New hall of 1975.

Glenarm, Old Meeting House, Ballymena. County Antrim. 1762. Molywood. Plain, rectangular, two-storey windows. Close to Glenarm Castle estate. Greyabbey, First Presbyterian (Non-Subscribing] Newtownards, County Down. 1862. Congregation founded 1733. Typicd 'barn' meetlng house.

Aolywod, First Presbyteran (Non-Subscribing) Unitarian Chmch, High Street. County Down. 1849. First meeting house 1615. Fine classical front facing main road; grounds contain memorial to C. 1. McAlister, minister and founder of local grammar school.

Killinchy, Non-Subscribing Presbyterian Dunmurv Church. County Down. 1846. First meeting-house 1570; second, 1714; congregation lost possession when they joined the Rernonstrant Synod. Fine, restrained classical facade. Interior plain, rear gallery. Set in large graveyard.

Larne, Old Presbyterian Church, Meeting House Street and Ballymena Road. County Antrim. 1828. Congregation founded 1625. Plain square meeting house in gaveyard; separate school rooms, recently rebuilt.

Moira, First Presbyterian Church, Craigavan, County Armagh. 1738. Congregation founded 1693. Meeting-house type in extensive graveyard. The Old Meerlng ~ousc.he. Moneyrea, Non-Subscribing Presbyterian Templepatrick, Old Presbyterian Church, Church, Newtownads. County Down. 1770. Counry Antrim. 1881. Congregation founded 1719. Meeting house, Congregation founded 1646. Fjrst building school and interesting small session-house. 1670. Semi-Gothic, stands behind estate wall, Pamell met the elders of the cmgegation in the not far from old Presbyterian burial ground. early 1880s in suppart of their minister's cand~dacy as a Land Leaguer, Rev. Harold Warrenpoint, First Presbyterian Church Rylett. Plain, oblong, single-storey. Restored (RemonstrantJ, Burren Road. County Down. 1963. 1820. First building 1707, in Carhugford. Very Newry, First Presbyterian Non-Subscribing simple but with unusual central curved porch; Church, John Mitchel Place. County Down. set in large graveyard, 1853. Congregation founded 1650. First building 1688 Remains of old pulpit (kom which John Wesley preached) and fine sun-dial of 1757 aein Meetmg House Green burial ground, High Street. Disused churches Eclectic Gothic, with steeple. Architect, Williarn J. Bm, who designed Ulsta Hall and Antrim, Old Presbyterian Meeting House, Main Stmt, 1852 Congregation dates from 1645, hrst cbapcl 1695 Played Albert Memorial, Belfast. Organ of 1806, ~mponantrolc m 18th century when John Abernethy was origmally 3-manual from Second Church [now minister (1703-30)and founder of the Belfast Society - All Souls'] Belfast, wh~chwas first congregation Ioremnner of Non-Subscnpt~onin Ulster. of dissenters in lreland to have sn organ. Legend Small rectangular meetlng house, four large windows each has it that it was buirt by John Snetzler, but this sjde. Graveyd. Clwed 1980 is unlikely. Mme probably a Dublin organ of late Ballymena, High Sneer. Antrim. 1845 18th century. Restored 3979. Bdlymoney, Charles Stmt. Antrim 1832. Fmermeeting- Newtownads, First Presbyterian Congregation, house is now the Corporatron Offlces. Very plam rendered walls, four long windows each s~de,hi& slate ml; latcr Vlccoria Avenue. County Down. 1924. porch and Iront facade Founded 1642, first buildii 1724. Small, neat brick; late neo-Gothic. Carricldrrgus, Jaymount Bank. huim. 1836. Classical front. Sold and now pan ol tamcldergus Technlca. School Rademan, Non-Subsaibing Presbyterian Church (First Kilmore), Kilmore, Crossgar. Clonmel :Tipperv), Nelson Strcet, 1782. County Down. 1787. Rodemon Meeting Hause Come~ationfounded 1713, first build^ 1715. -F& meeting-house in commanding positioni large graveyard with small school- room opposite. Clock on front of gallery dated 1789.

Raloo Remonstrant Chl~rch, Lame. County Antrim. 1838. Original meeting-house; small, square, neat.

Ravara, Non-Subscribing Presbyterian Church, Moneyrea. County Dowr.. 1838. Small, charming meeting-house; brass plaque in vest~bulerecords foundation in 1838. Broad Oak :Whitchurch Wem

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G1 Hucklmv e Stoney Middleton Chowb~ntChnp~I, Arherron. 1721 (note rmrm* omitted on one nde lor cIantvl R~v~ngronChapel. E 703 A slmpl< meer~ng-housew~lh hox paws Above Pendliron Un~rur~anChurch. Sdllurd, 1976 Arch~iccr.Rny Con hng h'orc growth 01 ancll11dry rooms.

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Scolc Th~rtytwo her la one ~ncR BIBLIOGRAPHY brchitcctud Historite Iohn H. C;. Arch IdJ,An md Ar&tecrm m Victoda17 ~~~~r, Manchestcn University hss, 1985. David Barton, D~scovmi~chpls ~~ting~ouses, Shire Books, 1975, Nearly all Unitarian chapels have at some time or other (mdoften several lohn Be~irman,first rmd Lost LOVES, 1952. t~rnes)pduced a history of their own congregation and its buildings A Marcus Rinney, Who Cm{. 1977. comprchcnsivc wllection of these individual histories can be consulted at ~JI~~~IJIBras, Pm'ta~ Arch~rectwe. 1946. Dr WiIliams' L~brary.Gordon Squarc, London, or at the John Rylands Kenneth Clark, The Goth~cRevival, 1928 Unrvcrsrty of Manchester Library. They have not been separately itemised Alan Crawford fc4, By Hmmer and ~md,the A~Uand Cmfts Movement hcrc, hut have of mnse hem ~nviluablem the preparation of this hnk in Rimhm.R~mlngharn Museums aud Art Gallery, 1984. 1 S Curl, Clnss~mlCllurches m Uhrer, ~.~]stmhchitcctd Heritage Nonconformist Congregations in Gmi Brimin: A Lis! of Histories in Dr Society, 1980. WIUIMIS' Libmy, published by l3 Wdl~arns'Trust, 1973. A. L Dr~mmond,The Church ~rchjtectlmof hnt~smtism. 193. Charles Iiar~roveled), The Unimm Chapels of Yorkshire, C. 1910. Articles R. P. Joncs, ~VonwnformistChmh Architectrue, 19 14 Tmnsoctions of iht URim'an Historial Smiety. (Many useful articles.J K. Lindley, NoRcQ~~~o~~s~Chaplsand Meemg Houses, 1969; The Inqwrrr. the newspaper of the Unitarrms, also has many usdd Graveyards, 1972. an~cles. Nikolaus Pevsnq Buildiqs of England, 44 vols, 1951-74. iohn Betitman, 'Noncodmist Architecture', AditecnudReview. 1940. K Powell, The Fall of Zion, 1980. H CdwinArnold, 'Early Mating Houses', Tmnsactions of the Ancient R. Fuchards, Old Gheshre Chmhcs, 1946. Monument Society. New Scrrcs, Vol 8, lam. D. Thorn, hverpool Churches and 1854. Chr~stopherStell, 'Architects of Dissent, some Nonconformist patrons and An Illustmted Handhaok of the Presbyterian, Umtmian and 0th~Libemi theu architects', 30th Annud Lecture of Dr M'ilL'ms' Trust, 1976. Chris~~anCburc1les In the MidErmds . . . 1904 d Kenneth S. Taylor, 'Notes on Recent Church Ruild~ngin England', News Thc forthcoming publication on the Nondorrnist buildings England sundo,, schm1 ol. rHfgle, Dqest of the In temofiond As~oc~duonfor ReIIgious Freedom No. 44, 1960. by Chrrstopher Stell (HMSO)was not publ~shcdin timc to be md for this yorkshrr~,19) 1 book. Architect, Fdpr Wood. Gtntral Histories C. Gordon RoIam, Jeremy Goring, H. L. Shon and Roger Thornas, The E~gbshPresbytenms, 1968. D Elwyn Davies, They Thodr for ThGmselves - a brief look at the history of Ummm'sm in Wales . . . , 1982. G. Eyre Evans, M~dlandChurchesm A History of the Cmgwgotions on the Roll of the Midland Christian Umon, 1899; Record of he Pmvincid Assmbly of hcnshre and Chachrre. 1896. Alexander Gordon, Hdsof Enghsh Urutonbn History. 1895, rcpnntd 1970; Freedom After Estion, 1917. Rosemary and Jcrcmy Gonng, The Unim'ms, 1984 R Travcrs Herford and E. D. Pnestley Evans, H~stondSketch of he Nod md Eust Lnnu1hre Unitanan Miss~on,1909. Ann Holt, W&ng Together, 1938 W-?- -.: R. V Holt, The Umtannn Conmfibution to Smid hogress in Endmd. - --- m. ,L 1938 H McLachlan, E&sh Education under he Test dcrs. 1931. JemMurch, A History of Presbyrenm and Eeneml &pus1 Churches m the War of England, 1835. B. Nightmple, fonco.dtire Nonconformity. . . 1889-93. B. Shon, A Rcspcctable Society. Bridport 1593-1835, 1976. (An exception to thc rule omitting indrv~dualchapels, but a un~quelyvaluable study d a complctc town community of the period.1 L R Shm, fionesrs of Scotnsh Ummnanism, 1963. Adam T~~IM,H~story of Enghh General Baptists, 2 vols, 1818. G. Lyon Turner, Original Records of Nunconfom'ty, 3 vols, 1911-14. Michael Watts, The D~ssenters. 197R E. R Wickham, Church und People ~nanEndustndC~ty,(Sheffield!, 1969 Walta Wllson, The History oj D~ssentrngChopls In London, 4 vols, 1808-14. R D. Woodall, MihdUnitadcuu'sm and its Sroty. Also h~sunpubl~shed swey of clored chapcl$ c 1965. %chard Wrrght, M~ss~onnryLrfe and Lobours, 1824. on 00 Pen-y- bont (Bridgd Ou LClwp-fydorwn Gd~iontn Knutsf ord

Old Newn'ngbnGwa lf@AOld rrowbridqe

St. AlbanS Bury St.Wmunds %amlingham 014 Dab he.4a;lswodh m Chapels wh~chappear m rhe Cm~rccrsarc Bdlymanev pnnted m ~ral*n Bunbrrdgr Bunberv Bap~irts 10, 16. 18.50.51,51 Rrlck,uscoI 20.12 8apusr NLWConnccwn 51 Rrrdgc,Rcv Wllllam 106 Aberdore llbI1'. 118 Bdpt~srfr~cs 25. ,W. 32 Hrldgman adRr~dgcrnan 94 Aberdeen 125. Irn Rarbauld. Anna 35 Bnaend 115 47.118 Aberystwyh !I7. 'l8 Bn~~cr,Jmcph 711.89, Y 1 Bndt:wrer 23.27.50 Abernethy. John 128. '36 H~rnanlCusrle % Bndpon 13.50 5454 58 Abraham. R 82 Rarncs Rcv Hcrhn 1111 BndrrllHdI 46 AccnngLon W-]I3 Rnmcs. Rcv Thumar 36 Ar1u5,Martln 10,101 Acton. London 97 i7urnslupIe 44 Bnghron 10.50.52.54.58 Acts of Part~arncnt Ban Wllllan~l 136 Bnxrol 10.50 51. $4. 58 82.96 Uniform~ty In nany. $11 Charlcs Sj, 67 Urrr~rhand Fore~gnUn~tanan Associat~on Convcnr~cle lb Rarryand Bmn 97 '0,101 Dl~ntcrsCkapelr 18B4 3'4.65. 11 B~~~~~~~,J J $n Bnxlon If. 55.103.107 fr~n~ty1813 9. 70 mth SO. SU. 66 Broadhunt. John 36 FIVCMble l665 qv lh ~lrtrle 66 Broadway Avenue. BrcldJord 81 Tolcratron 1689 l7Baxr~r Rcv R~chad 17, I". 61, ZV8 Urucklchurrr farn~ly 36 Rep~alolTestand Cerprdtlon 1828 70. 72 ~,,k, 84 Bmvkr, Rcr 5toplod 87 Arken. Rev John Bcdlfeld 80 Brookjreld sce Conon Alkcn, Rw Ccorgc 44 Bcdlord, Thld Earl ul 13 Bruve.C W LW hnswofth 25.26 27 Bccrhovcn. Ludv~ran 35 tlrunnrr, SII l 11, 06,8' Alnsworth, Thomas g& Re1105l 12. 1311 131 Rrjan. Rcv lohn 40 All~ngham.Helcn B7 BLIIs U, ?l Ilrycc, Davtd 126 Alcester " Oell Street U~srlonLondon 97 Bfynllywdrch 115 Allusrock 4a Belper 10. SO. 54 56 Bullhouse 44 All Souls. Beliar 132 Bclshsm. RN Thornas 44,7 1 Rurnc loncs. 511 Edward &Icy 3 1,90,91,9B, Alnmck 46 Rcrmondxy hradnn b7 97 1M. 112 Allryblew 115 Hrs els Green Scvc&s 6.22 25 26 W 50 lurnlcr 51. W.V6 Allr~nghm 80 Bcrhncl Cxvn, Lundun 87 Bums,Rokn 1 24 Amey. Rcv Alhcd 80 RC( tws, Bi~dpcnd I13 Bury 11 '5.104 105 Amsterdam 1 Bcrlcman, john IUI Bury Cheshrun 94 Anabapt~str 61. 'I4 Bewdley M $0 54 66 Bury Sr Edn~unds 4 22.2- 28 hder~onfamrly 90.96 Ru~cr,Charlcs U% R~~vron % Andrcws Son and Ptppn 11l-4 Brddenden 66 Byker M~s~un.Newwalle upon Jync 98 Angler. Rev Iohn h7. R~llesleyBfrmmnghun~ 113 hlcr,Rcv Samuel Brll~ngshurrt 25. SO 53. S6 S7 Antrim 130 B~ll~nghurs~.Wrn W,87 Cackert, Burns, Dickand WacKellu 110 Anrrobu, Isaac 34 Brnncy, Marcus 1111 Caffyn.Marrhcw 30.32 An Tur Cl~onnt'sralnd &ss 133 Urrkenheud IE3 Cormcostie 132 kran~rrn ~"~lna~hurn8 50 53 IM 75 76 79.80.96 Cdns UU Armltagc, Jolul 36, Pi 103.lM.lOS 113 Cumbndgc I I. EOI. 102,104.105 Annrrege, Enoch 36 B~rmlnghdrnGurld ul Hadlrratt 79.94. IIU Cmrerbury 13 Armstrong, Rcv R A 98 B~shopss~le.London 67 C?pellfan Panteg 11'. 118 .4r1 h'ouvcau 86. Blackburnc, Wlll~arn jtl, 5Y Cape1 y Btyn. Cu nnewvdd 120 Artrand Craltr Moremm 31.7" E6, 94, 1OIJ Blotk/rrrln London 13.67 Capely Cwm. Llanybylher 1211 Ashford gn Rlucklcy. Munch~~~er 98 CelKly Clots, Llanwnen IfS. 116,121 Ashiord In lheUelef Rluckpuol 75 81 % Caprmmlcr stained glur 93 Ashtoo family 1 1 Bhcn~i>mch F: I 123 Cardale. Paul 30 Ashton. Luke 15 Rlak~,RLV Marh~nlR~rh~nrlnrl 29 CerJlfi 118 Ashton, Thornas 84 Htak~lrm~ly 29. 4 1 Carlisle M Ashlan-twMd sec Pork he Hlakr, Rtv Wlll~sn~ L9 Camranhen 115.II8 Ashion-&er-Lync 9.6 Hlazchy, Hcv Wllllalu Y I Carptnttr, Rcu Bcniamln 63 Ashwfck 66 Hlvwhum und M~lsun 414 Carpcntcr, Rev Lant S&, 61 hhmmh, John HlunJcll, Llun~lAllr?~u OC Lh Carpenter, May 58.59.74 Asplnall. Rcv Iohn 42 Bdton 1 l 12 70 81. 102. 104.105 Carpenter, Rev Ph~lipPmall 42 Asplnwall, Edward 15 Hultun un murnc % Cam. lnhn 5464 Aspland, Robert 41,51, 68.70 ~rwrlc 97 Camcklergus 128.136 Aspland Rcr Rokrr Brock ?2,82 Burni~hLudun 67 Canln~ton,Earl of 120 AS~~CY '8 n~clrrun 9.52. 50, 56 Casrel Hwel 115.112 Astor. tady Nancy li HuumemouLh 75.81. 83 Cefn Codned.erhyr Tvdt:' 119 Arherstone d4 Hc~ucn.Rru Ju~~ph 32 Cellan 119 Arhenon 12 13. S% U.24 24 27. Id8 Hudtn, Mwrrdhjrnl Frnlrr 92 Ccnrury Culld 79 Atk~ns,.kthur 32 Htrwrnm~ndCrr,wthrr '3. IN, Chelmsford Gateskmd M.82 Cnunlrn 132,133 96 Henry. Rev Matthew 45,105 Kenyon,Robcn 82 Cheltenham Garwhcad Stained Cla-s Company 89 Hcmy, Rw. Phrl~p Uhesrer 105 7 Culfleq, BrMmd adHonon 92 Eachus. S H. 30 45 Key- Rev Wllllam 126 Garlord. El~sabeth 32 Herford. Rcv. Brookc 87,91 Krddm~nstsr 22.28. SO, 11.58 Cullompfon 82 Easton, sta~ntdglassby 40 30 SE. 53. 54 61. 78 UAe~red~eld Gay. Ellzabcth ad. a6 Cwmhh.Aberdora 123 '~ccla~olog~st,The' 75 44 Hcwlcy, Lordand Lady U, 71 K~lburn 97 Clnchesler Gee Cross. Hyde 116 CwmColhi 115,123 Edrnburgh 126-125. 126 11.72.7.?, 75 1aa M- % hlhnchy 131. 13U-135 Children of Rcbccca Gclhanm W Cwmaycbhr, m Cupcl-pcwm Edward VI 18 I!' fW121 Hcywd odcu Ollwr 25,36 Kllmomoek 126 Choppingmm General Assembly of Urnranan and Erec Hcywood. Rokrt 81 HI- sLpm 3 Cwmwrdu 123 Elm, Mslrhaand Wrllrarn 94 66 67 Chorley Chrlsnan Church- 89 Cwnhnewydd. sea Cap1 y Bryn Elrot, Gcorgt 32 101. 129 Hickes, Lmtla, CounrerralDontgsl 128 Krngsford. Rcv Sammn 15 Chrllon cum Hardy Central Aaptrsrr 9, l?, 18,25,26.32,49, Hlggs, Dan~clolRhmrh n2 Rngsd Chuwknt Suc Athnton Elland 36 l0 52.53.62, I02 5; 2, SB,59,60 €6.70 115,116, 122 H~sh~ots.London 67 97 ~rrkoldy 126 Chnstmn Brcthrcn 9,7, 51.64 7451. Eltlcott of tondon, clockmaker 106 Geneva 89.92, V8 Denn, Cldord H IQ6 Erncmn. blph Weldo 9 18 Hxson of Dobblc, bnckmakn 104 XrrkrfradAbbey 13.65 70 Daplyn. Rev Edgar in7 Essex Church, London. oee Kens~ngfon Gtlhmg. I M 61 Hlnckley J7 r"O.21.25.31-32-50 Kursoa and Pmmm 1M Chlstian Rclormer. The Clbcon, John 125 Daplyn. Rcv foy cc 107 Essex Wall, London 103 75,93 Hlndley 13 32 Knutsford m.m, ~3.~5.29.34.36 chr~srlc.Wrlliam Cllbcn. Walter 16 Darb~shirc,Charles 81 Evans, Rw David 115,120 91 H~tchcns.lvm 107 Church and Krng Riots G~ll.Rev Jeremrah 110,113 Hd~klnsen,Rcv jonsrhn 32 9. 12, 16. 18, 19.5 l, Dare. George 32 EVWS,RCV ~wrgcErc 45.68, I l8 Church ofEn~land GI~M 1.26 Ho!dcn, Rev hurencc 52.53, :2-4, 114 Darlrrrglon W E~ans,Rcu. Joscvhend Susnnnah 40. 42 lamptar 121 C~sbumc,Rev John 68 Holiday, Henry Crhou Aeron. lnmpster 119 Dowen % Evans, O%en 119 4O.f8,07,91 h~cesrer IM Crrungs. Edrth 35 Holt. M , organmakm C~rencesrer 17.44 Danvm, Charlt~ 37,do Evans. Thornas (TornosClyn Cothi] 89 hme 134.135 26 Dnukes, Rev fhomes 42 115, ll6, 11s Gladrtonc, R E 71 Holrmd 130 Lassell, W~lllam Clare, Pet- C~O~OW 125, 28.68 Davrcs. RN D Jawb 118 Eveshmn 17.30 54, 126-127 Uoncyurwd family 87 Lnwt~.Rw IOSC~~ 3115 Clarkc, Cnmelius Clasgow Unlr erslty 125 Homfon 33 Davts,David IDaf~sCas~clHywelJ115, 1X-l21 Evershcd. Wrlliem 19, 56, MI 44 Lavtrs staincdglss 8' Clarke, joseph Glenurn 134 Hnpe S7rcei. LvepI -4. 75 Leape ol Nar ron~ 66 Dawsn. Gmxc B0 Exttn 49, GO 100 Clarkc, Richad Hall Glosmp 4p D& ad, sv 96 Hnpc-Pmker, H R 87 Leewood 17 Clarkc, Ssmucl Clovcester 44 Homscy. Wlllgarn Classical Rcv~rel 10,53.54 -Row, Milm$Iow 211.22.23.25.29.34 Q1 Lcc, kwrcncc 106 36 I02 Falmouih 66 Gdalmrng 20. 53 60 Horrox. Jcrcm~ah 15 hds 44. 70.73.75. 78.78.85,97 Clay d Audcnrhaw 93 32.50.56 91 Declmilon of lndulgencc 17 Famr and Tumcr 10: Golderscreen. London 11.101.102n 2.0' Horsham 25 kicesier 211.22.25.3&35. 97.103 Flsyton. Rcv Luke Goodwm. Rcv hchard 8t Honv~ch Cleofer MIN 9.6 Woe, Denltl 33,35,98 Fawctti, Rtv. Samuel 56 84 k~ctstcr,W11Iiam 36 35 Della Robbla Pottcrv 79 FuzeIcyStrscr Mlssron. B~rmrngham W Cordon. Rw Alexadcr 88 Hosmetiamily 68 Lt~den 18 Clcphan hmlly Corlngimil) 67 Denron Bz Fcl~nlnch,sec Fhydygr~n 15 Houghton. Rev John 49 Le~gh 85 Clerkenrr ell. tomdon Gorron Menchester 11, 75 -4 78.88.89 Huddersf~eld B2 Dcrby 44.46, 154 Flcld, Edw~n\Vrlkins MP 55,'l 97 Lclsh, Hemy dMmhe 89 Ch(ton. Rnstol Gothrc Rrv~val 10. 11.53-55,7S79 Hugllcs, llcu Ceorgt 25 dc SOISSON.huis 110 F~eld.The Mlsscs 10' 110 hwes 15.44.45, $2.102 Clocks Great Hough ran 13.4.1 Hull CIonmel 136 Denre$ $0 Ftctd, Rev W~ll~arn 65, P' 52. lewrahm 97 Greer Huckluw 53 6(1 Hulme. Renshaw Strecr. M&csfer g& hponslme CJouxh 131.132 Devonpon 52, 56 Flclds 01 London P3 11'1 96 F~cldcnlamlly l l, 92 Greor Yannoulh 103, :U6 Hunslsr. Led8 97 Llkalr Clydarh Vale 123 Decrbun Greenwood Jamta 17 Hunter, Rev Joscph 40.W hmehwst 71,10097 Cwlu~Ne 26 D~~lcyPlace Mlssfon. hdon 67, 77 F~lby IN P7 Crccnweod. Ioseph 92 Hu~siSireet M~ssmnn.Brrrnraghm 94 bEoln Cwp. Hcnv fib Drsneq Iemlly 35.65 Anchley 34 Q153 % 54-66 Fl~dpm U4 Creg, Samuel 50, M ~yde,set Cee Cross and Fl3w-y Flcld Lmdsey, Rev Theophilus 9.51.52.66,19.35 108 54 Colchenrcr iam~ly de. 40 ~15sentliqAcademics 9. 19.34,39.42,44, FIL~CI,RCV Jamt5 39-40 Crcves 62 H: builder 56 Llstcr, lsaac Solly 87 Colcrrdgc, Samuel Tay101 Grcw, J A 80 Cnll~n~cs,Rev John €2 49,60,70 Frsher. Jammof York 4." Ltrle PonldSrrcer. Lodm 54 47 87 g8 [hstrict Associations 74 FJegg 54. 164 GrcwMev 134 Ltverpool 15,54. 72. 74. 75. '9, B5 Collylrurst. Manchesrtr Crrmshaw, Mary h 98 DrrcN~ng 8. 19.30 Flaxman, lohn 87.06 BY Idle 78.97 Lvcrpool lnllmmy 15 Colman. S Crundy. Jams 80 IIford Colne 1 13 Dob Lane. Fa~lswonh 110 Fleet 84 97 Umdysul 115, l21 Jd Dobell, S~dncy 51 Flucktm andGlbbs 40, P1 Guev and Chr~mcs 91 Ilkes~on 97 LLanwncn, scc Capel 7 Cmrs Colyron Gu~ldbd 132 Dok11. Reniamin 66 Flower. Rcv tcmgc M 96 llmrnsler 21 32-33 49.50 Uoyd, Rev Chmlta 45,121,122 Camber Cullrford and Lympsfone Communion 9,14 Dobn, lohn 110 Flow erv held. Hyde 11. 75.78. BU M Indcplndrnts 0, 16, 17, SO, l l4 Llovd Ban 113 Inkpen, clockmaker Congleron 96 Dohson, Ehza 15 Folcy, Ph~lrp M ~lo;d'~~ighr,Frank 115.122 Fordham family 68 lolo Morganwg Congrcgationalirts 10,17,.1[1, R' Debson. Rev loshua 25.26 Hackney, Londm Llw)nrhydowen 114. 116. 122-122 Ihbsor. Foresf Gale. London P7 Ipswich 9,10, 20.21, Lockc, John Cwke. Hw.Hcnry 1?9 Dx Msithcw 15 Hadfitld, Ccorgc 48 51, 90.92, 112 Doddridge. Rer Phillp 17.31 Fmml~ngham 8. 17. 18.30 Islington hdrm Ifm individual Cwke. lnseph Hale Barn S chaptls, sec namc of Frankland, R~chard 19.34 Ivory, rhomas Cork 132 Docl, \V. P4 Halcy, Thomas suhh) by, -5, a', 106.107 hank!~n,Bcnlarnin 42.52 Long larnily Corkran, Charlcs 8' Dnmesuc Streer Mission Leeds 91 Halrday. Rcv Semutl M 81-82 DOflwWr 82.83 Frw-Think~ngChrrstiam 30. 51. M, 67 Longsighl. M~chester 98 Coseley Hal~/w lackson, john 80 Dorchesrer 40 Frmch Revolutren, Thr 52. 116 Lona Sutrm 4d Coswns, J A Halliday, F. L lam- Rev John 29 Dollgloa. IOM P6 F~enchoy 10.25 30 Longton 98 Cotrctl, Thomas Hallrday. Rev Thonlas Icnktns. John, rhcJ~kc~ Connexlm 50 Do~d 9.52.54 5PW Frrars.Thc 111, 13,QZ Lou~hhbomugh 19 A7 Countess of Wuntmngdon's Hm~llonRmd M~s:zon, Jcrvl%.Rcr John 06 DowJm's 123 Fnpp, Rcv E. I lj3 Lupton. Henry 96 Courrauld, Samuel Hompslcud. London lohnwn. John 102, IIW.: Down. E A 103, 110 Frrrll, John 39,?1 Lye 50,54,8R Covenfry Hmlw lohnsun. Tllonrec F~clding Coventry. 113 Uo\s npelnck 133 Fulwood She(!~eld IV, 23, 25.38. 10.2 Lvdnote. Hridderslield 36,49.53 Harold Elanslurd. ] lullrc. Rcv Tlnlnthy 111 Dowson. Rev Hmry Enl~cld 84 Furkcr. Mr bZ Lyn and hyen 133 Cowling. Ra\ Hanwn. fwph luncs. lcnkrn Llo)d 01 Ch~cil~ 80 Drmku arcr. Rlchard 44 Fyshc-Palmn, Thomas 52. 125, lib Lylhm St. hp's I1 101.102.lM109 Cuwl~ng,Rlchard Hl,!~~ron Ion*%.I~mkln M Dmmore 133 Cu~cns,Rukrt H~rnlm.N B Iuncs. Rcr Iirhn IOU Dnan. Alfrcd B5 . . Crabrrvr.. Rcv Hcrhr~ Harrrs, Currrgf 114 125 lunck. Hvnshl Puttcr lj.1l,j4,7'1.86.87. MtAlrnrer. Rcv. C Crodley 50, 59. PS Dublrn 127.133 Cainsbomugh 113 134 Hanrsun. Wwad 35 11~1,1112.11U.lUH,113 Mmcles/reld 17.19.2223,29,M36.V8 51.52.64 DudlcY 9.30 Calcay, Tohn L2 Crunbrook Harrtrr~n.DT Thunwr 130 JUICL, Rcv S,l>n~rI 115, llX Machnald. Iamcs Ramsay 91 66 Gardner, Jamcs and !A l111em 55 cmlr1on 20.32. 4d. c7 Duffreld Hrrwcid fdmily Duk~niield 72.73. 75. 82-g3 Garlrck, Edu ard 42 R1 McEHD~.Ell~ott 31 Cresrtck. Amiamii~ 19 Huslangdcn 51 96 Duk~nllcld,S~rkohnt 82 Garsron L~vemE 97 McLachlan, John 'm clev e Cluxusl~n~s 68. 75. 78. 83-84 Kcarca. Albrrt km 22.29 Dundec 52. 125 Caskcll lamrly 38,42 91 Mrud.[one 37.50 clew Haw, Rcr Cn~r~r 42 Kcll, Rev Eduzd 111 Mdrm Cn byn 120 Dunkerlty. F B 3 l Carkell, Uanlel MP h4 ad Hnrllrt, RI.". \I r1113n1 37,45 Kcndal 9.34 Croft 66.7 1 Dunmurry 130, 134 Gaskcll, Mrs. Elizabeth 30,108 Mancllc~tcrilor 1ndlvJu8l chapcls, $cc name Hazlitr, Wrlllfin\ 411. 15 Kenrlcorlh V7 of suburlrl Cmnlpron Abraharn L9 Chrrant. Rcv Willlam 25, 110 Gsrkcll, Holbrwk 12 67. 75.88-89, Yq Hcurlcom 52.h Kcnrrck, Willram 79 Menchcs~erAthcnamm 55 152 153 Mrmchater Colfege. Oxlord 78-90 Newch~uch 51. W Poste1 Mission 80 Mmchtrter. Cm$Smr U9,55, ¶m.108.1 fO Newhall HlI1. Birmmgham 96 Pounds, John 11@111 Sadln. Dr l'hnrnes and Mary g7 Surron-in Ashf~eld 49 Wom'ngron 13.17.62.42 19 Manchmter htuay B. Phdmoptucal Soclcty 110 Newingron Green London 35.49,54 Powcll, Kcnneth 101 Sofbn Wd&n 53.68 Sw~ndon 98 Wm~ck 53 65 C5 Manchcser New Collqe 26,42,43, 11, l l0 ~ewL&r, Thc 125, 129 h?sbytc~1ans9.10, 12, 16, IS, W. 71, 114, 128 S: Albans 45 Smnton 98 Warwrck, Pad Mmchcsra Socmran Controversy 71 Newpon.IOW 50.5242 Prsscot 38.68 Sr CIMIS 123 5% rft. Dean 25 Waths. Rrv Marrhm 38 Mdrcld, SuPhllipand lndy 90 Newry 131.136 Pretton 20. a5 Sr Fogan$, Cnrdrff 118 Sylvcsrcr. Rev Matthm 101 Warts. 1-ac 35 Mensl~dd 9.37 NewronAbbot 98 Pr~cc,Rev Dr Rmchard 35, U, 49,116 St Helens 103 I12 Woverley Rd.Brrminghm 80 Marar, Jean Pm1 $2 Newtomaids 136 PncstIey, Rcv.)o%cph Sale 85.98 Wcbb, Nathm~tl 41 Marshfield 53. MI Newronc, Rev Sam~tl 38 8,44,45,49, 52,71, 80.85, 104. 125 Salcm Mt~drym,Asscmbly ol 118. 122 Tdgmeg 122 Wcbbcl. N H 111 Martm. Bcnjam~n 52,59 Kw1, Edlth lane 87 PrinccRcgmt, Thc 58 Salford, see Pendletorr Tallcnts. Rev Franc= 40 Wedgwd. Josbah 37 Martinenu, Rev Jams 9, 11,55,62, 71, 75, Non-Subscnb~nghtsbyttrhChurch 128.133 Rl~chrtt,I. P. 92 Sampson. G 108 Tamwoh a1 Wedgwood, Sulennah 37 79,86,87,9', 106,112 h'orman. Alfred 66 hoben, &V. Wllllsm 42 Snxon Srnn h errd panncrs l56 fapl~n.Rev lames 62 Wccks, Rtv. John 58 108 Mathn, Rev Rlchaid 15 Non~s,John 87 Pudsdy 70,90.91 S#rhm& 91 Tmanr. Dmthy Wcllbelmnd. Rcv Chnrlcs 43 Matthms, dockmakcr 58 North Shdds 68 Puuin A W. 53,72 Scarlsbnck Hall 68 Tstc. $3~Henry ll,29. 86.90 Wtllbclwed, Rw CharlesU 92 Mewice. Rcv. Mrchacl 31 NolonhamplOrI W Pullar. John 126 Smtlad, Churchol 18, 124 Tatc, Rev Wlll~am 29 Wtlls. Rcv Ccorgc Hmry 89 115.1M. 121 Maw and Co ofBroseley 61 Nonheed Domestic MibdIm. Uvtv1 97 PW~tms 12, 18, 24 Smtr. Rev lamer 50,59,88 Tattmdl, bchard 72,82,98 Wclsh Academ~cs May, Ccargc 30 Nonhram 52,53.. 62 Pursa, Suah 133 5cotr. Rev LPwrtnce 81 Teunton 21.2S.41.52.58 Wem 45 Mayer and CO 87 Nonon, Sheffdd 68 Fumes. Rev lames 126 Seotr~shUn~tanan Asscuatlen 125 Tavemcr, Captsm Samd 44,59 Werley, John 54,62 63#136 Mcrccr, Enc 21 NOYWK.~ 10,13.22.8&49.50,54.&2,2.14U PU~~LY Ia3.fIlll hddon, Rw John 43 Tovrstock 13"89 West Bmmmch 98 Menhyr TydHf 117.119,123 Notmge 122,123 Stddon, RCV ~okt 81 Taylm, Rev J ! 55,74 West Klrby 11, 101-1a3.IW. 113 Method~sm 50,51.54. M,70 Notunnhmn 75, 76. g8 Selby 98 Taylcr, Kenncrb 91. 103, 106, 108 Westlekt. rremdglw 87 Merhdlrr Un~tarians 9,51, 74 W,92, 112 Nye. Davmd Evtlyn and Pmncm 103,106 Qwrcmion,lhe 74 Sharpe, Samucl 35 Taylor, Rev. John 54, 62, 65 Wharnccl~fftFlrcclay Co 91 Mexhrough E9 Shaw, KathIcm 87 Templepofnck 136 Whltby 43 W Shawc, Rcv lohn 91 Tenrerdefl 42 Wh~rchwJr 45 Mlddlesbomugh 536137 Mill H111Chepei. aee Leeds Oarcr, Inhy 39 Aademon Sheff~cld 12 20,91.40,50,68, 72. 91, 98 Thorn, Rcv JohnHamrlton 74 Whttt, SumdThom*5 62 54.66 Raloo 136 90 M~drllelon 98 a=- ChordJfiwp~ Shelbume, Earl ol 49 Thmnes, Rev Roben 121 Wh~tehcad.Ell l l0 Rammohun, by 59 M~ddletan, 107 men, W I Shell 78. 92 Thomas, Dylan 115 Whi~ehurrt,John 56 M~lesPletvng Menchuter 98 OIdbury V. 68 Ratcldlc. Tmcc 104 Shepherd. Rev WmUlam 31 Thomas, ThamasEmlyn 116 Whrttako, Cmrgc mdR~chud 110 I10 79,86 M111 Slreet MISSIM.Wveipd 97 Oldham Rathbonc family, Shepian Mollet 45,47 Thomar, Willtarn ICwylyrn MarlmJ Whrtrle. Rcv lames 31 M~llnr.Rev W~ll~arn 126 Oldhem Lees 98 Bathbone, Harold 79,W Shorc lam~ly &9 115.116, 121 WrbseyFold,8mdfod 22 84 1104 91 Rarllhnsc. Rshard Shorsdrrch Lonhn 67 Thompon, bmucl 30,51 WlEk 122 123 Milnc, Rcv Jemes 42 O'Ncill. D 123 Mdnes family 65 Onnenlawr Rathmcl 19,M Shr~w.bury 40 Thompsoe, Wlllmum 105 W~cken 69 68 Rovofo 136 S~dmouth 8041 Thome 69 Wlchtehd, Rcv Chdcs 13,74 M~rsmms 74.97. 100 omshrk Row I1.5Lla3. IlO.IJ1 Mo~m 130 Orton, Rw lob A0 rensrdl Smkhr 80 T~ll~coultry 126 Wlglull, R 91 115 Read, Thomas 64 11.51. 75. 76. 78 92 90 bloua, 86 Skelrm, Matthew 43 Todinorden 3 Wmlkmson.Andrew Gtrald Owcn,lmts 98 Nnlyncux. Vrswunr 15 oxbd 90. g8 Rwdlng Slc~~h,Bcmard 79,W Tong. Rcv Wllliam 34 Wrlllam m 17,121 72 Money~ed 136137 Oxford Movement Redtcm, Robm Stuert 82 Srnardm 68 Topshem 05 Wllllams. Edwd set 1doMwganwg Monrnoutb Rckllim 26,41 Recsfamrly 116, 121 Srn~rh,E Wilkcs 91 Torqwy 94 95 W~lliams.Rev Francrs Huyds AI Rcer. Wavrd Irnklns 115, 120 Moncope Street M~mon.Bri~tstef 96 Smlth, Francls Smalman 88 Tomes 45 Wrll~amsm,Hcmy 125,126 Ur Pdih 51. W Rcforrnar~on,Thc 9,lB Smith, Rw Gmrge Vsncc 104 Toulmrn fam11y 4 1 Wrlloughby, lord 38 Montgomrry, Rcv Herq 129,134 43 ~cmthlyReposlto~,Tht :o Paget family 35 Repart. R Smrlh, RCY huthwood 126 Toxieth. Lvemol 32-18 W~lsonad Hammond 8' 12.2 Monton 11. 25, 75. 76. 78.89 Palne. Tom 15.52 Red. Mn MW 35 Smrth. Wlllmm 94 frehos W~lson,John Andrew 42 126 RenshawStrtet. MM~~~sI~I 74 122 Wlnches~er.Rev Elhmen 5558.67 MO~~IOSP 125. 126 Parsley Snerzla organs 68, @d.126, 136 Treorchy 115. 120.121 Socltty 01 Frlcnds 10, 16,104 Trowbndge 75.94 95 W~ntcrhtromlarn~ly 113 ~Mortll.Dr. 58 Palmcr, uchircct h6 Rhydygw~n 123 Moreronhampsteud 62 Pundron B&, Newcas!le upon me 68 R~Y~W Sahnm 66 Tuckerman. Dr Iostph 74 Wrsbcch 45 Morpl, Rev. Thomas 121 Pmlyde/~rd 115. 117.1~2~123Rhyl Sfme! M~s~on.Landon 97 SouJwnpron 103. 112 Tysonof Bolron, burlden 104 Wolverhampton 71, 94 Morkan, Branch and Roberts 108: PedseStrcz!. LrnI 74. 79 R~chfamily 44 Southend on.Sm 112 Wood. Ldgar 36.98 hiofpelh au Park, RN Samuel 38 Richaidsun, Pichard 34 SoufhPIUCC. Ansbu~y. London 52 Wood. Rev Jarncs 13,26 M~~~~ &co31,37,78,79,85,86,8'. B, 113 Park he,Ashrm~mMeksrfield 38.68 91.1W Southgen 92.93 UIIer Rd.Lverpwl 11. 75, 78 79.85.86. Wood Green London 98 Monrs. William R7 Parkcr. Rev. Thcedorc 9 Hlnpuy. sec Helc Barns South Sh~clds 98 VS. 102 Woadbndw Quay 30 24,45 Snwcrby, J C 89 Ulsrcr, Plantationof 128 Wo~dhdSW b5 Moselcy Swef,Manchester. Pamtll, Charlcs 136 Rm~wod 68 su UpperBmk Slmt Paull. H. 1 118 RlpIci Spoonc, R~chnrd 3p Un~tarianbcl~eis 9, 71,1M). 125 Woodhousc. Gmgc 81 MOSS-ude.Manches!er 98 Paynt and fslbot 61 Rlvrngton 13.24.35-39, l44 Sw!ford 45 Univcrssllrrs 9.50,51. $8.125 Wonlcomhe. Rev Robat 61 66,7 1 Massley 70, 7a. 89 Pcacock, Richard 11,88 Rlsle~ Sfamfofi 6P Unwm, Samuel 69 Worth~n~ton,Rcu Hugh 35 Mostyn, Ambrwc 122 Pemsll. Nmcholas 61 Rochdplc 51,52,112 Sfdvbo&e 92 95 Upper BmkStreei. Manchcstr~53 55 67 69 Wonhin~~on.Pcrct 31. W.76.86,90, 102 2s Rogcrs, Samuel 35 Morlrum-~n-Longendale 70.90 Pwsonsol Chesrerfield S~amiordSrreet, London 5s Urnaton 9a Wmth~n~~on,Thornas 44.78, 80,84. 97 52.68 Mounlnin Ash 123 P&m. hndan Rolvenden S& 11.50. 303. 112 E13 Ut~l~rar~an~srn 22 Rb, 87.88.89.90.96, 112 BelJml 133 I 1, 112, 144 Roman Catholics 15, 16. 17,22,53, hand Pansh Church $5 Wraue, metslwork 87 Vouttpruqer. PcndEe~on 66,70,72 \4ounZsorYel 68 87 P~nn,HcIW 112 Srannrngton 13 38.39.53 91 149 Wrcn. Sir Chr~stophtr 102 ~~ull~olland,Awr 130,132, 134 Pemrd 123 hkslcy, W~lliarn 36 Srawcll, Lord 26 Vrctorla. Quccn 41 Wrlghl. H E 92 11 2 Row" larnlly 86 riummny, I C 98 Pcnnrqton. Emma and Henry Sfenhounmwr 126 Vldlcr, Rev Wmlllam 52,5V, 42 116 Wrwht, Rcv kchard 52. W. 70.911. lurch, Rcu [mm 29,66,94 Pcmt, Thornas 1 15 Roslrng. Rev Ioseph Prcstrv~ch 92 Sr~pney.Sondon 98 von Pctmld. Reu Certndc 97 91,116, 126 .Pnn h 124 Rossclloty family I1 Srcrcns, W~tllam 58 Wynne, Ir~shBulldcr 54 Peter dt h Pimc 1s Rorhethm Stockpor! W Wvhenshawe. Menchester 113 duntwdr 85.87 Pevsner. Prolcssor Sir Nlklau Rothcram, RN Caltb Stockron-m-Ters 6. g2 Wadsworth. Edward 40 darbdmtigh Rd.hcesler 97 10,40,67. 73,75,83,90, 101 RW~CLL.Wdllm Stoney M~ddleron 69 Wukelreld B8 SO S1 .M :&am Morkel 49 Plott. Mandaesfer 31.67 Royal Manchester lnstitutron Srourbndse 1&$6 #.m Walker, Captaln Samuel 8j YeOv~l 113 :elson W,98 Plymu& 101. 103. 03.10 ROY~Sal~plnfLrm~ Sfrangewoys. Manches~rf 47 Wullusey 79.9445 York 43 Jcttlcfmd famamlly 104 Pol~fomrly 84 Roysron Sfnrfiord London 87 Wdmsley 13 25.4 Young, Alcxmdrr 94 ;E wark 98 Ponlypndd 123 Rushall Slruud 98 Wulsdl 6P Young of Stalyhldgc 91 Jewbuty 20. a5 Poole p8 Russcll, Counrms Strurt. Jcdediah 50, 56 Wallhmsrow 67.98 Ymng, J S A 111 lew~ostle-under-byme 8.9. 17.37 70 Porter, Rev Joscph 30 Ruthcrbrd, Iohn Sr yet M. 51.53 # Wareham 54.69 Yr Ynlolynnydd 11% 119 lewwsUe upon Twe Pen Glasgow 126 RylCti, RCV.hfOld Sunday Schools 11,50,74, W, 91,Y4 Warcrngand Rarhbunc 94 11.68.98.1W. l&', 110.111 Po'onsmouJ 52, 1W.E51 Sunderld 69 Wurm~nsler 18.45 Swansea 115, 122 Worrenrnrnl 136.137 154 155 Photographic credits

Hallrm Ashley: p. 63. Peter Leech: p. 23 (topJ. john McLachlan: pp. 1R (top left), 39 (topJ. 42 (bottom), 47 (top right), S? (bottom), 11 1 (top right), 114, 117 [top), 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137. Keith Parkinson: pp. 40 (bottom), 69 [topj, 72, 73 (top), 97 (top). Nancy Richards: p. 57 (top!. John Robtrts: pp. 12, 86 (top left). Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments ofbgland: Front endpaper (bottom right), pp. 13 (topj, 15, 20, 21 [bottom), 23, 24, 27 (middle left), 28 (top), 30 ([eft), 32 (Pelt), 39 (bottom!, 43,45, 46 [bottomj, 47, 48, 52 (bottom), 53 [top left), 54 (top), 55 (top), (15, 67 (left), 76 (top left and bottom right), 95 (top right and middle right), 99 (right], 101 (top], back endpaper [top raw). Fted Ryde: p. 29 (right!. Sheffield City Planning Department: p. 78 [top).

All other photographs are by Graham and Judy Hague.