2009, VOLUME 3 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS “All scientists shall have the right to present their scien- tific research results, in whole or in part, at relevant sci- entific conferences, and to publish the same in printed scientific journals, electronic archives, and any other media.” — Declaration of Academic Freedom, Article 8 ISSN 1555-5534 The Journal on Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Experimental Physics, including Related Themes from Mathematics PROGRESS IN PHYSICS A quarterly issue scientific journal, registered with the Library of Congress (DC, USA). This journal is peer reviewed and included in the ab- stracting and indexing coverage of: Mathematical Reviews and MathSciNet (AMS, USA), DOAJ of Lund University (Sweden), Zentralblatt MATH (Germany), Scientific Commons of the University of St. Gallen (Switzerland), Open-J-Gate (India), Referativnyi Zhurnal VINITI (Russia), etc. To order printed issues of this journal, con- JULY 2009 VOLUME 3 tact the Editors. Electronic version of this journal can be downloaded free of charge: http://www.ptep-online.com http://www.geocities.com/ptep online CONTENTS Editorial Board T. X. Zhang A New Cosmological Model: Black Hole Universe . 3 Dmitri Rabounski (Editor-in-Chief) I. A. Abdallah Maxwell-Cattaneo Heat Convection and Thermal Stresses Responses [email protected] of a Semi-Infinite Medium to High-Speed Laser Heating due to High Speed Laser Florentin Smarandache Heating . 12 [email protected] Larissa Borissova E. N. Chifu, S. X. K. Howusu, and L. W. Lumbi Relativistic Mechanics in Gravitational [email protected] Fields Exterior to Rotating Homogeneous Mass Distributions within Spherical Stephen J. Crothers Geometry . 18 [email protected] P.Wagener Experimental Confirmation of a Classical Model of Gravitation . 24 Postal address W. C. Daywitt Limits to the Validity of the Einstein Field Equations and General Rela- Chair of the Department tivity from the Viewpoint of the Negative-Energy Planck Vacuum State . 27 of Mathematics and Science, W. C. Daywitt The Planck Vacuum and the Schwarzschild Metrics . 30 University of New Mexico, 200 College Road, G. A. Quznetsov Higgsless Glashow’s and Quark-Gluon Theories and Gravity without Gallup, NM 87301, USA Superstrings. .32 W. C. Daywitt A Heuristic Model for the Active Galactic Nucleus Based on the Planck Vacuum Theory . 41 Copyright c Progress in Physics, 2009 E. N. Chifu and S. X. K. Howusu Solution of Einstein’s Geometrical Gravitational Field All rights reserved. The authors of the ar- Equations Exterior to Astrophysically Real or Hypothetical Time Varying Distrib- ticles do hereby grant Progress in Physics utions of Mass within Regions of Spherical Geometry . 45 non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free li- cense to publish and distribute the articles in E. N. Chifu, A. 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(Look for the current author fee in the online version of the journal.) July, 2009 PROGRESS IN PHYSICS Volume 3 A New Cosmological Model: Black Hole Universe Tianxi Zhang Department of Physics, Alabama A & M University, Normal, Alabama E-mail: [email protected] A new cosmological model called black hole universe is proposed. According to this model, the universe originated from a hot star-like black hole with several solar masses, and gradually grew up through a supermassive black hole with billion solar masses to the present state with hundred billion-trillion solar masses by accreting ambient mate- rials and merging with other black holes. The entire space is structured with infinite layers hierarchically. The innermost three layers are the universe that we are living, the outside called mother universe, and the inside star-like and supermassive black holes called child universes. The outermost layer is infinite in radius and limits to zero for both the mass density and absolute temperature. The relationships among all layers or universes can be connected by the universe family tree. Mathematically, the entire space can be represented as a set of all universes. A black hole universe is a subset of the en- tire space or a subspace. The child universes are null sets or empty spaces. All layers or universes are governed by the same physics - the Einstein general theory of relativity with the Robertson-walker metric of spacetime - and tend to expand outward physically. The evolution of the space structure is iterative. When one universe expands out, a new similar universe grows up from its inside. The entire life of a universe begins from the birth as a hot star-like or supermassive black hole, passes through the growth and cools down, and expands to the death with infinite large and zero mass density and absolute temperature. The black hole universe model is consistent with the Mach principle, the observations of the universe, and the Einstein general theory of relativity. Its various aspects can be understood with the well-developed physics without any difficulty. The dark energy is not required for the universe to accelerate its expansion. The inflation is not necessary because the black hole universe does not exist the horizon problem. 1 Introduction light elements [11–15]. Although it has been declared to have successfully ex- In 1929, Edwin Hubble, when he analyzed the light spectra of plained the three basic observations, the big bang theory is galaxies, found that light rays from galaxies were all shifted neither simple nor perfect because the explanations of the ob- toward the red [1, 2]. The more distant a galaxy is, the greater servations sensitively rely on many adjustable parameters and the light rays are shifted. According to the Doppler’s effect, hypothesis that have not been or may never be tested [16–17]. all the galaxies should be generally receding from us. The In addition, the big bang theory has not yet told us a whole more distant a galaxy is, the faster it moves away from our story for the origin and evolution of the universe with ninety- Milky Way. This finding implies that our universe is expand- eight percent uncertainties of its composition. The past before ing and thus had a beginning or an origin. 1043 seconds, the outside, and the future of the universe are To explain the origin and evolution of the universe, Le- still unknown. As astronomers are able to observe the space maitre [3–4] suggested that the universe began an explosion deeper and deeper, the big bang theory may meet more and of a primeval atom. Around two decades later, George Ga- more severe difficulties with new evidences. In fact, that the mow and his collaborators [5–9], when they synthesized ele- newly observed distant quasars with a high fraction of heavy ments in an expanding universe, devised the initial primordial elements [18] has already brought the big bang model in a fireball or big bang model based on the Lemaitre’s superatom rather difficult situation. Cosmologists have being tried to idea. To salvage the big bang model from some of its theo- mend this model for more than several decades.