Princes Street, Ipswich

Desk-Based Assessment

SCCAS Report No. 2014/108 Client: C.A. Cornish & Associates Ltd Author: M. Sommers September 2014 © Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service

Desk-Based Assessment SCCAS Report No. 2014/108 Author: M. Sommers Editor: Dr R. Gardner Report Date: September 2014

HER Information

Site Name: Princes Street, Ipswich

Report Number 2014/108

Planning Application No: pre-determination

Grid Reference: TM 1585 4434

Oasis Reference: n/a

Curatorial Officer: Dr A. Antrobus

Project Officer: M. Sommers

Client/Funding Body: C.A. Cornish & Associates Ltd

Client Reference: n/a

Disclaimer

Any opinions expressed in this report about the need for further archaeological work are those of the Field Projects Team alone. Ultimately the need for further work will be determined by the Local Planning Authority and its Archaeological Advisors when a p lanning application is registered. Suffolk County Council’s archaeological contracting services cannot accept responsibility for inconvenience caused to the clients should the Planning Authority take a different view to that expressed in the report.

Prepared By: M. Sommers Date: 5th September 2014 Approved By: Dr R. Gardner Position: Contracts Manager Date: 5th September 2014 Signed:

Contents

Summary List of Abbreviations used in the text 4

1. Introduction 5 1.1 Project background 5 1.2 Site description 5 1.3 Topography and geology of the PDA 7 1.4 Scope of this report 8 1.5 Aims 8 1.6 Methods 9 1.7 Legislative frameworks 9

2. Results 11 2.1 Suffolk HER search 11 2.2 Scheduled Monuments 23 2.3 Listed Buildings 24

3. Site visit 40

4. History of the PDA 45

5. Assessment of impacts and effects 52 5.1 The archaeological potential of the PDA 52 5.2 Potential for preserved archaeological remains within the PDA 55 5.3 Assessment of the impact of the development on the archaeological resource 55

6. Mitigation measures 56

7. Conclusions / Recommendations 58

8. List of contributors and Acknowledgements 59 Disclaimer 59

List of Figures

Figure 1. Location of the PDA 6 Figure 2. Contour plan 7 Figure 3. HER entries (red) within 400m (blue) of the PDA (black) 11 Figure 4. Scheduled Monuments within 400m of the PDA 23 Figure 5. Listed Buildings within 400m of the PDA 24 Figure 6. Site visit 41 Figure 7. Speede’s map of Ipswich, 1610 (location of PDA is very approximate) 45 Figure 8. Ogilby’s map of Ipswich, 1674 46 Figure 9. Pennington’s map of Ipswich, 1778 47 Figure 10. Hodskinson’s map, 1784 48 Figure 11. White’s map, 1867 49 Figure 12. Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 scale map, first edition of 1884 50 Figure 13. Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 scale map, second edition of 1904 50 Figure 14. Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 scale map, third edition of 1927 52 Figure 15. Actual area within the PDA affected by the current proposals 56

List of Plates

Plate 1. General view across the PDA, camera facing north 41 Plate 2. Former building floor slab and wall lines, camera facing north 42 Plate 3. Garages and showrooms on corner of Princes Street and Friars Bridge Road 42 Plate 4. Rear of garages and showrooms 43 Plate 5. View of ramp up to garage roof car park from Princes Street 43 Plate 6. Drum and Monkey Public House, Princes Street frontage 44 Plate 7. Rear of Drum and Monkey public house, camera facing east 44

List of Appendices No appendices

Summary

This archaeological Desk Based Assessment (DBA) has been undertaken to inform the planning process in advance of any developments that may be proposed. This DBA includes an examination of the Suffolk Historic Environment Record (HER) and a historic map and documentary search.

The proposed development area (PDA) lies within an area of former marsh on the edge of the River Orwell, just outside the known Anglo-Saxon and m edieval extent of the town of Ipswich. The presence of evidence relating to the Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, medieval and post-medieval periods has been positively identified from historical records and previous discoveries within the Study Area. In particular, the site of a bridge recorded on post-medieval maps, but possibly with medieval origins, lies close to the eastern boundary of the PDA, which is associated with a trackway that runs across the PDA, later formalised as Friars Bridge Road. This trackway may have originally consisted of a raised earthwork causeway marked by drainage ditches. The site of a probably post-medieval farmstead associated with this trackway also lies within the PDA. Later sites within the PDA consist of a 19th century cattle market, ironworks and a drill hall/ice-rink, all of which were demolished during the 20th century.

Consequently there is a potential for buried evidence dating from the prehistoric period onwards, primarily relating to the exploitation of the former marsh, to be present within the PDA.

It is the County Council Planning Archaeologist who will make any decisions regarding the need for, and the extent of, any further archaeological works and consultation should be sought at the earliest possible opportunity, as archaeological investigations can have considerable time and cost implications. If further development of this site is proposed it is highly likely that some form of archaeological fieldwork would be stipulated.

List of Abbreviations used in the text

BP Before Present DBA Desk Based Assessment HER Historic Environment Record IBC Ipswich Borough Council LDF Local Development Framework LPA Local planning authority NHLE National Heritage List for England NPPF National Planning Policy Framework PAS Portable Antiquities Scheme PDA Proposed Development Area PPG 16 Planning Policy Guidance 16 PPS 5 Planning Policy Statement 5 SM Scheduled Monument SCCAS/FT Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service/Field Team SCCAS/CT Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service/Conservation Team

1. Introduction

1.1 Project background This archaeological Desk-Based Assessment (DBA) has been prepared by Mark Sommers of Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service’s Field Team for C.A.Cornish & Associates Ltd.

This DBA is intended to establish the potential of the Proposed Development Area (PDA) for heritage assets, as recommended by national and local planning policy, by characterising the nature, date and potential for survival of archaeological deposits upon the site and the extent to which such deposits could be impacted upon by the proposed residential development of the site. Advice as to the requirement and nature of further investigation to establish the archaeological potential of the PDA is also provided.

There is a proposal to redevelop part of the site with an office block in the area of the existing structures in the southeast corner of the site. Planning permission is yet to be sought although the developer has been advised by the Suffolk County Council Conservation Team that a DBA would help facilitate the planning process.

1.2 Site description The subject of this DBA comprises an area of approximately 2.3 hectares centred at TM 1585 4434 (see Fig. 1. Location plan). It is situated within the urban area of the Suffolk town of Ipswich, approximately 400m to the southwest of the town centre (The Cornhill). It lies on the edge of the main commercial/retail area of the town in an area that is predominately occupied by office accommodation and associated car parks.

The PDA is an irregular shaped area of land bounded by Princes Street to the south, Portman Road to the west and Great Gipping Street to the North. The eastern boundary is formed by a short section of Friars Bridge Road and the rear boundary of properties that front onto Civic Drive. The greater part of the PDA is open ground surfaced with tarmac that is currently used for car-parking. The only permanent buildings presently on site comprise a g roup of commercial structures that front Princes Street and Friars Bridge Road.

Norfolk

SUFFOLK

Essex

0 25km

6 1.3 Topography and geology of the PDA The PDA is located on a level terrace at c. 3m above sea level. It lies within the flood plain of the River Orwell which flows in a channel c. 350m to the south. The edge of the flood plain lies to the north of the PDA from where the land steadily rises up to a plateau at c. 45m OD some 1km to the north and northeast (see Fig. 2).

The geology of Great Britain is recorded by the British Geological Survey and is published on t heir website (http://www.bgs.ac.uk). It reveals that the underlying superficial geography is typical of a r iver flood plain although there is some variation across the site. The southwestern area consists of river terrace deposits of sand and gravel whilst the remainder of the PDA lie on silty clay alluvium deposits. This is a result of the presence of a watercourse which flows roughly north to south just to the east of the PDA. It branches off the River Gipping (the upper reaches of the Orwell) and skirts around an area of former marsh before draining back into the River Orwell. It was formerly an open channel that fed a watermill but now runs in an underground culvert. To the north and east of the PDA the surface geology is dominated by a high plateau which is formed of impermeable Boulder Till. The underlying bedrock geology consists of sedimentary chalk of the Newhaven Chalk Formation.

7 1.4 Scope of this report In order to set the PDA in its archaeological context a Study Area of a 400m radius from its centre was selected for examination.

In accordance with the NPPF, the Government’s guidance on archaeology and planning, this DBA examines the available archaeological and heritage sources to establish the potential of the PDA for heritage assets and the potential impact of the proposed development on such assets. These include the Suffolk HER, reports of any previous archaeological investigations, all readily available cartographic and documentary sources, and a site walkover.

1.5 Aims The aim of the DBA is to determine as far as reasonably practicable from the existing records, the previous landuse and history of the PDA, the nature of the known archaeological resource or other heritage assets within the Study Area, and the potential archaeological resource of the PDA. In particular the DBA will:

• Collate and assess the existing information regarding archaeological and historical remains within and adjacent to the site.

• Identify any known archaeological sites which are of sufficient potential importance to require an outright constraint on development (i.e. those that will need preservation in situ).

• Assess the potential for unrecorded archaeological sites within the application area.

• Assess the likely impact of past land uses (specifically, areas of quarrying) and the potential quality of preservation of below ground deposits, and where possible to model those deposits.

• Assess the potential for the use of particular investigative techniques in order to aid the formulation of any mitigation strategy.

8 1.6 Methods The methodology involved interrogating the following sources of data to meet the aims of this DBA.

• A search of the Suffolk HER for any records within 400m the Study Area. The results are described in section 2.1. A search was also undertaken to identify any Scheduled Monuments, see section 2.2 for the results.

• A search for Listed Buildings and C onservation Areas that lie within the Study Area and may have a line of sight to the PDA, was carried out on the NHLE and Suffolk HER. A summary is presented in Section 2.3.

• A site visit was made on 2nd September 2014, to determine the presence of any obvious factors likely to impact on the overall assessment of the archaeological potential of the PDA (see Section 3).

• An assessment of all cartographic sources relevant to the PDA to identify historic landuse, the siting of old boundaries and earlier buildings, Section 4.1.

• Searches were made to ascertain whether there are any other constraints on the site (SSSI, etc.).

1.7 Legislative frameworks

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) This framework replaced PPS5 in March 2012 (which had in turn replaced earlier guidances such as PPG 15 and PPG 16) provides guidance for planning authorities, developers and others on planning and the historic environment (Chapter 12, paragraphs 128 & 129 below).

128. In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include

9 heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation.

129. Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.

The County Historic Environment Record (HER) has a total of eighty-six entries for sites within the Study Area.

Listed buildings are protected under the Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act of 1990. This ensures that buildings placed on t he Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest are given statutory protection against unauthorised demolition, alteration and extension. Buildings are listed because they are of special architectural importance, due to their architectural design, decoration and craftsmanship; also because they are of historical interest. This includes buildings that illustrate important aspects of the nation's social, economic, cultural or military history or have a close association with nationally important persons or events. There are three grades of listing:

• Grade I buildings are those of exceptional interest; • Grade II* are particularly important buildings of more than special interest; and • Grade II are of special interest, warranting every effort to preserve them.

There are a total of forty-eight Listed Buildings within the designated study area of the PDA (See Section 2.3 below).

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act of 1979 statutorily protects Scheduled Monuments (SMs) and their settings as nationally important sites. There is one SM located within the 400m search area (See Section 2.3 below).

A Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) is an area that has been notified as being of special interest under the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981, due to its flora, fauna or geological or geomorphological features. There are no designated SSSI areas within the PDA or the 400m search area.

10 2. Results

2.1 Suffolk HER search The HER only represents the archaeological material that has been reported (Fig. 3) and only represents the ‘known’ resource. It is not therefore, a complete reflection of the whole archaeological resource of this area as other sites may remain undiscovered, this is considered as the ‘potential’ resource.

11 There are eighty-six HER entries recorded within 400m of the PDA representing five major historical periods. These entries are summarised by period in Table 1 below. The HER entry locations are marked in Figure 3. Discussion of pertinent entries appears after the table.

HER Site Name Description Ref

Prehistoric IPS 003 Constantine Road. One unretouched Mesolithic blade, 19cm long, one backed blade. "Beneath loamy peaty deposit", collected by Col Underwood. (IAS 9605).

IPS 004 Portman's Walk, Five unretouched Mesolithic blades/flakes, two scrapers, ten others, Recreation Road. including one long backed blade 10cm long, sandstone disc. "Found in ballast gravel". (IAS 9601) Described as `Neolithic implement found AD 1920'.

IPS 073 Princes Street Iron Age weaving comb of red deer antler, found in a peat bed at depth (Fisons Pension of 8 feet during construction work. IAS 9607. Trust)

IPS 148 Constantine Road Palaeolithic mammoth tooth, rhinoceros tooth, found 11 feet down, W of Constantine Road. (IAS 9602)

IPS 149 Constantine Road Palaeolithic mammoth tooth at 11 feet down, under Constantine Road. and Portman Rd (IAS 9603). Three bifacial leaf points, pal implements and flakes.

IPS 150 Electric Power Palaeolithic Solutrean blade, flint knife (IAS 9604). ?Same as solutrean Station; Constantine blade found `beneath gravel', Constantine Road Road

MISC1 Mesolithic quartzite Quartzite pebble mace-head, Mesolithic, circa TM 160 445, with hour pebble mace-head. glass perforation - Hancox Collection (MSF5001).

Roman IPS 033 Burlington Road, 1863.... "a large cinerary urn found at the corner of Burlington Road, Dalton Road and Burlington Road south (now Dalton Road), early in 1863. It contained fragments of bone and ashes. There were others found at the same time, all broken except for one of light earth, ornamented with black dots, and now in the possession of Mr Spalding of Westleton..." . Complete grey ware decorated jar "found with others" on E side of Burlington Road. Pottery lamp found at 9 Burlington Road. Grey ware jar with bead rim and decorated with line and scribble. Grid reference approximate. IAS 7702, 7703, 7705.

IPS 053 Elm Street & 18 Elm Street: Ditch, three C1 pits Belgic/Rom. One sherd butt beaker. Curriers Lane Residual pot. C1/ C2 tile. Also residual worked flint. (IAS 3902) TM 1600 4442, 18 Curriers Lane: coin, Divus Antoninus Pius circa AD 180 (RIC 662), found 1967.

IPS 360 Old Cattle Mart; "Roman urn found in Old Cattle Mart during excavations for Hippodrome Theatre; Hippodrome Theatre, 1905. AO record '51 DG". Given to Ipswich St Nicholas Street Borough Museum (IM 1905.14). Dubious classification. Theatre demolished in 1985. New building replacing it piled, natural at 1.8m - no finds.

12 HER Site Name Description Ref IPS 410 Friars Street, Roman Re-used(?) Rom tile found during monitoring of two engineering test pits.

Saxon IPS 053 Elm Street Two ditches, one grave with two iron knives, late pagan/early MSax. Unarticulated human bone on site, RC date 710+/-90 (HAR 2781). Possible late pagan/early Christian cemetery. Ipswich ware, Badorf type sherds. Defensive ditch W side of LSax town, 6m wide, 2m deep, evidence for a palisade on inside, cut by C11 cellared building. Also pits, slot, post holes, ? fence lines. Iron working evidence, material associated with smelting and smithing, including a small quantity of iron ore, 40 kg of tap slag. Finds included silver coin of Edward the Confessor, bone combs and needles, lava quern, knives, crucible, Thetford and St Neots ware. (IAS 3902)

IPS 146 St Matthews Coin of Aethelred II, 978-1016. (IAS 7706). Churchyard

IPS 167 Westgate Street/High Pottery, Thetford and St Neots ware, found on corner of Westgate Street Street and High Street. (IAS 0102).

IPS 192 Wolsey Theatre, Watching brief recovered Thetford type ware, wattle-marked daub and Civic Drive fragments of lava quern stone from pit.

IPS 193 55/57 Westgate Midden containing Ipswich and Thetford type ware and a sherd of Street; Blackhorse Stamford ware. Also dog skeleton, turkey (sic), and other animal Lane bones. Also human remains, Saxo-Norman, one skull with several sword cuts. Stamford ware described by Hurst and some of the Ipswich and Thetford types by West. Finds recovered from building site by IPSMG (S1). Site described as flint lined well at (see 'Not to be published on web' tab for finder/s and/or findspot/s) containing Thetford ware and other C12 sherds, and human and animal remains.

IPS 195 23 Westgate Street Thetford and Ipswich ware, including lamp, recovered from building site.

IPS 196 6-10 Arcade Street Excavation by SAU, 50m square. Residual Ipswich ware, and LSax pits, possible post holes and building slot (possibly Med).

IPS 205 St Nicholas Church One sherd of Ipswich ware from flower bed along S wall of nave, 16 March 1976.

IPS 232 St Nicholas Church Sax pottery and other material recovered during watching brief from Hall; Churchgate mechanically excavated stanchion holes in circa 2m depth of made House; Cutler Street ground. Numerous pits/wells encountered, most archaeological deposits removed prior to development. Pottery included 300g Ipswich ware, 420g Thetford type ware (includes two half pots). Also one stave built well lining mechanically recovered from a deep hole (circa 4m from modern ground level) - definitely a re-used barrel, date probably M/LSax. Dendrochronology being done by Sheffield University.

IPS 301 10-14 Museum Large trench for sewer dug along West side of street, natural seen at Street 3-3.5m; piled foundations. LSax pottery found.

IPS 306 13-15 Queens Street Building extension, revealed pottery including a restored Ipswich ware pitcher. IPS 308 15 &17 Princes SAU excavation/watching brief revealed Ipswich ware and Thetford Street ware pottery. Natural seen at 3m below street level.

13 HER Site Name Description Ref IPS 335 40-42 Princes Street Evaluation: trial pits and boreholes located Thetford ware pottery.

IPS 340 23 St Nicholas Street OUTLINE RECORD ONLY

IPS 359 OUTLINE RECORD ONLY (=IPS205)

IPS 410 Friars Street, Saxon Med and Late Saxon pottery and features identified in two engineering test holes. 2002: Monitoring of deep excavations for pile caps revealed 2m+ of dark soil containing finds from the MSax to early modern periods. Near to the Friars St frontage one ditch was dated by finds to LSax.

IPS 720 Saxon features at 1990: The site lies on the south-western edge of the Saxon and Franciscan Way / Medieval town and during the latter period it formed part of the Wolsey Street, Greyfriars precinct. The River Gipping, which at this point now runs Greyfriars Precinct, underground, is very close and the low lying nature of the area must Ipswich have made flooding a regular event in the past. Because of this danger the site is in an area that has always been peripheral to the urban development of Ipswich and this characteristic is reflected in all of the phases of activity that can be recognised. Very little evidence was found for domestic occupation of the area in either the Saxon or Medieval periods and the amount of pottery and number of artefacts recovered from the. site was relatively low compared with other Ipswich excavations of a similar size. The first phase of activity on the site is represented by a timber lined well of Middle Saxon date. This timber lining was made from a hollowed out oak tree trunk and is probably of seventh or eighth century date. After this well had gone out of use, a second phase of Middle Saxon activity saw the construction of a north- south boundary line across the centre of the site. In its first phase this boundary line was in the form of a ditch and it is interesting to note that, once established, this land division remained in use until the early Medieval period. Moving slightly eastwards in each phase, a series of four slots for wooden fences were excavated and all four slots are parallel to the original, Middle Saxon ditch. This latter phase of Middle Saxon activity also saw the construction of two more timber lined wells on the site. These were both barrel lined wells and it is possible that all of these wells were used for watering cattle or horses on an area that may well have been riverside pasture at this time. It is also interesting to note that a Middle Saxon pit on the site contained the bottom from a barrel, perhaps even that part knocked out of an old barrel to form a well lining. The remainder of the site produced relatively little evidence for use in the Middle Saxon period with just a few, widely spaced pits being excavated. The first major phase of activity on the site came in the later ninth century when an extensive iron working industry was established in the area. This industry was associated with a cobbled area that may have been just a yard, or could be the remnant of a north-south road. The area of cobbling covered the central, northern part of the site and it lay over the Middle Saxon ditch noted above: However it is possible that the eastern edge of the cobbled area partly respects the line of one, or more, of the north-south fence slots. The evidence for iron working here is on a much larger scale than on any of the other excavations undertaken in Ipswich. The total amount of slag and general industrial waste recovered from later ninth century contexts was 217kg, from Late Saxon contexts over 240Kg and from Early Medieval contexts 148Kg. The industry then declined rapidly and relatively little slag was recovered from later Medieval contexts. The industrial waste was mainly found in and around the cobbled area, the bulk of the material coming from over the cobbles and from pits in the vicinity. This. material awaits specialist examination but it appears to represent smithing, rather than smelting, activity. A few postholes were found around the cobbled area indicating the possibility of a post built

14 HER Site Name Description Ref structure that may have been associated with this industry, however no coherent building plans could be recognised. The single, most important artefact from the site also indicates its industrial nature. This is an antler brooch mould which came from a pit of late ninth or tenth century date. It would have been used for making base metal disc brooches and is a valuable addition to the study of Late Saxon metal working.

MISC2 17-19 Museum Rims of Thetford ware (MSF5021). Street

MISC3 8-10 Princes Street The foundation for a new rear extension produced Ipswich ware and Thetford-type ware pottery as well as medieval sherds. A trench in the existing basement revealed that there was over 3m of build-up over the area with rubbish pits cutting down to below the present ground surface (MSF5024).

MISC6 Queen Street Thetford ware and later material up to C17 (MSF5025).

Medieval IPS 053 Elm Street Town ditch of ?1204 (documentary source), late Med well. Finds included buckle with decorated strap end, roof tile, local coarse, local glazed, imported glazed wares, early Med ware, Andenne ware, floor tile, pin beater, Pingsdorf type sherd. (IAS 3902)

IPS 146 St Matthew's Church, St Matthew's Church. Square W tower, nave with wide N and S aisles Civic Drive and chancel with wide S aisle and narrower N. Chapel and vestry. C19 garrison church, much C19 work.

IPS 167 Westgate Street/High Pottery found on the corner of Westgate Street and High Street. (IAS Street 0102).

IPS 190 Chapel of our Lady Site of our Lady of Grace Chapel, destroyed by Thos Cromwell. of Grace Situated on corner of St Matthews Street and Lady Lane. At time of destruction in 1538, a miracle working statue is reputed to have been taken to London and burnt (S1). (It is now suggested it may be at Nettuno Maritimo, Italy.). 1956: Five skeletons found on NW side of chapel site. 1968: Stone water spout in form of lion's head, probably Ancaster limestone, found during building operations on chapel site. Numerous human bones found at TM 1595 4476 which appear to have been reburied (? in C17-C18).

IPS 191 Westgate Westgate of Ipswich. Excavated by IPSMG in 1967, shown to be constructed of large flints and erratic boulders with ashlar quoins. Stone tooling of plinth probably C13 and identified as coming from Caen, Normandy. Gate rebuilt shortly after 1446 and turned into a gaol until demolished in 1781- 1782. C18 engravings illustrate the building at this time (S1)(R1). Ipswich archaeology office HER number IAS 1603.

IPS 194 16 Museum Street Watching brief by SAU recovered pottery, mainly Thetford ware, one sherd St Neots, and one sherd Early Med from pits during building site clearance. The pits were not totally destroyed.

IPS 195 23 Westgate Street Med sherds, pits. ?C13 rim from pit at depth of 16-19 feet. Recovered from building site.

15 HER Site Name Description Ref IPS 196 6-10 Arcade Street Excavation by SAU, 50m square. Features include pits, hearths, a flint and mortar wall, possible post holes and a building slot (possibly LSax).

IPS 205 St Nicholas Church Probably church of early foundation, in N aisle are C11 carvings. C14 nave and aisles. C14, C15, C17 & C18 additions and alterations. Tower rebuilt in 1888. Recorded in cartulary of St Peters and Pauls Priory (Stoke Bridge, Ipswich) in 1190. Also recorded in documents of 1254 & 1291.

IPS 232 St Nicholas Church Med pottery and other material recovered during watching brief from Hall; Churchgate mechanically excavated stanchion holes in circa 2m depth of made House; Cutler Street ground. Numerous pits/wells encountered, most archaeological deposits removed prior to development. Pottery includes 200g St Neots ware, 720g Med coarseware, 750g LMed wares.

IPS 260 Friers Bridge Site of `Friers Bridge'. Name shown each side of River Gipping on Hodskinson's map but no actual bridge shown - presumably name of earlier structure. Bridge shown on Saxton's 1575, Speede's 1610 and Bowen's 1755 maps.

IPS 264 Greyfriars Precinct Excavations identified a portion of the South-Western part of the Wall precinct wall of the Greyfriars Friary.

IPS 276 Church of St Mary at Church of St Mary at the Elms. Recorded in Domesday book. Norman the Elms, Elm Street S doorway (& possibly door), Tudor red brick W tower.

IPS 279 Church of St Mildred; Site of St Mildred's Church. In existence by 1254 but not in Domesday Corn Hill; Town Hall book. Existed in part until 1812 when demolished (for rebuilding of adjoining Town Hall?).

IPS 301 10-14 Musuem Large trench for sewer along west side of Museum street, natural at 3- Street 3.5 m, located Med coarseware pottery.

IPS 306 13-15 Queens street Building extension revealed two portions of handled ladles, part of pitcher, red-painted (probably of low countries origin - perhaps Badorf or Pingsdorf?). Also base of Hedingham ware jug C13/C14, and C15 bung hole.

IPS 308 15 &17 Princes SAU investigation revealed EMed coarseware pottery. Natural seen at Street 3m below street level.

IPS 309 19 Queen Street Excavation to install a new oil storage tank located pottery etc. 1996: During underpinning, as a part of a refurbishment of a cellar, a short length of medieval mortared-flint walling was found preserved behind the later brickwork. A maximum length of 1.2m only of the wall was exposed and examination of it suggested that it either comprised the outside face of the wall of a cellar, lying directly to the south, or the outside face of a well. An attempt by the builders to establish the thickness of the wall by excavating a small hole through the fabric, had been abandoned after 50cm. The composition of the wall changed with depth, revealing a rendered face down to c.2m below the present ground level. Below this, a 0.3m thick layer of course flints and peg-tile fragments gave way to rough flints in a creamy mortar matrix. The wall was traceable to c.3.1m below the present street level and continued downwards below the depth of the adjacent underpinning trench. Associated with the underpinning of the cellar was a reduction to the floor level. With the cellar already cut to subsoil level, it nevertheless seemed probable that the bases of rubbish pits might still survive. While lowering to a new reduced level had already been carried out by

16 HER Site Name Description Ref the contractor at the eastern end of the cellar, and a quantity of Saxo- Norman Thetford-ware pottery sherds recovered, the area adjacent to the street frontage was still untouched. The bases of four pits were excavated as a result, which produced Late Saxon and Early Medieval pottery assemblages.

IPS 337 Curzon Place In the old Wolsey pharmacy - Fe key found beneath a floor during repairs. Maps suggest the basement of this building to be the remains of a chapel (?).

IPS 361 30 St Nicholas Street C11/C12 pit, 2.5m deep, containing Ipswich, Thetford & St Neots type wares, Early & late Med pottery, observed in 1m square hole dug for office development in August 1978.

IPS 410 Friars Street A few finds of Med pottery and one floor tile with arms of the Clare family found during monitoring of two engineering test pits.

IPS 413 Ipswich Medieval (including Saxon) town, defined as Area of Archaeological Importance in Local Plan (S1). For Med town ditch excavations see IPS 053, 168, 173 & 178. Also Sax (not yet on HER).

IPS 442 St Nicholas Church, A test pit evaluation was carried out in the Churchyard of St Nicholas Cromwell Square, Church (see IPS 205) in February 2004, within the footprint of a Ipswich proposed development leading to the conversion of the Church into a Church Resource and Conference Centre. Five c.1m test pits were excavated which confirmed that heavy truncation to a depth of up to 1.5m by post-medieval buildings had taken place to the east of the Churchyard. The uppermost 0.9m of the churchyard itself largely was occupied by a heavily disturbed c19th cemetery soil in which few grave cuts were observed although it was found to contain potentially numerous (three were identified in test pits 3 and 5) brick built tombs. Solid bonded remains of the southern church wall ceased just 0.66m below the existing ground surface and overlay a sequence of rammed chalk and clay-with-flint foundation layers to at least 0.85m. 2004-5: subsequent evaluation and monitoring of works recorded variety of finds within and outside the church including Late Saxon pit cutting earlier grave, a variety of pottery from E/Mid Saxon to post medieval and a large number of mainly post medieval burials. Apart from the grave markers and the early burial it is possible the Saxon material relates to domestic useage of the site rather than an early church.

IPS 580 Medieval Two human skeletons found 6 feet down, presumably connected to the Inhumations, Greyfriars monastery (also see IPS 264 for excavation). Also clay Cardinal Street, draughts counters found with numerous skeletons during building (within Greyfriars), operations on site at Greyfriars monastery. Ipswich

IPS 720 Medieval features at 1990: The site lies on the south-western edge of the Saxon and Franciscan Way / Medieval town and during the latter period it formed part of the Wolsey Street, Greyfriars precinct. The River Gipping, which at this point now runs Greyfriars Precinct, underground, is very close and the low lying nature of the area must Ipswich have made flooding a regular event in the past. Because of this danger the site is in an area that has always been peripheral to the urban development of Ipswich and this characteristic is reflected in all of the phases of activity that can be recognised. Very little evidence was found for domestic occupation of the area in either the Saxon or Medieval periods and the amount of pottery and number of artefacts recovered from the. site was relatively low compared with other Ipswich excavations of a similar size. The evidence for iron working here is on

17 HER Site Name Description Ref a much larger scale than on any of the other excavations undertaken in Ipswich. The total amount of slag and general industrial waste recovered from later ninth century contexts was 217kg, from Late Saxon contexts over 240Kg and from Early Medieval contexts 148Kg. The industry then declined rapidly and relatively little slag was recovered from later Medieval contexts. The industrial waste was mainly found in and around the cobbled area, the bulk of the material coming from over the cobbles and from pits in the vicinity. This. material awaits specialist examination but it appears to represent smithing, rather than smelting, activity. A few postholes were found around the cobbled area indicating the possibility of a post built structure that may have been associated with this industry, however no coherent building plans could be recognised. The single, most important artefact from the site also indicates its industrial nature. This is an antler brooch mould which came from a pit of late ninth or tenth century date. It would have been used for making base metal disc brooches and is a valuable addition to the study of Late Saxon metal working. As mentioned above, this site was within the area of the Greyfriars precinct in the later medieval period. No Friary buildings were found on the site but two large, rectangular pits dating to this period were located and partially excavated. These two pits would have been wet and possible suggestions for their function has ranged from fish stocking tanks to uses associated with the cloth, linen or leather industry. Another possible semi-industrial feature was made up of a shallow, circular pit with two wood lined channels running opposite each other into small stoke pits. The function of this feature is not at all clear. Finally over the site as a whole 56 human burials were excavated. While some of these may date to the Friary phase, the majority of these burials appear to be Early post-medieval in date.

IPS 726 Greyfriars Friary Franciscan (grey friars) Friary established circa 1290 and disolved (Franciscan), Ipswich 1539-39. Evidence has been found at IPS 264 Precinct wall and cemetery, IPS 720 further inhumations from the cemetery found at IPS 264 and two inhumations at IPS 580. Speeds map of 1610 and Ogilbys map of 1674 both show an eastern entrance to the precinct with five buildings inside it , but at slightly different locations.

MISC3 8-10 Princes Street Med pot found 1978, TM 1618 4453 (8-10 Princes Street). (IAS 2701). The foundation for a new rear extension produced Ipswich ware and Thetford-type ware pottery as well as medieval sherds. A trench in the existing basement revealed that there was over 3m of build-up over the area with rubbish pits cutting down to below the present ground surface (MSF5041).

MISC6 Queen Street Med pot, TM 1621 4447 (Queen Street). (IAS 2801) (MSF5042).

Post-medieval IPS 053 Elm Street Pits, pottery including red glazed earthenware, C17 Frechen stoneware, late C15/early C16 Sugberg stoneware, claypipe fragments including three C17 bowls, glass fragments, local and imported early PMed wares. (IAS 3902) See also Rom, Sax, Med.

IPS 232 St Nicholas Church Pottery and other material (little PMed collected) recovered during Hall; Churchgate watching brief from mechanically excavated stanchion holes in circa House; Cutler Street 2m depth of made ground. Numerous pits/wells encountered. Most archaeological deposits removed prior to development.

IPS 259 Hanford Mill Hanford Mill, named and marked on Hodskinson's map and plan of the town of Ipswich of 1783.

18 HER Site Name Description Ref IPS 273 Portman Road; Mrs Mrs Abbott's Tan Yard marked on maps of 1778 & 1783. Adjoining Abbotts Tan Yard former route of River Gipping and Hanford Mill. (1778)

IPS 286 Ipswich Generating Ipswich Generating Station and adjoining tramshed. Assessed for MPP Station; Constantine 1995. Built 1903 (& subsequently extended) to provide power to Road; Talk Electric electrify the tramways and also electricity for lighting. Designed by Centre Stanley Peach. Building has elaborate frontage one end (matching the tramshed); later extensions left other end with corrugated iron frontage. Refuse destructor derelict shell in 1977, generating station was standing and tramshed used as bus depot. Now converted to the Talk Electric Conference Centre. Evaluated as of regional rather than national importance. Recorded in gazetteer of significant Industrial Archaeological sites extracted from a 1980 booklet entitled 'Industrial Archaeology in and around Norfolk' and revised as 'Suffolk IA Sites in 1980' in Suffolk Industrial Archaeological Society Newsletter (SIAS Newsletter, 115, Nov 2011) where it is described as: Tramway Depot and Power Station, Constantine Road. 8 Track depot built for electric trams in 1903. Now used for buses, but traces of tracks remain.

IPS 309 19 Queens Street Excavation for the purposes of installing a new oil storage tank. 1996: Underpinning of cellar, located wall.

IPS 335 40-42 Princes Street Evaluation: trial pits and boreholes located pottery.

IPS 339 37-39 St Nicholas OUTLINE RECORD ONLY Street

IPS 407 Animal graves, OUTLINE RECORD ONLY Portman Road

IPS 410 Friars Street Quantities of PMed material and redeposited earlier finds from monitoring of two test pits.

IPS 462 Monitoring - Coytes OUTLINE RECORD ONLY Gardens

IPS 663 Ipswich horse tram Site of the former Ipswich horse tram depot. This was constructed in depot the 1880's by Edgar Catchpole, on the opposite side of the road from the site where it was originally intended to be located. Initially 12 stables, a tackroom and an office were constructed on the site, along with an 11 bay cartshed. Later a further 8 stables were also erected. When the tram depot closed in the early 20th C the site was used by a number of different smiths. The site was later demolished (?!!) to make way for the Cardinal Park development.

IPS 677 Princes Street OUTLINE RECORD ONLY Maltings

IPS 720 Post-medieval 1990: The site lies on the south-western edge of the Saxon and features at Medieval town and during the latter period it formed part of the Franciscan Way / Greyfriars precinct. The River Gipping, which at this point now runs Wolsey Street, underground, is very close and the low lying nature of the area must Greyfriars Precinct, have made flooding a regular event in the past. Because of this danger Ipswich the site is in an area that has always been peripheral to the urban development of Ipswich and this characteristic is reflected in all of the phases of activity that can be recognised. Very little evidence was found for domestic occupation of the area in either the Saxon or Medieval periods and the amount of pottery and number of artefacts recovered from the. site was relatively low compared with other Ipswich

19 HER Site Name Description Ref excavations of a similar size. Finally over the site as a whole 56 human burials were excavated. While some of these may date to the Friary phase, the majority of these burials appear to be Early post-medieval in date? This would be the immediate post Dissilution period when monastic precincts were still thought of as consecrated ground of a sort and it may reflect use of one of, the old Friary buildings as a hospital. None of the graves excavated had any evidence for the use of coffins and while some were laid out carefully, the majority were interred in a very casual way that indicates the quick burial of paupers or plaque victims. A large number of the graves were concentrated in one relatively small area of the site and there was little sign of any respect of previous burials. The graves were mainly very shallow and often only just big enough for the body. Five double graves were excavated and in one of these both bodies were buried face down. Another group of four skeletons may represent a mass grave while one of. The other burials contained a skeleton which still had iron manacles around the wrists. A large amount of disturbed human bone was also recovered indicating that the total number of burials in the area of the site must have been much higher. Hopefully the study of these skeletons will provide valuable information on the poorer sections of Ipswich's population in the Early Post-medieval period. Further excavations in 2002 & 2006.

Undated IPS 205 St Nicholas Church During repairs to St Nicholas Church in 1827, five large urns were found embedded in a wall, which did not contain bones or ashes.

IPS 304 Elm Street 1985: Piling for building - no finds. Piled into 3m of soft, wet sand, sand fairly clean so uncertain if it was an archaeological deposit. 1992: Shale armlet reported found four years previously (1988?) in dark humic layer with bones at a depth of c.15 inches.

IPS 336 Willis Faber, Princes 1973/4: Report from workman on site of human bone /burials in the Street Northern half of the site.

IPS 471 153 Princes St – Monitoring of groundwork associated with construction of a new lobby Monitoring revealed no archaeological finds or features. The excavation cut into made ground only.

IPS 472 23 Westgate St – Monitoring of the groundworks revealed no archaeological features or Monitoring finds, but groundworks were not sufficiently deep as to reveal natural subsoil.

IPS 478 7-9 Russell Road – OUTLINE RECORD ONLY (?same as IPS 498) Monitoring

IPS 485 Saxon House, No significant archaeological deposits or features were noted in any of Cromwell St – the monitored excavations as only a later fill was present at the depths Monitoring seen. The natural subsoil is believed to lie at depths greater than 1.6m and no excavations to this depth were observed.

IPS 498 7-9 Russell Road – Several features were partially revealed but have all been interpreted Monitoring as having post-medieval or modern origins. It was particularly difficult in this case to ascertain what the archaeological ground levels would have been and seems likely that some terracing/levelling of the site had taken place prior to the present development. The depth of the natural river terrace gravel deposits was highly variable. The presence of alluvial deposits in the Site Investigation report in the south-eastern part of the site is notable. It suggests that, at least in places, deposits

20 HER Site Name Description Ref related to the former Town Marsh still survive within the site. It seems likely that given the site’s topographical setting such deposits would have once occupied the majority of the area, but have since been truncated by previous modern developments.

IPS 630 Multiplex Evaluation revealed a series of undated stakes and two ditches in Development, trench four running parallel to the buried "Gipping Channel". While the Commercial Road, accompanying section is of little or no use, the plan does record the Ipswich cuts, and they are clearly visible in Plate 6 of the report. Samuels suggests that its warping of the river channel (whatever that means), but the photo clearly shows organic fill in the bases of the two ditch sections. Most likely these ditches are part of a flood defence system, aimed at keep tidal water in the Gipping channel from flooding the drained marshes. I'm guessing that drainage of the marshes is medieval in date, but whether early or late I couldn't tell you.

IPS 655 Handford Road – OUTLINE RECORD ONLY Evaluation

IPS 659 Alderman Canal Site OUTLINE RECORD ONLY – Excavation

MISC4 Princes Street Basil Brown archive contains cutting "Evening Star" 15.11.51, detailing 2 human skulls found in telephone trench in Princes Street, period unknown. The find was made at a depth of approximately 5 feet beneath road surface (MSF9682).

MISC5 West End Road Portion of human skull found on surface on S side of West End Road by Mr Russell Amey, taken to IPSMG. Basil Brown thought it may have been Sax as earth from Hadleigh Road Sax cemetery, IPS 016, was known to have been deposited in West End Road area during levelling operations in 1906 (MSF9567).

Table 1. Summary of HER entries within 400m of the PDA

Early prehistoric activity in the Study Area is represented by findspots of Palaeolithic flint and animal teeth from a series of antiquarian sites to the west of the PDA, although these are likely to be chance finds from reworked natural deposits. Later prehistoric finds consist of a pair of Mesolithic flint findspots and the findspot of a m ace-head. There is no ev idence for Neolithic or Bronze Age activity with the next historically consecutive find being an Iron Age weaving comb from a s ite to the south (IPS073). Additional information from these records is the fact that the Mesolithic and Palaeolithic finds came from gavels deposits whilst the Iron Age comb is recorded as having been ‘in a peat bed at depth of 8 feet’

Limited Roman activity is also represented in the HER with occasional findspots of ‘cinerary urns’ and pottery fragments from areas to the north and east. A large, partly excavated, Roman occupation site lies just outside the Study Area in the area to the northwest.

21 Extensive Anglo-Saxon and m edieval activity is recorded in the HER, with nearly all falling within, or just outside, the known extent of the Saxon and m edieval town of Ipswich, which lies to the northeast and east of the PDA. The approximate limit of the early town is marked by the boundary of the HER record IPS 413 (dashed in Figure 3). This entry is primarily based on t he position of the town’s defences, which although clear to the north and east, are not so easily discernable on this side of the town but are thought to be roughly co-incidental with Civic Drive. A single HER entry from the medieval period, IPS 260, is located within the PDA. This refers to the documented site of ‘Friers Bridge’, as recorded on Hodskinson’s map of 1783 although the actual site is probably slightly further to the east close to the boundary of the PDA (see Section 4.1 for discussion of the cartographic evidence).

There are only a limited number of post-medieval sites recorded in the HER, many of which demonstrate the continued occupation of the medieval town through to the present day, the only exceptions being the tram depot (IPS 286) and t he site of Handfgord Mill (IPS 259) and the adjacent tan yard (IPS 273) associated with the water course. It is of interest that very few sites occur within the PDA or in the areas to the north, west and south which is a reflection of the fact that this area is low-lying and has seen relatively little development.

22 2.2 Scheduled Monuments A search for sites protected under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act of 1979 (known as Scheduled Monuments) was carried out on the Suffolk HER and on the Heritage Gateway web site http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk.

Only one S cheduled Monument was identified within 400m of the PDA, SM No. 1005988, a small part of which is located just within the Study Area to the southeast of the PDA (Fig. 4). It is described as an area of middle and late Saxon town, off Greyfriars Road (old SM no. SF 193).

23 2.3 Listed Buildings

The Statutory List A search for buildings entered on Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest (known as Listed Buildings) was carried out on the Suffolk HER and on the Heritage Gateway web site http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk. A total of forty-eight Listed Buildings were identified within 400m of the PDA, the majority of which are located within the historic core of the town to the northeast and east of the PDA.

Figure 5 shows the locations of the Listed Buildings; a summary of the listing follows overleaf. For the purposes of identification within this report they have been arbitrarily

24 attributed numbers between 1 and 48 (the List Entry Numbers can be found in the Statutory Listing summary below).

Of the forty-eight Listed Buildings within the Study Area, forty-three are at the lowest grade, Grade II, three are recorded as Grade II* (Nos. 2, 23 & 46) and two are Grade I (Nos. 32 and 38).

The majority are post-medieval in date with only three buildings, the three medieval churches of St Mathew (No. 2), St Nicholas (No. 23) and St Mary at the Elms (No. 46; all Grade II*), being earlier. The most recent building on the Statutory List is the Willis Faber Building (No. 32; Grade I) of 1973.

Statutory Listing summary for buildings within 250m of PDA 1. FIRBANK List Entry Number: 1237505 (UID: DSF7295) Location: 25 DALTON ROAD Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1994 Listing NGR: TM1561844626

House. 1854. Red brick with white-brick dressings. Slate roofs. 2 storeys. W front has a 3-window range, the windows being 6/6 unhorned sashes set within projecting architraves. Outer 2 windows have small gables to the roof. Central stone porch with profuse low-relief decorative carving. South front has 2 canted window bays fitted with 1/1 sashes. North front to street presents 2 gables, each with a 6/6 unhorned sash to each floor set within projecting architraves. Simple doorway. Gabled roofs studded with low chimneystacks at intervals. Stables connect to house at north-east corner, converted to garage use. INTERIOR: staircase with cast-iron balusters and a ramped and wreathed timber handrail. 4-panelled internal doors. Rear hall with plaster ceiling in geometric pattern.

2. Name: CHURCH OF ST MATTHEW List Entry Number: 1037690 (UID: DSF7014) Location: PORTMAN ROAD Grade: II* Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1581444723

Medieval in origin, with late C14 S arcade and C15 chancel, N arcade and W tower. The aisles were rebuilt in phases in the C19, including N aisle by G G Scott. MATERIALS Flint rubble with stone dressings and small areas of brick repairs. Tiled and leaded roofs. PLAN Aisled nave, chancel with S chapel and porch and N vestries, W tower. EXTERIOR The C19 extensions have made St Matthew's is one of the largest churches in Ipswich. The exterior is Perpendicular in style, but much of the work dates to the C19. Clerestory, late C15 or early C16, of two light openings in square heads. The C19 S aisle has tall C15-style windows and a f ine, embattled parapet with flint flushwork decoration. The S chapel has C16-style windows with four-centred heads. The chancel has a large E window with C19 vertical tracery and one, round opening on the N side. Part of the medieval N chapel, with some brick repairs, is visible externally behind the C19 N chapel and vestry complex. The N aisle has an embattled parapet and Perpendicular style windows and an extremely

25 large W window. The late C15 W tower is unbuttressed and has three stages. The lowest has a Perpendicular W door and W window, there are small windows in the second stage, and larger two-light openings in the bell stage. The upper part of the tower was rebuilt in 1884, and has an embattled parapet with open work tracery above a flushwork frieze.

INTERIOR The widening of the aisles has made the interior very spacious. The interior is painted and plastered. Four bay Perpendicular N and S arcades, the S arcade late C14 with paterae on the capitals, the N arcade C15. Perpendicular chancel arch with many small mouldings, and a t all tower arch with mouldings dying into the walls. To the N of the chancel arch is a squint into the chancel, and inside the squint a piscina and shelf, and to the S of the chancel arch is the door to the former rood stair. Two-bay C19 Perpendicular-style arcade from the chancel to the S chapel, and an extremely wide C19 arch from the S chapel to the aisle. There are two arches from the N aisle to the N organ chamber and chapel, and another from the chancel to the organ chamber. A fine, medieval arch-braced hammerbeam roof in the chancel with carved and gilded angels below the principals. C19 roofs in the nave and aisles with pierced tracery in the spandrels and above the tie beams. PRINCIPAL FIXTURES An outstanding and well preserved C15 font carved with Marian scenes and the Baptism of Christ. Six panels from the early C16 former rood screen reused in the N aisle; these have figures of episcopal saints and l ay donors. Piscina inside squint adjacent to chancel arch. Screens between chancel and S chapel are 1890s, made by John Groom to designs by John Corder. C19 pulpit carved by Groom, and t he high altar and reredos also designed by Corder. Some good C 19 glass, including chancel E window 1894 by Ward and Hughes, with other Ward and Hughes windows in the N aisle and S chapel. S chapel E window 1853 designed by Frank Howard and made by George Hedgeland. Also in the S aisle, a window by W H Constable of 1884. Monuments include two C17 wall tablets with kneeling figures, one for Anthony Penning, d. 1630 with reclining putti on the top. The other, for Richard Cock, d. 1629, has garlands and fruit swags. HISTORY The church is first recorded in the C12, and by the late middle ages it had N and S aisles, a W tower and a S porch. Much of the work was done in the late C14 and C15. The lay donor figures on the fragments of the early C16 rood screen probably represent members of the Guild of St Erasmus known to have existed in the church at that time. Located outside the medieval city walls, the church became the garrison church for Ipswich Barracks and w as greatly enlarged in phases in the C19. The medieval S porch was demolished when the S aisle was widened in 1845. The S chapel and the small S porch to the chapel were built in 1860. The E wall was rebuilt in 1866. The N aisle was rebuilt and enlarged in 1876 to designs by the well-known church architect Sir George Gilbert Scott. In 1884, the upper part of the tower was rebuilt. The E wall was further altered in 1890. SOURCES Lambeth Palace Library, Incorporated Church Building Society, files 01757 and 08024 Mortlock, D P., The Guide to Suffolk Churches (2009), 276-7 Pevsner, N. and Radcliffe, E., Buildings of England: Suffolk (1974), 294 REASONS FOR DESIGNATION The Church of St Matthew, Ipswich, is designated at Grade II* for the following principal reasons: For its overall architectural interest, and extensive late medieval fabric; for the quality of its fittings, in particular the font, chancel roof and monuments, and; for the successive phases (including the involvement of Sir George Gilbert Scott), showing the church's development over time.

3. Name: PAUL'S MALTINGS INCLUDING ADJOINING KILN List Entry Number: 1264204 (UID: DSF7335) Location: 35-37 PRINCES STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1573743991

Early C19 Maltings refashioned in 1866. Long two storey, with basement and attic building in brick with slate gamberel roof with range of gabled dormers and refashioned Dutch gable end of 1866 to road, with rusticated brick quoin pilasters and central doorway with four first floor round headed windows above with keyblocks and similar windows in the gable. The side windows and doorway were altered circa 1866 and have chamfered segmental niched heads. The adjoining Malt kiln is also probably of circa 1866, brick,

26 square on pl an with tall pyramidal slate roof with cap. Inside the Maltings there is machinery for the elevators.

4. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1037748 (UID: DSF7062) Location: 17 BLACK HORSE LANE, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 08-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1602244610

An early C19 grey gault brick house with a parapet and a raised brick band. The house stands at right angles to the line of Blackhorse Lane, facing south. 2 storeys. 3 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in stucco shouldered architraves, with moulded sills on brackets. Originally the windows has cornices. The outer window ranges are set in slightly recessed brick panels. A central 6-panel door with the upper panels glazed has a m oulded stucco architrave and a m odillioned pediment on c onsole brackets.

5. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1236645 (UID: DSF7230) Location: 12 MUSEUM STREET, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 15-Dec-1977 Listing NGR: TM1606944644

An early-mid C19 white brick building. 2 storeys and cellars. 3 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in plain reveals with moulded stucco cornice lintels on c onsole brackets. A raised stucco band extends across the front at 1st storey window sill level. The doorway has a 6 -panel door with rectangular fanlight and a stucco doorcase with plain pilasterss and cornice. Thqre is a smaller 6-panel door in plain reveals at the southend. Roof slate, with a stucco eaves cornice.

6. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1037719 (UID: DSF7033) Location: 14 MUSEUM STREET, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1653144599

An early-mid C19 grey gault brick house, originally the southern half of a larger building which included No 12 and an archway (now a new building). 2 storeys, attics and cellars, with a parapet and a moulded stucco modillion cornice, plinth and s tucco quoins. 3 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars. The 1st storey windows have moulded shouldered architraves and cornices and s mall balconies with ornamental cast iron window guards. The ground storey windows have heavy stucco moulded architraves and s ills on p anelled stub brackets. 2 windows have segmental pediments on enr iched console brackets and one window (formerly a doorway) has a triangular pediment on enriched console brackets. Roof C20 slate, with 2 attic windows on the slate hung front. No 10, Nos 14 to 32 (even) form a group with Nos 1 to 11 (odd), No 13 (Old Museum Rooms) and Nos 14 and 16, Arcade Street.

7. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1037720 (UID: DSF7034) Location: ST. MARYS COURT 16-16A MUSEUM STREET, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1605744619

An early-mid C19 grey gault brick house with pilaster treatment at the corners. 3 storeys and basement. 3 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars on the 1st and 2nd storeys and plain glass on the ground storey. The windows have narrow stucco panelled architraves. The ground and 1st storey windows have cornices on small console brackets and the ground storey windows rise above plain stucco Doric doorcase of fluted half columns, triglyph frieze and c ornice is approached by stone steps. Roof slate, with a stucco modillion eaves cornice. No 10, Nos 14 to 32 (even) form a group with Nos 1 to 11 (odd), No 13 (Old Museum Rooms) and Nos 14 and 16, Arcade Street.

27 8. Name: WESLEYAN METHODIST CHURCH List Entry Number: 1237359 (UID: DSF7280) Location: 20-22 MUSEUM STREET, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 06-Apr-1988 Listing NGR: TM1604644600

Wesleyan Methodist Church. 1860. Designed by Frederick J Barnes, in the Gothic Revival style. Kentish rag stone with ashlar dressings facade with brick rear. Slate roof with moulded coped gables and finials. Chamfered plinth. Street facade has gabled west end incorporating porch and side wings. Central triple pointed arch loggia, with moulded arches supported on quatrefoil pillars and matching responds. Corner clasping buttresses with gabled tops. Above a single 4-light, pointed arch window with elaborate geometrical tracery and a chamfered cill band. Above again a small circular window with trefoil tracery. Eitherside are single staircases rising outwards and with triple arched stepped arcades supported on small pillars. Beyond are slightly projecting gabled side wings with pointed arch doorways in moulded surrounds and 6 panel doors with trefoil fan-lights. Above small triple pointed arch arcades, then a chamfered band and a gable containing a blind trefoil, and surmounted by a cross finial. Interior reputedly modernised c1960. Included for group value only.

9. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235808 (UID: DSF7113) Location: 7 MUSEUM STREET, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1608744638

An early-mid C19 grey gault brick pair of houses with stucco parapet and cornice. The front breaks forward slightly under 2 s tucco pediments. 2 s toreys, attics and c ellars. 5 w indow range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars in stucco reveals, with architraves and c ornices on br ackets. 2 6-panel doors with plain fanlights and narrow panelled architraves have stucco doorcases with Doric fluted and cabled engaged colums, triglyph friezes and cornices. A moulded stucco string course runs at 1st storey window sill level. Roofs slate, with 3 gabled dormers. Nos 1 to 11 (odd) and No 13 (Old Museum Rooms) form a group with No 10. Nos 14 to 32 (even) and Nos 14 and 16, Arcade Street.

10. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1037717 (UID: DSF7031) Location: 11 MUSEUM STREET, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1608744625

An early-mid C19 grey gault brick pair of houses, linked to Nos 5 and 7 by a wall containing a doorway with a recessed brick surround. 2 storeys, attics and cellars. 5 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars (mostly original), in plain reveals with stucco cornices on brackets. The central and 2 outer ranges of windows are set in slightly recessed panels. 2 4-panel doors have stucco Ionic doorcases with plain engaged columns, friezes and pediments. A moulded stucco string course runs at 1st storey window sill level. Roof C20 slate, with 5 flat headed dormers above a modillion eaves cornice. Nos 1 to 11 (odd) and No 13 (Old Museum Rooms) form a gr oup with No 10. Nos 14 to 32 (even) and Nos 14 and 16, Arcade Street.

11. Name: OLD MUSEUM ROOMS List Entry Number: 1037718 (UID: DSF7032) Location: 20-22 MUSEUM STREET, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1608544605

The old Museum, opened in 1847 was designed by Christopher Fleury, a local architect. It is a large red brick building with a stucco front in classical style with panelled parapet, a plain band (which now replaces the original cornice) and massive Tuscan orders on octagonal base rising through 2 s toreys at the corners. 2 storeys. 3 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars. The centre part, of doorway and one window range above, breaks forward slightly. The side windows have moulded and shouldered

28 architraves with balustraded panels beneath the sills. The centre window has a Venetian style surround with a semi-circular domed arch with shell ornamentation and flanking paired Ionic columns with frieze and cornice. The doorway has fluted Doric pilasters, frieze and cornice, and i s flanked by C20 shop fronts. The front originally has a projecting Doric columned porch. The north side is in panelled red brick, without windows. In the interior a heavy balustraded staircase leads to a 1st floor hall which is top lit with a gallery (blocked). Nos 1 to 11 (odd) and No 13 (Old Museum Rooms) form a group with No 10. Nos 14 to 32 (even) and Nos 14 and 16, Arcade Street.

12. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1037787 (UID: DSF7087) Location: 16 ARCADE STREET, IPSWICH Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1609444603

An early - mid C19 grey gault brick building. 3 storeys and cellars. No 14 has 3 window range and No 16 has 7 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in plain reveals with stucco cornice lintels on brackets. There is a rounded corner on Museum Street adjoining the old Museum Rooms. Roofs salte. No 14 has a m odillioned eaves cornice. These buildings are part of the block which includes the Old Museum Rooms in Museum Street. Nos 14 and 16 form a gr oup with Nos 1 t o 11 (odd), No 13 (old Museum Rooms), No 10 and Nos 14 to 32 (even) Museum Street.

13. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1207395 (UID: DSF7114) Location: 18 & 20-22 MUSEUM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1605844589

A pair of early C19 grey gault brick houses with small wings at the north and south ends, with lower storey heights than the main block. Nos 18 and 20 stand at right angles to No 22, with a triangular shaped forecourt, making a pi cturesque group at the junction of Museum Street with Arcade Street. 2 s toreys, attics and basements. 4 window range overall, 2 on the centre block and one on each of the projecting wings (the return faces of the wings also have one window range). Double-hung sashes with glazing bars in moulded stucco architraves. The centre windows, of the main block, are set in slightly recessed brick panels, the windows on the 1st storey have moulded stucco cornices and on the ground storey triangular pediments. A raised stucco band runs at 1st storey window sill level. The doorways are placed at the inside angle of the projecting wings with brick semi-circular arched openings and ar e approached by steps with iron handrails. Roofs slate, hipped on the wings, with modillion caves cornices. The main block has one C20 flat headed dormer. No 10, Nos 14 to 32

14. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1037721 (UID: DSF7035) Location: 20-22 MUSEUM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1605844583

An early C19 grey gault brick house with the main frontage set at right angles to the line of the street. It faces north up Museum Street with a pleasant forecourt formed by the fronts of Nos 18 and 20 and No 22 and makes an i nteresting group or early C19 buildings at the junction of Museum Street with Arcade Street. 3 storeys and cellars. 5 window range overall, the front has a quadrant corner with one window range, one window range on the east front and 3 window range on the north front. Double-hung sashes with glazing bars in moulded stucco architraves. The window ranges on t he 1st and 2n d storeys are separated by pilsters and the gound storey windows are set in slightly recessed panels. A raised stucco band runs at 1st storey window sill level. A central doorway on the north front has a stucco Ionic doorcase with fluted engaged columns, frieze and a modillion pediment. Roof slate, with a modillion eaves cornice. No 10, Nos 14 to 32 (even) form a group with Nos 1 to 11 (odd), No 13 (Ols Museum Rooms) and Nos 14 and 16, Arcade Street.

15. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1264649 (UID: DSF7366)

29 Location: 15 ARCADE STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 15-Dec-1977 Listing NGR: TM1610144574

A mid C19 white brick building with a quadrant corner to Arcade Street and Museum Street. 2 storeys. 3 window range on Arcade Street, 1 window range on the quadrant corner and 4 window range on Museum Street, 2 and 3-light semi-circular headed windows set back behind stilted arches with slender columns in front of the windows. The facade breaks forward slightly at each range of windows, with pediments above the corner range and the 3-light ranges on Museum Street. A moulded brick modillion cornice extends across both fronts and a m odillion and dentil cornice band extends between the storeys. There is a central semi-circular arched doorway on the Arcade Street front. Roof slate.

16. Name: BUILDING FORMERLY OCCUPIED BY H WARNER AND SON LIMITED List Entry Number: 1236164 (UID: DSF7194) Location: none recorded Grade: II Date first listed: 02-Feb-1976 Listing NGR: TM1617244599

Standing immediately to the west of Corn Exchange (King Street), a timber-framed building mainly of the C17 but refronted in the C19. There is a C19 addition on the south end. 2 storeys. The upper storey of the main block is jettied on t he whole front. 4 w indow range, 3-light double-hung sashes with narrow side lights. The ground storey has a C20 shop front. The C19 south addition has a quadrant corner and is of painted brick. Roof tiled. Building formerly occupied by H Warner and Son Ltd, with Nos 1 a nd 2 (The Arcade), Arcade Street, Golden Lion Hotel, Cornhill and Corn Exchange, King Street, form a group. To the group notes for Nos 1 and 2 ( The Arcade) Arcade Street, Golden Lion Hotel, Cornhill and Corn Exchange, King Street, add the following further group note. The building formerly occupied by H Warner and Son Ltd, Lion Street, Nos 1 and 2 (The Arcade), Arcade Street, Golden Lion Hotel, Cornhill and Corn Exchange, King Street form a group.

17. Name: The Arcade List Entry Number: 1037786 (UID: DSF7086) Location: 15 ARCADE STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1616444577

An early C19 stuccoed archway which connects Arcade Street with King Street. It has a central feature with pilasters, frieze amid a cornice surmounted by a balustrade, and a central elliptical archway with a moulded stucco architrave and plain Ionic columns inset at thc corners. The central feature is flanked by 2 storeyed stuccoed wings, each of 2 window range. Some double-hung sashes with glazing bars and some C20 casements. The ground storey has a 3-light double-hung sash window on the north end and a C20 shop front on t he south end. The interior of the archway is a pl astered elliptical barrel vault in 3 sections. At the rear, in Arcade Street, the flanking wings are pedimented (one with a Diocletian window). The south end has a tall window of doublehung sashes with glazing bars. Nos 1 and 2 form a group with the Corn Exchange and the Swan Inn, King Street.

18. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1264604 (UID: DSF7363) Location: ELM HOUSE, 25, ELM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 15-Dec-1977 Listing NGR: TM1615944560

An early C19 building originally 2 houses converted into an office block. Wings project to the east at the north and south ends. In circa 1920 t he parapet was added and the front was stuccoed (probably originally it had a stuccoed front as other buildings in the street). In 1965 a single storey block was built between the wings, in Georgian style. 3 storeys. 1:3:1 window range of double-hung sashes with glazing bars (mostly original). The ground and first storey windows in the wings are set in slightly recessed panels. Rear modern extension is not of special interest.

30 19. Name: SWAN INN List Entry Number: 1037708 (UID: DSF7021) Location: KING STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1620244556

A C17 timber-framed and pl astered building with C18 and later alterations. The 1st storey bears the monogram S above I M and the date 1767, probably the date it was plastered. 2 storeys. 4 window range, C18 casements, 3-lights with transomes. The window at the west end is a paired window of 6 lights. The centre lights only are hinged, with iron frames. The ground storey has a late C19 bar front of 3 windows and 2 doorways, one dou ble and one single, with rectangular fanlights, united by a moulded wood cornice, probably of earlier date. The windows have framed risers with brick nogging above an e arlier stepped brick plinth. At the west end there is a recessed doorway and a wide double-hung sash window with vertical glazing bars, a moulded frame and panelled shutters. The west gable has the ends of some purlins and wall braces visible. Roof tiled, with C19 ornamental crest tiles and a wood eaves cornice. Swan Inn and Corn Exchange form a group with Nos 1 and 2 Arcade Street and National Westminster Bank, Princes Street.

20. Name: THE BLACK HORSE INN List Entry Number: 1037749 (UID: DSF7063) Location: 23 BLACK HORSE LANE Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1603344571

A C16 timber-framed and plastered building with a cross wing at the north end and a wing extending east at the rear. It was altered in tile C18 and later. The first storey was jettied originally but was later built out in brick, probably in the C16, now painted. 2 storeys and c ellars. 3 window range, C18 double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in flush cased frames. The ground storey has one 3-light window. Roof tiled.

21. Name: CHURCHYARD AND ST MARY’S COTTAGE List Entry Number: 1037765 (UID: DSF7079 Location: ELM HOUSE.25, ELM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM164944566

A picturesque group of C15-16 timber-framed and plastered cottages, now tenement. They stand at the north side of St Mary at the Elms Churchyard with the pleasant greensward of the graveyard between them and the Church. 2 storeys. The east cottage has a cross wing at the west end and a jettied upper storey on the whole front. The cross wing has exposed joists and remains of brackets with capitals and shafts. It has a bay window with casements with glazing bars and small panes. The windows generally are small casements with glazing bars. There is the remains of a moulded wall plate and part of a billet moulded bressumer. The main block has a range of mullioned lights on the 1st storey. This cottage is said to be dated 1467. The cottage at the west end has fewer original features. Roofs tiled. Church of St Mary at the Elms, No 1 Churchyard (St Mary's Cottage) No 25, Smith's Almshouses & Nos 29 to 33 (odd) form a group.

22. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 179767 (UID: DSF7412) Location: 24-26 MUSEUM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Ded-1951 Listing NGR: TM1607844566

A terrace of early-mid C19 grey gault brick houses. 3 storeys and cellars. 10 window range overall, No 26 has 4 window range and Nos 28 and 30 each has 3 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, with moulded stucco architraves and sills with stub brackets. (The ground storey windows of No 30 are without glazing bars). A moulded stucco band runs at 1st storey window sill level. The ground storey windows are set in slightly recessed brick panels. On the uppet storeys the facade is slightly recessed in alternate window ranges. No 26 has a C20 doorcase with a plain surround and Nos 28 and 30 have

31 simple moulded architraves and cornices. Roofs slate, with modillion eaves cornices. No 10, Nos 14 to 32 (even) form a group with Nos 1 to 11 (odd), No 13 (Old Museum Rooms) and Nos 14 and 16, Arcade Street.

23. Name: CHURCH OF ST MARY AT THE ELMS List Entry Number: 1037764 (UID: DSF7078) Location: ELM HOUSE, 25, ELM HOUSE Grade: II* Date first listed: 12-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1606044541

Late C11 or early C12 in origin, with S door of this date. Late C15 or early C16 N aisle. W tower C16. E end extended, with chancel taken into nave and new chancel built, in 1883 to designs by E F Bisshopp. MATERIALS: Flint rubble and brick. Stone dressings. Tiled and leaded roofs. PLAN: Nave with N aisle and transept, chancel with S organ chamber and N vestries, W tower, S porch. EXTERIOR: The brick W tower is C16, and has polygonal buttresses, a stepped, embattled parapet, and a polygonal NE stair turret. The bell openings, also in brick, have pairs of two light openings under a broad, depressed head with a t hick mullion between the pairs of lights. The three-light W window has vertical tracery, and the nave and chancel windows are largely C19 and Perpendicular in style, those in the medieval fabric replacing probably C16 windows with depressed heads and Y-tracery. The N side is in several phases. The western two bays, of brick, are late C15 or early C16; the third bay, which has a cross gable, is the remains of the N transept, and the eastern two bays were added in 1883 as part of the eastwards extension of the church that also included the chancel. The low N vestries are late C19 or early C20. The chancel E window is blocked. The S side of the nave has a red brick parapet, and the remains of the former S transept are marked externally as buttresses. The former chancel, now the E end of the nave, has C19 Perpendicular-style windows of different sizes, apparently replacing two small Tudor windows. The C19 organ chamber is tall and has a cross gable. The S porch has three badly damaged niches over the entryway; new sculpture was installed in them in 2006. The S doorway is early C12, and has two orders, the inner with a roll moulding, the outer with chevron on nook shafts with cushion capitals. The S door has elaborate scrolled ironwork that is probably also early C12. INTERIOR: The interior is largely plastered and painted, except for the C19 parts of the N arcade and the chancel arch. Very tall, C16 tower arch, rising the whole height of the nave, with a depressed head and multiple mouldings dying into the sides. The division between the nave and the former chancel, now incorporated into the nave, is marked by a change in alignment of the wall and a change in the wall plate for the ceiling. The N arcade is of five bays. The western two are late C15 or early C16 and have a continuous outer order and an inner order on polygonal shafts with moulded capitals and high bases. The third bay, separated by a long pier, is contemporary and is the remains of the arch into the N transept. On its east side, the mouldings die into a C 19 pier with clustered shafts, inserted as part of the 1883 extension. The eastern bays have similar clustered shafts, and t he chancel arch is ornamented with paterae and s hields set into a hol low moulding. The blocked chancel E window has a l arge crucifix hanging against it which dominates the interior view from the west. In the former chancel S wall (now the nave S wall), a n iche formed from the former priest¿s door holds a c opy of a l ate medieval English devotional image arranged as a s hrine. Low-pitched, late C15 or early C16 roofs to the N aisle and transept, with moulded wall plates and beams. The nave (including the former chancel) has a C18 plaster ceiling, probably concealing a l ate medieval roof. The C19 chancel roof stands on c arved corbels. PRINCIPAL FIXTURES: S door and its ironwork are late C11 or early C12. Medieval stoup by the S door. Good Victorian gothic font, 1870s, by Mr Ireland of Princes Street, carved with scenes of the gospel and figures of the evangelists on the stem. Early C20 timber screen under the tower arch. Royal Arms of Charles II. Sculpted triptych of the rood, 2006, by Charles Gurrey in the niches on the S porch. Some good C19 and C20 glass, including a N aisle window of 1907 by Ninian Comper, and nave windows of 1879-80 signed Taylor late O'Connor. Wall monuments of the C17-C19, including William Acton, d. 1616 a hanging monument with kneeling figures, over which looms a dart-wielding skelton. One hatchment. HISTORY The early history of the church is confusing. There was a church dedicated to St Saviour near this site in the C11. St Mary at the Elms (to distinguish it from the other St Marys in the town) was first mentioned in 1204, when both it and St Saviour's were listed among the possessions of the Augustinian priory of Holy Trinity, Ipswich. However, St Saviour's disappeared some time thereafter, probably before the end of the C13. The present church building was probably in existence by the early C12, the date of the S door, and was definitely known as St Mary at the Elms by the C14. Whether it was, in fact, St Saviour's before that is not clear. The S porch was probably added in the C14, and the transepts may have been C14 or earlier. A brick N aisle was added in the late C15 or early C16, and the present W tower was built in the early C16. The S transept was demolished at an unknown, probably post medieval, date. The S porch was repaired in 1848, and there was further restoration in 1860 by R M Phipson. In 1883 the E end of the church was demolished and greatly extended to designs by E F Bisshopp, with the

32 area of the former chancel being taken into the nave. A new chancel with S organ chamber was built, and the N aisle extended eastwards. The N vestry and organ chamber were added a few years later. Bisshop was an Ipswich based church architect and was also surveyor to the diocese of Norwich from 1885. The church of St Mary at the Elms, Ipswich, is designated at Grade II* for the following principal reasons: for its early fabric, in particular the Norman S doorway; for its later medieval fabric, including the C16 tower and; for the interest of its fixtures, such as the Acton monument.

24. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1037722 (UID: DSF7036) Location: 32 MUSEUM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1608844541

A mid C19 grey gault brick house. 2 storeys, attics and cellars. 4 window range, double-hung sashes with single vertical glazing bars, in plain reveals. A raised brick band runs between the storeys. A central 6- panel door with a pl ain rectangular fanlight has a s tucco doorcase with moulded architraves, pilasters shaped at the foot, and a pediment on console brackets. A C20 tile hung roof addition has 4 windows, with vertical glazing bars, set back above a s errated brick eaves. No 10, Nos 14 to 32 (even) form a group with Nos 1 to 11 (odd), No 13 (Old Museum Rooms) and Nos 14 and 16, Arcade Street.

25. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1279762 (UID: DSF7411) Location: 21 MUSEUM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1611244524

A C17 timber-framed and plastered building with a return front on Elm Street, restored and altered in the C20. (Formerly part of No 20 Elm Street, now demolished). There is a cross wing at the south end and the upper storey is jettied on the Elm Street front with exposed timber framing. 2 storeys and attics. The windows are casements with lattice leaded lights. The ground storey has been rebuilt in the C20 with a cut away corner and posts carved in period style. Roof C20 tiled. The attics are lit by a small window in the gable and 1 small dormer on the Elm Street front.

26. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1374811 (UID: DSF7445) Location: 8 QUEEN STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1622644518

An early C19 grey gault brick house. 3 storeys. 2 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in plain reveals, with stucco cornice lintels on console brackets. A stucco band runs at 2nd storey window sill level. The ground storey a pleasant early C19 shop front with a central window with glazing bars and flanking doorways, one a 6 panel door and the other panelled and glazed, with pilasters and a cornice fascia. Roof slate. Nos 8 to 12 (even) form a group with the Queens Hotel.

27. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1037692 (UID: DSF7016) Location: 10-12 QUEEN STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1621744505

A C18 red brick range of houses, (No 12 is now painted), with a slightly concaved curve on front and a parapet with balustraded panels set above each window range, and a stucco cornice. 6 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in flush cased frames. The ground storey windows have later blind boxes. No 14 has a garage entrance. There is a 6-panel door in plain reveals. Roofs tiled, with 6 large dormers with double-hung sashes with glazing bars and cornices. Nos 8 to 12 (even) from a group with the Queens Hotel.

33 28. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1206650 (UID: DSF7109) Location: 31-41 ELM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1603044513

Originally 3 s mall C17-C18 housesnow brick faced, with C19 and C20 shop fronts. Nos 29 and 31 are painted and No 33 has a parapet. 2:4:3 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars. Nos 29-31 are in flush cased frames. No 31 has an early C19 bow shop window with glazing bars. Roofs tiled (No 29 C20 pantiles). Church of St Mary at the Elms, No 1 C hurchyard (St Mary's Cottage) No 25, Smith's Almhouses & Nos 29 to 33 (odd) form a group.

29. Name: SMITH’S ALMSHOUSES List Entry Number: 1037766 (UID: DSF7080) Location: ELM HOUSE, 25, ELM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1607144507

A mid C18 red brick building. 2 s toreys and cellars. 7 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in flush cased frames. The windows are widely spaced in the facade. A central 6 panel door has a wood doorcase with moulded architrave, panelled reveals and a flat hood on brackets above a rectangular fanlight with vertical glazing bars. Above the doorway there is a panel inscribed with the words:- "Erected in the year 1760 for the benefit of 12 poor women of honest life and conversation of the age of 50 or upwards being Communicants of the Church of England as by lae Established." Roof tiled, with 2 s quare red brick chimney stacks. Church of St Mary at the Elms, No 1 Churchyard (St Mary's Cottage) No 25, Smith's Almshouses & Nos 29 to 33 (odd) form a group.

30. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1206638 (UID: DSF7108) Location: ELM HOUSE, 25, ELM STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: 1608444483

An early C19 gault brick house, now painted, with rusticated quoins and a symmetrical front. The centre part breaks forward slightly under a broken modillion pediment and the central doorway and window above are recessed. 2 storeys. 3 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in plain reveals with stucco flat arches and keystones. The central doorway has fluted Doric columns in antis, a triglyph frieze and a cornice. The window above has a balustraded panel, moulded architrave and a broken scroll pediment. Roof slate, with a wide modillion eaves soffit. Church of St Mary at the Elms, No 1 Churchyard (St Mary's Cottage) No 25, Smith's Almshouses & Nos 29 to 33 (odd) form a group.

31. Name: SUN ALLIANCE OFFICES List Entry Number: 1247685 (UID: DSF7309) Location: 35-37 Princes Street, Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1994 Listing NGR: TM1615144451

Offices for Sun Fire Insurance Company, now Royal bank of Scotland. 1913. By E Thomas Johns. Red brick with Portland stone dressings. Slate roof. 4 storeys. 4-window range. Rusticated ground floor with 4 arched openings with keystones; left arch is entrance, other 3 are casement windows. First and second floor with giant order of Ionic columns to recessed centre 3 b ays, with 2- and 3-light cross casements. Central first-floor window with an open pediment. Single bay either side has at first floor a 2-light cross casement under open segmental pediments leading to a projecting balcony with cast-iron railings. Above each is an occulus draped with swags. Plain frieze below modillion cornice. Attic floor with 5 s ingle or paired (alternating) 1/1 horned sashes. Gabled roof. INTERIOR: ceiling of banking hall with bridging beams dividing it into 6 c ompartments with geometric inserts. Closed-string staircase with bulbous turned balusters and panelled newel posts; panelled dado.

34 (Brown C, Haward B, Kindred R: Dictionary of Architects of Suffolk Buildings 1800-1914: Ipswich: 1991-: 132).

32. Name: WILLIS FABER BUILDING List Entry Number: 1237417 (UID: DSF7287) Location: FRIARS STREET Grade: I Date first listed: 24-Apr-1991 Listing NGR: TM1607444356

Office building. Designed 1970-71; built 1973-5. Foster Associates. Concrete frame with bronzed glass cladding and turf covering to flat roof which has a he dge slightly set back from the perimeter. Irregular plan with curved external wall, which follows the perimeter of the site. Three storeys, plus a further storey in the form of a glazed rectangular pavilion set back from the perimeter. The building is fully glazed in bronze tinted glass which is hung from the edge of the perimeter cantilever at main roof level above the second floor. It is secured at intermediate floor levels and is without mullions; each floor is two panes of glass deep and the junctions between the panes are each covered by a pair of rectangular fixings. Three revolving doors set close together, of bronzed glass in simple circular black frames, to Friars Street. Interior: Designed as a whole by the architects. First and second floors are laid out as flexible open plan office space, sandwiched between fixed service facilities on the ground and third floors; these include a swimming pool, a c afe and computer and plant rooms to the ground floor and a restaurant to the third floor. An 'atrium' rises through the centre of the building containing three pairs of escalators set in line. Top-lit tubular metal space frame roof above. Circular reinforced concrete pilot is painted white. Floor covering to ground floor of green studded rubber, and to upper floors of green carpet (with continuous runs of access panels for power and telephone distribution) all chosen by the architects, as was the whole colour scheme. Polished alumunium ceilings and glare-free lighting to office areas, designed by the architects; white painted waffle slab to ceiling at ground floor level. Swimming pool designed so that the water is flush with the surrounding floor surface; stainless steel bars to access steps. Modular Steel partitions in yellow, enclosing service areas. An exceptional building of its period. Architectural Review September 1975; American Institute of Architects Journal April 1981; RIBA Journal September 1990; New Society October 6 1977; High Tech Architecture, C Davies, 1988; Norman Foster: Architect: Selected Works 1962-84, 1984.

33. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1237416 (UID: DSF7286) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 24-Apr-1990 Listing NGR: TM1622344427

House, now shop and dwelling. Mid C16; refronted in mid C19. Rendered timber frame, replaced by mid C19 brick to front; gabled C20 concrete tile roof. Parallel plan. 2 storeys and attics; symmetrical 3-window range. Bracketed cornice, corner pilasters and raised central bay. Plate-glass windows to mid/late C19 shop front with console brackets. Framing fascia board and doorway to left. Gauged brick flat arches over 4-pane sashes; 2 gabled dormers with similar sashes. Mid C20 extension to rear. Interior : first-floor front room noted as having double - astragal moulded beams with 6-pointed star at beam intersection and some fleurs-de-lis and Tudor rose plaster decorations on 3 of 4 ceiling panels; C16 close studding with passing brace on north first-floor wall; ante-room in attic space is divided by late C16/early C17 paralled oak screen.

34. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1265162 (UID: DSF7405) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1621944404

A C16-C17 timber-framed and plastered building with exposed timber-framing. The upper storey is jettied on the whole front, on ex posed Joists and t here are 2 l arge gables, slightly projecting with carved bargeboards and casements lighting the attics. 2 storeys, attics and cellars. 3 window range, 3-light mullioned casements with lattice leaded lights. The ground storey has C20 shops in period style. There

35 has been s ome restoration. Roofs tiled. Nos 10 t o 24 (even) form a gr oup of small C16-C17 timber- framed and plastered Houses some altered in C18 and later.

35. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235331 (UID: DSF7139) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1622044385

A C17-C18 timber-framed and plastered building. 2 storeys. 6 window range, casements. The ground storey has a C20 shop. A timber-framed wing extends at the rear in the courtyard which originally fronted the Unitarian chapel. Roofs tiled. Nos 10 to 24 (even) form a group of small C16-C17 timber-framed and plastered houses some altered in C18 and later.

36. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235333 (UID: DSF7140) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1622044380

A small C16-C17 timber-framed and plastered building with 2 projecting gables of differing heights. The gable to the south now forms part of No 18 (qv). 2 window range, casements. The ground storey has one small C2O shop and a passage way leading into a small courtyard at the rear which originally opened on to the east front of the Unitarian chapel. Roofs tiled. Nos 10 to 24 (even) form a group of small C16-C17 timber-framed and plastered houses some altered in C18 and later.

37. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235208 (UID: DSF7133) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 19-DEC-1951 Listing NGR: TM1621944375

A C17 timber-framed and plastered building with a slightly projecting upper storey and 2 projecting gables on front with a c arved bressumer. This building now incorporates the southern part of No 16 ( qv). 2 storeys and attics. 2 window range, one 3-light double-hung sash with glazing bars and o ne casement with glazing bars. The ground storey has 2 small C2O shops. The external slopes of the gables are tiled and the inner slopes are felt covered. A timber-framed wing extends at the rear in the courtyard which originally fronted the Unitarian Chapel. Nos 10 to 24 (even) form a group of small C16-C17 timber-framed and plastered houses some altered in C18 and later.

38. Name: UNITARY CHAPEL List Entry Number: 1037739 (UID: DSF7053) Location: FRIARY STREET Grade: I Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1618744378

A very fine example of a C17 Meeting House. A congregation of Dissenters was first founded in 1672 and the present building was opened in 1700. It has much of its original work and the original interior fittings have been retained almost intact. A square planned building with plastered walls. 2 s toreys, the upper storey windows light the gallery which runs round 3 sides of the interior, All sides have imposing fronts but the main entrance fronts are on the north and east sides. The north front has 3 window range, mullioned and transomed casements with leaded lattice lights and 2 8-panel double-doors with stucco moulded and shouldered architraves, panelled pilasters and modillioned pediments on enriched console brackets. On the 1st storey, above the doorways there are oval windows with spiders web leaded lights. The east side has a central doorway similar to those on the north side and 4 mullioned and transomed windows as on the north side. Originally it faced on to a courtyard approached by a passage way from St Nicholas Street. The south side has 6 window range, 4 with semi-circular arched heads and oval windows above, as on

36 the north front. The west front has 4 window range mullioned and transomed windows with leaded lattice lights. Roof tiled, double pitched. The interior has a panelled gallery on 3 sides, original box pews, a fine carved 3 decker pulpit (reputed to be carved by Grinling Gibbons), and a brass chandelier.

39. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 12675163 (UID: DSF7406) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1620744366

A C18 or early C19 front with a parapet to an earlier timber-framed and plastered building, probably C17. 2 storeys and attics. 2 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars, in flush cased frames. The ground storey has C2O shops. Roof tiled, with 2 flat headed dormers. Nos 10 to 24 (even) form a group of small C16-C17 timber-framed and plastered houses some altered in C18 and later.

40. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235344 (UID: DSF7141) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1621644359

A timber-framed and plastered building, probably C17 but altered in the C18 and C19. It stands on the comer of Franciscan Way with a gable at the south end. 2 storeys and attics. One window range on each front, a double-hung sash window without glazing bars on St Nicholas Street and a 2-light casement on the Franciscan Way front. The gable has sham half timbering. The ground storey has a C20 corner shop. Roof C20 interlocking tiles, with one flat headed dormer and a small coved plaster eaves cornice on the St Nicholas Street front. Nos 10 to 24 (even) form a group of small C16-C17 timber-framed and plastered houses some altered in C18 and later.

41. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235209 (UID: DSF7134) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1624044363

A C17 timber-framed and plastered house with a j ettied upper storey. 3 window range, double-hung sashes with vertical glazing bars, in flush cased frames. The ground storey has a C 19 shop front with panelled stallboard. Roof C20 interlocking tiles. Nos 19 to 47 (odd) form a group with Nos 1 to 9 (odd) Silent Street.

42. Name: No name name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235361 (UID: DSF7142) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1625044357

An early-mid C19 brick house, now painted. 2 storeys and cellars. 3 window range, the centre blocked, double hung sashes without glazing bars, in flush cased frames. The outer windows are set in slightly recessed brick panels. The ground storey has a C20 shop. Roof slate. Included for group value. Nos 19 to 47 (odd) form a group with Nos 1 to 9 (odd) Silent Street.

43. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235366 (UID: DSF7143) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1624444347

37 A C17 timber-framed and plastered house, now roughcast, with a jettied upper storey. 2 s toreys. 2 window range, double-hung sashes without glazing bars, in flush cased frames. The ground storey has one 3-light window. Roof tiled. No 25 is part of a range of C17 timber-framed and plastered houses with jettied upper storeys which included Nos 25 to 39 (odd). Nos 19 to 47 (odd) form a group with Nos 1 to 9 (odd) Silent Street.

44. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1265080 (UID: DSF7396) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1624444342

Part of a range of C17 timber-framed and plastered houses with jettied upper storeys which included Nos 25 to 39 (odd). Altered in the C18 and later. 2 storeys. 4 window range double-hung sashes, in flush cased frames, the windows to Nos 27 and 29 are now without glazing bars and No 31 has one C18 window with glazing bars. The ground storey has C20 shop fronts. Roofs tiled. Nos 19 to 47 (odd) form a group with Nos 1 to 9 (odd) Silent Street.

45. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235368 (UID: DSF7144) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1624644333

Part of a range of C17 timber-framed and plastered houses with jettied upper storeys which included Nos 25 to 39 (odd). 2 storeys. 3 window range, double-hung sashes with single vertical glazing bars, in flush cased frames. The ground storey has C20 shop fronts. Roofs tiled. Nos 19 to 47 (odd) form a group with Nos 1 to 9 (odd) Silent Street.

46. Name: CHURCH OF ST NICHOLAS List Entry Number: 1187192 (UID: DSF7095) Location: FRANCISCAN WAY Grade: II* Date first listed: 19-Dec-1951 Listing NGR: TM1617344284

Church. Circa 1300, C15, refitted 1849 by W. R. Moffatt, the tower partly rebuilt 1886 by E.F. Bisshopp. Flint, stone, red brick, stone dressings, plaintile roofs,the aisles leaded. West tower, continuous nave and chancel, north and south aisles, south porch north vestry. Tower, C15, 4 s tages, the belfry stage and embattled parapet rebuilt 1886 b y E.F. Bisshopp. Stepped diagonal buttresses with flushwork panels; stair turret in South East angle. West doorway multiple continous orders, one order with fleurons & shields, shield and figures in the spandrels, hood moulded terminating in crowned and winged lion stops. Flushwork cusped panels above, alternately bearing shields. Tall west window, 3-light panel tracery, restored probably 1886, stone cill band and band at stage level, which also continues to North and South faces. Single ringing chamber lights beneath hood moulds. Paned belfry windows of 2 cusped lights beneath vesica and separated by shaft surmounted by a cross. Continous band at cill level and at springing of window arch. Flushwork parapet in 2 stages; a pair of quatrefoils to each side of paired blank arches; above, flushwork panels, with figure to centre of each face. Crocketed finials. Much of the tower refaced by E.F. Bisshopp. Nave. 4 b ays.South elevation 2 y-tracery windows, one 3 -light intersecting tracery window restored C19, one 3 light C19 perpendicular window. Diagonal buttresses at angles, straight buttresses between windows. C19 brick porch with alternated shaped gable with rendered band beneath coping. Outer doorway, multiple orders, including rounded shaft supporting ovolo moulded arch. Pair of late C19 part glazed doors. Sundial on gable of porch. Inner arch. 2 orders broad roll mouldings with scroll moulded hood with figure stop. Probably C15 full dormer clerestory window but with C19 restoration, lighting rood. North elevation similar but without porch; the north doorway is partly submerged beneath ground level. Chancel. Diagonal buttresses. South: 3-light C19 Perpendicular window. C19 porch and doorway. C19 east window, 3-light panel tracery, with supermullions.and embattled transom. C19 vestry to north has simple 4-light window beneath hood mould , shallow gable to north. Interior 4 bay north and South arcades of quatrefoil arrised piers, with square fillets to the diagonals. Deeply undercut cap mouldings; arch moulding of 2 orders separated by a deep hollow. Chapel at east end of North aisle

38 1849 by W. R. Moffat of London the arch to this and eastern South aisle chapel probably brought from the chancel. Western responds of arcades rebuilt, probably 1880's. Tower arch, single chamfered respond,multiple moulded arch. 4-central arched tower stair doorway. Tall cusped niche to North wall, possibly reset. Shorter cusped niche or further piscina to east wall of North aisle. Nave collar rafted roof, probably C14, restored 1849, moulded cornice and wallplate. Chancel roof C19; aisle roofs are covered over. Pews C19, probably 1848 b y Henry Ringham, incorporating Jacobean style panelling, possibly reused. Fine Jacobean pulpit with tester. Altar rail of early C18 moulded rail, balusters twisted as a vase, the newels heavier, almost with a b ulb. Octagonal font, each face a p air of blind cusped sunk panels, flying angels to the soffit of the bowl;the stem probably C19, also octagonal has angel or prophet at each angle; original octagonal base. East window 1904 by William Morris Pepper. South chapel, window, c1875 by O'Connor and Taylor. North and Southaisles2 windows c1910-12 by T.F. Curtis, North Chapel window by King of Ipswich. Tympanum and carved relief, c1120, re-sited in the church. The tympanum, carved on both faces with inscription to main face with boar in centre, the reverse with an interlaced cross. Carved relief, probably from former Church of St. Michael depicts St. Michael fighting the dragon. Bells, one of 1630, by Miles Graye of Colchester, 4, of 1706 b y Henry Pleasant of Sudbury. Munro Cantley, H. Suffolk Churches And Their Treasures ,1954; Riches, A. Victorian Church Building And Restoration In Suffolk ,1982 ; Pevsner, N. Suffolk,1974; English Romanesque Art 1066 - 1200 Haywood Gallery, 1984; personal comments, Ipswich Borough Council. Christopher Milton (brother to the poet) is buried here.

47. Name: No name name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1235369 (UID:DSF7145) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1625244327

A small late C18 or early C19 red brick front with a stucco balustraded parapet and a moulded brick string course. Probably originally part of a C17 range of timber-framed and plastered houses which included Nos 25 to 39 (odd). 2 storeys. 2 window range, double-hung sashes with single vertical glazing bars. The ground storey has a C20 shop front with a C19 iron guard rail above the fascia. Roof tiled. Nos 19 to 47 (odd) form a group with Nos 1 to 9 (odd) Silent Street.

48. Name: No name for this Entry List Entry Number: 1265081 (UID:DSF7397) Location: ST NICHOLAS STREET Grade: II Date first listed: 04-Aug-1972 Listing NGR: TM1625844320

An early-mid C19 grey gault, brick house, now painted. 3 storeys 4 window range, double-hung sashes with glazing bars only on the 2nd storey, in plain reveals with stucco cornice lintels on stub brackets. The ground storey has a C20 shop front. The outer ends of the front have plain pilasters. Roof slate. Nos 19 to 47 (odd) form a group with Nos 1 to 9 (odd) Silent Street.

Ipswich Borough Council Local List There is one building within the Study Area, The Constantine Bus Depot (marked ‘A’ in Fig.5), which is not entered on the Statutory List but is included on the Ipswich Borough Council’s Local List (Buildings of Townscape Interest) as recorded in a Supplementary Planning Document dated 2013. The supporting text states;

‘These are buildings which, although not meeting the national criteria for listing, are important locally either by themselves or as part of a group. The Supplementary Planning Document supports the Council's Core Strategy policy DM9 Buildings of Townscape Interest, and helps to further the Council's objective of preserving and enhancing the historic fabric and special character of Ipswich.’

39 The entry is reproduced below:

Constantine Road Bus Depot. Early 20th century. Bus shed and attached offices. Iron framing, red brick, Suffolk white brick and stone dressings, slate roof coverings. The bus shed is a triple pitch structure with 3 vehicle entrances onto Constantine road, one under each gable. Exposed iron lintel. In each gable, segmental headed and circular window openings within ornamental stone and brick frames. Cast iron rainwater goods. Pitched shed roofs with glazed panelling supported on light iron trusses. The attached offices are a neo-baroque composition; 2 projecting gables with stone quoins, sash windows (the panes subdivided with glazing bars) within openings with prominent keystones. Rendered pediments with circular central windows surrounded by carved stone swags. Between the gables an or nate ashlar entrance, round headed opening with escutcheon beneath an open pediment.

3. Site visit

The PDA was visited on t he 3rd September 2014 to identify any extant structures or earthworks that maybe of possible historic interest and assess the potential for the survival of archaeological deposits. This was restricted to a visual examination of the building exteriors as seen from the surrounding public spaces. No internal inspections were undertaken. Figure 6 illustrates the state of the PDA as seen during the site visit with reference to the uses and buildings present.

The majority of the PDA was in use as a car park and was on the whole was surfaced in tarmac with occasional areas of concrete (Plate 1). One area of concrete was clearly associated with lines of red brick work which was undoubtedly the remains of a structure (Plate 2). The location is coincidental with a building marked on the 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map of 1927 (Fig. 14). The main car park entrance marks the route of Friars Bridge Road which formerly extended along the line of Alf Ramsey Way. Numerous drains and manhole covers were present indicating the existence of buried services.

The only permanent structures within the PDA consisted of a series of motor vehicles garages and showrooms (Plates 3, 4 and 5) and the Drum and Monkey Public House (Plates 6 and 7). The construction dates for these buildings is unknown but from their appearance the garages are likely to be been in more than one phase during the late 1930s to 1950s. The public house is relatively modern in appearance and is recorded on the Suffolk CAMRA website (http://www.suffolkcamra.co.uk/) as having opened i n 1961.

Plate 1. General view across the PDA, camera facing north

Plate 2. Former building floor slab and wall lines, camera facing north

Plate 3. Garages and showrooms on corner of Princes Street and Friars Bridge Road

Plate 4. Rear of garages and showrooms

Plate 5. View of ramp up to garage roof car park from Princes Street

Plate 6. Drum and Monkey Public House, Princes Street frontage

Plate 7. Rear of Drum and Monkey public house, camera facing east

44 4. History of the PDA

To rapidly assess the history of the PDA a study of readily available historical maps was undertaken. Maps and plans consulted for this DBA are as follows:

Name Date published Figure Speede 1610 Fig. 7 Ogilby 1674 Fig. 8 Pennington 1778 Fig. 9 Hodskinson 1783 Fig. 10 White 1867 Fig. 11 Ordnance Survey (1st Edition) 1:2500 Scale 1884 Fig. 12 Ordnance Survey (2nd Edition) 1:2500 Scale 1904 Fig. 13 Ordnance Survey (3rd Edition) 1:2500 Scale 1927 Fig. 14

N.B. The location of the PDA is outlined in red in all the historic map figures (the location is approximated in Figs 7, 8, 9 and 10). All historic map figures are rescaled extracts of the original maps.

Figure 7. Speede’s map of Ipswich, 1610 (location of PDA is very approximate)

The earliest map consulted, is Speede’s map of the town (Fig. 7), dated 1610. Although a fairly accurate map for its time, as regards the street layout, but it is not to any single scale and is mainly representative when depicting structures etc. The location of the PDA can only be approximately marked as Princes Street and Portman Road were not in existence at that time and the depiction of this area of the town appears to be

45 compressed. What are clearly marked is the former open river channel and the line of Friars Bridge Road. What appears to be a hump-backed bridge over the river is channel is shown, but this may be just the representation of a crossing rather than a depiction of an actual bridge. The area of the PDA is shown as open land that is devoid of any structures. Its precise nature is not indicated although there is a s uggestion of unevenness in the area to the north of Friars Bridge Road. A staggered and zigzagged route is marked across the area to the south of Friars Bridge Road which is probably a pathway rather than a ditch but its location is not definitely within the PDA.

Figure 8. Ogilby’s map of Ipswich, 1674

Ogilby’s map of 1674 (Fig. 8) is a more accurate representation of actual structures as well as the street pattern but unfortunately a large part of the PDA is obscured by a ‘table of reference’. The route of Friars Bridge Road can be seen. It is unnamed but the route to the west of the bridge is marked ‘causeway’. The bridge itself is numbered 21 which accords ‘Friers Bridge’ in the table of reference. The bridge appears to be very narrow and runs along the south side of the roadway only. The roadway crossing itself

46 appears to be a ford, as suggested but the increased width of the river channel which is probably a r esult of it having gently sloping sides. Two structures are marked on the south side of the route of Friars Bridge Road, just to the west of the crossing. The eastern structure is marked ‘pound’ (a small enclosure for holding stray animals) whilst the western building is unmarked. What appears to be a north-south path runs to the south alongside this building. Land use within the PDA is indicated with the area to the north of the causeway marked as ‘meadow’ whilst the area to the south is marked as ‘marsh’. To the northwest of the PDA a watermill on the river channel is marked.

Figure 9. Pennington’s map of Ipswich, 1778

Pennington’s map (Fig. 9) of just over a century later shows a similar layout as depicted by Ogilby. The bridge and adjacent ford arrangement appears unaltered and the bridge is still named as ‘Friers Bridge’ although the roadway to the west is now named ‘Portmans Walks’. The pound is still marked whilst the western structure has a m ore defined shape along with further buildings to the south and a pair of trees. Ditches are

47 present on either side of Portmans Walks which appears to be gated at its eastern end. The southern ditch turns to the south and runs south across the marsh alongside the group of buildings. This is coincidental with the possible path marked in Ogilby’s map. There is no differentiation between the land to the north and south of Friars Bridge Road/Portmans Walks with it all being depicted as marsh criss-crossed with ditches. Some fences with gates to Portmans Walks also depicted. The complete text across this area states ‘lands belonging to the corporation’; the full map also names the water channel as ‘The River Gipping’ and the water mill to the northwest as ‘Handford Mill’ (HER ref. IPS 259). Mrs Abbott’s Tan Yard (IPS 273) is also marked.

Figure 10. Hodskinson’s map, 1784

Hodskinson’s map (Fig. 10) was published only a few years later than Pennington’s and on the whole depicts the same features and attributes the same names. The major difference is the absence of the bridge (although the name remains), the pound and the nearby structures. It also appears to indicate that Portmans Walks are part of the marsh. The removal of all these features suggests abandonment of this area, possibly as a result of a flood.

Figure 11. White’s map, 1867

White’s map, published 1867 (Fig. 11), shows a great change has occurred in this area of the town. Railway Station Road (later Princes Street) has been created as the main route from the town to the newly built railway station (opened in 1860). Its northern end runs into ‘Birds Garden’ and then a road named Princes Street which leads up t o ‘Cornhill’, the commercial centre of the town. Portman Road has also been established. Friars Bridge Road is still marked, although it is unnamed, and the bridge has reappeared. The water channel is still open running from Handford Mill, marked as ‘Oil Mill’, down to the River Orwell, although the final section has been diverted and culverted.

The area within the PDA to the south of Friars Bridge Road has been developed as the Cattle Market. This comprises a single square structure in the centre of the market and what are possibly terraces of seating or cattle pens along the western edge.

100m

Figure 12. Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 scale map, first edition of 1884

100m

Figure 13. Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 scale map, second edition of 1904

50 The 1st edition Ordnance Survey map of 1884 (Fig. 12) indicates further development of the cattle market (labelled as ‘New Cattle Market’) with the creation of numerous animal pens and some additional buildings. Unnamed roadways run along the eastern and western edges of the cattle market, parallel with Portman Road. Between the eastern roadway and Portman Road the St Lawrence iron works has been established. To the north of Friars Bridge Road a large part of the area within the PDA is still open ground with some trees marked suggesting meadowland although adjacent to Portman Road a ‘Volunteer Drill Hall and S kating Rink’ have been built along with three residential houses and a large ‘L’ shaped building, presumably for commercial use.

The formerly open r iver channel is no longer marked indicating it had been entirely culverted in the area of the PDA although its route is still marked by an administrative boundary and various property boundaries.

A tramline has been laid along Princes Street, which now consists of the entire route from the railway station through to Cornhill.

The 2nd edition Ordnance Survey map of 1904 (Fig. 13) shows some further development within the PDA. The St Lawrence ironworks has expanded to the south with a series of additional buildings and what appear to be further commercial buildings have been constructed on the north side of Friars Bridge Road. Each end of the roadway along the western side of the cattle market now appears to have barriers indicating it is part of the market. Just outside the PDA the line of Great Gipping Street has been established it having been extended from the east to Portman Road. To the northwest, beyond the reproduced map extract, Handford Mill has been demolished. It was marked on the 1st edition map.

The 3rd edition Ordnance Survey map of 1927 (Fig. 14) shows little alteration within the PDA other than the addition of further buildings in the area to the north of Friars Bridge Road.

The roadway to the east of the cattle market is now named Market Road.

100m

Figure 14. Ordnance Survey, 1:2500 scale map, third edition of 1927

5. Assessment of impacts and effects

5.1 The archaeological potential of the PDA

A very limited amount of prehistoric activity is recorded across a very wide range of dates although the Palaeolithic material is likely to have originated from reworked natural deposits and as such is unlikely to represent an actual site. The Mesolithic flints are of interest but are probably just chance finds from a general background of material. There are no Neolithic or Bronze Age sites or findspots within the Study Area and given the overall limited nature of local discoveries the PDA has a low potential with respect to deposits from these, and the earlier, prehistoric periods. The Iron Age weaving comb although only a s ingle find is evidence that a s ettlement was located nearby in this period. Its recorded discovery also confirms that peat deposits exist in the area of former marsh. Consequently the PDA has low to medium potential from further Iron Age finds and deposits to be present.

52 Limited evidence relating to the Roman period has been identified within the study area, in areas to the northeast and northwest of the PDA. The cinerary urns from the site to the northwest probably relate to known Roman occupation site close to Handford Bridge to the northwest. Due to the proximity of known Roman activity the PDA has a low to medium potential for further evidence to be present.

The PDA is located just outside the known limits of the Saxon and medieval town, as marked by the line of the town defences, and as such it is highly likely that some associated activity would have occurred in the area of the PDA. Such activities may have been quite limited, such as use of the area for pasture etc. and surviving evidence may be ephemeral. Consequently there is a medium to high potential for evidence related to Saxon and medieval activity to be present within the PDA.

No actual sites or findspots are recorded within the PDA although the documented site of Friars (or Friers) Bridge is located on or just outside its eastern boundary. The name is likely to due to the proximity of the Greyfriars friary (IPS 726). Although the bridge is not documented until the post-medieval period its association with the friary could suggest it was originally established during the medieval period.

The existence of a bridge is not in doubt but precisely what form it actually took is unknown. Speede indicates hump-back bridge on his map of 1610 (Fig. 7), which could potentially be of stone construction. It would seem unlikely that a route that apparently just led out into the marsh would warrant such a construction and it is more likely that this is just an artistic representation of a bridge. The later maps show a narrow bridge alongside what appears to be a ford. Such a bridge would be for crossing the channel on foot whilst carts and animals would use the ford. As such it may have simply been a series of timber planks resting on small trestles, possibly with handrails.

What is also clear from the early maps is that a defined route ran approximately east – west across the PDA from the bridge site and out in to the marsh (Portmans Walks/Friars Bridge Road). None of the 17th or 18th century maps show where the route lead but the 19th century maps, beginning with Whites (Fig. 11), show that it provided access to a large ‘island’ between two channels of the Orwell/Gipping approximately 750m west of the bridge site. Ogilby (Fig. 8) labels it a c auseway

53 suggesting a raised earthwork, and both Pennington (Fig. 9) and Hodskinson (Fig.10) depict it running between parallel ditches.

The 17th and 18th century maps indicate the PDA was devoid of structures other than a small group of buildings that are marked on Ogilby’s and Pennington’s maps. One is labelled on both maps as ‘pound’ which probably consisted of a small square unroofed walled or fenced enclosure. The nearby building is likely to be a dwelling associated with a small farmstead utilising on the marsh as meadowland. Pennington shows a gate across the Portmans Walk adjacent to this building along with other gates and fences within the marsh area suggesting this area was being used as pasture. The presence of a small farmstead/dwelling in this location would give this area of the PDA a high potential for the presence of archaeological remains. 19th century development within the PDA consisted of the cattle market, an i ronworks and a dr ill/ice-rink, all of which could be considered of local historical interest and therefore be worthy of archaeological investigation. In this case, the remainder of the PDA would also have a high potential for the presence of related archaeological evidence.

In summary, no sites of findspots are recorded in within the PDA itself although there are a n umber of HER entries within the Study Area. Examination of early maps indicates that the PDA lies within what was once an extensive area of marshland alongside the River Orwell and that actual occupation is likely to be limited. That said the area is unlikely to be d evoid of significant archaeological evidence as activities relating the exploitation of the marsh resources are highly likely to be pr esent from virtually any historic period since the last ice age. Amongst such evidence is likely to be evidence for causeways, timber trackways/post alignments as well as remains of the marsh drainage system such as ditches and associated sluices and crossing points.

It has been postulated that the water channel, which runs around the edge of the marsh, has been artificially created, possibly through the formalisation of a natural channel. This may have been done as an aid to draining the marsh but also as a source of water to power a mill, such as Handford Mill to the north of the PDA. The known water mill on this site dates back to the early post-medieval period but it is possible that earlier mills may have existed.

54 5.2 Potential for preserved archaeological remains within the PDA Although much of the PDA is now open ground the late 19th century maps indicate that it was once the site of many structures. The cattle market buildings are unlikely to have been particularly substantial and would not have caused significant damage to any underlying deposits. The remainder of the PDA, such as the site of the St Lawrence ironworks, the drill hall and i ce rink may have been s ubjected to some truncation in localised areas but on the whole these are unlikely to have caused the total destruction of underlying deposits over a wider area. It could also be argued that surviving evidence from these buildings may be of some archaeological merit.

Given the site’s location within the floodplain of the River Orwell and its previous history as an area of marsh it is highly likely that the land levels have been built up. This could have occurred through the continued dumping of waste from the town and/or as a result of the deliberate importation of material. As such it is likely that a s urface deposit of made-ground will be pr esent across the entire PDA which would give any earlier underlying deposits a degree of protection from later activity.

Construction of Drum and Monkey public house and the garage/showrooms are liable to have resulted in some damage to underlying deposits but these would be di rectly related to wall lines and s upporting station and are unlikely to have caused their complete destruction.

5.3 Assessment of the impact of the development on the archaeological resource The potential for encountering earlier remains depends on the extent of actual groundwork that is proposed and the methods that may be employed in any development of the PDA.

At the time of writing the development proposals are for a multi-storeyed office block with associated car parking to be built in the southeast corner of the PDA, in the area of the existing garage showrooms (Fig. 15). This is close to the site of Friars Bridge and overlaps the area of the possible farmstead as marked on Pennington’s map.

The proposed structure is liable to require extensive groundwork that will potentially cause significant ground disturbance that could have a detrimental effect on underlying

55 archaeological deposits or features. This effect would be restricted to the area within the proposed development site only as the greater part of the PDA is to remain a car park for the foreseeable future.

6. Mitigation measures

Any mitigation strategies that may be required will be dependent on the nature of the proposed works and will be the sole decision of the County Council Conservation Team.

An early stage is liable to involve a programme of trial trenching within the proposed development site (Fig. 15) in order to fully understand the precise nature of the buried deposits and their significance, and to determine the quality of survival and depths of

56 occurrence. This would enable a greater understanding of the possible threat to the archaeological resource. This work would entail the mechanical excavation of a series of trial trenches to sample areas of the site at risk from the development proposals. The results of the trenched evaluation would then inform any future mitigation strategies that may be deemed necessary, such as monitoring of groundwork, open area excavation or in certain cases, preservation in-situ. Until such evaluation work is undertaken, it is usually impossible to define the full extent of any archaeological work that may be required on a site.

The development site is currently occupied by a series of existing buildings that are to be demolished. Although it would be possible to excavate test trenches in the area to the rear of the existing building these are unlikely to be considered representative of the entire development site and further trenching would therefore be required (a 5% sample of the total development site would equate to c.105m of trenching). Although it may also be possible to trench within the existing structures this could prove extremely problematic as regards machine access, noise, dust and height clearance. Therefore, in order to evaluate the area to the satisfaction of the Local Planning Authority it would be prudent to wait until the site has been cleared to ground level.

It is possible that some archaeological work, such as site monitoring, may be required during the demolition stage with particular reference to the grubbing out of any below ground structural components. There is also a slim possibility that there may be a requirement for below ground clearance to be carried out after the trenched evaluation. Any potential requirements during the demolition phase will be at the discretion of the County Council Conservation Team.

With this in mind potential developers are strongly advised to liaise with the County Conservation Team at the earliest opportunity to clarify the likely need for archaeological work.

57 7. Conclusions / Recommendations

Through an examination of the Suffolk HER and a historic map search, this DBA has set the PDA within its immediate archaeological landscape although it should be pointed out that the current development proposal will only affect a relatively small part of PDA, as illustrated in Figure 15.

The PDA lies within an area of former marsh on the edge of the River Orwell and is just outside the Anglo-Saxon and medieval extent of the town of Ipswich. The presence of evidence relating to the Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, medieval and p ost-medieval periods has been positively identified from historical records and previous discoveries within the Study Area. In particular, the site of a bridge recorded on post-medieval maps, but possibly with medieval origins, lies close to the eastern boundary of the PDA. This bridge is associated with a trackway that may have been on a raised causeway and marked by drainage ditches, which ran across the PDA. This trackway was later formalised as Friars Bridge Road, a s ection of which still survives to the east of the PDA. The site of a probably post-medieval farmstead also lies within the PDA as well as a late 19th century cattle market, an ironworks and a drill hall/ice-rink.

There is an archaeological potential for buried evidence dating from the prehistoric period onwards, primarily related to exploitation of the marsh and meadowland, to be present within the PDA.

As previously stated, in order to fully access the actual levels of survival the LPA may decide it is necessary to undertake field evaluation. As the PDA is in an urban area it is unlikely that a geophysical survey would be successful due to later disturbances and the present surfaces. The need and precise form of any further work that may be deemed necessary will be at the discretion of the Suffolk County Council Conservation Team. Until such work is undertaken it will not be pos sible to define the full extent of any further archaeological works that may be required.

58 8. List of contributors and Acknowledgements

This project was funded and commissioned by C.A. Cornish and Associates Limited, on behalf of their clients. The desk based assessment was carried out by Mark Sommers, of SCCAS. The project was managed by Rhodri Gardner, Contracts Manager, of SCCAS.

Disclaimer Any opinions expressed in this report about the need for further archaeological work are those of the Field Projects Team alone. Ultimately the need for further work will be determined by the Local Planning Authority and i ts Archaeological Advisors when a planning application is registered. Suffolk County Council’s archaeological contracting services cannot accept responsibility for inconvenience caused to the clients should the Planning Authority take a different view to that expressed in the report.

Archaeological services Field Projects Team

Delivering a full range of archaeological services

• Desk-based assessments and advice • Site investigation • Outreach and educational resources • Historic Building Recording • Environmental processing • Finds analysis and photography • Graphics design and illustration

Contact:

Rhodri Gardner Tel: 01473 265879 [email protected] www.suffolk.gov.uk/Environment/Archaeology/