Tradición Revista Volume 59

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Tradición Revista

10-1-2012 Tradición Revista volume 59

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Home Country Books for First Graders The Mescalero Basketmakers Through A Photographer’s Eye: Bustos Los Pinos & the Military in the 1860s New Mexico’s Navajo Wars, 1836-39 New Mexico’s Chile Kings: Garcia & Nakayama Charlie Carrillo

Santo by Charlie Carrillo and Pottery by Debbie Carrillo

Studio by Appointment

2712 Paseo de Tularosa, Santa Fe, NM 87505 505/473-7941 E-Mail: [email protected] University of New Mexico Press

returns to Spanish Market! July 28 and 29, 2012, on the Santa Fe Plaza

Featuring many new titles, author book signings, and a rich selection of scholarly, children’s, bilingual, fiction, New Mexico, and cook books!

University of New Mexico Press 800.249.7737 • unmpress.com

Tradición Featuring Southwest Traditions, Sylvia Martínez Art & Culture ohnson J October 2012 VOLUME XVII, No. 3 (#59) ISSN 1093-0973 New Mexico Folkart Originals

Publishers/Managing Editors Barbe Awalt Paul Rhetts

Contributors Francelle Alexander Nikki Bustos Rick Hendricks Joan Jensen Darlene Lizarraga Bernadette Miera Slim Randles Robert Tórrez

Tradición Revista is published electronically four times a year by LPD Enterprises, 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, NM 87107-5647

505/344-9382 t FAX 505/345-5129 Website: www.nmsantos.com Email: [email protected]

The nmsantos.com website contains information on both the current issue of Tradición Revista as well as all back issues, a comprehensive index of articles, and information on the book list from LPD Press. The website also contains a variety of information on santos/saints, their identification and artists.

The subscription rate is $10 a year (4 issues) or $20 for two years (8 issues); U.S. currency only.

Copyright © 2012 by LPD Enterprises. All rights reserved. Reproduc- tion in whole or in part by any means without written permission is strictly prohibited. Tradición Revista invites letters of criticism, com- ment, and ideas for future issues. Tradición Revista and its publish- Angel of the Nativity ers disclaim responsibility for statements either of fact or of opinion 12” x 8” made by contributors. Tradición Revista encourages the submission oil, crystals, silver, & turquoise of manuscripts with photographs, but assumes no responsibility for such submittals. Unsolicited manuscripts must be accompanied by self-addressed, stamped envelopes to ensure their return.

Scarlett’s Gallery 225 Canyon Road Santa Fe, NM 87501 505.983-7092 Front cover: Old truck and adobe ruins.

6 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Tradición Featuring Southwest Traditions, Art & Culture

October 2012 VOLUME XVII, No. 3 (#59) IN THIS ISSUE Feature Articles

Hispanic Art Awards New Mexico State Fair...... 20 Spanish/Hispanic Market Awards...... 30 Through A Artist’s Eye...... 39 by Nikki Bustos Books for First Graders...... 55 by Barbe Awalt Home Country...... 58 by Slim Randles The Mescalero Basketmakers...... 63 by Joan Jensen Los Pinos & The Miitary in the 1860s...... 82 by Francelle Alexander New Mexico’s Navajo Wars, 1836-39...... 97 by Robert Tórrez New Mexico’s Chile Kings: García & Nakayama...... 111 by Rick Hendricks Hispaniae Departments folk art of the americas

Editors’ Notes/Publishers’ Message...... 9 Calendario/Calendar...... 13 Book Reviews & Resources...... 103 Artist’s Portfolios...... 108

The fine art of Pablita Velarde and Helen Hardin

On exhibit at Adobe Gallery in Santa Fe, NM, through No- vember 28th, 2012.

Right: Original Min- eral Earth Painting of “Rainbow God” santos, ceramics, textiles, books, and much more in Old Town, Albuquerque at 4110 Romero St. NW (505) 244-1533

TRADICIÓN October 2012 7 ! EXPERIENCE IT ! Art &Colcha Lovato

ELVIS ROMERO ELVIS ROMERO AND FIESTAELVIS AND SANTA DE FE ROMERO AND FIESTA DE SANTA FE featuring Zozobra’s Great Escape

by Andrew Leo Lovato

For three centuries, the Fiesta de Santa Fe has commemorated historical events including the Spanish reconquest of New Mexico by Don Diego de Vargas in 1692 and the confraternity of the Rosary ELVIS ROMERO named in honor of La Conquistadora. Over the generations the old- est community celebration in the country has evolved to include AND DE elaborate parades and processions, including the royal court of De- FIESTA Vargas and La Reina, and memorably, the burning in effigy of Zozo- bra, or Old Man Gloom, drawing locals and visitors each autumn. SANTA FE featuring “Children are the heart of Fiesta,” reflects Andrew Lovato as he recalls his schoolboy experiences growing up in Santa Fe in the 1960s. Enter Lovato’s altar ego, a fictional character named Elvis Romero, who with his cousin Pepa engage in a scheme to rescue Zozobra’s Zozobra from his inevitable demise. In a Huck Finn tale for all

featuring Great Escape ages, Lovato captures the essence of Fiesta de Santa Fe as only a child can experience it. by Andrew Leo Lovato

Zozobra’s Great Escape Andrew Leo Lovato, PhD, is professor of speech communication at Santa Fe Community Col- lege and author of numerous books and articles relating to New Mexico history and culture, including Santa Fe Hispanic Culture: Preserving Identity in a Tourist Town (UNMP).

ISBN 978-089013-532-7

New Mexico M NM P

Cady Wells and New Mexico Colcha Club Southwestern Modernism Spanish Colonial Embroidery & the Women Who Saved It Edited by Lois P. Rudnick By Nancy C. Benson Clothbound $39.95 BY CHERYL ALTERS JAMISON Jacketed Paperbound $34.95 AND BILL JAMISON Conexiones Connections in Spanish Colonial Art Origins of New Mexico Families A Geneaology of the Spanish By Carmella Padilla and Donna Pierce Colonial Period

Clothbound $50.00 By Fray Angelico Chávez E-book Edition $40.00 Converging Streams Art of the Hispanic and Paperbound $55.00 Native American Southwest Tasting New Mexico Edited by William Wroth and Robin Farwell Gavin Recipes Celebrating 100 Years of Recipes Celebrating One Hundred Years Paperbound $39.95 Distinctive Home Cooking of Distinctive Home Cooking By Cheryl Alters Jamison and Bill Jamison Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish Paperbound with Flaps $29.95 By Rubén Cobos Traditional Arts of E-book Edition $14.00 Spanish New Mexico

Paperbound $19.95 By Robin Farwell Gavin Paper-over-board $19.95 Elvis Romero and Fiesta de Santa Fe Featuring Zozobra’s Great Escape By Andrew Leo Lovato Museum of New Mexico Press Paper-over-board $22.50 www.mnmpress.org Low ’n slow 800.249.7737 Lowriding in New Mexico Visit us at Spanish Market in the Photographs by Jack Parsons book tent on the plaza. Text by Carmella Padilla Paperbound $27.50 pensamientos de los editores

Los Lunas Museum of Heritage & Art - Friday, December 14, 6pm. Publishers’ Corrales Author Fair If you want to get a little of the holiday spirit and NOT go to a mall try the San Isidro Church in Corrales, Saturday, No- vember 24, 1-5pm. This is their annual Author Fair and it gives you a chance to talk to authors and have them sign books. ‘Tis Message The Season! The thankfully, cooler fall weather is bringing about a lot Slim Randles & Forrest Fenn of changes. The first major change is at the National Hispanic Slim and Forrest were honored, Tuesday, October 16, at the Culture Center Foundation. Executive Director Clara Apodaca Governor’s Mansion in Santa Fe, receiving the 2012 Rounders will leave as of November 1, and a new interim director will Award presented by the New Mexico Department of Agricul- head the Foundation. This in the wake of renewed charges ture. The Award was named after Max Evans, another New that money from New Mexico went to things it shouldn’t and Mexico treasure. See page 61 for more information. the Foundation still owes more than $100,000 to pay back New Mexico. The money was supposed to go to the Torreon Book Awards Mural expenses and promotion. NHCC has been plagued with We were honored with 13 Finalists Awards in the New cronyism, poor attendance, and questionable practices. All not Mexico & Arizona Book Awards and will wait with baited good. Clara got on a lot of people’s nerves and she ruled with breath to see if we have any Winners. an iron fist. The new interim head of the NHCC Foundation is Julie We were sad to hear that there will not be Contemporary Morgas Baca. She has a background with non-profits and gov- Hispanic Winter Market this year. Maybe next year when the ernment. economy improves. Another thing that really got under our skin was the buy- ing of $200,000 in books to give free to 1st graders. We love the We look forward to the holidays and the Heard Spanish idea that 1st graders get a free book to start off their school year. Market, the Winter festivals and sales. It has been a hot year But these books were bought from publishers in Illinois and and we are ready to cool off! Arizona. Only a few books were bought from UNM Press and the Governor got on TV and said these books were twice as expensive as the others. Maybe they were twice as good? And why did the New Mexico Public Education Department have Cristina Hernández no idea that really good 1st grade level books are written and published in New Mexico? They sent out the notice of the sale to Sunstone Press and UNM Press in New Mexico and sort Tinwork of forgot or didn’t know to send out the notice to other New Mexico publishers. Isn’t that the job of the NEW MEXICO PED to know what is published in New Mexico? They couldn’t even send the notice the Museum of New Mexico Press, part of the New Mexico government. Sad! The New Mexico PED provided the notice sent out and the list of who they sent the notice to and what books were bought. Talk about dumb!

Rudolfo’s Hollyhocks As we go into the holiday season we are publishing How Hollyhocks Came to New Mexico by Rudolfo Anaya with art by Santero Nick Otero and translation by Nasario Garcia. We are thrilled that this New Mexico book for kids has three award- winning New Mexico men involved (we say men but we always think of Nick as a kid). If we do say so, this is a beautiful Contemporary Reverse book. It has been a pleasure to work with Rudy and we have & Traditional Glass to pinch ourselves when we see him because he is major in Design Painting every sense of the word. He is a nice guy too. Rudy is already making noises about other books in the series. Great! And for subscribers there is such a deal to get the books – see page 16 If you will indulge, events for the book are: Santa Fe Main Library – Sunday, November 25, 2-4pm, the Sunday after Thanksgiving and a benefit for the Santa Fe Cristina Hernández Feldewert Friends of the Public Library. 18 Paseo del Caballo • Santa Fe, NM 87508 Bookworks in Albuquerque – Saturday, December 8, 3pm. 505.473-2952 • [email protected] TRADICIÓN October 2012 9 Jason Salazar

Traditional & Contemporary Wood Carving

505/514-1120 or 505/271-0925 Award Winning Artist Ramona Vigil Eastwood

Showing at Contemporary Hispanic Market Santa Fe, NM t July 27-28 t

Museum of New Mexico Foundation

ON the Plaza: New Mexico Museum of Art Shop Palace of the Governors Shop

ON MuseuM hill: Museum of International Folk Art Shop Colleen Cloney Duncan Museum Shop at the Museum of Indian Arts & Culture

ON the web: www.shopmuseum.com PO Box 23455, Albuquerque, NM 87192 www.newmexicocreates.org 505.296-2749 email [email protected] www.worldfolkart.org

TRADICIÓN October 2012 11 Retablos & Relief Carvings Rosina López de Short

GABYGLASSExquisite Custom Handmade Art Glass Designs & Creations That Warm Your Heart

Special Orders Welcomed 1381 Bluebonnet Trl., Del Rio, TX 78840-6008 Glass Designer & Artist Gabriela Bartning Aguirre (830) 768-1734 [email protected] or 602.462-9419 [email protected] www.gabyglass.com in the art world current exhibitions and shows Exhibits & Events

ALBUQUERQUE, NM OROCOVIS, PR SANTA FE, NM Through January 2013 December 17, 2012 Through May 1, 2014 Woven Stories: Navajo Weavers 29th Encuentro de Santeros Woven Identities Maxwell Museum. 505/277-4405. Orocovis, Puerto Rico Museum of Indian Arts & Culture. 505/476- Through January 2013 1269. Contemporary Navajo PHOENIX, AZ Through November 1, 2012 Photographers: Present Tense November 10-11, 2012 Native American Portraits Maxwell Museum. 505/277-4405. Museum of NM History. 505/476-5200. 11th Annual Spanish Market Through January 2014 Heard Museum. 800/252-8344. Through December 24, 2012 Stitching Resistence: A History of Treasures Seldom Seen Chilean Arpilleras NM Museum of Art. 505/476-5041 Nat’l Hispanic Cultural Center. 505/246- ROSWELL, NM Through February 20, 2013 2261. Through Jan. 6, 2013 Altared Spaces: Shrines of NM Through January 2013 Roswell: Diamond of the Pecos Roswell Museum & Art Center. 575/624-6744. Museum of NM History. 505/476-5200. Nuestras Maestras: The Legacy of Abad Lucero Nat’l Hispanic Cultural Ctr. 505/246-2261.

Contemporary & Traditional Art by Teresa May Duran ROSA MARIA CALLES

www.corazondeduran.com P.O. Box 57135, Albuquerque, NM 87187 [email protected] 303/522-6994 505-379-3230

TRADICIÓN October 2012 13 albuquerque Bernalillo County Centennial Hall Mural

Bernalillo County, New Mexico, unveiled a new mural and photo exhibition in honor of the State’s Centennial. The mural features historical scenes of life in Bernalillo County. It is open to the public at the City/County Gobvernment Center at 415 Tijeras NW in Albuquerque through October 31. The mural and exhibit is located on the 10th floor. TRADICIÓN October 2012 15 A Special Deal for Subscribers Rudolfo Anaya is getting ready to release his newest book — How Hollyhocks Came to New Mex- ico, a bilingual children’s picture book — and we have a special just for our subscribers. Order your copy by November 25 and get a signed book, a packet of special hollyhock seeds, and FREE SHIPPING!

“Meet, Greet & Sign” Book Events November 25, 2012 — 2-4pm, Santa Fe Public Library, 145 Washington Ave, Santa Fe, NM December 8, 2012 — 3-4:30pm, Bookworks, 4022 Rio Grande Blvd NW, Albuquerque, NM December 14, 2012 — 6-8pm, Museum of Heritage & Arts, 251 Main St, Los Lunas, NM How Hollyhocks Came to New Mexico by Rudolfo Anaya with illustrations by Nicolás Otero and translation by Nasario García 47 pages 45 color illustrations; 8 x 10 ISBN 978-1-936744-12-1 ($24.95 hb)

How Hollyhocks Came to New Mexico is a fanciful folk tale that helps explain the beautiful flowers that can be seen in all parts of New Mexico in the summer and fall. Es- caping Herod’s wrath, Sueño, the angel, by mistake takes the Holy Family to New Mex- ico. Acclaimed author and teacher Rudolfo Anaya blends history in this tale that shows how different cultures can work together peacefully and respect the land we all need.

Rudolfo Anaya, the premiere Hispanic author, has won many awards including the National Endowment for the Arts Medal of the Arts Lifetime Achievement Award for his writing. He is a native New Mexican and has written many books for adults and children including: The Santero’s Miracle, The Farolitos of Christmas, The First Tortilla, and the book that started it all, Bless Me Ultima. Nicolás Otero, an award-winning santero (a painter and carver of religious art in New Mexico), exhibits in Traditional Spanish Market in Santa Fe as well as the Heard Museum Spanish Market in Phoenix. He teaches middle school art and lives in Los Lunas with his Order wife and new baby. Hollyhocks—$24.95 each plus tax for Nasario García, an award-winning author and New Mexico Residents teacher, documents oral histories of New Mexico. His ($26.95 if shipped to New Mexico) latest books include Fe y Tragedias and An Indelible Imprint. He is a longtime friend of Rudolfo and lives Please enclose check or provide in Santa Fe with his wife. credit card (Visa or Mastercard) info below: Card No.______Rio Grande Books Expire Date______925 Salamanca NW 3-digit cvs no. from back of card______Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com Daytime phone______TRADICIÓN October 2012 17 Oil base monotype/pastel/litho crayon “Tiernitos” 23½” x 19¼” AnaMaria Samaniego “A sense of place, to remember to enjoy” Participant at Summer Contemporary Hispanic Market

Studio (505) 501-5661 [email protected] AnaMaria Samaniego Winner of the prestigious 2011 Contemporary Hispanic Market “Tradicion Revista Excellence in the Arts” award. For “Bosque”

Awarded First Place in Printmaking at the State Fair Fine Arts in 2012 for “Calabacitas”

“Calabacitas” is the last of a series of salsas that include “Guacamole” and “Pico de Gallo”

Inquires of show dates, art work and studio visits at: [email protected] Studio (505) 501-5661

Oil base monotype “Bosque” 23½” x 19½”

“Siempre Azul” “Ri Grande” Oil base Monotype Oil base Monotype & Pastel & Pastel 23½” x 19½” 23½” x 19½”

Bosque”, “Siempre Azul”, “Rio Grande”, and “Tiernitos”available as an Archival Pigment Print on 100% rag paper. Call for sizes and prices.

Handcolored 4 panel Linocut on Chiri Rice Paper. “Calabacitas” 6” x 16” edition of 20 albuquerque Honoring the best art

Each year, the best Hispanic art in New Mexico is honored at the State Fair. Here are the winners at the 2012 NM State Fair:

OILS/ACRYLICS Lorenzo Leger Yo No Se 1st Eric Christo Martinez Pawn’s Exit 2nd Dominic D. Montoya Brotherhood never dies 3rd Andrea Camp Vargas Noche de Fuego HM Ricardo Chavez-Mendez Dynamic Frogs HM Ricardo Chavez-Mendez Xiuhcoatl Fire Serpent HM Jerome Garcia Evertudote HM Eric Christo Martinez Mother’s Nature HM Jim Ramirez Madonna Del Rio HM Manuel Salas Jr. Los Tres Valientes HM Helen L. Snyder Las Panaderas (The Bread Makers) HM Andy Valdez Long Gone HM

WATERCOLOR David Vega Chavez Saint Michael’s Church, Santa Fe 1st Marlene Bachicha/Roberts Necropolis de Colon, Cuba 2nd David Vega Chavez Virga Over Tierra Amarilla 3rd David Vega Chavez Casa Espana HM

SCULPTURE Anthony Esparsen The Quest 1st Anthony Esparsen Portrait of a Vanishing Breed 2nd Titus Ortiz Holy Family - Santa Familia 3rd Arman Barajas Black Christ HM Billy Kavanaugh Love Song HM Victor Lira Fallen HM Raymond Sandoval Myan Chant HM

MIXED MEDIA Jason Younis y Delgado La Alma in Tin 1st Arthur Lueras Aztec Warrior 2nd Jerry Montoya Imaculado Corazon de Maria 3rd Gloria H. Cruz Highland Dancers HM Victor Lira Redemption HM Michaeline Melendez San Francisco HM Vicente Telles Cristo HM Regina Zimmerman Trinity HM Felicia Montoya Our Lady HM

20 TRADICIÓN October 2012 MIXED MEDIA #2 Brent Jeffrey Thomas Afuera/Adentro 1st Jon Sanchez Dama De La Flor 2nd Tomas N. Garcia La Funcion de Ranchitos 3rd Brent Jeffrey Thomas Estado HM

MIXED MEDIA #3 Anna Rivera The Birth of Creation 1st Nathan Maldonado Prayer From Saipan 2nd Ramon Vega Wrigley Field 3rd Corrine Armijo-Vialpando First Chick HM Filomeno Martinez Carnuel HM Filomeno Martinez Bernalillo HM

PASTELS Joseph P. Vargas Untitled Pastel Art 1st Sylvia Ortiz Domney Indigo Crow and Poppies 2nd Corrine Armijo-Vialpando Blue Agave 3rd

PHOTOGRAPHY Chris Candelario Renovacion de San Miguel 1st Oscar Lozoya The Opportunist 2nd Marlene Bachicha/Roberts Allure 3rd Margaret S. Cordova Santuario de Chimayo HM Richard Lujan Church of St. Francis; Rancho de Taos HM Roberto Montano St. Francis Cathedral Basilica, Footprints Snow HM Nick Munoz La Sombra HM

TINWORK Fred Ray Lopez The Rose 1st Jerry Montoya San Francisco 2nd Santos De Los Angeles Telyn Nicho 3rd Virginia Cobos Fritz The Nativity HM Cristina Hernandez Feldewert Cristo Rey HM Fred Ray Lopez The Eagle HM Maria B. Martinez Monte Calvario HM

WEAVINGS Yvonne Ortiz-Ebelacker Two Purple Mesas 1st Paula Roybal Ojas 2nd Paula Roybal Milagro 3rd Yvonne Ortiz-Ebelacker Flores HM Alyssa Romero Colores de Chimayo HM

RETABLOS Marie Antoinette Luna El Milagro de San Francisco de Asissi 1st Guadalupita Ortiz Nacimiento 2nd Amanda Griego San Miguel 3rd TRADICIÓN October 2012 21 Onofre E. Lucero Nuestra Senora de la Luz HM Maria Elvira Ortiz Y Garcia San Francisco de Asis HM Felicia Rodriguez Our Lady of Sorrows HM Vicente Telles San Isidro HM Sean Wells y Delgado San Francisco HM Sean Wells y Delgado La Alma de Maria HM

BULTOS Federico Prudencio Santa Librada 1st Adan D. Gonzales San Gabriel 2nd Carlos Jose Otero N. S. del Rosario 3rd Ron Martinez Ascension De Jesus HM Ron Martinez Nuestra Senora De Guadalupe HM Carlos Jose Otero Cristo Crucificado HM Rodolfo Parga St. Francis HM

STRAW APPLIQUE Cristina Hernandez Feldewert Arana 1st Mel Rivera Sacred Heart Cross 2nd Martha Varoz Ewing Via Crucis 3rd Miguel Strunk La Luz de Dios HM Miguel Strunk Straw Applique Box HM Martha Varoz Ewing Flores En Mi Vida HM

FOLK ART Michael Tafoya Australian Stock Whip 1st Lee J. Valdez Cruz Bajo Arco 2nd Gregory D. Scargall Zozobra Step Right Up 3rd Richard S. Martinez San Francisco HM Stella Aranda Miller 3 Faces of Eve HM Lee J. Valdez Cruz con Rosa HM

METAL WORK Lorenzo Espinoza Silver Tongue Aqua Queen 1st William Casias Michael 2nd Keith Garcia San Francisco 3rd John F. Perea Spring Day HM Norman Heath Quiggle Austn’s Rose HM

COLCHA WORK Annette Gutierrez-Turk Pajarito Flor 1st Francine Montoya Our Lady of Guadalupe 3rd

TRADITIONAL FURNITURE Andrew Garcia Trastero 1st Dorothy T. Vigil Autumn Sunrise Rocking Chair 2nd Eddie George Dressing Table 3rd

22 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Andrew Garcia Mesita HM Patrick Leyba Traditional Blanket Chest HM

FINE CRAFT Adan Ortega Fiesta Sabroso 1st Leah Henriquez Ready Firebird 2nd Leah Henriquez Ready Tidepool 3rd Philip Lovato Rainbow Kachina HM Graciela Mestas El Santo Nino HM

JEWELRY Felipe Rivera Royalty 1st Racheal Roybal-Montoya Ave Maria Rosary 2nd Racheal Roybal-Montoya Cruz 3rd Felipe & Onofre Rivera Sacred Heart of Mary & Jesus HM Larry Sisneros Silver/Onyx Necklace HM

FIBER TEXTILE ART Peggy J. Chavez Mi Virgen Mi Santuario 1st Peggy J. Chavez Flor y Canto: Una Vision - Abrazo Shawl 2nd Peggy J. Chavez Tesoros De Mi Cultura: Warriors of Peace 3rd Peggy J. Chavez Mi Sagrado Corazon: Abrazo Shawl HM Debbie Sanchez Dia de Los Muertos Quilt HM

WOODWORKING Mark Chavez Mi Dios Mio 1st Larry Luna Maya Royalty Cane 2nd Sal Nunez Olive Wood Yeshua 3rd Mark Chavez Chief Joseph HM John De Jesus La Valentina HM B.J. Lesperance Devil’s Claw Crucifix HM Byron Martinez Amor, Vida y Afficion HM Julian H. Romero Craneo de Cornilargo HM Julian H. Romero Santo Duppy HM

BEST OF SHOW AWARD - BULTO 12 Jacob Salazar The Ascension of Christ Best of Show

TRADITION REVISTA AWARD OF EXCELLENCE Metal Work - John Perea, Angel in Bloom

BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS AWARD - PRESENTED BY JACOB & JASON SALAZAR Bulto - Eric Gonzales, Life of Christ

TRADICIÓN October 2012 23 albuquerque Santero Market

24 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 25 26 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 27 dallas Velasquez Exhibit Unites Prado and Meadows As part of its multifaceted partner- bring together key paintings from this ship with the Prado, the Meadows Mu- period, including two early portraits of seum will present the most important the King from the Meadows and Prado monographic exhibition devoted to collections, united for the first time in Velázquez in the United States in more four centuries. The exhibition is cu- than two decades. On view Septem- rated by one of the world’s leading Ve- ber 16, 2012 – January 13, 2013, Diego lázquez scholars, Dr. Javier Portús, head Velázquez: The Early Court Portraits of the Prado’s Department of Spanish will explore the development and Painting until 1700. In the exhibition’s impact of Velázquez’s work as the court accompanying catalogue, Dr. Portús portraitist for King Philip IV, one of states that the artist’s first portrait of history’s most influential arts patrons the king “may well be the work at the and connoisseurs. The exhibition will Meadows.”

Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Ve- lázquez (Spanish, 1599-1660), Portrait of Don Pedro de Barberana, c. 1631-33. Oil on canvas. Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, AP 1981.14.

Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Ve- lázquez (Spanish, 1599-1660), Portrait Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (Spanish, 1599-1660), Portrait of King of the Jester Calabazas, c. 1631-32. Oil Philip IV, 1623-24. Oil on canvas. Meadows Museum, SMU, Dallas. Algur H. on canvas. The Cleveland Museum of Meadows Collection, MM.67.23. Photo by Michael Bodycomb. Art, Cleveland, Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund, 1965.15. 28 TRADICIÓN October 2012 santa fe santa fe Storage Jars of Hopi Katsina Dolls Margaret Tafoya

Adobe Gallery (221 Canyon Road) will display a collection of pueblo pottery by the famous matriarch of Santa Clara Pueblo, Margaret Tafoya, and some of her children from November 9 to December 10, 2012. Primarily featured will be large storage jars made by Tafoya in the 1930s -1950s periods and smaller, but still large, jars made in the 1950s- 1960s periods. Tafoya, following in the style of her famous mother, Sara Fina Tafoya, was one of the few potters capable of making very large black storage jars.

Hopi Cottonwood Polimana (Butterfly Girl) Doll, circa 1930s

An exhibit of Hopi Katsina dolls spanning fifty years, from the 1930s to the 1980s, will be on display and for sale through December 31st, 2012 at Adobe Gallery, 221 Can- yon Road. The Katsina dolls are representations of the Hopi Supernatural Gods and are made in doll form as presents from the Katsinas to the females of the pueblo. These pre- sentations are made twice annually to every female of the village, the first one being at the first Katsina dance in mid- February and the second one made at the last Katsina dance of the season in mid-July. These dolls are retained by the females as educational items through which they learn the identity and function of the Hopi Katsinas. There will be Margaret Tafoya Santa Clara Large Black Double Shoulder no artist’s reception. Bear Paw Jar TRADICIÓN October 2012 29 santa fe Hispanic & Spanish Market Awards Awards were given at the 2012 Traditional Spanish Market and the Contemporary Hispanic Market in Santa Fe the end of July:

2012 Spanish Market Adult Awards Grand Prize — Best of Show Irvin L. Trujillo, Chimayó, weaving, Sembrando la Huerta Masters Award for Lifetime Achievement Arlene Cisneros Sena, Santa Fe, retablos Altar Screens First Place: Estrellita Carrillo-Garcia, Rio Rancho, Altar de Cristo Second Place: Estrellita Carrillo-Garcia, Rio Rancho, Devotions of New Mexico Honorable Artist: Shawna Chavez, Chimayó, The Seven Princes Bultos en Nicho First Place: Felix A. Lopez, Española, El Apostol San Pedro Maria Hesch Memorial Award for Colcha Embroidery First Place: Nina Arroyo Wood, Santa Fe, Puebla de Los Angeles Second Place: Julia R. Gomez, Santa Fe, Alcatraces de Maria Honorable Mention: Julia R. Gomez, Santa Fe, Cantaron Los Ruisenors Leonora Curtin Paloheimo Award for Excellence in Traditional Furniture First Place: Andrew C. Garcia, Peñasco, Cathedral Hall Cabinet Second Place: Ramón José López, Santa Fe, Regalos de Dios, Remedio y Semillas de la Curandera Honorable Artist: Dorothy T. Vigil, El Rito, Autumn Sunrise Gesso Relief Award Winner: José Armijo, Santa Cruz, Nuestra Señora de la Luz Innovations within Tradition Award Winner: Marie Romero Cash, Santa Fe, Jesus Christ Superstar, painted bulto Large Retablos First Place: Marie Sena, Albuquerque, San Procopio Second Place: John M. Gallegos, San Jose, Los Misterios Dolorosos del Santo Rosario Honorable Artist: Jose A. Lucero, Santa Fe, Our Lady of Guadalupe Mixed Media Award Matthew Duran, Fairview, Our Mother’s Beauty, furniture and precious metals Painted Bultos First Place: Jean Anaya Moya, Galisteo, Santa Rita de Casia Second Place: Adán Carriaga, Albuquerque, Santa Maria y Santo Niño de Atocha Honorable Mention: Andrew Montoya, Albuquerque, La Conquistadora Painted Wood Relief Award Joseph A. López, Española, San Juan Nepomuceno Pottery First Place: Camilla Trujillo, Santa Cruz, Cuyamungue Floral Net Second Place: Therese Tohtsoni-Prudencio, Albuquerque, Olla de Flor Honorable Mention: Adán E. Ortega, Española, Sabroso Precious Metals First Place: Racheal Roybal-Montoya, Española, Peineta Second Place: Juan Lopez, Corrales, Santa Niño de Atocha Honorable Mention: Lawrence Baca, Santa Fe, Rosario de Luz Revival Arts First Place: Carlos Santistevan Jr., Denver, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, hide painting Second Place: Ramón José López, Santa Fe, Cuatro Aparaciones de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe,copper engraving Honorable Mention: Carlos Santistevan Jr., Denver, San Juan Nepomuceno, hide painting Small Retablos First Place: Nicolas Otero, Los Lunas, San Miguel

30 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Second Place: Nicolas Otero, Los Lunas, The Crucifixion Honorable Mention: Marie Sena, Albuquerque, Santa Maria y San José Diane & Sandy Besser Memorial Award for Straw Appliqué First Place: Vicki Rodriguez, Santa Fe, Espiritu Infinito Second Place: Martha Vároz Ewing, Santa Fe, Via Crucis Honorable Mention: Craig Moya, Santa Fe, Untitled (Cross) Rodriguez Straw Appliqué Award First Place: Jimmy E. Trujillo, Albuquerque, Cruz de San Pedro Second Place: Martha Vároz Ewing, Santa Fe, Via Crucis Honorable Mention: Diana Moya Lujan, Santa Fe, The Last Supper El Rancho de las Golondrinas Award for Excellence in Traditional Tinwork First Place: Kevin Burgess de Chavez, Albuquerque, Comb Painted Mirror Second Place: Jimmy Madrid, Vallecitos, Mesilla Mirror Honorable Mention: Cristina Hernandez Feldewert, Santa Fe, Cristo Rey Leo Salazar Memorial Award for Unpainted Bultos First Place: Gloria Lopez Córdova, Cordova, Our Lady of Light Second Place: Sabinita Lopez Ortiz, Cordova, Lady of Light Honorable Mention: Carlos Barela, Rancho de Taos, Crucificado Unpainted Wood Relief Award Patricio Chavez, Chimayó, Sagrado Corazon Excellence in Rio Grande Textiles — Weaving First Place: Irvin L. Trujillo, Chimayó, Sembrando la Huerta Second Place: Rita Padilla Haufmann, Tesuque, Rebozo Ikat Honorable Mention: Lisa Trujillo, Chimayó, Mountain Tips Woodcarving Award Carlos Santistevan Sr., Denver, La Resurreccion

Special Awards Alan and Ann Vedder Award Jimmy Madrid, Vallecitos, Mirror, tinwork Archbishop’s Award Joseph A. López, Española, San Juan Nepomuceno, painted wood relief Artist Collaboration Award Matthew Duran, Fairview; Arturo Montaño, Abiquiú, God’s Greatest Gift Bienvenidos Award Brigida Montes, Denver, Santa Cruz, straw appliqué Boeckman Honorary Award for New Directions Marie Romero Cash, Santa Fe, Jesus Christ Super- star, painted bulto E Boyd Memorial Award Lisa Trujillo, Chimayó, Mountain Tips, weaving Curator’s Choice Award Nicolas Otero, Los Lunas, The Crucifixion, retablo Design Award Jimmy Trujillo, Albuquerque, Cruz de San Pedro, straw appliqué Hispanic Heritage Award Ramón José López, Santa Fe, Apariciones de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, copper engraving Jake O. Trujillo Award for Excellence in Weaving Irvin L. Trujillo, Chimayó, Sembrando la Huerta Jose Dolores Lopez Memorial Award Richard Prudencio, Albuquerque, Nicho de Niño La Lana Weaving Award Karen V. Martinez, Chimayó, Saltillo Rio Grande Museum Purchase Award Kevin Burgess de Chavez, Albuquerque, Comb Painted Mirror, tinwork Museum Purchase Award Krissa Lopez, Española, Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, retablo Our Lady of Guadalupe Award Carlos Santistevan Jr., Denver, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, hide painting Spanish Colonial Arts Society Director’s Award Joseph A. López, Española, San Juan Nepomuce- no, painted wood relief Utilitarian Award Therese Tohtsoni-Prudencio, Albuquerque, Olla de Flor, pottery

TRADICIÓN October 2012 31 2012 Spanish Market Youth Awards Grand Prize – Best of Show Youth Award Marcos Ray Serna, 16, Rio Rancho, Our Lady of Guada- lupe, painted bulto Best in Age 7-10 Joshua Perea Otero, 9, Albuquerque, Our Lady of St. John of the Lakes, painted bulto Best in Age 11-14 Salvador Carriaga Lambert, 14, Cedar Crest, Nuestra Señora de Dolores, painted bulto Best in Age 15-17 Marcos Ray Serna, 16, Rio Rancho, Our Lady of Guadalupe, painted bulto Precious Metals Award Emily Baca, 16, Santa Fe, Peineta de Rosas Retablos Award Jerome Herrera, 13, Santa Fe, San Isidro Labrador Straw Appliqué Award Matthew Flores, 16, Santa Fe, Los Angeles y Santos Tinwork Award Micaiela Cordova, 14, San Cristobal, Santisima Trinidad Weaving & Colcha Embroidery Award Megan Vigil, 14, Cundiyó, El Trabajo de la Jovencita Artista, weaving Woodcarving Award Joshua Perea Otero, 9, Albuquerque, Cristo Crucificado, bulto Bienvenidos Award Salvador Carriaga Lambert, 14, Cedar Crest, Nuestra Señora de Dolores, painted bulto Compadres Artesanos Award Adriana Gonzales, 12; Liberty Gonzales, 10, Albuquerque, La Conquis- tadora Reredos, retablo Craftsman Award Matthew Flores, 16, Santa Fe, Los Angeles y Santos, straw appliqué Creativity Award Joseph Lujan, 11, Santa Fe, El Gallo de San Pedro, bulto Makes Me Smile Award Nicolette Elisa Vigil, 12, Española, Jacob’s Ladder, retablo St. Francis Cathedral Basilica Youth Award Matthew Flores, 16, Santa Fe, Las Señoras, straw appli- qué Utilitarian Award Yolanda Prudencio, 8, Albuquerque, Chest of Roses, furniture Winter Market Poster Award Matthew Flores, 16, Santa Fe, Las Señoras, straw appliqué

Contemporary Hispanic Market Awards Ceramics/Pottery Gilberto Olivas, Black Diamond Fiber/Textiles Peggy Chavez, Mi Virgin Mi Santera Jewlery-Precious Art Tafoyla, Humming Bird Jewlery — Nonprecious Leah Henriquez-Ready, Corazon Glass Art Evansaline Parros Sanford, Howling Wolf Water Colors Robb Rael, Hats off to the Bull Metal Work Eric Rivera, Kokopelli Mixed Media Darlene Olivia McElroy, Celebration Acrylic/Oil Paintings Carolyn Barela Mayberry, Dancing Poppies Photography Melisa Dominguez, Hail Mary

32 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Sculpture Gilberto Romero, Flutter Furniture Eduardo Reyes, Saints and Sinners Printmaking/Hand Pulled Anna Maria Samaniego, Amalia Pastels Steve Reyes, Old Town — ABQ Best of Show James Roybal, Earth Born Best of Fine Craft Bernadette and Oscar Caraveo, Relicat Best of Fine Art Joey Montoya, Mi un Verdanero Amor Tradición Revista Award of Excellence Michelle Fernan, Heart of Beauty 1st Time Exhibitor Anita Rodriguez, Quantun Curandero Woodworking Jason Salazar, The Repenting Demon Drawings Gabriel Cisneros, Pidiendo a Dios Regresso Casa De Colores Award James Roybal, Earth Born Inspiration Award Billy Kauanaugh, Save Me Lord 1st Time Exhibitor Robert Sandoval, The Forgotten Heritage

TRADICIÓN October 2012 33 34 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 35 santa fe Navajo Saddle Blankets

Navajo Double Saddle Blanket Navajo Double Saddle Blanket circa 1900-10 circa 1890 51 by 29.5 inches 58 by 38 inches Courtesy Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery, Santa Fe, Courtesy Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery, Santa Fe, NM and Tucson, AZ NM and Tucson, AZ

Mark Sublette Medicine Man Gallery Santa Fe (602 Canyon Road) will be exhibiting a collection of an- tique Navajo Saddle Blankets, circa 1890-1930, including Germantowns, Single Saddles, Pictorials and Twills from December 14, 2012 to January 4, 2013.

36 TRADICIÓN October 2012 tucson Basketry Treasured Presented in honor of the state’s tion, recently designated an American zonans whose personal assemblages centennial, Basketry Treasured, through Treasure. O’odham, Apache, and Hopi became the foundation of ASM’s vast June 1, 2013 at the Arizona State voices enrich the exhibit’s discussions collection. Museum, celebrates the ancient and of materials, technologies, traditions, More information and a virtual abiding Arizona tradition of Native and the many functions basketry has walkthrough of Basketry Treasured here: basketry. Five hundred stunning ex- served and continues to serve in Na- http://www.statemuseum.arizona.edu/ amples represent the staggering depth tive communities. Other stories tell of exhibits/basketry_treasured/index. and breadth of the museum’s collec- some of the early 20th century Ari- shtml

TRADICIÓN October 2012 37 Opposite: An assortment of historic American Indian basketry, 1890s-1950s, from Arizona State Museum’s permanent collections. Photo by Jannelle Weakly, courtesy Arizona State Museum.

Top: This Anasazi (Ancestral Pueblo) plaited ring basket, showing obvious signs of damage, is 800-1000 years old. Photo by Jannelle Weakly, courtesy Arizona State Museum. Bottom left: A beautiful example of a Pima (Akimel O’dham) bowl basket, ca. 1900. Photo by Jannelle Weakly, courtesy Arizona State Museum. Bottom right: Hopi wicker bowl with eagle design, ca. 1960. Photo by Jannelle Weakly, courtesy Arizona State Museum. Through A Photographer’s Eye Tradición Revista has asked a couple photographers to share with subscribers what they see in the Southwest. In this issue we share a portfolio from Nikki Bustos of Española. She is a regular exhibitor at Contemporary Hispanic Market in Santa Fe.

TRADICIÓN October 2012 39 40 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 41 42 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 43 44 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 45 46 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 47 48 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 49 50 TRADICIÓN October 2012 TRADICIÓN October 2012 51 52 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Albuquerque Convention Center Albuquerque, New Mexico May 10-12, 2013

The Southwest Book Fiesta will bring together authors, publishers and the reading public in a family-friendly community event at the Albuquerque Convention Center on May 10-12, 2013. The Book Fiesta focuses on both nationally-recognized as well as local Southwest authors. The mission is to recognize and encourage the literary accomplishments all across the Southwest, especially of authors in New Mexico and Arizona. The show is being organized by Sunbelt Shows, producer of the National Fiery Foods and Barbecue Show, with support from the largest book publishers in New Mexico and the New Mexico Book Co-op. In addition to over 200 vendors, readings and special author events will feature some of the best books and authors from the region.

Proceeds of the Book Fiesta will be donated to the New Mexico Library Foundation, the New Mexico Coalition for Literacy, and a yet- to-be-named organization in Arizona and will be used to promote literacy and reading programs in the region. Features Importance of books • 20,000+ attendees (projected) • over $16 billion are spent on books every year in the U.S. • Over 300 author/publisher vendors • at least 35% of the U.S. population visits a bookstore at least once a • Book talks with local and national authors month. In fact, Americans visit bookstores more often than any • Book-signings other type of store, except for the mass market chains such as • Family-oriented activities Wal-Mart, Target, and Kmart. • Workshops on writing & publishing • Native American and Hispanic books • According to a Gallup poll, during any given week, 22% of Ameri- • Children’s books can adults bought at least one book. • Poetry • e-book sales have been growing exponentially by as much as 177% • Electronic books per year. • Hands-on demonstrations • 53% of e-book readers say they now read more books than before. • Celebrity chefs & cooking demonstrations • Based on Census data, almost 50% of New Mexicans and Arizo- • Arts & crafts nans could benefit from literacy programs. • Food & entertainment • Usage of libraries in Arizona and New Mexico has been increasing by as much as 10% per year. Sponsors • Patrons of the Albuquerque Public Library checked out over 4.5 million books and magazines last year. • Media • Libraries in Tucson, Phoenix, and Albuquerque were visited over • National publishers 21.6 million times last year! • Regional publishers • Local & regional media • Libraries Other Book Festivals • Literacy programs • Baltimore Book Festival — 40,000 attendees, 100 exhibitors • Regional cultural organizations • Government organizations • Texas Book Festival — 40,000 attendees, 200 author events • Tucson Book estival — 100,000 attendees, 250 exhibitors For more information call 505/873- • Los Angeles Book Festival — 140,000 attendees, 150 exhibitors 8680, email [email protected] or • Miami Book Festival — 200,000 attendees, 200 exhibitors www.swbookfiesta.com

TRADICIÓN October 2012 53 One Nation One Year a navajo photographer’s 365-day journey into a world of discovery, life and hope Photographs by Don James with text by Karyth Becenti 128 pages 213 illustrations; 14 x 10 ISBN 978-1-890689-99-5 ($24.99) (Trade paper) 2010 Best New Mexico Book, New Mexico Book Awards “One Nation, One Year” is a photographic journey that tran- scends borders, languages, distance, time, and cultural barriers. For one year, Navajo photographer Don James drove from one side of the Navajo Nation to the other documenting arts, traditions, sports, and people. He travelled by dirt road, horseback, on foot—even as a hitchhiker— for more than 10,000 miles and took over 105,000 photographs. The Navajo Nation and its people have been extensively photographed over the last century, but never from the eye of one of its own. Because he’s native, and knows the land and people, James embarks on a journey to show the world a different view of his culture, through his eyes and his Nikon lens. His understanding of the Navajo gives us a glimpse at a people previously off-limits to outsiders. Edited by Navajo writer Karyth Becenti, the narrative that accompanies the images are succinct and enlightening, offering the viewer the chance to at once see the Navajo people and feel a small piece of their lives. Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

54 TRADICIÓN October 2012 editorial Books for First Graders by Barbe Awalt

The intent of the program to give a free book to a 1st New Mexico. They knew they had stepped in it. A notice grader was great. Governor Martinez of New Mexico, called, “ NM Public Education Department Seeking Chil- wanted to give every 1st grader a new book on their dren’s Literature for Governor’s Reading Book Initiative” reading level. Books for any age kid are a long-lasting was sent out in May, 2012, to eleven publishers. The Mu- investment especially since it was recently revealed that seum of New Mexico Press, part of New Mexico govern- many high school seniors in New Mexico, failed to pass ment, didn’t even get the notice. a reading test to get their diplomas. But why were the No one I have talked to got the notice except for books bought from a book publisher out of New Mexico? UNM Press and Sunstone Press. The notice was so badly The question could be - well, they were award-winning written that no publisher could comply with the specs so books! Many, if not all book publishers in New Mexico publishers who got the notice had to write the New Mex- also have award-winning books that would have been ico Department of Education a counter offer. The Depart- appropriate. The next question might be – we need to ment of Education assumed that they could get 30,000 give away bilingual books. New Mexico publishers un- books – one title – and be done with it. No publisher in derstand bilingual and have a lot of titles that fit the bill. their right mind prints 30,000 kid’s books so nobody had Well, maybe the people who bought the books don’t them. read or as adults they have no idea what kids would The questions the Governor and New Mexico De- read? They needed to talk to a librarian or teacher and partment of education haven’t answered are: why were specify you want to buy New Mexico books. If they New Mexico book publishers never sent the sale of books didn’t know what books to buy they could have looked notice, why no local bookstores/sellers were given the on lists of what books won in the children’s category notice so they could have stepped in, why was New such as the New Mexico Book Awards. The New Mex- Mexico tax money spent out of state when books are ico Book Awards judge ONLY New Mexico books and here, why was the New Mexico Centennial Children’s this year added Arizona books because it was Arizona’s Author and New Mexico Storyteller’s books not good Centennial too and the Arizona’s publishers group that enough to buy? And why is information on the sale and sponsored their book awards went belly-up. the tax money used so hard to get? $200,000 was spent on 28,829 books. The money was There is also the question of reading level. The adver- designated by the New Mexico Legislature for the run- tised books were supposed to be for 1st grade but on the ning of the New Mexico Department of Education and publishers’ websites many books are written for older was left unspent and had to be allotted by July 1, 2012. children. So much for checking. UNM Press had five titles bought on the list. But Raven The Department of Education said they were time Tree Press in Illinois had 17 titles purchased like these to- problems. Local publishers could have gotten books to tally New Mexico subjects: A Sweater For Duncan or My them NEXT DAY saving shipping charges. I know that Pal Victor or Nathan Saves Summer. UNM Press’s titles because I have gotten books to the Governor – NEXT were: Tia’s Tamales, The Little Cow in Valle Grande, Juan DAY. They had to spend money and it wasn’t theirs – it and the Jackalope, Grandpa’s Magic Tortilla, and The Key was tax money. The time problem was why they said to Grandpa’s House. They are a little more New Mexican. they didn’t tell anyone but they told nine publishers out Salina Bookshelf in Arizona has one title on the list: The of New Mexico. It makes no sense. Navajo Year, Walk Through Many Seasons. I personally tried scheduling a meeting four times Illinois is not in New Mexico and frankly neither is with the Governor but her office threw the Department Arizona. As much as I like Arizona book publishers I of Education under the bus and said they had to deal have never seen Arizona Governor Jan Brewer buy New with it. So much for constituent concerns. The Governor Mexico books to give away. The powers to be could say did say on Channel 13 TV that they begrudgingly bought they had to go to Arizona to buy a Navajo book but there books from UNM Press so some of the money would are Navajo books published in New Mexico for kids. stay in New Mexico even though their books were twice The New Mexico Department of Education had to as expensive. Nice. give up the purchase information as part of a “public There is also the issue that New Mexico authors could records inspection.” But they are protecting the name of have gone each day with the Governor to give 1st graders the brain trust who told them to buy books outside of a better experience. But that would have meant another person who could have potentially stolen the photo op TRADICIÓN October 2012 55 from the Governor and we can’t have that. we have and keep our money in New Mexico. Politicians I believe the Governor is sharp but I do think this aren’t proud of us. People are getting tired of sending time the decisions made were by staffers who had little their money out of New Mexico. Your tax money at work or no knowledge. That will be the downfall of the Gov- leaving New Mexico. ernor - depending on people who drop the ball. (Look at the head of the Republican party in New Mexico and his Additional racial statements or the trouble the Governor’s Chief of The nightmare of trying to see the Governor: I have Staff is in.) The whole question of spending New Mex- sent 3 emails to the press office – NADA. I have sent 4 ico tax money out of state has risen before when New online requests for a 15 minute meeting – NADA. I have Mexico Tourism went to Texas for their tourism ads. The called if you get no response like they tell you to on the New Mexico Tourism Department currently has a Texas website – NADA. Others have complained that they get public relation firm heading up promotion. I also don’t no response and now I see why. DON’T EVER TRY TO think the Governor or her staff has any idea that books SEE THE GOVERNOR! The Governor’s Office did call are published in New Mexico except for UNM Press or a week later and referred me to the Public Information Sunstone Press – there are over 79 New Mexican book Officer – Larry Behrens. The only problem was I called publishers. New Mexico has a long tradition of writing him twice before but no return call. I told the Governor’s great books with esteemed New Mexico authors writing person that and she said she needed to call him ASAP. great books for all ages. Maybe the Governors’ staff needs Do you think they are confused? Eventually the Gover- to start reading. nor’s gatekeeper washed her hands of the problem and I applaud the giving away of books and the promo- said New Mexico Department of Education had to deal tion of reading. We can’t say enough about how kids with the problem. Larry Behrens sent written answers to need to learn to love reading and kids need to start early. my questions when he couldn’t schedule a meeting in But the State of New Mexico slapped New Mexico book a timely fashion. I invited Larry Behrens to come to the publishers and stores in the face when they decided New New Mexico Book Co-op lunch as our guest, and talk Mexico book publishers and stores weren’t good enough. about why New Mexico book publishers were excluded I wonder how much else is sourced out of state that could – NADA. If this were an election year for the Governor be done in New Mexico? We need to be proud of what someone would come.

56 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Think Christmas Now & Save Big Last of the supply — sale of hardback balloon fiesta books

“In 1972, I fell in love with the beauty and grace and simplicity of ballooning. Forty years later, I’m still in love.” — Sid Cutter

AWARDS Celebrate Balloon Fiesta® All 2012 New Mexico Press Women Book Award 2012 IPPY Book Awards Silver Medal Year Long! 2011 Caliente Award Albuquerque and the world celebrate the Albuquerque Interna- 2011 Best of Show, New Mexico Book Awards ® tional Balloon Fiesta every fall! This book celebrates this spe- REVIEWS cial show as the official book documenting the history, color, In simple terms this is the most beautiful, and most detailed, history of and excitement of the world’s grandest ballooning showcase. Balloon Fiesta ever and no collection of LTA literature will be complete The full-color book features almost two hundred photos from without a copy. Read it and you too will know “the rest of the story.” the world’s most photographed event, highlighting some of the — Ballooning Magazine most exciting moments in our rich history. This book is a great “From Albuquerque’s earliest launch of a balloon (1882) to present day, way to remember your favorite balloons, events, and most of all the pictures tell the story in ways that even the youngest children can the people who helped shape this spectacular event. understand. This book is guaranteed to make the friends you’ve been trying to get to come for the Fiesta to make it this year. It will make ex- over 190 color illustrations — 192 pages patriate New Mexicans homesick. It will inspire children to learn more $39.95/HB (978-1-890689-76-6) about the sport. This is an unabashed thumbs up for The World Comes to Albuquerque. It’s filled a gap long needing filling. Well done Rio Special Sale Price—$25 Grande Books and The Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta.” — ReadingNewMexico.com plus shipping while supplies last “Shares the excitement and color of the world’s most photographed event” — Around 505 Magazine What a Deal for Christmas Gifts!! “A plethora of vibrant, colorful images ... has something for everyone.” Rio Rancho Observer Use code “balloon” for discount

Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107-5647 505-344-9382 [email protected] TRADICIÓN October 2012 57 slim randles Home Country Slim Randles is one of our authors, having penned the award-winning A Cowboy’s Guide to Growing Up Right and Home Country. Slim also writes a nationally syndicated column every week in over 250 newspapers with over 2.2 millions readers every week across the country. We are proud to be able to include some of his humor and inpirational ramblin’s. Hope you like his take on things.

The car pulled up in front of the sign that said “Fly Tying Love Center.” Marvin lifted the magnifying lenses above his head and got up from his fly-tying bench and walked to the front room. He looked out the window at the woman staring at his sign. “Do you know her, Marge?” “Mrs. Richardson. Ardis’s mom. She might have a first name but I don’t minute to retrieve something from the just smile and not say anything.” know what it is.” laundry room. Then he came back in g g g g g Mrs. Richardson was admitted and sat at his vise and began tying a and smiled. larger than usual fly. It was like buzzards circling the “Do love flies work for people my “… certainly I have Ardis, but she body. age?” she asked. “Because if they’re just wants to have her own life, too, you The Jones kid, Randy, was out in for kids, it won’t do me any good, will know. You know those young folks, the Mule Barn parking lot with the it? Well, I was saying to Ardis just this right? So here I am, ready to find some- hood up on his car. He was staring morning, if you think a love fly will one and get your advice on finding down into it as a first-time parachutist help me find a guy, maybe I should the right man and getting that lucky would look out the airplane door. You go over and see Marvin Pincus, that’s love fly. I’ve heard you have done re- never quite knew for sure what lay what I told her and she said, ‘Mother, ally well with other people, and this is ahead. that’s a good idea. I know Marvin really exciting for me. You don’t talk “Looks like Randy’s got problems,” and Marjorie and they’re really nice much, do you? Well, that’s not neces- said Steve. people.’ Now wasn’t that nice of her sarily bad. Mr. Richardson didn’t talk “Let’s have a look,” said Dud. to say that? Of course it was. Well, much, either. Sometimes he’d leave me So coffee was left to get cold Marvin, may I call you Marvin? Good. little notes when he left for work, but and the entire Supreme Court of All Well, Marvin, you see, ever since I lost when he was home he was awfully Things Mechanical – Steve, Dud, Doc, Mr. Richardson … he passed about quiet. Talked with Ardis a lot, though. Herb and Dewey – trooped out to see 10 years ago now. You might have Never could figure that out. Men are what was going on. known him, worked down at the water strange, aren’t they?” They formed a powerful semi- company, and he was one of their best Marvin held his hand up for circle of wisdom around the youth and employees, too. Well, ever since he silence, then handed her what look his engine with folded arms and facial passed, I’ve been kind of lonely, you like a large bass bug tied on a wooden expressions that said, “It’s okay, Kid. know? Of course you do. That’s how clothespin. We’re here.” you can help all these people with the “That looks like a wooden clothes- Dewey spoke first. “Having trou- love flies. So will you tie one for me? I pin…” ble, Randy?” was hoping you would. Where do you “It is,” Marvin said, holding up his “Won’t start.” want me to sit?” hand for silence again. “My sincere ad- Doc, who has the most initials Marvin pointed to the green easy vice to you, Mrs. Richardson, is when after his name, said, “Give it a try.” chair in the consulting room/fly ty- you meet a good man, clip this fly to Randy ground the engine, but it ing parlor and excused himself for a your ear lobe and it’ll remind you to wouldn’t kick over.

58 TRADICIÓN October 2012 “Stop! Stop!” Doc yelled. “Don’t want to flood it.” All Doc knows about flooding is that the animals went on board, two by two. “Randy, I think it’s the solenoid,” said Steve, looking wise. “Doesn’t have one, Steve,” Randy said. “Sure it does. All cars have solenoids.” “Not the new ones. Haven’t made solenoids in years.” Steve’s expression said, “Young punks, what do they know?” But his voice said, “Well, what do you know about that?” “Need a jump?” Dewey asked. “Got plenty of spark,” Randy said. Randy looked at the older men and then bent to the engine and smiled. His voice came floating up over the radiator. “Might be the junction fibrillator. Or it could be a mal- borne dust that had invaded the place, happily munching his supper out in function of the Johnson switch. If I and then went up the ladder again, his stable. If he ever decided to become rerun the wire from the organ housing this time with a cup of coffee. artistic in any way, he now had the to the pump by-pass, that might get it The light of the late sun shin- perfect place to do it. But sometimes done.” ing on Miller Pond, just out of town it’s enough just being a good cowboy When Randy looked up, all the there, turned first a glassy brass, then and sipping coffee and smiling at the men had gone back in for coffee. He a deeper purple as the world prepared world. smiled and called Triple A on his cell to rest. The lights in the town appeared g g g g g phone. and he looked down and smiled. Be- g g g g g hind each of those lights was a friend This is the polished time, the pin- of his. In anyone’s book, that’s a smil- nacle of life. This is fall, when every- Steve finished the ride up the ing situation. thing puts on its best for the world to mountain on Ol’ Snort and just sat It wasn’t easy finding this hole-up see, and that makes it special. there in the saddle, looking at his cabin spot. He’d had a bunch of false starts The sultry heat of summer has for several minutes. Each board had before finding it. It’s never easy. The passed, and in its place we have cool been personally nailed in place, and real estate sales piranhas don’t like to mornings when the tiny snap of win- the epicenter of his delight, of course, deal with them because – if it’s a real ter’s promise briefly touches our skin. was the turret. After stabling Snort and hole-up spot – there’s no money in it. There is a magic quality of light and feeding him, Steve went in, built a fire Basically, if lots of people want it, it feel in the air, and those of us who in the Home Comfort range’s firebox, can’t be a hole-up spot. enjoy the outdoors know it’s time to and then went up into the turret for a Steve considered writing a book go to camp. In our genes, we know it’s look at … well, everything. once, but he didn’t like words, so he time to go to camp. It’s time to be in Down the long, timbered ridges revised that plan. He thought of paint- the woods with rod and bow and gun to the valley below, and off to the hills ing a picture once, too, but the result and rediscover ourselves. on the other side of Lewis Creek, it looked worse than what’s on the wall In town, it’s time for the kids to was all there. Up here there were no at Parent’s Night in the second grade. be back in school, giving their moth- worries about doctoring cattle or help- His twelve chords on the guitar didn’t ers time to think about themselves ing cows to calve. If a corral board fell lend itself to becoming a composer, for a while. The antlers of the deer down, well … okay. The other guys either. have now been polished to a bone could handle it. When he and Snort But these were the kinds of things white at the tips and a rugged brown came up here, all that temporarily a guy can do in a hole-up spot. elsewhere. They are prime, as is their went away. He smiled as he sipped his cof- owner. It is fall. It is the polished time. Steve climbed down and put the fee in his turret, in his cabin on his The trees, as the sap shuts down in the coffee pot on, swept up some wind- hole-up spot, with his horse, Ol’ Snort, leaves, share their gold and reds with

TRADICIÓN October 2012 59 us and make commonplace scenes and seek refuge from the winter wind. increase in the electrical bill from all only a few weeks ago into magical tap- g g g g g the lights. estries of nature. But on Halloween, Herb goes It is the time of finding a mate, of To look at Herb Collins, you plumb nuts. It’s a good thing heart fighting for territory, of defining our wouldn’t think he was like that. A trouble is rare for the age group who go lives. It is fall. And we know we must nicer, kinder guy you never met. But trick or treating, because Herb’s yard polish ourselves a little bit right now for one evening each year … one little is a veritable booby trap of pouncing in order to fit in. We have to assess slice of time … he’s downright diaboli- ghosts, swooping bats that swing out of ourselves and ask what we can do cal. the trees, loud sound effects as witches to make our lives a little shinier, our Every small town has one, of pop straight out of the lawn in front hopes a little stronger, our promises to course. There is always that one person of children and cackle, and porch-side others more defined, more definite. who takes Halloween to its extremes demons that shriek and leap just as It is the time to let the fresh cool of horror and fantasy. We have Herb. the kid reaches what he considers the air fill our lungs and let us remem- Everyone knows about his pen- safety of Herb’s front porch. ber other falls, other campfires, other chant for decoration. Ever since he It’s a running of the gauntlet that friends. Younger friends, as we were retired, his yard and house has cel- only the bravest of the brave attempt. younger. And as the golden leaves fall ebrated every holiday from Christmas Herb says he hasn’t had a four-year-old in the late autumn breezes, it will be to Grover Cleveland’s wedding anni- make it to the front door yet. But for the time once again to cherish our mates versary with great festoonation and an older kids, this is an annual challenge, and one by one they leave the safety of the sidewalk to do a broken-field Slim Randles run, often with screaming, until they hit the safety of the doorbell. Once that doorbell rings, they know, it’s all over Home Country: but the candy. Ah, the candy! As if to make up Drama, dreams, and laughter from America’s heartland for all the screaming and terror, Herb gives out dollar candy bars. Some 200 pages; 6 x 9 pb ISBN 978-1-936744-03-9 $17.95 kids have been known to carry them around for several days to show off ome Country is not a place, but a before eating them. state of mind. In this place Slim “It gives the little guys something Randles is the recorder of every- to shoot for,” Herb says, laughing. “And thingH – good and bad. Slim is a down home the big guys get a different dose of kinda guy with a sense of humor that often makes fun of himself. Slim would no demons every year so they aren’t sure sooner land a really big fish, or track a bear what to expect.” than tell a really great tale of his friends in And Herb? the outdoors. Over 2 million people in 42 “I just have a lot of fun.” states read his Home Country weekly column in big and small newspapers. Slim Randles learned mule pack- Slim is an award-winning author and jour- ing from Gene Burkhart and Slim nalist who has seen it all and then some Nivens. He learned mustanging more. These are tales of real people with and wild burro catching from Hap stories that will make you cry, laugh, and say, “I never thought of that!” Home Coun- Pierce. He learned horse shoeing try is your home no matter where it is. Kick from Rocky Earick. He learned back and read the best stories of five years horse training from Dick Johnson of Slim’s Home Country columns. Take and Joe Cabral. He learned humil- a minute to sip a lemonade, sit in the old ity from the mules of the eastern rocker with your dog by your side, relax, High Sierra. For the last 40 years and watch the sunset – you are home. FINALIST, 2012 NM Book Awards or so, he’s written a lot of stuff, too, especially in his Home Coun- Rio Grande Books try column, which is syndicated all across this country. He lives in 925 Salamanca NW Albuquerque, New Mexico, and in Los Ranchos, NM 87107 a small cabin in the middle of no- 505-344-9382 [email protected] where at the foot of the Manzano www.LPDPress.com Mountains. 60 TRADICIÓN October 2012 The Rounders Reception at the New Mexico Governor’s Mansion

Slim Randles and Forrest Fenn received the Rounders Award from Secretary of Agriculture Jeff Witte with remarks by New Mexico Gov- ernor Susana Martínez. In attendance was Max Evan whosebook and movie the Rounders Award was named after. The Rounders Award recognizes those who live, promote, or articulate the Western way of life.

Slim Randles and Forrest Fenn have a Secretary Witte and Governor Martinez honor Slim Randles with the Rounders Award. Max few light moments with the crowd at the Evans is seen over Slim’s shoulder. Rounders Awards ceremony. TRADICIÓN October 2012 61 NICholas HERRERA

Catherine Robles-Shaw Award-winning Artist PO Box 43 El Rito, New Mexico 87530 303/258-0544 505.581-4733 Special Orders for Altarscreens www.nicholasherrera.com www.catherineroblesshaw.com

62 TRADICIÓN October 2012 The Mescalero Basketmakers by Joan M. Jensen

Sometime between 1891 and 1903, Martha Goss and her husband, Arthur, a chemistry professor who taught at the College of Agricul- ture and Mechanic Arts (now New Mexico State University), made the 110 mile trip east from Las Cruces, New Mexico, to the Mescalero In- dian community. Mescalero, which means “people of the Mescal,” referred to their use of the Agave, or century plant, as a staple food. Their tribal territory in the early nineteenth century had stretched along the Pecos River from central New Mexico south into Coahuila, Mex- ico, but by the 1890s, most lived at the head of the Tularosa River Can- yon in the Sacramento Mountains, Fig. 1. Martha Goss negotiating purchase of a large basket tray with young Mescalero women on the Mescalero Reservation in New Mexico, ca. 1891-1903. HHUA: 03830020 on about 500,000 acres of land reserved for them by the United States government. that Mescalero Apache had sold ages were framed by outsiders who Arthur had purchased a cam- $1,320 worth of “curios” that year. happened to have cameras, and era and he took a photograph of Basket-making, along with bead- the words are based upon docu- Martha negotiating the purchase work, accounted for most of these ments mainly written by officials of one of the large woven trays of- sales. Today these baskets are still and other Anglos who happened fered by Mescalero women for sale little studiedand scattered across to share a space and time with in- to tourists. The two young women, the country in countless collections, dividual Native people who lived astride their horse, squint into the only a few of which are identified on the Mescalero reservation at one sun as they negotiate with the care- as the work of Mescalero basket- particular time. Today, tourists still fully dressed middle-class tourist. makers. They remain a remarkable visit the Mescalero in southern New The basket, a large coiled tray by physical presence of the beautifully Mexico, although they most often its outline under the wrapping, was expressive culture of these Mes- come for the calm retreat at the Inn probably woven by one of the older calero artists created amid difficult of the Mountain Gods, to golf, fish, women, but young women often conditions in south central New or gamble at the casino. This history took the baskets to the agency to Mexico.1 is a reminder of the first tourist in- look for tourists who might pay in A caution to the reader of these dustry created by the Mescalero in cash instead of to the nearby store images and words: they introduce their successful effort to remain in where they could only get credit. us to Mescalero women through their mountain homelands, a place In 1904, the governor reported the eyes of the beholder. All im- of great beauty, but little economic

TRADICIÓN October 2012 63 opportunity as the non-Native set- tlers and their government increasingly crowded around them. Mak- ing and selling baskets was one way women maintained and expanded cultural traditions as they sought to protect their families from the harsh realities of daily life in hostile conditions.2

The Story of Datlih Almer N. Blazer, who arrived as a ten-year-old to join his widowed father on the Mescalero reservation in 1877, must have been fascinated by the basket-makers, for he left a detailed description of basket-making. The account of abasket-mak - er he called Datlih, drafted in the 1930s and first published in 2000, was written after Blazer had been Fig. 2. This large basket tray measuring nineteen inches in diameter was typical of trays offered for sale by Mescalero basket weavers in the early twentieth century. The Paul W. Mur- selling Mescalero baskets for thirty dock Collection, New Mexico State University Museum. Accession number 60.1.164 years. Blazer wanted to preserve a record of Mescalero culture and he Datlih was one of these experts leaves added to the previous ones in devoted a long section to the work who also made the very fine wa- a skirt-like sheath. She recognized of Datlih. Women used baskets, tertight jugs called etsee. Datlih the light brown color as perfect for wrote Blazer, in daily life, as stakes gathered her materials for several her work. After selecting and cut- for gambling parties, and as trade at months, stripped willow branches ting the leaves, she stripped and the store for colored beads and aba- of bark and selected choice centers divided the fibrous palmilla leaves lone shells. Traders often had sev- of palmilla leaves. She needed the into three strands of which only the eral hundred dollars worth of bas- longest even-sized willows for per- center quadrangular part could be kets and beadwork, in part because fect work, free from knots or buds used for these water-tight jugs. The they wanted the trust of the women and not more than ¼ inch thick to other two could be used for other to be able to buy buckskins and form the base. She found palmillas baskets, but these water baskets had pelts from them. The women made in the foothills of the Sacramento to be of the strongest possible fibers small flared-top baskets, deep bas- mountains at about 4,000 to 6,000 to make a perfect closure at every kets with ornamental designs, light feet of altitude. She chose fully ma- stitch. Once prepared, she kept the fine watertight jugs, quickly-made ture, but not decayed leaves for the materials saturated in water to en- cold water jugs smeared with pine etsees. Color, age, and seasoning sure pliability of materials, espe- gum, and pack or burden baskets. of the leaf and the position on the cially so the pulp between the fibers According to tradition, he wrote, plant were all important in choosing of the strands would be pressed out women could not make two orna- the palmilla leaves. The plants grew to fill completely the opening made mentations on baskets identical, slowly and the leaves grew from the for their passage through the willow and expert basket-makers enforced apex of a head and matured each strands.4 3 this rule. year. Each year the growth of the Weaving began with willows split

64 TRADICIÓN October 2012 were already trading baskets for cash when they could. By the turn of the century, far more baskets were being made for trade to outsiders. While women kept the finest baskets and used them prominently in coming-of-age ceremonies for young women, they offered for sale water jugs covered with piñon pitch to make them waterproof and dec- orated trays. For daily use women increasingly used metal pans and buckets, except for burden baskets to carry large loads, although many of these were also offered for purchase to outsiders.6 Women continued to produce both coiled and woven baskets of different shapes and graphic design elements. After the Chiricahua women joined the reservation in 1913, it is difficult to distinguish between the types of baskets that may have been produced by different bands. In fact, traditions probably mingled much earlier. Still, early Fig. 3. Two Mescalero basket weavers display their wares in this undated photograph twentieth century baskets labeled as from around 1900. The weaver on the left holds a large basket tray while the woman Mescalero, show a few distinguish- on the right holds a water bottle, probably pitch-covered to make it waterproof. ing characteristics. Their women- RGHC: 01100039 in-designs tend to be primarily geometric, yellow with red or red- for a short distance and halves split remained on the outside. By hold- brown to outline the design ele- again to form four thin slices. The ing the wands, she could produce ment. The tray remained the most sliced portion was then wrapped the desired curve for the body of popular baskets traded or offered tightly with a strand of palmilla and the jar. These fine jugs were so trea- for sale. Stars, triangles, and dia- the wrapped end bent into a close sured that they could be traded for 5 mond designs embellished the wide coil by stitches passed through the a large tipi or even a horse. shallow trays. Surviving trays were wrappings to make a solid disk. often over fourteen inches in diam- Round on round of the willow was eters, some over sixteen inches, and enclosed in the tightly drawn stitch- Turn of the Century Basketry few even twenty or twenty-three es by opening a small hole with an The earliest account of trade inches. By the turn of the century, awl at the edge of the disk and pass- in Mescalero baskets comes from when Martha Goss visited Mescale- ing the strand to the inside so the 1881, when observers reported that ro, women were already posing with surplus pulp remained there to be Mescalero women traded beautiful their best wares. While their names later scraped to a smooth surface, willow baskets to Mexican orchard- were not attached to these photo- while only the fibers of the strand ists for peaches and grapes. Women graphs, the size and care with which TRADICIÓN October 2012 65 the women made their finest baskets were evident. Gradually, techniques did change because materials were more frequently difficult to obtain. Yucca was still usually used for sewing, but sumac was later sub- stituted for willow in coils. Efforts to date the evolution of Mescalero trade baskets are still underway.7 Women kept special “medicine baskets” to use in the coming of age ceremonies held for young women. In fact, without these “medicine baskets”, the opening rituals could not be performed. During the public ceremony, young women used baskets to carry eagle feathers and to bring fruit with which they broke Fig. 4. Mescalero weaver with closeup of her art, ca. 1891-1903. Her baskets were usually of two rod construction, woven of willow and yucca in three colors. Weavers their fasts. Government officials varied the pattern of each basket. HHUA 03830026. tried to suppress such traditional rituals for young women during some periods, but the Mescalero buy, and commission art by the fin- Stores near the agency had always people maintained this central rit- est Native artists. At the other end taken some handwork in trade, ual in private until they could once was the trade in large quantities of but the first licensed trader on the again hold it publicly. Photographs smaller, more quickly produced reservation was J. H. Blazer, who from 1913 show women dressed in pieces called “curios.” Native wom- opened his sawmill in the 1860s and elaborate fringed and beaded buck- en produced these items for traders had a general store by 1874. In 1881 skin outfits, indicating that the cer- who might take items on commis- the store was already ordering seed emonies could once again be held sion, offer credit for other items, beads for the women. When Blazer publicly. “Medicine baskets” were or purchase items outright when died in 1898, his son Almer took thus a continuous presence at Mes- a woman needed ready cash. This over the business and, as women calero, although they became so market existed all over the country. produced more work and visitors to scarce in later years that women had Native basket-makers and bead- the reservation bought more, Blazer to borrow them from each other.8 workers studied this market, often advertised equally hay, grain, flour reducing the size of hand-crafted and feed, general merchandise, and items, substituting easily available “Indian curios,” now considered as The “Curio” Trade materials for dwindling supplies of art. Blazer officially established his By the end of the nineteenth cen- some native plants, and developing curio business in 1902, listing cu- tury, Native artwork had become a techniques to produce more quick- rios as being collected for bills, and part of non-Native life. Nostalgia ly the items that tourists desired. by January 1905, he had over $350 for their own perceived “primitive” Although soldiers had been some worth of items on consignment.10 past, the taste for exotic cultures, of the first collectors of Mescalero In 1895 trader Buck Prude es- glorification of a rural past – all women’s handwork, an increase in tablished a store at nearby Ruidoso formed part of the impetus for this women tourists at the turn of the Junction, a few miles from Mescale- trade. At one end were the collec- century brought a new demand for ro. After 1902 Prude also received tors who had long ago begun to rob, basketry and beadwork.9 a license to trade on the Mescalero

66 TRADICIÓN October 2012 curio business. By 1906 the business had grown so splendidly that Lester resigned to devote his full time to what had once been simply a side- line. Operating out of a store near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe depot in Las Cruces, Lester’s cata- logs offered everything from Mexi- can textiles to baskets and pottery created by Native artisans, much of it obtained through dealers in San- ta Fe and Arizona. His illustrated catalog from 1906 showed an array of Mescalero baskets. Along with necked water bottles, deep baskets, and what he called “waste basket size baskets,” Lester offered shallow bowl baskets up to twenty-four inches in diameter. All were coiled, all contained geometrical designs, with prices set by size from two to nine dollars. He lowered the prices in 1909 due to the poor economy but the business survived until 1925 when Lester closed down his business and retired to California.12 During the 1920s as the market for baskets dwindled, production also declined. When government agents arrived in Mescalero in the Fig. 5. Young Mescalero women dressed carefully for their coming-of-age 1930s to decide what industries ceremony, about 1912. Female kin constructed their outfits of tanned deerskin, might be promoted there, they beaded, and fringed. Special ceremonial baskets were essential to the cer- found very few women still making emony. They held sacred objects and were placed in special symbolic ways. RGHC: 01100013 baskets. According to the McNatts, local husband and wife traders who Reservation where he opened a calero women patrons and suppli- had opened their store at Mescalero store at White Tail, in the north- ers.11 in the 1920s, there was a market for ern part of the reservation. Taking By far the biggest outlet for Mes- baskets, even more than for bead- coiled and twined baskets in trade calero baskets was the Lester Com- work which some Mescalero wom- for food, such as sugar and molas- pany of Mesilla Park, a small com- en still created, but the market was ses, potatoes, and seeds, Prude de- munity south of Las Cruces, near for miniature baskets that could veloped a thriving business as well. the College. Lester, a British busi- sell for a dollar or less, not the older A photograph from the early twen- nessman, took a job at the College large baskets. Amelia Chonseka was tieth century shows Buck and son, in 1891. While acting as librarian, still making these beautiful baskets, Andrew, with baskets adorning the administrator, and instructor, Lester one agent reported, and younger front of his Ruidoso store and Mes- also started a part-time mail-order women were still interested in TRADICIÓN October 2012 67 learning to weave baskets, but most lacked the skill. Even women doing beadwork, like Ruby Fatt, who was selling to one trader, wanted to learn basketry. Hattie Poxmark’s mother still made a few baskets, but she felt the Oklahoma trader she dealt with did not give her a square deal. If the prices were better, she would make more, she said. Another woman was receiving only twenty-five cents for her dolls with cradles. She made them only when she really needed additional cash. Other women sug- Fig. 6. The store of trader A. B. “Buck” Prude at Ruidoso Junction, a few miles gested that a store on the reserva- east of the Mescalero Reservation. Women stand in front of the store while tion that could offer better prices their baskets adorn the outside wall of the building where they traded for needed household items. Prude opened this store in 1895 and was licensed for basket weavers would be good. to open a trading post store at Mescalero in 1902. Andrew Prude, shown in Many of the women interviewed foreground as a boy, took over the store and trading post in 1917. In 1944 he said they wanted to learn basket- sold his store and stock and moved to California. RGHC: 01100028 making, which they could combine with truck gardening and other work at home. They needed good markets, fair prices, and assistance in organizing these enterprises, and the hiring of the few skilled basket weavers to teach others.13 So while the desire to make and sell baskets remained, the teaching of skills had declined. This was un- doubtedly due to the way in which the government had changed the teaching of young Mescalero girls. During the early years of the century, the government replaced reservation day schools with boarding Fig. 8. United States Army soldier stands with rifle and bayonet raised as he stands over Na- tive women prisoners at Bosque Redondo, near Fort Sumner in northern New Mexico, 1866. schools. Day schools had taught These appear to be Navajo women who had just arrived while Mescalero women were already some basket-making, but young imprisoned there. Almost 500 Mescalero were interned there. U. S. Army Signal Corps Col- women sent to Phoenix or Albu- lection Photograph from RGHC MS 249. querque to study were encouraged to earn wages, usually at household government did set up this type of nation in Arizona, the government work, not to perfect skills for small micro-business among other tribes encourage their work. At Mescalero, businesses. A few of the young through the Indian Arts and Crafts however, officials ignored the de- women enjoyed working in the Board. Where markets were already sires of the women and decided in- city and wanted to return to it, but well-established, and women still stead on a program to hire women most wanted to stay close to home had basket-weaving skills, such as to eradicate gophers and prairie to care for children and elders. The among the women of the Papago dogs.14 68 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Fig. 7. Lester Company of Las Cruces advertised eight different styles of Mescalero Apache baskets in its 1906 catalog. The largest and finest tray or “bowl” baskets, twenty-six inches in diameter, sold for $6. HHUA: Francis Lester Papers.

TRADICIÓN October 2012 69 Fig. 9. Twin sisters married to leader Santana unhappily face the camera as they are forced to pose for this first photograph taken at Mescalero about 1876 during a small pox epidemic. They died of smallpox shortly after. RGHC: 01100018 70 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Fig. 11. In 1905 a group of Lipan Apache women with leader Magoosh arrived from Mexico. Hounded out of Texas some Lipan women joined Mexican-American communities while these few took refuge in Mexico. The records in- dicate eleven women and children came north escorted by the Catholic priest from Tularosa, Father Migeon, who also served as missionary to the Mescalero. RGHC: 011000221

Even more damaging was that making. Mescalero were able to es- times. Photographs are another. the government embarked upon a tablish their own cooperative store Curio-hungry non-Native consum- policy of breaking up the extended to sell arts and crafts after the Re- ers aked for photographs as well as domestic families where daugh- organization Act of 1934 put busi- curios, but many Native women re- ters remained close to mothers and ness in the hands of the Mescaleros. fused to allow their photographs to grandmothers. In these small fam- At the first Mescalero Fair in 1936, be “taken.” Native uses of the cam- ily groups, women lived separately a few women won prizes for their era varied depending on area and with their husbands, but cooked basketry skills. Mary Noche, Lucy the customs of the local tribe. In the together and shared other family Mookem, Mrs. Fatty, Mrs. Covey Northwest, where images of elders tasks. The government wanted to all made baskets, but male occupa- were in demand for commemora- build new houses away from these tions, such as cattle raising and lum- tive ceremonies, groups such as the female-centered families and scat- bering, received most government Makah sometimes asked visitors to ter individual families in on their support and encouragement.15 “take” their photographs. In Wis- isolated units of land. With the consin, where the Ho-Chunk devel- older settlement patterns, micro- oped a thriving trade in beadwork, businesses might have had a chance The Women Are An- a few bead-workers sat for studio gry: Photographing to survive as they continued to do Baskets are one way to trace the photographs, but consistently re- among Navajo weavers. Separated success of Mescalero women at fused to allow even well-known from family groups, there was little maintaining traditions and helping traders to visit their communities hope for a major revival of basket- their families survive during hard to photograph because some mem-

TRADICIÓN October 2012 71 Fig. 10. In July of 1889 Mescalero women and children who had been imprisoned by the United States Army in Ala- bama arrived to rejoin their kinswomen on the reservation. This photograph may have been of these women as they seem to all be dressed in similar blankets of the type provided by the United States government. RGHC: 01100085

Fig. 12. Women gather at the commissary to collect rations in the 1890s. The government provided rations until 1899 when women were deprived of rations so that they would produce baskets for sale on the market. These basket sales kept many families from starvation. RGHC: 110.7.3.18

72 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Fig. 15. Maria, married to Hot Springs Apache Agustin, posed formally for an unknown photographer about 1910. The basket at her side is of an older type, not usually offered for sale. Her dignified demeanor conveys the prise and power of Apache women elders. RGHC: 110.7.7.55

TRADICIÓN October 2012 73 Fig. 16. This young Mescalero woman smiles confidently at photographer Arthur Goss. By the time Goss arrived in the 1890s, the women seem to be comfortable dealing with outsiders who purchased their baskets and, typically, liked to document their visit. HHUA: 03830019 74 TRADICIÓN October 2012 The army then sent the confiscated horses to Fort Sumner. That attack outraged even some citizens in Las Cruces who passed resolutions complaining about the activities of the military and calling for the removal of the colonel in charge. For nine long months troops occupied the Mescalero community. This was a time of extreme lawlessness in southern New Mexico when some citizens blamed every outrage on Natives, and as one agent reported to Washington, considered the property of Native people as theirs for the taking.17 Little wonder, then, that women Fig. 14. This unidentified woman elder allowed Arthur Goss to photograph her. Elder women would resist the efforts to domi- were powerful shapers of culture who resisted attempts of agents to control their families and suffered harsh penalties for doing so. HHUA: 03830025 nate their lives and worried about how to protect their families. Their bers did not wish it. Elsewhere, Bigrope represented the Mescalero concern with death was evident among the Cherokee for example, Apache tribe. She told the assem- from the first documented visit by Native women were already taking bled crowd, “The Mescalero Apach- an itinerant photographer to the their own photographs.16 es are a proud and forgiving people reservation in 1876. The agency Women at Mescalero did not who do not like to dwell on past was still at Blazer’s mill that year welcome the first photographers. misfortunes.” But, outsiders need to and Blazer, a doctor, was trying to The earliest photographs were co- know something of those misfor- stem the ravages of smallpox that erced. They had good reason not to tunes during the decades after the had been brought into the reser- trust those who pointed their cam- Mescalero Apache escaped from vation. He was disinfecting and eras at them. Mescalero women ex- Bosque Redondo. It was a period fumigating, and trying to keep his perienced difficult times during the of strife as women, their children, employees and Mescaleros healthy. fifty years following the 1874 treaty and the men of their families were Blazer had the photographer take that established their right to occu- imprisoned and confined to the res- some pictures of his employees py a small part of their homelands. ervation. During these years massa- and offered to have photographs of During the 1860s they had been cres occurred as they became prey Mescaleros taken as well. They de- brutally confined to the Bosque to citizen and soldier alike. In 1880 clined firmly. Even Chief Santana, Redondo, a desolate and unhealthy after they had assembled near the who considered having his picture place near Fort Sumner, under army agency, troops were ordered to take taken at first, refused when he was guard, “a place of suffering” as both Mescalero guns, the only means to fitted with the head restraint neces- Navajo and Mescalero descendants obtain wild game at the time, and sary for the long exposures of nega- remembered. When the Bosque Re- their horses, which were essential tives. He said the Indians thought dondo Memorial at Fort Sumner for hunting and gathering food. In they would die if photographed was dedicated in 2005 to the mem- this attack, women and children but he ordered his two young wives ory of the internment there of both were again surrounded by soldiers to pose nevertheless. They did so Mescalero and Navajo people, Ellyn and placed in a filthy horse corral. unwillingly. Within a few months both Chief Santana and the two TRADICIÓN October 2012 75 Fig. 13. Women of a domestic extended family gather to cook a meal in the early twentieth century. Women still preferred to live in their canvas teepees, using brush wickiups for temporary summer lodging. Each individual family had separate lodging, but women gathered, processed, and cooked food together. Grandmothers, the center of these extended families, cared for and trained children, and often clashed with government officials who attempted to change their way of life. RGHC: 97-018-0022.

young women were dead. Blazer One coerced photograph of a group the government allowed over thir- had helped Santana survive a small- of women had scrawled across the ty-seven Lipan survivors, mostly pox attack, but then, after surviving back: “The women were angry.”18 women, to move north from Mex- smallpox, the weakened Santana The Mescalero reservation be- ico to Mescalero. In 1913 almost died of pneumonia. The two young came a place to put other groups, 200 Chiricahua who had gone from women died of smallpox soon after as the army attempted to clear the Mount Vernon to Fort Sill asked to the photograph was taken. During area of remaining free Apaches. The return to New Mexico and settled the 1880s conflict continued on and Jicarillas spent 1883 to 1887 at Mes- eighteen miles north of the agency. off the reservation as small bands of calero. In 1889, eleven women, one Through all these changes the num- Apache continued to escape from man, and some children returned ber of original Apache settled at reservations in Arizona and New to Mescalero after being confined Mescalero declined.19 Mexico. Until the 1890s most Mes- in Florida and then Mount Ver- calero refused to be photographed. non Barracks in Alabama. In 1904 Waiting for Rations 76 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Fig. 17. Two young women astride their horse. The woman at the back seems not to mind Arthur Goss with his camera raised. She smiles and is relaxed. HHUA: 03830019

Birthing and raising children with needles, pins, and thread which baking powder, as well as clothing, was difficult during these desper- the women quickly fashioned into cooking utensils, and blankets. By ate times. Feeding their families re- clothing for their families. Women 1890 the women would gather Sun- mained a primary concern for the raised a little corn, but when they day mornings at the commissary at women. By the 1880s men were ei- used it to brew tútibai (a weak corn Mescalero. Cattle were brought in ther in prison or deprived of their beer), the army put a stop to it. Fear- from Las Cruces, butchered, and rifles for hunting. Encroaching set- ing that women might use rations of given out. At least the beef was fresh tlers hunted out wild game. During corn for brewing, they issued them most of the time and the women the years from 1855 to 1874 women less nutritious flour instead. The gradually accepted it as a substi- had collected some rations at near- government had no formal treaty tute for the wild venison they had by Fort Stanton, but they always obligation to provide rations but butchered themselves and brought went there reluctantly, fearing that promised regular rations when the home from the hunt. The women they might be imprisoned or even hungry Mescaleros agreed to stay continued to gather wild plants and killed. In 1870 the government had on the reservation in 1874. Mescale- to grow some crops.20 provided Mescalero women with ro women were to receive weekly Women already knew that re- thousands of yards of cloth along rations of beef, flour, coffee, sugar, fusing to obey the agent might be

TRADICIÓN October 2012 77 followed by swift reprisals. Dur- the conclusion that the older wom- plies. He told the women that as ing an 1886 showdown with the en of the tribe – grandmothers and long as the United States “footed agent over sending children to the mothers-in-laws, he called them – the bills” for supplies, women would new government boarding school, were making most of the trouble. not be consulted about their wishes. women had learned how far agents They continued to make tipis their He termed his own policy the use of might go in controlling their ac- homes, objected especially to send- “repression and force.” He ordered tions. Grandmothers, who had the ing daughters to school, and object- grandmothers to cease organizing responsibility for child care and ed to men’s short hair. Stottler called and encouraging the coming-of- teaching, kept the children home. the men “henpecked” for listening age ceremonies for young women, When children did not show up at to the women. The old women were, punished women who continued to school, the agent ordered the Indian he continued “a power that is like a make tútibai, and ordered all wom- police to seize them. Three police rock against which lawful authority en to live in houses. He did recog- refused their commands, but the beats in vain…if the agent encoun- nize the women as “natural garden- other reluctantly rounded up the ters the ill will of these women his ers and farmers” and encouraged children. Unashamed, the agent re- trouble will begin.” In order to make women who lived alone to increase ported to Washington that the chil- changes, the agent would have to their vegetable gardens. But Stottler dren who were captured like “wild reduce the women “to the ranks.” used “pinching off” rations mainly rabbits” were “almost out of their If they interfered, he warned, they as a means to reduce the power of wits with fright” and the women would be arrested and put to hard women and to control them. He be- were “loud in their lamentations.” labor.22 lieved it worked. Stottler, in a part- The agent also demanded that the Stottler proceeded to punish the ing shot at the women as he retired children be forced to stay at the grandmothers. He jailed the grand- in June of 1898, ordered all rations school year round. Although par- mothers and cut off their food sup- be cut off as of July 1, 1899.Dr. ents and grandparents could visit Walter Luttrell, on his brief watch the children while in school, they as successor, actually cut them off. could no longer live with them. One Only a few of the aged women result was that many of the families could still draw rations. When the chose to remain close to the agency first field matron arrived among boarding house so that they could the Mescalero in 1901, she reported visit. Other women remained stub- them “miserably poor,” living with bornly resistant to forced changes few rations on tiny farms and keep- in their life styles. While subsequent ing their families from starvation agents lamented their opposition, through the sale of “curios.”23 most did little to coerce them into Agent James Carroll, who served change.21 from 1899 to 1914, seemed to have In December of 1895 Lt. V. E. Stot- caused fewer conflicts that Stottler, tler took over as agent. Impatient but conditions remained hard and with the reluctance of Mescalero the women elders continued their to adopt settler life-styles, and with stubborn resistance. They insisted a dictatorial mind set, Stottler at- on living in tipis. In 1914 as Carroll tempted to push through a new left office, he repeated the lament of regime. Men must cut their hair, This essay is excerpted from Out of the the previous agents. A great many Shadows: The Women of Southern children must be in school, families New Mexico, published in collabora- tribal members, he wrote, “notably must live in cabins instead of their tion with the New Mexico State University the old women, have determined tipis. When the people refused to Library. The book can be ordered from Rio that they will never – no, never – follow his instructions, he came to Grande Books or online at Amazon.com. abandon their nomadic habits.” He 78 TRADICIÓN October 2012 called them “a millstone around the to the Native women who wove a studio portrait, labeled as “Maria, neck” of the tribe. To discourage them? Perhaps they did, but the 1910.” It shows her seated proudly, women from farming and to push survival of the baskets themselves a basket by her side. A second, more men to farm, he even collected all have come to symbolize the surviv- informal photograph, probably the remaining ponies in 1903 and al of Native cultures. As an exhibit taken about the same time, shows a replaced them with draft horses. of Native basketry held in Seattle woman elder on a hillside. The population continued to de- in 2000 explained, basket makers A photograph taken between crease. In 1905 there were only 425 were culture bearers because bas- 1891 and 1903 by Goss, shows the Mescaleros still living on the reser- kets were entwined with people’s promise of the future: two young vation.24 lives, hence the title of that exhibit, women astride their horse, no lon- Stottler’s policy of reducing ra- “Entwined With Life.”26 ger angry at the photographer but tions was meant specifically to block Many Mescalero baskets have willing to show their joy and com- the power of the women. But his been preserved, some at the Mes- fort as horsewomen. This photo- policy was also linked to his desire calero cultural center. The Mes- graph shows young women who to force the women to sell their bas- calero people brought precious ex- would carry on the traditions of kets on the market to support them- amples from their collection to the the elder women. Angry, proud, or selves. He noted in his 1897 report Bosque Redondo Memorial when joyous, the women of Mescalero that the women were “fine basket- it was dedicated in the summer of embedded their culture within makers,” but that none were on sale 2005. Of the thousands of baskets themselves and recreated it in their outside the reservation, despite the woven by Mescalero women dur- baskets and their lives. constant demand for them. Cutting ing the difficult years of the late off rations, he believed, would be an nineteenth and early twentieth incentive to make more baskets. His centuries, many are now scattered Endnotes tactic of starving the women into in other museum collections. New 1 Arthur Goss Family Photographs, production resulted in severe stress Mexico State University Museum MS 0383, Rio Grande Historical on the household food supply, but has only two but the Anthropo- Collections, New Mexico State University. Hereafter cited as RGHC, the baskets did save families from logical Museum and the Centennial NMSU. 25 starvation as Stottler envisioned. Museum in El Paso each have col- 2 Lyn Kidder, “Inn of the Mountain lections of over twenty. Albuquer- Gods,” American Indian 7.1 (Spring que and Santa Fe museums each 2006): 36-7, 39-40. The reservation The Message of the have a few. Others are scattered is 200 miles south of Santa Fe, New Baskets Mexico, and 140 miles northeast of The making and selling ofbas - much father afield. Duke Museum of Natural History and Culture has El Paso, Texas. kets allowed Mescalero women 3 Almer N. Blazer, Santana: War Chief of a coiled basket tray from the 1890s. to survive, but also to continue the Mescalero Apache, edited by A. R. to resist the attempts of agents to Pomona College Museum of Art Pruit (Taos, N.M.: Dog Soldier Press, break their power and the matrilo- treasures a willow stem, yucca leaf 1999), 188-96 27 4 Blazer, Santana, 192-6. cal family patterns they preferred. tray dated about 1905. 5 Blazer, Santana, 192 Their baskets, in turn, and the few 6 Clara Lee Tanner, Apache Indian photographs that remain from The Eye of the Be- Baskets (Tucson, Arizona: University that time, help us understand how holder of Arizona Press, 1982), 161 the women preserved their culture Eventually, Mescalero elders 7 Tanner, Apache Indian Baskets, 160-1, through these difficult times. Art agreed to allow photographers to 167, 172. historians often try to interpret the preserve their images. And these 8 Sherry Robinson, Apache Voices: Their Stories of Survival as Told to Eve Ball meaning of baskets. Did they con- images testify to the strength and (Albuquerque: University of new tain symbols of special significance determination of the women. One is Mexico Press, 2000), 172

TRADICIÓN October 2012 79 9 Jonathan Batkin, “Tourism is Over- York: Dover, 1972. Reprint of 1909 and give interviews with outsiders rated: Pueblo Pottery and the Early edition), 64 called them “coarse and than the older Mescaleros. Curio Trade, 1880-1910,” in Unpacking crude, in color neither striking nor 20 Comments are from copies of agent Culture: Art and Commodity in Colonial harmonious.” Terry Reynolds, “Catch- reports for 1879, 1886, 1888, 1891, and Post-Colonial Worlds, eds. Ruth B. ing Rodents or How to be Consum- 1901, in Blazer Collection, RGHC, Phillips and Christopher Steiner ers: Contradiction in Economic NMSU, MS 110, Box 18. The (Berkeley: University of California Transformation Programs Directed extensive materials supplied to the Press, 1999), 282-97. Towards Native American Women,” Mescalero in 1871 are listed in Al- 10 See documents J. H. Blazer to J. J. unpublished paper delivered at the fred B. Thomas, The Mescalero Apache, Brown, Omaha, Nebraska, December Western Social Science Association, 1853-1874 (New York: Garland, 1974 1881, Box 2, Blazer Papers. Box 7, Denver, Colorado, April 27, 1988, reprint), 202. Folder 5, has Journal 1 May 1902 described the New Deal Mescalero 21 U. S. Department of the Interior, – 1 January 1903; Box 8, Folder 1, project and provided me with a Commissioner of Indian Affairs Reports, refers to the “curio” business. MS copy. 1886 (Washington: GPO, 1886), 199. 110. Blazer Family Papers, RGHC, 15 Morris E. Opler, “Report on Observa- 22 Stottler is discussed in Sonnichen, NMSU. tions at the Mescalero Reservation.” Mescalero Apaches, 245-50. Quotes are 11 Ruth K. Hall, “Last of the Apache U.S. Soil Conservation, Mescalero, from U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Traders.” New Mexico Magazine (Febru- Box 28, MS 190, RGHC, NMSU. His Report of the Commissioner of Indian ary, 1961), 14-17, 39. Written by report was later published in Papers Affairs Reports from Mescalero Agent, Andrew’s daughter who misidenti- in Anthropology 16.2 (Fall 1975), 5-24. Stottler, 1895, 214; 1896, 210; and fied photograph of store as 1869. The 16 Makah discussed in Joan M. Jensen, 1897, 192. Ruidoso store was not established “Native American Women Photog- 23 U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Report until 1895. raphers as Storytellers.” M. A. Thesis, of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 12 Lester Company Catalog, 1906, New Mexico State University, 2000), 1896, 210 for gardenrs; 1897, 192 for MS 199, RGHC, NMSU. Jonathan 13-30. Joan M. Jensen, Calling This “pinching off” rations. The Depart- Batkin, “Some Early Curio Dealers Place Home: Women on the Wisconsin ment of the Interior, Annual Reports, in New Mexico,” American Indian Art Border, 1850-1925 (St. Paul: Minne- 1900 (Washington: GPO, 1900), 689 23.3 (Summer 1998), 68-81 sota Historical Society, 2006), 72-81, showed the Mescalero no longer 13 See interviews with the McNatts discusses Ho-Chunk. receiving bi-weekly rations. The by Katherine D. Edmunds, 4 Sep- 17 Bigrope’s comments quoted in Ben policy was to reduce rations as far tember 1936, and Ruth D. Kolling, Moffett, “Hwééldi, the Place of Suf- as practical and leave the individual “Women’s Work,” 1 October 1936, U. fering.” El Palacio, 12. Copies of the agency to decide how many rations S. Soil Conservation, Mescalero, Box agents’ reports from 1879 to 1901 to distribute. Comments by the field 28, MS 190, RGHC, NMSU. Kolling are in the Blazer Collection, RGHC, matron in U. S. Bureau of Indian Af- gives the reasons women wanted NMSU, MS 110, Box 18. fairs, Report of the Commissioner of Indian to learn and engage in the basket- 18 Blazer, Santana, 33 identifies photo- Affairs, 1901 (Washington: GPO, making trade. graphs as 1870, but a note on 234 1901), 283. 14 Robert Fay Schrader, The Indian Arts says the smallpox epidemic occurred 24 Carroll’s policies in Sonnichsen, and Crafts Board: An Aspect of New Deal in 1876, that an itinerant photog- Mescalero Apaches, 253-9. Indian Policy (Albuquerque: Univer- rapher arrived about that time, and 25 U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, Report sity of New Mexico Press, 1893), that after the image was taken, the of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 141-215. Anthropologists had fewer two women died of smallpox, 238. 1897, 193. examples of Mescalero baskets and It seems likely that the photograph 26 The exhibit, “Entwined With Life” their makers and earlier commenta- was not taken until 1876. Blazer later shown at the Burke Museum in Se- tors had not agreed on the quality wrote that his first photograph of the attle, Washington, from 2000-2001, of the women’s skills. Otis Tufton mill dated from 1880. is available on their webpage. Mason, for example, in American 19 C. L. Sonnichsen, The Mescalero 27 The author has underway an inven- Indian Basketry (New York: Dover, Apaches (Norman: University of tory of Mescalero baskets in various 1988. Reprint of 1904 edition), 465-7, Oklahoma Press, 1982), 253 dis- collections. praised the “surprising adaptation of cusses new groups. Most books on the shades of the material to form Mescalero are about Chiracahua an artistic design,” while George Apache Indians who seemed much Wharton James, Indian Basketry (New more willing to be photographed 80 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Out of the Shadows FINALIST, 2012 NM Book Awards The Women of Southern New Mexico edited by Martha Shipman Andrews 218 pages; 6 x 9 pb ISBN 978-1-890689-82-7 $17.95

The Wild West of New Mexico, with Billy the Kid, Pat Garrett, Geronimo, and the U. S. Cavalry center stage, is so powerful and entertaining a myth in the popular imagi- nation that the lives and contributions of New Mexico’s women — especially those of Southern New Mexico — have been largely overlooked. Visual images provide a particularly evocative means of examining the dark spaces behind the overshadowing Western myths so dominated by the concerns and exploits of men. The extensive photograph collections of the Rio Grande Historical Collections and the Hobson-Huntsinger University Archives of the New Mexico State University Library’s Archives and Special Collections Department give witness to the experiences of women as they helped to settle the mountains and deserts of New Mexico between 1880 and 1920. Photographs from these collections capture the unexpected: the self-reliance of women ranchers, the craftsmanship and industry of Native Ameri- can women, the comfortable lives of a prominent Hispanic mercantile family, and the opportunities for women created by educational institutions. The accompanying essays by noted scholars and archivists have found the lives of women in southern New Mexico to be not full of endless toil and deprivation but rather, in the words of young Mildred Barnes from the mining community of Lake Valley, “delightful, exciting, and filled with a sense of abundance.” ABOUT THE EDITOR Martha Shipman Andrews is University Archivist and associate professor at New Mexico State University, Las Cru- ces. She is current editor of the Southern New Mexico Historical Review. She edited The Whole Damned World: New Mexico Aggies at War: 1941-1945, recipient of two 2009 New Mexico Book Awards and the Centennial Award as one of the “100 Best Books of New Mexico.” CONTENTS Introduction by Rick Hendricks Home-Making In The Sacramento Mountains: The Photographs Of G.E. Miller And The Blazer Collection by -Mar garet D. Jacobs Women’s Lives Once Lived: The Amadors of Las Cruces by Terry R. Reynolds Bygone Days on the Black Range by Linda G. Harris The Mescalero Basketmakers by Joan M. Jensen “That’s My Mountain!” Agnes Morley Cleaveland by Darlis A. Miller “It’s not the work that bothers me, but it’s the chores:” Women on ranches, through primary sources by Charles Stan- ford and Maura Kenny Educating the Useful Woman by Martha Shipman Andrews Sisters of Loretto by Wendy C. Simpson Southern New Mexico Women’s Clubs by Charles Stanford New Mexico Women In Writing: A Guide to the Circulating Collection at NMSU Library by Mardi Mahaffy FREE SHIPPING Rio Grande Books on orders in collaboration with the received by New Mexico State University Library 11/25/12 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.LPDPress.com TRADICIÓN October 2012 81 Los Pinos & the Military in the 1860s by Francelle Alexander

By January of 1862 with Henry Connelly as governor and General Edward R.S. Canby as commander of the Military District of Santa Fe, the territory of New Mexico was safely on the Union side. Connelly held broad general powers to protect New Mexico from the Con- federates, and Union men held the majority in the legislature, where they recently had repealed the act providing for the protection of slave property.1 However, the Confeder- ate forces, hoping to easily secure New Mexico, were moving up the Rio Grande Valley from Texas. The old hacienda at Los Pinos was to be part of the military operations in the Rio Grande Valley and would suffer considerable damage as a result. Later, more damage occurred to Los Pinos when it was used first as a military supply depot, then as a staging area for the Navajo campaign, and finally as a forwarding post for Navajo prisoners enroute to 2 Bosque Redondo. The military and Military Operations during the Civil War, 1862 the new people who passed through Map by Warren Beck and Inez Haase in Historical Atlas of New Mexico, University impacted the local area at many of Olkahoma Press, Norman, 1969. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. All rights levels, particularly at the economic reserved. level, but also socially and cultur- ally. Meanwhile, during much of the tory over the Union troops at the Rio Grande Valley.3 Governor Con- 1860s the Chavez/Connelly family Battle of Valverde in the southern nelly, after witnessing the fighting at lived in Santa Fe and Las Vegas, not Rio Grande Valley, the Confederates Valverde, rode north to Los Pinos, at Los Pinos. failed to capture the federal stores at where he distributed from his store the nearby Fort Craig. Increasingly much of his cattle, merchandise, Battle of Peralta short of supplies, Sibley’s Confed- and equipment to the people of the Although in late February of erate troops were forced to confis- Peralta area to prevent seizure by 4 1862 the Texans under Brigadier cate food and other supplies from Confederate forces. General H. H. Sibley claimed vic- villagers as they marched up the Moving north, Sibley’s hungry

82 TRADICIÓN October 2012 men cleaned out Albuquerque and Santa Fe of all food and supplies, and Sibley established a Confed- erate government in Santa Fe. The Confederate troops then advanced eastward toward Fort Union, the military supply center for the Southwest.5 Meanwhile, Connel- ly with his troops and territorial government escaped to Las Vegas and Fort Union. As the Confed- erates moved out of Santa Fe, the combined Union forces and the Colorado Volunteers engaged Sib- ley and his army at Glorieta Pass between Santa Fe and Las Vegas in battle for three days, March 26–28, 1862. The significance of this battle as a victory for either side has been variously interpreted, but it was here that Sibley finally realized that his campaign to capture New Mex- ico was lost and that to save his army, one that was critically short of food and ammunition, he had to evacuate from New Mexico.6 Moving south down the Rio Grande Valley, Sibley with the larg- The Battle of Peralta, April 15, 1862 est number of his troops was able to Map by John Taylor in Dejad al los Niños Venir a Mi: A History of Our Lady of ford the river at Albuquerque and Guadalupe in Peralta. LPD Press, Los Ranchos, 2005. Reprinted by permission of the progress down the west bank, but author. All rights reserved. because of the quicksand, the part ficulty with the loose sand on the forces.9 Knowing that the hacienda of the Confederate troops with the east road that caused the heav- belonged to Governor Connelly, the artillery and baggage under Colonel ily burdened column to become troops proceeded to pillage the resi- Green could not cross. The Confed- widely separated into loose units.8 dence, including the ample liquor erate army then divided into two Reaching the deserted hacienda supply.10 Meanwhile, unknown to columns and marched south to Va- of Los Pinos at nightfall on April Green and his men, Colonel Can- lencia County with Sibley on the 14, Green halted and decided to by was leading the united Union west bank and Green on the east camp there for the night, hop- forces, numbering 2,300 men, out bank. By the evening of April 13, ing to cross the Rio Grande in the of Tijeras Canyon and southwest- 1862, Green reached Spruce Baird’s morning. His plan was that all the ward along an old road that crossed ranch about seven miles south of stragglers would catch up during present-day Kirtland Air Force Base 7 Albuquerque. the night and then after crossing and the Isleta Reservation. Exhaust- The next day, as the part of the at the ford near Peralta, he and his ed by marching thirty-six miles, the Confederate troops under Green troops could rejoin Sibley’s other Union forces camped within a mile moved south again, they had dif- TRADICIÓN October 2012 83 of Los Pinos at 3:00 A.M. on April seven wagons and seventy mules, pact of shot and shells. The 15. Canby and his Union men could approached Peralta from Albuquer- Texans were not hurt, and hear the Texans celebrating their que. In the skirmish several men Green responded with a departure from New Mexico. Lt. J. on both sides were killed, but the barrage of his own, killing M. Bell, a Union artillerist, recorded Union troops captured the wagons two of Canby’s soldiers and the following: and turned the howitzer on its for- several draft animals, but The sounds of the fandango mer owners.14 As the Colorado Vol- other wise accomplished carried into the morning unteers returned from the capture little.15 hours…[along with] the hi- of the wagons and guns, a group of Although Canby did not con- larious shout of some over- New Mexico Volunteers dashed into tinue the sustained direct attack, at excited participant. All was Peralta, fired a few shots, and re- midday he sent a unit around to the merry at a feast within the turned to the Union lines northeast north and west of Peralta to prevent dark outline of the town, of Los Pinos. The Union troops then reinforcements coming from Sib- just growing visible in the took the offensive as described in the ley. These men came across some of gloomy light of approach- following: Sibley’s men, and several skirmishes ing day. There we lay in the Canby then opened a fu- occurred. “Marching south near restrained excitement of the rious artillery fire on the present-day West Bosque Loop, they situation…. 11 Texans around the gover- turned back a relief column that After a night of celebrating, the nor’s house. The cannon- Sibley led, just as it was emerging Confederate troops were caught to- ade looked and sounded from an icy river crossing.”16 Sibley tally by surprise in the early morn- grand, especially the fir- had been marching his troops south ing when the stillness was shattered ing of a large twenty-four- from Los Lunas that day when a by the sounds of the Union guns. pounder howitzer; but the courier from Peralta informed him Lieutenant Bell could “imagine the soft ground and adobe walls that Green had been attacked. Sibley hurrying to and fro in that little absorbed much of the im- had then turned his troops around Mexican town, the terror of the and was returning when his troops quick transition from the hilarities met some of Canby’s men.17 After of the night to the sternness of the the skirmish on the present day d ay.” 12 Although his troops were West Bosque Loop, Sibley did not anxious for an engagement and vic- make any further attempt to unite tory, Canby did not mount a full with Green and crossed to west side attack because he felt that the po- of the river, leaving the relief forces sition of the Texas troops was too to guard the ford over which they strong to be easily captured. The had just passed. ditch banks and low adobe walls During a lull in the firing in the that enclosed the fields around the afternoon, the men on both sides hacienda provided strong fortifica- ate and slept. In the words of Pri- tions. In addition, several Confed- vate Ovando Hollister of the Union erate cannons were placed in the Colorado Volunteers, “It was the maze of fields, and a battery was most harmless battle on record. We positioned in the steeple of the Los lay around on the ground in line of Pinos chapel as well.13 the battle asleep.”18 The battle had Attention was diverted briefly reached an impasse. “Sibley’s fail- This essay is excerpted from Among the from a possible attack on the haci- Çottonwoods by FrancelleAkexander. The ure to relieve the isolated Texans enda when part of a Confederate book can be ordered from Rio Grande Books left them in a precarious position at supply train, including a howitzer, or online at Amazon.com. Los Pinos. Outnumbered and out- 84 TRADICIÓN October 2012 gunned, Green stuck to his position cold, hungry, and sleepy, straggled ticed one such dwelling as they in and around Governor Connelly’s into Los Lunas on their way out of rode through the village following mansion and fields.”19 The Texans New Mexico.”22 Below Los Lunas, the Confederate withdrawal. Dis- only hoped to last until night when Sibley’s troops burned more of their mounting to inspect the damage, a they could withdraw safely from the heavy baggage.23 Third Cavalry officer found a whis- battle at Peralta. Behind the departing Texans, key bottle and three half-filled glass- A favorite story about the battle Los Pinos was in shambles from es on a recently vacated table inside at Peralta that day is the one that the Union artillery fire and the oc- the house. A twelve-pounder-solid involves Father Ralliere from the cupation of the Confederate forces. shot apparently had penetrated the Tomé Church and his group of Ditch bridges, field enclosures, and adobe wall near the table, and the choir and altar boys. As the battle outbuildings were heavily damaged, partakers of the whiskey had taken dragged on during that day, Father and the nearby cottonwood groves to their heels. The cavalrymen first Ralliere and the boys are believed shattered. Some of the damage to finished what was left of the liquor to have climbed the Cerro de Tomé old hacienda and its contents ap- and then scoured the village for any to watch the battle, but, it is highly peared to have been deliberate van- remaining Texans. They found only unlikely that the group could have dalism. Many of the possessions of several wounded Southerners who seen anything but smoke from that the Chavez/Connelly family were had been left in a nearby a make- distance. However, for some people, destroyed or stolen. Sometime dur- shift hospital.27 it was Father Ralliere and his boys ing the looting of the hacienda, the Although the Union forces fol- that changed the course of the bat- saber that Mariano Chavez had lowed Sibley and his troops, the tle: carried when he was governor of miserable Confederates were al- On the peak they spent the New Mexico was taken. Many years lowed to withdraw without further entire day singing the lita- later J. Placido Romero, who once incident. As a result, Canby was crit- nies—the Rosary, hymns, had lived and worked at Los Pinos, icized for not capturing the Con- and chants. It is said that sent the saber to the L. Bradford federate troops, but he had no way Father Ralliere looked like Prince, Governor of New Mexico to feed and supply the Confederate Moses and that the devo- (1889–1893) and historian. Romero troops if he had captured them.28 tions of his little group told Prince in a letter, “I took it [the Despite some close calls during the swung the victory for the saber] away from a Texan when battle, the loss of men was minimal Union.20 they [the Confederates] ransacked for both the Confederate and Union The prayers may have helped be- the house of Gov. Connelly at the forces. In many ways the battle was cause unexpectedly in the middle battle of Los Pinos in 1862.”24 Con- not a significant one other than it of the afternoon a severe sandstorm nelly later described his losses in a was the last Civil War battle in New ended the battle. One Union soldier letter to Secretary of State William Mexico. The Middle Rio Grande described the storm as “one solid H. Seward. “My own house, 90 miles Valley, however, had suffered ex- cloud of moving sand and dust in from Santa Fe, was despoiled of its tensive damage from Sibley and his which one could scarcely breathe,” entire contents, including a valuable troops—livestock lost, families up- and a Texas soldier remembered stock of goods, together with every- rooted, and personal property de- that “the wind was blowing clouds thing in the way of subsistence.”25 stroyed.29 of dust through the town and ob- Canby had not shelled Peralta scuring the view in every direc- with its two miles of adobe build- Military Depot tion.”21 The storm lasted until dark, ings, fields, cottonwoods, and irri- After the Confederates withdrew and at that time the Confederates gation ditches, but several houses in from all of New Mexico, the mili- withdrew with difficulty to the west Peralta were damaged by artillery tary found that there was a need to side of the Rio Grande at Los Lunas. fire that passed over its intended rebuild depot buildings, improve “Late that night the last Texans, wet, targets.26 Union cavalrymen no- transportation, and replenish stores. TRADICIÓN October 2012 85 Plan of quarters at the military post of Los Pinos, New Mexico Photo taken in the period 1863-1866. Old Military Records, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

30 After a study of the situation, immediate occupancy. Another quartermaster rented the farmland Captain Herbert M. Enos of the probable reason, but not stated, for on Los Pinos for one-third of the Quartermaster Department sub- establishing the supply depot at Los crop. When the Army moved into mitted a report to Canby in which Pinos was that Canby wanted to re- Los Pinos the property included the he presented Los Pinos as a desir- pay Connelly for the damages that San José chapel, a ten-room house, able site for a military depot rather he had incurred. The rent for Los another dwelling house (which the than Albuquerque. The advantages Pinos over five years would almost Army used as a hospital), two rows that Los Pinos offered included the equal the $30,000 in damages that of buildings (used as company grove of cottonwoods that would Connelly had incurred.31 quarters), one building measuring provide a supply of fuel and the In May of 1862, the U.S. gov- sixteen feet by fifty feet (used for corn that could be raised at Los Pi- ernment leased Los Pinos from shops), four small buildings (three nos. The third advantage was that a Governor Henry Connelly and his used as stables and one as a carpen- ferry could be established near Los stepsons, José Francisco and José ter’s shop), and a small gristmill.33 Pinos that during high water would Bonifacio Chavez.32 The Army also Since 496 enlisted men were at be superior to Albuquerque. Al- obtained the right to cut and use Los Pinos by October 31, 1862, though additional buildings would wood and brush growing on the the old hacienda was not adequate be needed, there were enough for property, and in May of 1862 the as a post, particularly the facilities

86 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Soldiers’ quarters & adjutants’ office at Los Pinos Encampment, NM Photo taken by the U.S. Army Signal Corps. (Photo courtesy of Palace of the Governors Photo Archives, MNM/DCA #001697) for the enlisted men, and these fa- on private property or looking for dermined their health, but at times cilities were not significantly im- an excuse, Carleton halted all con- nutrition improved from local proved during the time that the struction at Los Pinos. One large sources. It is known that at least one military leased Los Pinos. 34 At first storehouse was never completed local farmer, Ventura Toledo from with some minor work, a mess hall although $6,000 had been spent to Peralta, visited the post to sell farm was created, and few new buildings start it. In 1864 part of this structure products. Also, a garden was plant- were begun. Part of the reluctance was being used as a sutter’s store, but ed on the post. In July of 1864 a new of the Army to construct addition- much of the building was vacant.36 post surgeon, Dr. John Downing real facilities was a stipulation in the Primarily because of inadequate ported the most prevalent diseases lease that that any improvements housing, poor food and unsanitary were gonorrhea, syphilis, diarrhea, that might be made would revert to conditions, life at the Los Pinos for and miasmatic fever. 38 He attrib- the owners at the end of the lease.35 soldiers was difficult.37 Food stores uted some of the diseases to the five Most importantly, Canby, as com- of meat and flour were usually of or six acres at the edge of the post mander of the military department low quality and quickly deteriorated that were covered with water from of New Mexico, had been replaced in the primitive storage conditions. heavy rains and overflowing ace- by James H. Carleton. Fearing that Fresh vegetables were often lacking quias. He also had concerns about there was no authorization to build in the diet of soldiers, which un- the drinking water that was often

TRADICIÓN October 2012 87 contaminated by human waste drive oxen for the military depot by January of 1866 the number of and decomposing animals. Some at the rate of $25 per month and a workers was reduced further from changes were made to improve daily ration. Masons, painters, plas- six to three.48 When there were hygiene on the post, but little im- terers, and laborers were hired, as fewer civilians employed, drills proved significantly. However, sol- well as four carpenters at the rate were often suspended because the diers who were afflicted with these of $50 per month, a superinten- soldiers had many other duties, in- and other diseases were housed in dent of laborers at $30 per month, cluding policing the grounds, clean- a well-ventilated and lighted hospi- and a superintendent of mechan- ing corrals, cutting wood, and haul- tal with eleven beds. A few men met ics at $60 per month. Laborers and ing coal from the mountains. Some death: two accidental shootings by teamsters, some of whom were His- soldiers with certain skills received other soldiers, one murder by a lo- panics, received the standard ration additional pay for extra duty, such cal resident, and three others died per day and $25 per month in pay.43 as blacksmiths, clerks, carpenters, more quietly of lung fever or “soft- After Carleton halted construction, teamsters, ferryboat operators, and ening of the brain.” 39 All were bur- fewer civilians were employed on herders.49 ied in the cemetery on post. the post, leaving only some laun- When civilians were employed Despite these conditions, soldiers dresses. Only one local civilian was at the post, the wages paid were found life at the post agreeable at on the payroll in February of 1863, far above what laborers and peo- times, and some reported it even and he was hired at $60 per month nes were paid in the area, and the pleasant with some diversions on to search nearby villages for stolen stresses created in the social/eco- post and locally.40 A store on post government property.44 The hiring nomic structure of the area can be provided the necessities and a few of this agent was precipitated by an seen in one incident that was re- luxuries, and many soldiers were incident in 1862 in which twenty ported.50 The depot guard,Lieuten - also drawn to Peralta to spend their wagons of government supplies ant Robert H. Hall, had predicted paychecks. “We have fine amuse- had been discovered in Isleta under that the ricos would have to pay ments out here. There is a little poorly explained circumstances.45 their labor more or they “would town about half a mile from the During the Navajo Campaign the lose their peones.” Hall, perhaps Post where we have dances almost Army had to hire additional civil- others as well, was convinced that every night. The Mexican gals are ians as artisans and laborers so that rich Hispanics fostered ill feeling very gay.”41 Alcohol was available soldiers could be released for other against the government because at Peralta, and some soldiers were assignments.46 However, in the last of the higher wages paid on post. court-martialed for drunkenness; years the number of civilian employ- Later, Hall blamed the ricos for however, other soldiers belonged to ees was reduced. Only a few lists of instigating the ugly disturbance temperance organizations on post. civilian employees have been found, that occurred in Peralta on June No doubt at times rowdy soldiers but in one list, dated July of 1865, 15, 1862. In this situation, a group had some of the usual difficulties ten of the twenty-one employees assaulted “whites” and yelled, “Kill that soldiers often have with the for that month were Hispanics. One the Yankees.” Having received a local population of the area near a Hispanic employee, Juan Chavez, message that a mob was attempting military post. the chief boatman, received a salary to kill all the white men in town, Although the military post at Los of $75 per month, which made him Hall went to investigate but found Pinos caused problems for the lo- the third highest paid employee on most of the crowd had dispersed; cal population, it also brought in- the post, but a year later, when the however, he did capture one of the creased opportunities for employ- Army was about to abandon Los Pi- ringleaders who had a pistol. Two ment in some years, as well as cash nos, civilians in charge of the boat Hispanics, Hall reported, had been for supplies .42 An advertisement in received only $20 per month.47 Oth- beaten by a gang, one because he the Santa Fe Weekly Gazette called er employees in 1865 were herders, cooked for an Anglo and the other for fifty “American” teamsters to laborers, and teamsters. However, because he was a teamster at the 88 TRADICIÓN October 2012 post. Although this incident may portion of the upper valley of the Craig, Albuquerque and Fort Wing- have been an isolated one, it may Rio Grande….”52 Feed for animals, ate.56 Shortly after Carleton had be indicative of problems that were like the mules on the post, were im- assumed command of the depart- under the surface in the commu- portant purchases that benefited the ment, Connelly had left New Mex- nity. Now labor could not be ob- local people because many small ico to seek medical attention, and tained as cheaply by the ricos, and contractors were used in addition news of the change in the status of local residents had to contend with to the larger suppliers. Although the Los Pinos apparently did not reach “outsiders” on an every day basis. bills for feed alone exceeded several him until after the depot had been In addition, local residents at thousand dollars per month, many dismantled.57 In mid-January of times had other types of conflicts of the suppliers were not identified 1863 Connelly wrote Carleton from with the military authorities, who in the records.53 The few who were St. Louis expressing his concern were exacting and unjust at times.51 named were usually wealthy His- about attempts “among interested In 1864 Ventura Toledo was arrested panic suppliers like Santiago Baca, persons to change the Government and put in the guardhouse for cross- son-in-law of Salvador Armijo of Depot [from Los Pinos] to Albu- ing an acequia rather than coming Albuquerque.54 querque.”58 Carleton replied that the by the main road, and the Armijo Another improvement during governor’s letter was “the first intel- family had a dispute about owner- this time that benefited the econo- ligence or hint of such a movement ship of a mule. Even the powerful my of Peralta was the construction which I have heard.” Less than reas- Antonio José Otero, who owned of a ferry across the Rio Grande.55 suring, Carleton went on to prom- lands adjacent to the post, was re- Peralta had always been considered ise that the government would not buked for allowing his acequias to a good crossing place, but no ferry abandon Connelly’s property be- overflow. Otero was warned that had been ever been built. At first a fore Connelly could return to New unless he took measures to drain rope or flying ferry was attempted, Mexico. Despite what he was writ- away the excess water and to pre- but the sand banks and the ever- ing to Connelly, Carleton believed vent overflows in the future, that the shifting channel made this type of that the rent being paid to Connelly post commander would “shut the crossing impossible. Next, two flat- was exorbitant, and a short time lat- water off from [Otero’s] acequia and bottomed ferry boats were brought er Carleton wrote to Quartermas- not allow it to run through the post in by Enos, the quartermaster at Los ter General Montgomery C. Meigs any longer.” Although local people Pinos. These government ferryboats questioning whether the contract may have resented the restrictive were used for the transport of sup- for Los Pinos should continue. Los measures, some steps were taken by plies across the river to replenish Pinos might have been returned at the military to protect the resources the depleted storehouses of various this time to the Chavez/Connelly of Los Pinos, including forbidding forts, and within a few weeks three family except now the Los Pinos citizens to take firewood from the million pounds of supplies had post acquired a new importance in military reserve or to graze animals been transferred to the west bank. the Indian campaigns, causing Car- on the property. In the summer of 1862, when leton to drop the matter. 59 Despite all the social strains, the Carleton assumed command of area benefited tremendously from troops in New Mexico, a new chief Receiving Center for the government contracts. Gener- quartermaster, Captain John C. Mc- ally, the Army tried to acquire as Ferran, was appointed. As a con- the Navajos When the Confederates were many supplies as possible from lo- scientious officer, McFerran, in an gone, Connelly addressed the long- cal sources. One military report effort to reduce government costs, standing problem of Indian dep- stated that “probably more wheat, had Enos, now the assistant quar- redations in New Mexico that had corn, and beans are produced with- termaster of the department, break increased while the military and in a radius of 20 miles from this up the depot at Los Pinos and trans- government had been preoccupied. post [Los Pinos] than in any other port most of the supplies to Fort TRADICIÓN October 2012 89 Carleton had arrived too late with be no other alternative, but regulars from Fort Union, and a few his California Volunteers to partici- this say to them, ‘Go to the officers and soldiers from the Cali- pate in the Civil War battles in New Bosque Redondo, or we will fornia Column. In June of 1863 the Mexico. However, Carleton with the pursue and destroy you. We regiment assembled at Los Pinos idle California Column persuaded will not make any peace with Carleton present to oversee or concurred with Connelly on with you on any other terms. their departure, and friends and the need to wage war first on the You have deceived us too relatives said their farewells to the Apaches and then the Navajos. Both often, and robbed and mur- troops.67 Juan Perea of Bernalillo men were now determined to solve dered our people too long, sent 2,000 head of sheep to Los the problem permanently. Several to trust you again at large Pinos to supply the troops as they years earlier in 1859, Connelly had in your own country….’ As moved into Navajo country.68 made his position clear on the In- winter approaches, you will Other soldiers at Los Pinos had dian problem when he spoke both have better luck.63 been given orders by Carleton to for the other outraged citizens and In the fall of 1862, for defense scout the country east of the Rio his own personal interest, particu- against Navajo raiders, four com- Grande from Abo Pass to Tijeras larly his supply trains that carried panies of the First New Mexico canyon, all along the eastern slope tons of flour to Fort Defiance. Con- Volunteers under the command of of the Manzano Mountains. In No- nelly called for a war of extermina- Connelly’s stepson, Colonel. J. Fran- vember of 1863 the troops from Los tion against the Navajos and cited cisco Chavez, were ordered west of Pinos did recover one hundred head a long list of raids, murders, and the Rio Grande Valley to Ojo del of cattle that had been stolen from robberies.60 Connelly also reported Gallo near the lands of the Navajos Valencia but never saw the Indians to the Legislative Assembly that the to erect the first Fort Wingate.64 The who had stolen the cattle.69 On Au- ”Navajos occupy the finest grazing green recruits worked all through gust 3, 1863, Carleton sent another districts within our limits and … the winter and the next summer, letter to Captain Samuel Archer at infest a mining region….”61 Con- fighting as well as constructing the Los Pinos, ordering him and his nelly persuaded the reluctant Kit fort with buildings of adobe sur- troops to head off and kill any In- Carson to take the command, and rounded by a wooden stockade. dian who might try to escape from José Francisco Chavez, Connelly’s The troops under Chavez also pa- troops in the north who were scout- stepson, was appointed second in trolled from the Rio Grande to the ing the Sandia and Manzano moun- command.62 In September of 1862 Gila River but were spread too thin tains: Carleton told Carson: to alleviate the Navajo raids on the Send a company of infan- If any Indians desire to give pueblos and isolated Spanish settle- try from your post to scour themselves up, they will be ments. In the early summer of 1863, the country thoroughly received and sent to Fort under Carleton’s orders, Colonel from Abo Pass northwardly Wingate with a request from Chavez held a council with Navajo along the eastern slope of that post that they be sent to chiefs at Fort Wingate and urged the Manzano mountains to Los Pinos. No Navajo Indi- the Navajos to come to terms by Tijeras canyon. The troops ans of either sex, or of any July 20.65 will not go into any towns age, will be retained at Fort Meanwhile, Kit Carson had been lying east of the Manzano Canby, as servants, or in any commanded to prepare for the war mountains, but will be in- capacity whatever; all must against the Navajos who failed to structed to kill every Na- go to Bosque Redondo. You surrender at Fort Wingate.66 Under vajo or Apache Indian large are right in believing that I Carson’s command was the First enough to bear arms. No do not wish to have those Regiment of the New Mexico Vol- women or children shall destroyed who are willing unteers, consisting of twenty-seven be killed: these will be cap- to come in…. There is to officers and 726 enlisted men, some tured and held until fur- 90 TRADICIÓN October 2012 ther orders…. It is believed that in the fastnesses of those mountains are many of these Indians. They will doubtless be found well up toward or at the crest of the ridge. There are points along the western base where there is water which can be reached by wagons with rations from time to time. The subsistence to be carried in the mountain will be bacon, flour, sugar and coffee. These will be carried by the men in haversacks, and by a few pack mules from one point to another, where a wagon can reach the base of the mountains, as the command progresses northward.70 The quartermaster at Los Pinos had the difficult assignment of sup- plying all the troops in the military operations against the Navajos.71 To meet these needs, the military Navajo woman and infant at Bosque Redondo, New purchased grain from valley farm- Mexico, 1864-1868 ers and forwarded it to Carson at Photo from John Gaw Meem Collection (Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Divi- Fort Canby, and the military also sion, Washington, D.C. #cph 3b44450 from #LC-USZ62-98366) arranged to winter at Los Pinos ing on to the Bosque Redondo by the years.76 As one group of Navajos a large number of unserviceable several routes.73 In late November passed through Isleta Pueblo under horses and mules belonging to Fort of 1863 the first Navajo prisoners the command of Rafael Chacon, Canby and Fort Wingate.72 Then (39) were brought to Los Pinos.74 Navajo women, who had been tak- came the more formidable task of Carleton had instructed the com- en captive previously, were recog- providing a receiving center for manding officer at Los Pinos to nized. These Navajo women, who Navajo prisoners on their way to have the Navajos who were brought were living at Isleta, wanted to go the Bosque Redondo. The Navajos in “carefully guarded and kindly to the reservation with their people. being taken to Bosque Redondo treated while they are at post. They Don Antonio José Otero, who was reservation moved along several will be fed on bread and meat, and the Indian Agent at the time, be- routes including a wagon road that occasionally are to have some sugar came involved when the owners of had been established in the early and coffee.”75 the captive women protested these fall of 1863. This road ran from Fort The reports made at the time the women leaving. Because they were Canby to Fort Wingate, to Cubero, Navajos moved through the Los agents of the government, both past Laguna and then across the Pinos area reveal much about past Chacon and Otero were sworn to Rio Grande to Los Pinos before go- relationships with the Navajos over protect the captives, and the women TRADICIÓN October 2012 91 were allowed to rejoin their tribe. to the fields and woods that would than 1,200 Navajo people, were en- Another incident also occurred take years to replenish, and sanita- camped about three-quarters of a in the area while the group under tion became critical as the fields and mile north of the post near an ace- Chacon was camped near Peralta. It acequias were contaminated by hu- quia from which they probably ob- was reported that some local people man and animal waste. tained drinking and cooking water. had attempted to buy Indian chil- Despite the toll taken on the area This group of Indians, like most of dren as slaves: as the thousands of Indians trav- the groups, arrived with livestock, …about a dozen of the rich eled through it, there was also some in this case 357 horses, nineteen men of the area came and economic gain by the local people. mules, and about 2,000 sheep. Most offered me [Chacon] three Again, many of the local farmers likely the Indians turned their stock hundred dollars for the lit- benefited because the Army pur- loose in nearby cornfields. tle boy and girl Indians. A chased many food supplies locally, Navajo who spoke Spanish, including all of the grain that could Controversy and the and who was called El Chi, be acquired in the Rio Grande Val- told me to sell them: that ley. Quartermasters at Los Pinos, Return of Los Pinos By December 31, 1864, Navajos he could select there about Albuquerque, and Santa Fe also living on the Bosque Redondo res- one hundred who did not purchased coarse Mexican blan- ervation numbered 8,354, and al- have parents or that no one kets from local merchants for about most all of them had passed through would feel sorry for, and the two dollars each, as well as supplies Los Pinos.85 By this time the opposi- largest part were not Nava- of gerga, (the coarse woolen cloth) tion to the policies of Carleton and jos. I reprimanded the In- which were made into blankets. Connelly had permeated to every dian and dispatched those 81 Although the Indians walked, level of New Mexico politics. As the miserable buyers, giving the supplies had to be transported. number of Navajos who were forced them the gate.77 Transporting goods offered other to go to the Bosque Redondo grew During the winter of 1863–1864, opportunities to local people, and and their plight worsened, criticism with their crops destroyed by Car- at first many of the freighters were of the reservation plan had become leton’s orders, the Navajos began to from the Rio Grande Valley. How- more vocal. By 1864 both Carleton surrender in large numbers.78 By ever, because many of these local and Connelly were under attack in the end of February 1864, 2,019 In- freighters charged exorbitant rates, the newspapers.86 Connelly tried to dians had arrived at Los Pinos on they lost the Army’s business. 82 defend the reservation plan, but his their way to Bosque Redondo, in- Although many Navajos spent popularity was not sufficient to stop cluding the 1,445 who were there at only two or three days at Los Pinos the attacks.87 Connelly’s support of that time waiting for transportation. before continuing on their journey, Carleton was questioned, and also Accompanying this group of Nava- others remained much longer un- his ownership of Indian servants jos were 300 or 400 sheep and goats, der difficult circumstances.83 No was rebuked as seen in the follow- as well as 200 horses. 79 On March matter how long the Indian pris- ing letter from a Santa Fe legislator 4 1864, more than 2,000 Indians oners were at Los Pinos there was to the Secretary of War: arrived with 3,000 sheep and 473 no shelter for them. The camp was For three years has it been horses, and in April a group of 720 some distance from the post prop- our shame to see daily, of- completely destitute Indians were er and usually a strong guard was ten hourly, issuing from brought to Los Pinos.80 Los Pinos placed over the Indian camp to keep the Govt. House (the Pa- was unable to care, even minimally, civilians away. In February of 1864, lacio) the family of Gover- for the large number of Indians who a group of 1,375 Navajos arrived at nor Connelly wending their needed provisions before going on. Los Pinos under escort and camped way on the plaza to divine Soon the facilities were completely for sixteen days with minimal as- service escorted by three or overtaxed as well. Damage was done sistance.84 In late July of 1864 more 92 TRADICIÓN October 2012 four Navajo slaves that have leton’s reservation plan at Bosque Gov. Connelly is constantly been stolen in raids upon Redondo had been a failure in ev- at his post, and ever zealous defenseless Indian villages ery way except that it had ended in the discharge of his trust; and bought and sold and the war with the Navajos. In 1867 all know the amiability and held as property….88 the Navajos were allowed to begin geniality of his temper, dis- The controversy gained in mo- returning to their homes, but as a position and manners. With mentum when the crop failure of broken people. By 1868 the Navajos all this, when the time comes 1865 (a disastrous year for agricul- had been reduced to half of their for determination and in- ture in New Mexico) worsened the number in 1863.94 flexibility, as the phrase is, condition of the Navajos at Bosque Previously, New Mexico had ‘he is there.’ He is no med- Redondo, leaving hunger, starva- learned on February 16, 1866, that dler, does not attempt to tion, and death for many.89 The War three top territorial officials were usurp nor embarrass the Department found that the reserva- to be removed: Governor Henry official function and duties tion too rapidly depleted funds and Connelly, a supporter of Carleton, of others…. He harmonizes was anxious to extricate itself from and two opponents of Carleton’s and sympathizes with all ca- the experiment, although some in policies, Chief Justice Kirby Bene- pable and faithful public of- the military felt that Carleton had dict and Territorial Secretary, Wil- ficers and men of whatever not done a bad job.90 Previously a liam F. Arny.95 Connelly’s term in department…. 101 supporter of Carleton, the Santa Fe office ended on July 16, 1866, and Bancroft, more critical, wrote that New Mexican newspaper claimed shortly after leaving office, Connelly Connelly “was a weak man, of good racial, religious, and political preju- died on August 12, 1866, in Santa intentions, who, notwithstanding his dice on Carleton’s part and soon Fe from the effects of an overdose loyal sentiments, made no very bril- was calling for Carleton’s removal.91 of an opiate taken to induce sleep.96 liant record as a ‘war’ governor.”102 Within the Chavez/Connelly fam- Connelly had been ill for a number One of Connelly’s biographers, ily there was also deep division on of years and had returned a num- Calvin Horn more sympathetically the Bosque Redondo issue.81 In the ber of times to the States for medi- credits Connelly as being governor congressional delegate election of cal treatment.97 In 1863 he had gone at very critical and difficult period 1865, Connelly’s stepson, J. Francis- east for surgery, and although he in New Mexico history and despite co Chavez opposed Carleton’s can- had hoped to recover fully, his med- constantly dealing with a war and a didate, Francisco Perea, with an an- ical problems continued and ulti- difficult Indian campaign, Connelly ti-reservation campaign. After the mately contributed to his death.98 In addressed other challenges, leav- election in which Chavez defeated the summer of 1866, Bishop Lamy ing the territory more stable than Carleton’s candidate, Carleton was performed the funeral service in the when he assumed the position of more determined than ever to with- Cathedral of Santa Fe, and Connelly governor. In addition, Horn felt that draw troops from Los Pinos. Los was buried in the San Rosario Cem- Connelly was forward thinking and Pinos, however, functioned fully for etery in Santa Fe.99 At Connelly’s re- an early supporter of education and another twelve months following quest most of his statues of saints the development of industry.103 the election.92 were donated to the Isleta Catholic After the last of the Navajos had As part of the opposition in Janu- Church.100 passed through Los Pinos on the ary of 1866, the legislature present- As with any political figure who way to Bosque Redondo, the mili- ed a memorial to the Secretary of holds office during a difficult time, tary at Los Pinos withdrew slowly War condemning Carleton and de- the assessments of that person and and finally returned the property.104 manding an inquiry. That year Car- any of his/her accomplishments are In 1865 the troops at Los Pinos had leton was finally removed from his mixed. A Santa Fe newspaper once consisted of fifty-three enlisted men position, but it would take another described Connelly in the following and three officers, but then several year to undo his program.93 Car- way: companies of California Volun- TRADICIÓN October 2012 93 teers arrived, raising the numbers B. Elkins, had presented a petition had been changed by the presence to seven officers and 151 enlisted to Carleton on behalf of Connelly’s of the military in the 1860s. The men. However, when the California widow and her two sons request- damage to property was obvious, Volunteers left or were mustered ing that a board of officers ascertain but also there had been the op- out in the fall of 1866, the military the amount of wood that Navajos portunity for jobs with wages and post at Los Pinos was broken up. A had destroyed while they were en- money to be made from supply- picket of two non-commissioned camped at Los Pinos. The petition ing the military. Although the area officers and twelve men was sent claimed that the lease authorization would rebuild and continue some from Albuquerque to guard public was given for troops to use the wood of its former economic activities, stores and to maintain the premises on the property, not thousands of including agricultural products, until the lease expired. On April 22, encamped Indians. With timber livestock, and milling, the villages 1867, after the picket at Los Pinos scarce, the family wanted compen- had changed—the “heyday” was had been withdrawn, the Los Pinos sation. A board did meet at Los Pi- over. During the 1860s the Peralta/ property was returned to Dolores nos under Carleton’s orders, but no Los Pinos area moved away from Perea de Connelly and her family. information on what occurred has the trade and activity of the Santa The last action of the Army was to been found. Fe/Chihuahua Trail to filling mili- remove the bodies of the deceased When the Connelly/Chavez fam- tary contracts for food and forage. soldiers in 1870. ily returned to Los Pinos, Dolores’s For a time Los Pinos was the site of When Dolores and the Chavez/ son, José Bonifacio Chavez, assisted a military depot/receiving center, Connelly family returned to Los his mother to continue to press and then by the late 1860s Los Pi- Pinos, they found that the old ha- claims for damages at Los Pinos.107 nos/Peralta became a much quieter cienda had suffered considerable In a letter dated July 11, 1867, José farming and ranching village. Slow- damage during the years it had Bonifacio wrote to Col. Herbert M. ly, the changes that had begun when been used as a military post and re- Enos, who at that time was the chief the Americans entered Santa Fe ceiving center for the Navajos. The quartermaster for the District of were becoming more evident and condition of the old hacienda was New Mexico, stating that “the prin- would be increasingly so in the later probably worse than the dismal as- cipal house and outhouses were in decades of the nineteenth century. sessment that a commander of the a most dilapidated condition, and fort had given in June of 1866: presented rather the appearance of Endnotes The storehouses, quar- ruins than habitable places.” Nev- 1. William A. Keleher, Turmoil in New ters, and stables are built of ertheless, the owners were willing Mexico, 1846–1868 (Santa Fe: The adobe with dirt roofs and to accept this as “the natural wear Rydal Press, 1952), 165–166. are old and in a very dilapi- of the lease,” but they wanted reim- 2. Darlis A. Miller, “Los Pinos, New Mexico: Civil War Post on the Rio dated condition; so much so bursement for a small water-driven Grande,” New Mexico Historical Review, that when the annual rains gristmill, worth five or six thousand 62 (1987): 1. th commence (about 20 July) dollars, which Chavez alleged the 3. Ibid., 3. there is great danger that government had received in fine 4. Calvin. Horn, New Mexico’s Troubled many of them will fall down running order. Enos rejected the Years (Albuquerque: Horn and Wal- of their own weigh, besides claim because the government’s po- lace Publishers, 1963), 101. being poor protection to the sition was that the mill had never 5. Thomas S. Edrington and John 105 Taylor, The Battle of Glorieta Pass: A Get- public stores…. been used to any extent and that its tysburg in the West, March 26–28, 1862 Even before the military returned poor condition was due to the ele- (Albuquerque: University of New the property there was concern ments. No record of compensation Mexico Press, 1998), 113–122. about the misuse that the property has been found. 6. Ibid.; Marc Simmons, Albuquerque, A had suffered.106 Earlier, two law- All the residents of the local area, Narrative History (Albuquerque: Uni- yers, Merrill Ashurst and Stephen not only the hacienda at Los Pinos, versity of New Mexico Press, 1982), 94 TRADICIÓN October 2012 186. 41. Ibid., 20 82. Ibid. 7. Ibid., 42. Ibid., 24–26. 83. Miller, 1987, 16-17. 8. Ibid. 43. Ibid., 6–7. 84. Bailey, 1998, 101. 9. Don E. Alberts, “The Battle of Peralta,” 44. Ibid., 7. 85. Miller, 1987, 19; Bailey; 1998, New Mexico Historical Review, 58 (1983): 45. Ibid., 25. 101–103. 370–373. 46. Ibid. 86. Howard R. Lamar, The Far Southwest, 10. Richard. Melzer “Battle of Peralta,” 47. Ibid., 26. 1846–1912: A Territorial History, Valencia County News-Bulletin, April 48. Ibid. (Albuquerque: University of New 22–23, 2000, B-1-2. 49. Ibid., 19. Mexico, rev. ed., 2000), 112. 11. Alberts, 1983, 373. 50. Ibid., 7. 87. Horn, 1963, 106–107. 12. Ibid. 51. Ibid., 26-27. 88. Ibid. 13. Ovando Hollister, ed. by Richard 52. Ibid., 24. 89. Ibid. Harwell, Colorado Volunteers in New 53. Ibid., 24–25. 90. Gerald. Thompson, The Army and the Mexico, 1862 (Chicago: R.R. Donnel- 54. Ibid. Navajo, (Tucson: The University of ley & Sons, 1962), 154; Alberts, 1983, 55. Ibid., 10. Arizona, 1976), 102. 373. 56. Ibid. 91. Ibid., 102, 107. 14. Alberts, 1983. 374. 57. Ibid.,12 92. Miller, 1987, 29 15. Ibid. 58. Ibid. 93. Horn, 1963, 107. 16. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 94. Lamar, 2000,113. 17. Ibid., 375. 60. Frank McNitt, Navajo Wars: Military 95. Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The History 18. Hollister, 1962, 154. Campaigns, Slave Raids, and Reprisals of the Military Occupation of the Territory 19. Alberts, 1983, 375. (Albuquerque: University of New of New Mexico from 1846–1851 by the 20. Florence Hawley Ellis, “Tomé and Fa- Mexico Press, 1972, 1990), 366. Government of the United States (The ther J.B.R.,” New Mexico Historical Review, 61. Lynn R. Bailey, Bosque Redondo: The Smith-Brooks Company, Publishers, 30 (1955): 114. Navajo Internment at Fort Sumner, New 1909), 181 21. Alberts, 1983, 376. Mexico, 1863–1868 (Tucson, Arizona: 96. Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The Leading 22. Ibid. Westernlore Press, 1998), 85. Facts of New Mexican History, vol. 5 23. Hollister, 1962, 159. 62. Keleher, 1952, 279. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa: The Torch Press, 24. Territorial Archives of New Mexico, 63. Ibid., 308. 1911), 293. Roll 104, 190, State Records Cen- 64. Frank McNitt, Indian Trader (Norman: 97. Twitchell, 1909, 181. ter and Archives, Santa Fe, New University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), 98. Horn, 1963, 109; William Elsey Con- Mexico. 230; Bailey, 1998, 87. nelley, Doniphan’s Expedition and the 25. Miller, 1987, 3, reference to Connelly 65. Keleher, 1952, 303. Conquest of New Mexico and California, to Seward, March 23, 1862, The War 66. Miller, 1987, 12. (Topeka, Kansas: published by au- of the Rebellion, A Compilation of the Of- 67. Keleher, 1952, 304. thor, 1907; reprint Bowie, Maryland: ficial Records of the Union and Confederate 68. Miller, 1987, 12. Heritage Books, Inc., 2000), 282, 907. Armies, Series 1. 9: 651–652. 69. Ibid., 13. 99. Horn, 1963, 110–111; Santa Fe Weekly 26. Alberts, 1983, 369; Hollister, 1962, 70. Keleher, 1952, 312-313. Gazette, August 18, 1866. 155. 71. Miller, 1987, 13–14. 100. Valencia County Historical Society, 27. Alberts, 1983, 376. 72. Ibid. comp., Rio Abajo Heritage (Belen, New 28. Ibid., 377. 73. Keleher, 1952, 320; Bailey, 1998, 103. Mexico: Valencia County Historical 29. Simmons, 1982, 188. 74. Miller, 1987, 14. Society, 1983), 89. 30. Miller, 1987, 4–5. 75. Ibid. 101. Santa Fe New Mexican, March 26, 1864. 31. Ibid., 6. 76. Jacqueline Dorgan Meketa, Legacy 102. Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of 32. Ibid. of Honor: The Life of Rafael Chacon, Arizona and New Mexico, 1530–1888 33. Ibid. Nineteenth Century New Mexican (Albu- (Albuquerque: Horn and Wallace, 34. Ibid., 8 querque: University of New Mexico facsmile of 1889 edition, 1962), 705. 35. Ibid., 6. Press, 1986), 240–241. 103. Horn, 1963, 109–110. 36. Ibid., 7–8 77. Ibid. 104. Miller 1987, 28–29. 37. Ibid, 20–21. 78. Miller, 1987, 14. 105. Ibid., 8–9. 38. Ibid. 79. Ibid., 15. 106. Ibid., 28. 39. Ibid., 22–23 80. Ibid. 107. Ibid., 29. 40. Ibid., 21–22. 81. Ibid., 16–17. TRADICIÓN October 2012 95 Among the Cottonwoods The Enduring Rio Abajo Villages of Peralta and Los Pinos, New Mexico before 1940 by Francelle E. Alexander 400 pages, 89 illustrations/maps/charts, 7 x 10 ISBN 978-1-890689-83-4 ($29.95) (pbk.,alk.paper) FINALIST, 2012 NM Book Awards In New Mexico, people have a keen interest in the villages of their ancestors and derive part of their identity from their villages. Although the villages of the lower Rio Grande, the Rio Aba- jo, have been a significant part of New Mexico, they have not been studied as often as villages in the upper Rio Grande, the Rio Arriba. This book is an effort to begin to fill a gap that has long existed in scholarly studies and histories. It is also intended to appeal to an audience that enjoys local New Mexico history and has a keen interest in the Rio Abajo region, especially the people and the politics of Valencia County. Covered in this work are some of the notable people of the area, i.e., Col. J. Francisco Chaves, Henry Connelly and the Oteros, who had significant roles in the history of nineteenth century New Mexico. Rarely have their lives been covered in this detail, especially in the context of their region and villages.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Francelle Alexander is a native New Mexican, having grown Order Form — Among the Cottonwoods up in Albuquerque, both the South Valley and the North Valley. She attended UNM where she earned her B.A. and M.A. After a career in the Albuquerque Public Schools, she lived and worked Copies ______$29.95 each ($32.35 each in new mexico) overseas. For almost ten years, she was able to travel and study $5.50 shipping for the first copy; $3.00 for each add’l copy villages in Asia and Europe. Upon returning from abroad, she began extensive research on the villages of Peralta and Los Pi- Card No.______nos (now Bosque Farms). Expire Date______

COMMENTS ON THE BOOK 3-digit cvs no. from back of card______This book is the first that I have read that has put my family VISA or Mastercard stories in the context of the history and geography of the region, linking everything together. It has answered so many questions Name______and connected me to more of my family’s history, which rein- forces my love of family traditions and culture. This book will Address______be invaluable to anyone studying New Mexico history.—Maria City______Toledo-Ifill, descendant of many families in Valencia County. State/Zip______New Mexico is well known for its cities and its science, but the real heart of the state can be found in the little towns and Daytime phone______villages that dot the landscape along the many “roads less trav- eled.” It is in these communities that the vibrant traditions that Email address______define the New Mexico culture continue to thrive. Peralta and Los Pinos (now Bosque Farms) are two of these villages with rich histories that date back to the early nineteenth century. This landmark book is a must read for anyone who wants to experience New Mexico village life first hand and should be on Rio Grande Books every serious historian’s bookshelf.—John Taylor, noted New 925 Salamanca NW Mexico historian and author. Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] FREE SHIPPING on orders www.LPDPress.com received by 11/25/12 96 TRADICIÓN October 2012 New Mexico’s Navajo Wars, 1836-1839 by Robert J. Tórrez

Relations with hostile frontier to come. Pérez was wrong. Despite 17 December and arrived at Zuñi tribes consumed New Mexico his optimistic prediction, the Na- on the 24th. From Zuñi a number during the Mexican period, 1821 vajo apparently resumed raiding al- of operations were directed into to 1846. A review of the civil and most immediately. By late Novem- the Navajo country that destroyed military records in the Mexican Ar- ber 1836, the governor was busy several rancherias, took a number chives of New Mexico, 1821-1846, organizing another campaign. He of prisoners and captured several reveals a tragic and seemingly end- hoped to gather at least one thou- thousand livestock. Pérez reported less cycle of raids, retaliatory cam- sand militia for the campaign, de- that in these actions, two of his citi- paigns, peace negotiations, and bro- spite the general lack of resources zen soldiers were wounded. One of ken treaties. This cycle of hostilities available to finance and equip such a these, José Sebastián, later died. is best exemplified by the records of large force. His plan was to deliver a By 12 January 1837, the expe- the little-known Navajo campaigns decisive blow when the Navajo least dition was sweeping towards the that took place between 1836 and expected it–in the winter. “I will not Navajo encampments at Cañon de 1839. accept peace until I have punished Chelly in eastern Arizona where The late 1830s in New Mexico them severely,” Pérez wrote, “in or- Pérez felt he could deliver a decisive were a period of almost constant der to make them understand that military blow. That night, however, a warfare with the Navajo. The Mexi- while New Mexicans are humble severe snowstorm brought the cam- can Archives of New Mexico for this in peace, they can enthusiastically paign to an abrupt halt. When the period have an extraordinary num- wage war on their enemies.”1 snow lifted, freezing temperatures ber of reports and correspondence Pérez left Santa Fe on 9 Decem- killed a number of livestock. Fear- regarding raids on the settlements ber 1836 and marched to Cubero, ing they would lose the remain- along New Mexico’s vast frontier where he was joined by forces that ing horses and pack animals, the and subsequent campaigns against had gathered from throughout the commanders reluctantly decided various tribes. Few of these reports territory. The force of 750 men who to break off the expedition and be- are more dramatic than those of the answered the muster at Cubero was gan their difficult trek back to the campaigns organized against the smaller than Pérez had hoped, but warmth and safety of their homes. Navajo by Governor Albino Pérez still significant under the circum- While the details of the military in the fall of 1836 and winter of stances. He divided the men into aspects of this campaign are in- 1837 and subsequent conflict that five companies. The first was placed teresting, the most fascinating el- continued unabated for the remain- under command of Julian Tenorio ements of the expedition are the der of that decade. of Alburquerque; the second under extraordinary hardships suffered When Governor Pérez submit- Fernando Aragón of Sandia; the by the troops. Governor Pérez’ re- ted his report on the recently con- third under José Martínez of Ber- port makes it clear that much of the cluded 1836 campaign to the co- nalillo; the fourth under José Fran- campaign was waged in extremely mandante general in Chihuahua, he cisco Vigil of San Juan, and the fifth cold weather and deep snows. Be- was certain that the campaign had under José Gonzales of Taos. (One tween Cubero and Zuñi, the horses inflicted so many casualties and so wonders if this may be the José were breaking trail in snow up to much damage to the various Navajo Gonzales that assumed the gover- their chests so that the pack animals settlements, or rancherías, that they norship after Pérez was killed in the and the infantry could pass. During would be unable to muster any ef- Revolt of 1837. the action in which José Sebastián fective raiding forces for some time The expedition left Cubero on was mortally wounded, fifty-four

TRADICIÓN October 2012 97 men suffered from varying degrees co’s citizen soldiers by the preceding three weeks, these forces conducted of frostbite, and Juan Lueras lost campaigns were a significant factor operations south to the Gila, where two fingers of his left hand. In an- in the opposition that developed they concluded the campaign with other action, 140 of the men suf- against the Pérez administration in a pitched battle with the Navajo and 3 fered frostbite of the hand and feet, the spring of 1837. some allied Apache. while one lost an ear and three toes. It was not until late summer Governor Armijo’s memoran- The hardships endured by the 1838, following Pérez’s demise and dum of 6 November 1838 ordered citizen militia was exceeded only by the end of the Revolt of 1837 that the following statement be inserted the suffering of the Navajo. In addi- New Mexico was able to muster the into the ojas de servicio, or service tion to the Navajo killed and cap- energy and resources to respond records, of the officers and men who tured, Governor Pérez reported he to the Navajo raids that continued participated in the recently con- had dispersed numerous rancherías, throughout 1837 and 1838. In addi- cluded Navajo campaign. The state- depriving them of shelter and ex- tion to the militia, Governor Man- ment effectively provides an official posing them to the extreme weath- uel Armijo could now count on summary of what the campaign ac- er. He felt that more Navajo had the reinforcements provided by the complished. Each entry would note died as a result of this subsequent Vera Cruz squadron that had been the particular officer or soldier had exposure than had been casualties sent to New Mexico to assist in sup- participated in the campaign that: during the armed encounters of the pression of the 1837 insurrection. during the months of Sep- campaign itself.2 A total of 978 men, including 130 tember and October of The governor concluded that al- soldiers of the Santa Fe presidio and 1838, achieved the death of though the campaign had failed to Vera Cruz squadrons, left Jémez on seventy-eight warriors, im- completely defeat the Navajo and or about 13 September. For nearly prisonment of fifty-six in- eliminate them as a threat to fron- dividuals of both sexes, the tier settlements, their efforts had rescue of one of our cap- partially succeeded. He noted that tives, capture of 226 horses two days after arriving in Santa Fe, and mules (vestias), 2,060 four Navajo delegates came into the sheep, 160 gamusas, six sera- capitol seeking peace negotiations. pes, all their personal prop- If these had succeeded in achieving erty as well as destroyed or even a short respite of hostilities, captured 1,600 costales of 4 the suffering of both sides during corn. the expeditions of 1836-37 might Once again, the campaign not have been in vain. brought about no lasting respite But peace was not forthcom- from Navajo raids and by early De- ing. Sporadic raiding continued cember 1838, another campaign through the winter and spring of was being organized. On 9 Decem- 1837. However, just as Pérez con- ber expedition commander Pedro templated another concerted cam- León Luján departed from Santo paign against the Navajo, New Mex- Tomás de Abiquiú with fourteen ico was thrown into the turmoil of soldiers of the Santa Fe presidio and This essay is excerpted from Sunshine and the Revolt of 1837 in which Pérez 248 militia from the northern New Shadows in New Mexico’s Past: The Mexico communities of Abiquiú, and a number of officials of his ad- Spanish Colonial & Mexican Periods ministration were killed. It is pos- 1540-1848, published in collaboration with Santa Cruz de la Cañada, Chama, sible that the physical and financial the Historical Society of New Mexico. The Taos, Ojo Caliente, San Juan, San book can be ordered from Rio Grande Books hardships imposed on New Mexi- Yldefonso, Trampas and Rito Colo- or online at Amazon.com. rado. Luján’s journal of the cam- 98 TRADICIÓN October 2012 paign indicates they were in the held. By 26 April, several Navajo had to Governor Armijo’s report to his field more than two weeks and had arrived at Jémez and two of these superiors in Mexico, the treaty con- at least one major clash with the Na- were selected to travel to Santa Fe sisted of seven principal sections: vajo on 21 December.5 and meet with Governor Armijo. 1. That there would be peace and In the early spring of 1839 sev- Details of their meeting with Armi- commerce between Navajo and the eral of the principal Navajo chiefs, jo are not extant, but Calletano, one citizens of New Mexico, Chihuahua, or capitancillos, as they were often of the capitancillos mentioned ear- and Sonora. called, sent representatives to Jémez lier, may have been one of the initial 2. To demonstrate their good to ask the Mexican government for envoys because one report noted faith, the Navajo chiefs agreed to a meeting to consider a negotiated that “his people” could be in Santa turn over all the Mexican captives peace. The correspondence regard- Fe to meet on 27 or 28 May. It must they had because these had been ing initial arrangements for such have been at this time that 15 July taken forcibly from the camps a meeting identified six principal was selected to meet for the actual where they were watching their Navajo chiefs among those seeking peace negotiations at Jémez.7 livestock. The Navajo captives held peace negotiations – Narbona, Cha- In late June, Governor Armijo’s by the New Mexicans could remain to, Calletano, el Barbón, el Guero, communications with the prefects “amongst us” because they were ac- and Facundo. of the northern and southern dis- quired by means of “honorable war- The following weeks witnessed a tricts advised he would be at Jémez fare and purchase.” frenzied exchange of letters and or- on 14 July and that he expected to 3. The principal leaders of the ders regarding the proposed negoti- be escorted to the meeting with the Navajo agreed to do everything in ations. Governor Armijo expressed Navajo by the “most utilitarian and their power to see that their people a guarded optimism when he re- respectable persons” of the territory. would not disturb the peace and or- ported to his superiors in Chihua- Northern prefect Juan Andres Ar- der of the citizens of New Mexico. hua that the successful blows they chuleta was ordered to name fifty 4. All commerce within the De- had administered to the Navajo in men from Abiquiú and el Rito and partment was to be regulated in the recent years may have prompted proceed with them to meet Armijo same manner as it was before the the chiefs to seek peace and that, under command of Captain Pedro current outbreak of hostilities. as an act of good faith, he had sus- León Luján. Southern prefect Anto- 5. The Navajo agreed to turn over pended all planned actions against nio Sandoval was likewise to name to Mexican authorities any Navajo them. He added, however, that if the thirty of his district’s most promi- who killed a herder for proper pun- Navajo did not come in this time to nent citizens. The order from Armi- ishment by Mexican authorities. If a negotiate a treaty as promised, he jo specified that these representa- Navajo was killed, the herder would would conduct another campaign tives of the rio abajo should include pay his family the customary price against them as soon as the subse- “the Chaves, Oteros and Pereas” and be punished according to the quent American trading caravan ar- because they would be among law. rived and funds became available.6 those who would benefit most from 6. If a Navajo captive held by In late April, Armijo began issu- successful peace negotiations,8 no New Mexicans escaped his captors ing orders designed to guarantee doubt because their flocks were pri- and returned to Navajo territory, he protection for the Navajo envoys mary targets of Navajo raids. would remain free. and to demonstrate his good faith The list of those named to attend 7. If a common enemy threatened towards the impending negotia- the peace negotiations has not sur- an invasion, each side was obligat- tions. He ordered that when envoys vived, but the meeting was held as ed to resist the invasion or at least or representatives of the Navajo scheduled on 15 July 1839. A draft warn the other by sending word to were encountered, they were to be of the treaty is found in the Gov- the frontier at Ceboyeta or Jemez.9 well-treated and escorted to Jémez ernor’s Papers of the Mexican Ar- By 5 August of that year, cop- where the negotiations were to be chives of New Mexico. According ies of the treaty were being circu- TRADICIÓN October 2012 99 lated throughout New Mexico. The Santa Cruz de la Cañada: 66 Mexican Archives of New Mex- expected and long-sought peace, ico manages to shed some light however, did not materialize. By The report and journal of opera- on the circumstances surround- the middle of September, north- tions of this latest Navajo campaign ing these burials. These consist of ern prefect Juan Andrés Archuleta shows these men were in the field a series of letters from Governor was advising local officials in his for nearly two months.11 Manuel Armijo to Antonio San- jurisdiction that the Navajo chief This newest outbreak of hostili- doval, Prefect of the Second (Rio Narbona had informed authorities led to the usual tragedies. As Abajo), District of New Mexico. In ties in Jémez that “his countrymen” Archuleta’s October–December the initial letter of this exchange, had declared a state of war with the 1839 campaign against the Navajo dated 10 December 1839, Gover- Mexicans. A party of two hundred wound down, the Navajo took the nor Armijo chastised Sandoval for warriors was expected to raid the offensive and conducted a raid on “the disgraceful events which have Rio Puerco very soon.10 Subsequent the Belen region in which sixteen occurred in several places under reports show clearly that the peace woodcutters were killed. The mas- your charge and which have taken treaty of 15 July was never seriously sacre of these woodcutters was place because of the persistent fail- implemented. It is not clear which brought to my attention by Dr. Os- ure to observe orders I have repeat- of the treaty conditions may have wald Baca of Tomé, who has con- edly sent you.” Armijo reminded prompted either of the parties to ducted one of the most fascinating Sandoval of the standing orders resume hostilities. Regardless, on 1 and informative long-term research that communities throughout New October, Governor Armijo advised projects related to New Mexico’s Mexico were to be on alert for the his prefects to notify all the inhab- history. For a number of years, Dr. hostile tribes that constantly raided itants of the territory that war with Baca has painstakingly analyzed the along the frontier. He told Sando- the Navajo had been officially re- burial records of the Belen parish val to remind local authorities in newed and to begin preparations and extracted the causes of death the region that no one was to be al- for a campaign against them. that parish priests often entered in lowed to graze their livestock in “la On 18 October, Juan Andrés Ar- the burial records. Among them are otra banda,”or the other bank of the chuleta reported a force of 485 men, several dozen persons who are list- river. The letter does not specify if 253 mounted and 232 on foot, had ed as having been killed by Indians. that meant the west side of the Rio been organized and in the field. Some years ago, Dr. Baca men- Grande or the Rio Puerco, located Two hundred and twenty-eight of tioned a series of sixteen burials further west. He had also ordered the men carried firearms and the performed at Belen by Father Ra- that “leñeros,” or woodcutters, of the remainder equipped with the prin- fael Ortiz on 4 December 1839. region were to confine their activi- cipal militia armaments of the pe- Each burial entry notes they re- ties to the hills and bosques on the riod – bows, arrows and lances. The ceived ecclesiastical burial but not east side of this unnamed river. force was composed entirely from the last rites of the Church because Then the letter finally gets to the the Rio Arriba, or northern juris- they were “killed by the enemy Na- point. Armijo states that by having diction: v aj o.” 12 These sixteen consecutive allowed a group of leñeros to cross Santa Fe: 7 entries constitute one of the largest the river in violation of these orders, San Miguel del Bado: 22 groups of New Mexicans killed in a Juan Antonio Torres, the jues de paz San Juan: 71 single encounter with Indians in the from Belen, was personally respon- Trampas: 48 nineteenth century. The individuals sible for the deaths of the sixteen San Fernando de Taos: 47 were all men, residents of Belen and men. He ordered Sandoval to im- Rito: 46 nearby Sausal. What could have led mediately arrest Torres and send Santa Clara: 59 to the deaths of so many individu- him to Santa Fe to account for his Ranchos de Taos: 66 als? actions. Abiquiú: 57 A series of documents in the Two weeks later, Armijo again 100 TRADICIÓN October 2012 wrote to Sandoval and informed María Ribera, José María Montoya, (24/1293). him that Torres was being released Francisco Jaramillo, José Antonio 7 Sender Collection #224 & # 231. and exonerated of any responsibil- Benavides, Juan José Jaramillo, José NMSRCA. 8 Secretary of Government to Juan ity in the deaths of the sixteen men. María Sanches and Juan Belasques) Andrés Archuleta and Antonio Instead, he noted that the amos, or felt it was just compensation for the Sandoval, 28 June 1839. MANM: masters, of the individuals killed tragic loss they incurred. 13 1839 Governors Papers, Letterbook were to be held personally respon- As another round of hostilities (26/480). While a list of those at- sible. It was they who had ordered wound down during early 1840, the tending has apparently not survived, their mosos, or servants, to cut Navajo again sent emissaries to dis- we have some indication that at least one of the members of the wood on the west side of the river cuss another peace treaty. However, prominent Pino family attended. In and sent the poorly armed party these efforts also came to naught. a letter rejecting an appointment as into hostile territory with no effec- By late September 1840, Gover- the defensor, or defense attorney in an tive means to defend themselves. nor Armijo had organized another ongoing murder case, Manuel Doro- They also apparently did so without campaign, opening another chapter teo Pino explained that he could not the knowledge or permission of the in the tragic and seemly endless cy- accept the appointment because he jues de paz. Armijo sent Sandoval cle of war with the Navajo that con- was in the midst of preparations for an upcoming campaign to negoti- a list of the individuals he identi- tinued even into the first decades of ate a peace treaty with the Navajo. fied as responsible for these ac- New Mexico’s territorial period. Manuel Doroteo Pino to jues de paz tions and ordered him to fine each José Francisco Ortiz, 12 July 1839. of them twelve pesos. He was then MANM: 1838 Judicial Proceedings to distribute the money among the (25/123). It should be noted that the numbers listed by Archuleta do not widows and families of those who 1Endnotes Albino Pérez to Comandante General, add up to the 485 men he reported. had been killed. The fines were to Chihuahua (hereafter cited as CG), 8 9 Transcript of Navajo Treaty, 15 July December 1836. Mexican Archives be imposed without exception and 1839. MANM: 1839 Governors of New Mexico (hereafter cited as the individuals on the list were also Papers (26/540). MANM): 1835 Governors Records, 10 Juan Andrés Archuleta to José M. to pay for the burials and any other Letterbook, #65. Microfilm roll 19, Ortiz, 17 September 1839. MANM: expenses incurred by Father Ortiz. frame 687 (19/687). New Mexico 1839 Communications of Local Of- Unfortunately, the list Armijo says State Records Center and Archives, ficials (26/593). he sent has not survived. It would Santa Fe, New Mexico (hereafter 11 Juan Andres Archuleta, “estado que cited as NMSRCA). have been interesting to see what manifesta la fuerza (status of forces),” 2 Albino Pérez to C. G., 16 February names were on it, and to compare 18 October1839 and Juan Andrés 1837. MANM: 1835 Governors these with the names we normally Archuleta, report and journal of Records, Letterbook, #67 (19/690). operations, 17 October–7 Decem- associate as having been the princi- 3 Manuel Armijo to C. G., 25 Novem- ber 1839. MANM: 1839 Military pal patrones of the rio abajo. ber 1838. MANM: 1838 Governors Records (26/1109). While these letters shed some Papers, Letterbook, # 33 (24/1272). 12 Archives of the Archdiocese of light on the circumstances that led 4 Manuel Armijo, Memorandum, Santa Fe, BUR-7, Belen. Microfilm 6 November 1838. MANM: 1838 to the deaths of the sixteen men bur- Roll 35. Governors Papers (24/1272). ied at Belen on 4 December 1839, 13 Robert J. Tórrez, “A Massacre in the 5 Pedro León Luján, report of men and Rio Abajo,” Round the Roundhouse (26 one cannot help but wonder how arms, 7 December 1838. MANM: August–23 September 1999): 6. far twelve pesos went in those days; 1836 Military Papers (25/767); Diary or whether the families of the men of the campaign of Pedro Leon Lu- buried that sad day (Francisco Pa- ján, 9-26 December 1838. MANM: dilla, Toribio Pino, Jesús Rael, Juan 1839 Governors Papers (26/576). Pino, José Rafael Chaves and his 6 Governor and comandante principal to CG, MANM: 1838 Governors brother José Gabriel, Juan and Ra- Papers, Letterbook, # 46 & # 48 fael Alderete, Matias Mireles, Jesús TRADICIÓN October 2012 101 Sunshine & Shadows in New Mexico’s Past, 3 Volumes edited with an introduction by Richard Melzer Volume I — 364 pages 17 illustrations; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-24-7 ($18.95) (Trade paper) Volume II — 364 pages 17 illustrations; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-890689-54-4 ($18.95) (Trade paper) Volume III — 510 pages 82 illustrations; 6 x 9 ISBN 978-1-936744-01-5 ($19.95) (Trade paper) unshine and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past, edited with an introduction by Richard Mel- zer, has one main goal: to reveal the sharp contrasts in New Mexico history. As with all states, New Mexico has had its share of admirable as well as deplorable moments, neither ofS which should be ignored or exaggerated at the other’s expense. New Mexico’s true character can only be understood and appreciated by acknowledging its varied history, blemishes and all.

Volume I deals with The Spanish Colonial & Mexican Periods, 1540-1848 FINALIST, 2010 NM Book Awards Volume II deals with The U.S. Territorial Period, 1848-1912 WINNER, 2011 NM Book Awards Volume III deals with The Statehood Period, 1912 to present FINALIST, 2012 NM Book Awards

SPECIAL PRICE — 10% Discount $17.25 each volume ($51.75 all 3 vols)

Shipping: $5.50 for one volume; $8.50 for two volumes; $10.50 for all 3 volumes

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published in collaboration with the Historical Society Rio Grande Books of New Mexico 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com Southwest Books by Barbe Awalt

Santa Fe Indian Market: Indian Market and who one of the best collections. one who has a ranch and A History of Native Arts loves Indian Market. Com- Bialac began collecting in loves quail get it. All kid- and the Marketplace bine the book with some the 1950s when he was a ding aside quail are a good by Bruce Bernstein. Native American jewelry, student at the University of natural resource that can Published in 2012 by art, pottery, or rug and you Arizona School of Law. He rival chickens. Museum of New Mexico have a perfect gift! had access. The book also includes essays by major Red Dog – Blue Dog; Press, softback, color The James T. Bialac curators in the field. A When Pooches Get & B & W, 152 pages, Native American Art person interested in Native Political by Chuck Sam- $29.95, ISBN M 978-0- Collection edited by American cultures and art buchino. Published in 89013-548-8. will love this book. It is so important to Mark Andrew White. 2012 by Running Press, Published in 2012 by hardback, full color document parts of our Beef, Brush, and Bob- University of Oklahoma with many photos, 144 New Mexican history whites: Quail Manage- Press, paperback (but pages, $12, ISBN 978-0- and, take it from me hav- ment in Cattle Country ing done a book on Tradi- also comes in hard- 7624-4639-1. by Fidel Hernandez & tional Spanish Market and back), $29.95, full Yes, let’s get it out of the Fred S. Gathery. Pub- Contemporary Hispanic color with 187 photos, way – this is NOT a New lished in 2012 by Texas Market, I should know. 223 pages, ISBN 978-0- Mexico book. BUT, Trav- A & M Press, Flexbound Years from now it will be 8061-4304-0. elin’ Jack, the New Mexico more difficult to get this This is a beautiful book (sort of a softback on Tourism reporter, is in the information. Dr. Bruce with many treasures of steroids), $24.95, 245 book five times so………. Bernstein had great access paintings (traditional and pages, color photos This is a very cute book to get this information – he contemporary), pottery, & maps, ISBN 978-1- for the election and for dog is the Executive Director weaving, jewelry, fetishes, 60344-475-0. lovers it barks! There are for SWIA the sponsor of artifacts, sculptures and I have eaten quail and all breeds and my favorite Indian Market. This is a more. The collection at the they are yummy. This (besides Jack) is the Shar beautiful book full of ar- Fred Jones Jr. Museum book is for someone truly Pei on the cover. It is also a chival posters, newsletters, of Art was given in 2010 in need or interested in nice gift book for dogs on photos and facts that put with over 4,000 pieces. The the subject. It is a bible to your list. the Market into context. It collection has Navajo art, someone who has quail also has stories about the Pueblo art, Great Plains on the cow ranch. It is Forty Seventh Star: people of Market and that art, Hopi art, and many also a very good looking New Mexico’s Struggle is priceless. It is a must for other tribes. It is considered book. If you know some- for Statehood by David anyone who has gone to TRADICIÓN October 2012 103 V. Holtby. Published Joe Sando was respected a little more about each in 2012, University of and loved by many and he of them. This would be a Oklahoma Press, hard- knew about the historical great book for someone long-term influence on us back, 384 pages, 39 figures of the Pueblos. Joe who wants to know more all. This is a great effort to illustrations & map, died last year but this is a about barns and farms or document a family and $29.95, ISBN 978-0- short compilation of impor- someone who collects New man who needed to be in tant figures: Popay, Bar- Mexico history. the history books. 8061-4282-1. tolome de Ojeda, Joseph This is a very scholarly Naranjo, Sotero Ortiz, and version of New Mexico’s J. Paul Taylor: The Man Remembering Miss Pablo Abeita. Statehood but history buffs From Mesilla by Ana O’Keeffe: Stories From will love it. This book clear- Pacheco. Published in Abiquiu by Margaret ly investigates why it took Barns: From The Land 2012 by Musem of New Wood. Published in 64 years to get New Mex- of Enchantment by Jer- Mexico Press, hard- 2012 by Museum of ico Statehood. Everybody ry R. Davis. Published back, $24.95, Black New Mexico Press, did not want New Mexico in 2012 by Artemesia & White and color hardback, 63 pages, to be a state and the ins Publishing, paperback, photos, 116 pages, black & White with and outs are interesting $17.99, B&W photos, ISBN978-0-890135440. many photos, ISBN 978- and reflect on today’s prob- 113 pages, ISBN 978- J. Paul Taylor is one 0-89013-546-4. lems. My one problem was 193292620-0. of New Mexico’s living There have been count- the cover picture – yes it Jerry Davis’ book on legends. You may remem- less Georgia O’Keeffe is New Mexican in flavor Michigan barns was so ber him as a New Mexico books – almost as many but it is not dynamic or popular that New Mexico legislator or collector of as Billy The Kid. But they sells the book. It is a book barns are highlighted in world class art primar- sell and people like them. that all libraries in New this book. There are drive- ily from New Mexico but These are the personal sto- Mexico should carry. through barns, adobe Taylor was also a teacher, ries and photos of Margaret barns, stone barns, metal- head of the NEA in New Wood who was a compan- Five Ancient Pueblo roofed barns, and the usual Mexico, principal, and ion to the elderly Geor- Warriors by Joe Sando. wood barns. There are Associate Superintendent. gia starting in 1977. As a Published in 2012 by even historic silos included Along with wife Mary, young girl, Margaret Wood Minuteman Press, in the book. Each entry they bought a preserved a had little experience and $6.95, paperback, has a page of the history vast section of the Mesilla Georgia was not an easy B&W, 34 pages. of the barn and the area. Plaza with a home and person to cater to. This is a This is a little booklet All parts of New Mexico stores. The family history, tale of a relationship, even that might be hard to find. are in the book. There was background, and conse- though brief, and how I do you Minuteman Press even a barn right in Old quences of his many good two people can get along on San Mateo will know Town Albuquerque – who works are eye opening. and what clicked between where to find it and prob- knew? I have barns all This is a fabulous book to them. This is a good gift for ably Indian Pueblo Cul- around me and I appreci- remember and learn about a person who is interested tural Center might have it. ate that now I can know a New Mexican who had in O’Keeffe, art, or New

104 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Mexico. with many photos, Without Reservations: ers of America recognized 280 pages, ISBN 978-1- The Cartoons of Ricar- writers and some are new- Old Man Gloom by 4236-0452-5. do Caté. Published in bie’s. This is a great idea to Arwen Donahue. Pub- To say this is a beauti- 2012 by Gibbs Smith, have an anthology of writ- lished in 2012. This is ful book is an understate- paperback, $9.99. 98 ers and let them have at a comic book, $12, 12 ment. This book contains pages, B&W drawings, the subject. There the usual cattle rustlers, bank hold- pages, full color, ISBN pictures of 100, never seen ISBN 978-1-4236-3009- by the public, baskets, rugs, ups, card games, sheriffs, 978-1-105-41717-7. 8. horse gear, embellished and everything you would This is a really fun way Caté is Native Ameri- clothing, bags, photos, gun want in Western literature. for kids (or adults) to read can and lives on the Santo cases, cradles, kachinas, But for the life of me I can’t and learn about Zozobra. Domingo Pueblo in New pottery, and much more. figure out why Johnny The art is great and the Mexico. The cartoons Alan Hirschfield was a Boggs in on the back cover comic book gives the story were for the Santa Fe New former investment banker – largely with a bad photo– a contemporary feel. There Mexican and started in and President and CEO he just wrote the Introduc- are so many other aspects 2006. The cartoons make of Columbia Pictures and tion. That being said this of New Mexico history fun of the white man and 20th Century Fox Films. He would make a great gift that could be a comic book Indian. They are very dry knows quality and can af- for guys or those who love and maybe this is the way humor and we all have ford to pay for it in art and western tales. to get kids involved in his- thought of a number of the the book. The book also tory. BRAVO to the artist/ subjects. For someone who has personal stories of the Landscape Dreams, A author. This is a fresh way likes to cartoon this is the art and collecting. The pic- to see Old Man Gloom. perfect gift. For someone New Mexico Portrait, tures by W. Garth Dowl- Put it in a kid’s Christmas who enjoys the humor of photographs by Craig ing are wonderful. Terry stocking! You can find the Native Americans this is Varjabedian. Published Winchell owns Fighting comic at Page One, and perfect. in 2012 by UNM Press, Bear Antiques in Jackson, Astro-Zombies in Albu- hardback, $50, 140 Wyoming. There are pieces querque and in Santa from many Native Ameri- Outlaws & Lawmen: pages, 106 halftones Fe Collected Works and can tribes in the book. The Great Short Stories & 1 map, ISBN 978-0- Garcia Street Books. It can proceeds from sales of the from America’s New- 8263-4879-1. also be ordered online at book will be donated to In- est Western Writers. This book makes you arwendonahue.com. tertribal Education & Com- Published in 2012 by want to grab a camera and munity Center at Central La Frontera Publishing, some black and white film Living With Ameri- Wyoming College adjacent paperback, 200 pages, and take pictures of every- can Indian Art: The thing. What I can’t figure to the Wind River Reserva- $18.95, B&W, ISBN 978- Hirschfield Collection out is things that should tion. If someone on your 0-9785634-9-3. by Alan J. Hirschfield have color images like gift list needs a beautiful This is a collection of with Terrty Winchell. book and they love Native flowers, art, trees chang- short stories about the tra- ing color are great in these Published in 2012 by American art and history, ditional west and contem- Gibbs Smith, hard- this is the book. B&W images. This book is porary west. Some of the so New Mexican and the back, $75, full color authors are Western Writ- images are stunning. Some

TRADICIÓN October 2012 105 Unique Piece of Southwestern History For Sale

of the pictures of Craig’s are books on music actually older and some are new. have a CD on the music? There are a few images that includes original portfolio case, book, were in Craig’s other books Lost Treasures & Old 50 hand-colored wood-block prints, and selfishly, I want more Mines: A New Mexico and documentation letter new ones – but that is just Federal Writers’ Proj- (estimated value $35,000) me. Saw those I want to ect Book compiled and see more. I know Craig and edited by Ann Lacy he has an artist’s tem- perament but these photos and Anne Valley-Fox. show his skill with a cam- Published in 2012 by era. This is a large, coffee- Sunstone Press, paper- table book that would be back, B&W with archi- great for anyone to have val photos, 266 pages, as a holiday present and if $26.95,ISBN 978-0- you give it you are golden. 86534-820-2. This is the 3rd in the se- Mariachi by Patricia ries of New Mexico Federal Greathouse. Published Writers’ Project Books. This in 2009 by Gibbs Smith, book has stories, archival Portfolio of Spanish Colonial Design hardback, $30, many photos, and accounts of the mines, miners, and the in New Mexico published in 1938 color pictures, 176 No. 6 of 200 Extremely rare pages, with a CD of life in New Mexico in the early days of New Mexico. mariachi music, ISBN The stories are about sad 978-1-4236-0281-1. and humorous incidents, For fans of mariachi lost mines, Native Ameri- music this is the ultimate can treasures, gold, silver, gift. You can read and turquoise, heists, railroads, listen to the music. Ma- and stagecoaches. It is a riachi is party music. The view into another era. A book gives you background great gift especially for into some of the greats of guys. The reading is easy, the genre and the history short, and a wonderful inquiries welcome of mariachi. The author bedtime book. played violin with Maria- chi Azteca for nine years. Rio Grande Books She is a cooking reviewer 925 Salamanca NW and writes for the Santa Fe Los Ranchos, NM 87107 New Mexican. How many 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

106 TRADICIÓN October 2012 A Moment in Time The Odyssey of New Mexico’s Segesser Hide Paintings edited by Thomas E. Chávez Painted in New Mexico sometime in the first half of the eighteenth century, the 352 pages 87 illustrations; 6 x 9 two large works of art that have become known as the Segesser Hide Paintings were sent ISBN 978-1-936744-04-6 ($21.95 pb) to Lucerne, Switzerland in 1758 by a Jesuit missionary. Rediscovered after World War II by a Swiss ethno-historian, the paintings returned to New Mexico in 1986. As works of art they are unique. As historical documents they are revealing. They are the most novel and important artifacts, if not works of art, of New Mexico’s Colonial history. The history, intrigue, and inherent value of the Paintings has no bounds. Scholars have marveled over them. This book is an anthology that brings together a sampling of those scholars who have seen and studied the Paintings. The information gleaned from the Paintings inspired them to think about history and art in different ways. Five of this book’s authors have passed away, others continue to learn and share. The true value of the Segesser Paintings is that knowledge continues to radiate from them. This book is but a example of that benefit, an important contribution to New Mexico’s Centennial.

ABOUT THE EDITOR Thomas E. Chávez received his Ph. D. in History from the University of New Mexico. He served for twenty-one years as director of the Palace of the Governors in Santa Fe, New Mexico and retired as Executive Director of the National Hispanic Cultural Center. He has published nine books and many articles of history. He is a recipient of a Fulbright Research Fel- lowship and was recently awarded the Premio Fundación Xavier de Salas in Spain for his work promoting “understanding” between Spain and the United States.

The Segesser Hides are on permanent display at the Museum of New Mexico History in Santa Fe, New Mexico. FREE SHIPPING on orders received by 11/25/12 Table of Contents The Segesser Hide Paintings: History, Discovery, Art by Thomas E. Francisco Xavier Romero: A Hitherto Unknown Santero by Thomas J. Chávez Steele, S. J. Pictorial Images of Spanish North America by Bernard L. Fontana Indian Auxiliaries and the Segesser Paintings by Oakah L. Jones An Odyssey of Images: The Influence of European and New World Joseph (López) Naranjo: Tewa Interpretar by Joe S. Sando Prints on Eighteenth Century Hide Paintings in New Mexico Treachery and Tragedy in the Texas Wilderness: The Adventures of Jean byKelly T. Donahue l’Archévèque (a.k.a. Juan Archibeque) in Texas by Kathleen Gilm- The Segesser Hide Paintings in Relationship to the European ore and Native American Traditions by Howard D. Rodee Material Culture as Depicted in the Segesser Hide Paintings by Diana “In the Style of that Country;” The History of Hide Painting DeSantis and Charles Bennett in New Mexico by Donna L. Pierce Some Comments on the Weapons in the Segesser Paintings by Howard Buried Treasure: Spain’s Legacy in High Plains History by James A. D. Rodee Hanson The Use of the Gun in the Villasur Massacre by Jeffrey Hengesbaugh Some Mission Records and Villasur by Fray Angélico Chávez Conservation Report on the Segesser Hide Paintings by Bettina Ra- phael Rio Grande Books 925 Salamanca NW Los Ranchos, NM 87107 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com

TRADICIÓN October 2012 107 Contemporary Hispanic Market Artists Contemporary Hispanic Market celebrated its 25th year last summer and almost 90 artists participated in a new book honoring this anniversary. The annual market is held each year on the last full weekend of July on Lincoln Street just off the Plaza in Santa Fe and a Winter Market which is held at the Santa Fe Convention Center on Decem- ber 7-8. Featured here are six of the artists you can meet at the Market.

David allegos GDavid’s mother, Eva Rael Gal- Melecio legos, taught him weaving during resquez the summer of 2002. She learned FUpon retirement from a long from her mother, Estrella Quintana successful career in pharmacy as Rael, in the 1930s. owner/manager of Pueblo Drugs The wool tapestry rugs are cre- in Española, New Mexico, due to ated on a Rio Grande walking loom. the development of muscular dys- The rug designs and patterns are arolee trophy, Melecio began his career as based on traditional Rio Grande C an artist in 1998. After experiment- weavings, but not limited to them. riday ing in various mediums, water color FCarolee predominantly uses a David seeks to expand on this heri- painting and all aspects of wood- 35mm SLR camera and prints in a tage with contemporary weavings, work “just felt right, like a natural traditional darkroom using archival using bright colors and varied de- fit for me.” Today his endeavors are processes. However, she has recent- signs from many sources. The weft limited to smaller projects but his ly discovered the artistic nuances of wool is rug weight, colorfast and professionalism is evident in every a digital SLR and the digital archi- mothproofed; the warp is worsted piece. He prides himself in being val darkroom. She believes her His- wool. Most rugs are three feet by the artist to have developed the panic heritage and culture are vital five feet and should be cleaned pro- technique of making collector qual- to her art. fessionally. ity segmented wood vases without the aid of a lathe. He feels God has blessed him with an equally re- warding career in art as he had in pharmacy.

108 TRADICIÓN October 2012 Manuel ernandez FNeo’s work has been inspired at times by Thomas Kinkade and eith arcia Norman Rockwell. His work has KKeith Garcia Gwas first introduced more recently been leaning toward to contemporary art at the age of 16 “luminous” paintings inspired by in his welding class at Santa Fe High Dale Terbush. His work is in many cott arcia School. He furthered his interest in SThis self-trained, G award-winning private collections including the art when he worked under artist lounge area of La Fonda Hotel in santero and wood carver considers Ted Miller at Custom Knives. He himself an artist and hopes to infect Santa Fe. He was a practicing ar- spent eleven years with Ted shaping chitect and for his retirement he his two awesome boys with the art- stainless steel and brass. After Ted ist bug even though they are artists picked up that paintbrush. He has moved away in 1992 Keith worked been painting for the past 15 years in their own right. He did graduate for and eventually became an own- with honors with an architectural doing landscapes and streetscapes er of a motorcycle shop. During the in New Mexico. degree. His work is whimsical with transition he still had a strong con- the point of impermanence. He nection to creating art and he now carves muertes and saints. owns Santa Fe Metal Visions, where he creates one of a kind stainless steel vases and traditional style San- tos using metal instead of wood.

TRADICIÓN October 2012 109 Becoming a Part of My History Through Images & Stories of My Ancestors by Andrés Armijo 1 68 pages 137 illustrations; 8 ⁄2 x 11 ISBN 978-1-890689-75-9 ($29.95) (Trade paper)

A perfect model for anyone interested in knowing about themselves and their world through research into genealogy and photographic collections, this book is a personal journey into the Becoming author’s past, but it is also a fascinating account of family life in New Mexico, neighborhoods in Albuquerque, the rites and rituals of Hispanos, how a family through the ages pictured itself, a Part of My History and how all this information and reflection enlightens the author. “Everything is Illuminated,” while it educates and entertains the reader. This is an original and creative approach to personal and local history. This is a new take on the story of photography and genealogy as it focuses on the importance of the family. ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Beginning his career as a Spanish instructor at the University THROUGH IMAGES & STORIES of New Mexico, Armijo has been on the UNM staff for the OF MY ANCESTORS past fifteen years, working in academic programs. He has degrees in Spanish and Southwest Hispanic Studies. COMMENTS ON THE BOOK: Armijo’s book is a new take on the story of photography Andrés Armijo in Nuevo México, the importance of familia. His critical exploration takes us beyond the snapshot to more fully understand it. The family album, and the shoeboxes of pictures, become a place where deep and compelling meanings can be found and recovered. Photographs that have been generally forgotten provide a unique window into the past. Armijo’s book leads us into those images and helps us find new ways to examine the deeper meaning of New Mexico’s rich visual history.—Miguel Gandert, Photographer and Professor of Communication and Journalism, University of New Mexico

One of the great truths in life is that to know what we’ve come from lets us know ourselves better and helps us determine where we’re going. It is such a search that Andrés Armijo describes in Becoming a Part of My History: Through Images and Stories of My Ancestors. It is replete with charming anecdotes that remind us of our own family stories. It is enriched with photographs of several generations of family, a photographic genealogy rare in studies of one’s ancestors. It can be enjoyed by anyone interested in their own and other families’ histories. A gem of a book.—Nash Candelaria, novelist, short story writer 2011 Best First Book, BOOK REVIEW: New Mexico Book Awards The text and photos in this book would be wonderful in demonstrating to students or adults how to research their family and present them in an interesting way.—ReadingNewMexico.com FREE SHIPPING Rio Grande Books on orders 925 Salamanca NW received by Los Ranchos, NM 87107 11/25/12 505-344-9382 [email protected] www.nmsantos.com 110 TRADICIÓN October 2012 New Mexico’s Chile Kings: Fabián García and Roy Nakayama by Rick Hendricks

New Mexico is the only state in the United States that boasts a state question: “red or green?” While such a question may seem odd to outsiders, every New Mexican knows that this question refers to a preference of the state’s favorite food: chile. Indeed, chile has become central to the diet, culture, economy, and very identity of the state since at least 1913, the year following the achievement of statehood. The indisputable dominance of a single food was made possible by the work of two devoted scientists working at New Mexico State Uni- versity: Fabián García and Roy Na- kayama. Separately, they developed new, increasingly popular and marketable varieties of chile. Together they richly deserve to be known as the “chile kings” of New Mexico.

Fabián García Fabián García was born in Chi- huahua on January 20, 1871, to Ri- cardo García and Refugio Romero de García.1 Orphaned of both parents soon after his birth, García moved to the Mimbres Valley in southwestern New Mexico with Fabián García his paternal grandmother, Jacoba García, when he was two years old. grandmother who found employ tical experience working with or- Jacoba found work in the home of with the Thomas Casad family. The chard crops and the pests associated George Wilson and his wife in San Casads provided the opportunity with them. Evidence of this experi- Lorenzo in Grant County.2 They and financial support for García ence is clear in his later research and later moved to the home of Mr. and to further his education through writing. When Las Cruces College Mrs. R. J. White in Georgetown, formal schooling. The fact that the opened in 1888, García was said to near Santa Rita. There he received Casad Orchard was one of the larg- have appeared with his McGuffey his first schooling. He came to the est fruit-growing enterprises in the Reader in hand and sought admis- Mesilla Valley in 1885 with his Mesilla Valley offered García prac- sion.3

TRADICIÓN October 2012 111 García became a naturalized dor on August 14, 1907. She was which García dedicated his time citizen of the United States in daughter of Martín Amador, one of and energy was the editorial side 1889 when he was eighteen years the most prominent citizens of the of the publishing world. In 1912 he old and began coursework at New Mesilla Valley.7 In May 1908, García became editor on agriculture and Mexico College of Agriculture and was preparing to build a house on horticulture for The Mid-Continent Mechanic Arts in 1890. Although land he owned facing the railroad Magazine, which was based in Den- a slight young man, García played depot by having a supply of ado- ver, Colorado.11 In the 1920s he was on the New Mexico A&M football bes made.8 As time went by, he ac- listed as a staff specialist for a news- team.4 He was a member of the col- quired numerous pieces of property paper called the Rio Grande Farm- lege’s first graduating class in 1894, throughout Las Cruces and Mesilla er.12 In addition to his editorial du- earning a bachelor´s of science de- Park. ties, García also contributed articles gree. García participated in the first García spent the first two weeks to both publications. Farmer’s Institute, held in Las Cru- of October 1908 with his colleague In 1913 García became director ces on January 2-4, 1896, where he J. D. Tinsley in Albuquerque where of the experiment station. The pro- gave a paper on meteorology. Upon they were in charge of the Doña Ana motion made him the first Hispanic graduating with his bachelor’s de- County exhibit at the New Mexico in the nation to lead a land-grant gree, García became an assistant Territorial Fair.9 Tinsley was the agricultural research station. In in agriculture. García did special vice-director of the New Mexico 1921 García released New Mexico graduate study at Cornell Univer- Agricultural Experiment Station in No. 9, historically the most impor- sity during the 1899-1900 school Las Cruces. García was often called tant chile cultivar because it was year. Among the classes he took upon to be a judge at such fairs and the first developed at New Mexico there were: Animal Industry, Dairy was frequently involved in prepar- A&M and because it introduced a Husbandry, Evolution of Cultured ing exhibits from the college. new pod type called New Mexico.13 Plants, Literature of Horticulture, Julieta gave birth to a son they García had begun selecting for what and Propagation of Plants.5 named José. Their joy was to be would become the New Mexico In 1906 he earned a M. S. A. at short lived. José was born on May pod by improving chiles grown lo- New Mexico A&M. After earning 4 and died on May 17, 1909. He is cally in the Las Cruces area. Before his master’s, García was named pro- buried in the San José Cemetery in García initiated his research, grow- fessor of horticulture and horticul- Las Cruces in the Amador plot on ers had no way to predict or control turist at the experiment station. In the south side of the mausoleum. the size or heat of chile pods. García his early years as an educator, García Beginning in January 1912, Gar- thought that milder chiles would taught landscape gardening, oleri- cía participated with his colleagues appeal more to non-Hispanics and culture, and pomology. Best known at New Mexico A&M in the Cultural therefore increase consumption. He for his work in agriculture, García Train, a traveling demonstration of also sought to develop a chile char- was also a keen entomologist. He exhibits from the school that took acterized by “a fleshy, smooth, taper- often sent specimens to learned in- a fifteen-day railroad excursion ing, and shoulderless pod.”14 Such a stitutions around the United States, through New Mexico.10 The aim of chile would be easier to peel after seeking information or adding to the Cultural Train was to promote roasting and to can. To accomplish their collections. In 1907 a new better farming in New Mexico and his goal, García selected fourteen American bee was named for him – to spread the idea that the children chile accessions growing in the Las Nomada (Micronomada) garciana.6 of today are the farmers of tomor- Cruces area and by selection and The habitat of this bee was listed as row. When the train stopped, farm- hybridization began to eliminate the College Farm in Mesilla Park, ers gathered to look at the exhibits lines with less desirable characteris- where García had obtained a speci- and listen to lectures on best farm- tics. After nine years of work during men on May 1, 1907. ing practices. which some crops were largely lost Fabián married Julieta J. Ama- Another scholarly endeavor to to chile wilt, only New Mexico No. 112 TRADICIÓN October 2012 9 remained. Although not as hot 1948.18 He is buried in the Masonic Tome Nakayama, both of whom as most improved varieties, García Cemetery in Las Cruces. His will had been born in Japan. At the time judged New Mexico No. 9 to be hot provided $89,000 to pay part of the of his birth, Roy was the fifth of sev- enough. $400,000 cost of construction of a en children. He would eventually Although García’s professional men’s dormitory and provide schol- have one more sibling, bringing the life was thriving, his personal life arships to worthy Hispanic students total number of children to eight.21 was again touched by tragedy. Ju- that would enable them to live in Roy’s father was born Kaichiri Na- lieta Amador de García died at the the new dormitory. After subtract- kayama in 1879 in Toyama Prefec- home of her sister, Mrs. A. N. Da- ing the costs of liquidating his es- ture, which is on the coast of the Sea guerre, in El Paso on Sunday, De- tate, the college realized between of Japan on Honshu Island.22 He left cember 5, 1920.15 Although she was $84,000 and $85,000.19 The new Japan in 1908 in search of opportu- suffering from bronchitis and her dormitory, Fabián García Memorial nity. After arriving in Seattle, Kaich- condition was considered grave, Hall, was dedicated on Monday, Oc- iri added John to his name. Part- her death came suddenly and un- tober 17, 1949. nering with a German immigrant expectedly. García never remarried, Through his work at the experi- named W. W. Peters, he relocated to and his involvement in the activities ment station, García was credited a farm near Mitchell, Nebraska. Af- of New Mexico A&M seemed to oc- with having added to the economic ter he was settled, John sent to Japan cupy most of his time. value of New Mexico agriculture, for Tome Miaguchi, the younger In 1927 New Mexico A&M con- particularly with his research and sister of his former traveling com- ferred an honorary doctorate of ag- development of chile, sweet pota- panion, to come to Nebraska to be riculture on García in recognition toes, pecans, yellow and white Grain his bride. When she arrived in 1915 of his “outstanding work in devel- onions, and improved varieties of Tome was twenty years old and oping New Mexico agriculture.”16 cotton. He authored twenty experi- sixteen years younger than John.23 The U. S. Department of Agricul- ment station bulletins and co-au- The daughter of a doctor, Tome was ture invited García to participate thored another fifteen with Joseph used to a life of privilege and status. in a trip to Mexico where he led a W. Rigney and Austin B. Fite. In ad- The first child of John and Tome lecture course on agricultural edu- dition he wrote numerous newspa- Nakayama was a boy they named cation and education. In 1943 he per and magazine articles. Carl, who was born in Nebraska. received an honorary doctorate of In 2005 the American Society for While working on the farm John science from the University of New Horticultural Science Hall posthu- injured his ribs, and after he healed Mexico. mously elected Fabián García to its was no longer able to tolerate the At their meeting on March 24, Hall of Fame. His plaque at the so- cold the Great Plains. So the fam- 1945, the A&M Board of Regents ciety’s headquarters in Alexandria, ily departed for southwest Texas retired García.17 Dean John William Virginia, reads “Dr. Fabian Garcia, a to look over some land belonging Branson announced that the action man of humble origins, but a gen- to Peters. Near El Paso, Tome, who was taken because of García’s failing tleman of extraordinary achieve- was expecting her second child, be- health. García had been ill for seven ments.”20 came seriously ill. Her long recov- months with Parkinson’s Disease ery required money, so John rented and was receiving treatment at Mc- Roy Minoru Nakayama farmland that had belonged to the Bride Hospital in Las Cruces. When Although the circumstances utopian community called Shalam he was retired García was given are unknown, Fabian García must Colony, eight miles north of Las emeritus status at the college. By have met the young man who was Cruces. Roy was born there in what formal resolution the experiment destined to carry on his legacy of had been the Children’s House. station’s horticulture farm was giv- chile research. That individual, Roy By 1925, John had save enough en the name Fabián García Farm. Minoru Nakayama, was born on money to purchase land, but he Fabián García died on August 6, September 11, 1923, to John K. and had to register it in Carl’s name be- TRADICIÓN October 2012 113 cause the New Mexico alien land beginning with a breed that had While awaiting orders for assign- law (1918) and the Oriental Exclu- its origins in the Spanish Merino.28 ment, Nakayama attended college sion Act (1924) forbade foreign Later in the month he took third at Sam Houston State Teachers Col- born Asians from owning land. place at the annual inter-class FFA lege in Huntsville, Texas, for a year. John’s original twenty-five-acrelivestock judging competition in Company D, 159th Infantry Divi- farm eventually grew to 105 acres Las Cruces and was awarded a sion left for Europe on September and several hundred acres of leased gold-plated watch fob.29 At the 1940 28, 1944. Nakayama was a par- land. When Carl turned twenty-one Southwestern Livestock Show in El ticipant in the Battle of the Bulge, in March 1937, the Nakayama fam- Paso, again representing Las Cruces which began in mid-December ily finally owned their own land. Union High School FFA, Roy ex- 1944, where he was captured. He Roy enrolled in Las Cruces hibited in the category of fat lambs. spent seven months in captivity Union High in 1937 becoming the Because Roy was on the winning before being liberated east of Wies- fifth Nakayama to attend the school. team from the previous year, he was baden, Germany. At the time of his His best courses were vocational not eligible to compete in livestock liberation, Nakayama weighed only agriculture and those designed for judging.30 eighty-seven pounds. According to members of the Future Farmers of After high school Roy attended his wife, Rose, after his experience America (FFA). His real passion New Mexico College of Agriculture as a prisoner of war, Roy could nev- during his high school years, how- and Mechanic Arts (NMA&M) for er get warm or endure farm work. ever, was said to be tennis.24 Still, two years.31 In October 1942 he en- Back in New Mexico, Nakayama Roy intended to be a farmer follow- listed in the United States Army and decided to return to school but was ing in the footsteps of his father who was called to active duty in 1943. refused admission on the grounds operated a commercially successful that he was Japanese. His former truck farm in the Mesilla Valley.25 professors intervened on his behalf Athletics might have been his and demanded his admission to the favorite pursuit, but livestock judg- college. Nakayama earned his B.S. ing was what won him recognition in Botany from NMA &M in 1948. in his teenage years. In February He began advanced studies at Iowa 1939 fifteen-year-old Roy was on State College in the fall of 1948 and the winning livestock judging team received his master’s in plant pathol- at the Southwestern Livestock Show ogy on August 26, 1950.32 Nakaya- in El Paso representing Las Cruces ma remained enrolled through the Union High School’s FFA that took fall semester of 1951. Apparently, he home the H. A. Tolbert Memorial then went to work for the California trophy.26 He participated on the State Department of Agriculture. school’s livestock judging team that He reenrolled in 1957 and contin- captured a state championship in ued graduate work until he received 1939. Roy was one of five hundred his doctorate in plant pathology FFA members gathered in Las Cru- from Iowa State University on Feb- ces for the annual convention in ruary 27, 1960, although much of April 1939. He participated in judg- this time he was in Las Cruces and 27 ing dairy cows. This essay is excerpted from Sunshine in the employ of NMA&M, having Roy purchased two Rambouil- and Shadows in New Mexico’s Past: come back to the college in 1956.33 let ewes in December 1939 and The Statehood Period 1912-Present, Nakayama taught intermediate published in collaboration with the Histori- planned to gradually increase the cal Society of New Mexico. The book can be and advanced classes in the horti- size of his herd. Because of his in- ordered from Rio Grande Books or online at culture department. In addition to terest in fine wool breeds he was Amazon.com. his research in vegetable breeding, he served as a consultant for the In 1977 the Las Cruces Board of for use as green chile. Fruit NMSU-US Agency for Interna- Realtors recognized Nakayama as are also adapted for dry red tional Development joint program its Citizen of the Year for having products; its smooth, well- in Paraguay, setting up horticultural “contributed most to the better- shaped pod dries well. It has research and teaching programs at ment of the community in bringing high heat levels…. the University of Asunción. recognition to the area and my af- The new cultivar proved popular Beyond his research and teaching fecting conditions directly related to in the northeastern United States as activities, Nakayama was a sports- community improvement. The real- well. People were reportedly grow- man. Playing to a fifteen handicap tors pointed out that Nakayama’s ing it in pots in New York City after only a year of serious play, he release of NuMex Big Jim in 1975 apartment windows.42 won a golf tournament in Las Cru- received coverage in the New York Nakayama released NuMex R ces in July 1966.34 Thereafter his Times and Time magazine.39 The Naky, named it after his wife, Rose, name appeared on the sports pages United States doubled its consump- in 1985. Its pedigree included Rio with regularity. By the early 1970s, tion of chile products between 1974 Grande 21, New Mexico 6-4, Bul- Herb Wimberly, the golf pro and and 1984. Much of the increase was garian paprika, and an early-ma- manager of the NMSU golf course, a result of the release of new variet- turing native New Mexican type of commented that Roy Nakayama ies by NMSU.40 chile. NuMex R Naky is used as a was “a winner in just about every In 1984, Nakayama and Dr. paprika cultivar in New Mexico be- tournament he enters.”35 Roy Na- Frank Matta, superintendent of the cause of its undetectable or low heat kayama was also an accomplished NMSU Agricultural Science Center level.43 bowler, as was Rose. During the in Alcalde, released a new cultivar During his long career as an aca- 1970s his name frequently appeared they called Española Improved.41 demic, Nakayama’s colleagues and in the newspaper among the bowl- The new cultivar was a result of a former students noted his dedica- ing league results.36 Nakayama also hybridization between Sandia and tion to teaching. Even though the loved to fish. a Northern New Mexico strain of outside world knew him as Mr. One of Nakayama’s favorite ac- chile. Chile, Nakayama also dedicated tivities was acting as one of the It is an early-maturing red much of his time to research on pe- judges at the annual International chile cultivar (155 days). It cans. He is credited with developing Chili Society cooking competition. was bred for earliness and two pecan types, Sullivan and Salo- During the 1970s the event was of- adapted to the shorter grow- pek.44 ten held at the Tropico Gold Mine ing season in north-central Dr. Roy M. Nakayama retired near Rosamond, California, where New Mexico. It produces from NMSU in 1986. He died in Nakayama joined celebrities from long, smooth, fleshy fruit Las Cruces on July 11, 1988, after the entertainment and sports world with broad shoulders taper- having been hospitalized for an to judge chile cooking and eating ing to a sharp point at the illness.45 At the time of his death contests.37 apex. This shape is common in 1988, Dr. John Mexal, associ- In 1975, Nakayama released a among native pod shapes in ate professor in the agronomy and new chile cultivar called NuMex Big the area. The mature, dark horticulture department at NMSU, Jim, which is considered the world’s green fruit of ‘Española Im- estimated that Nakayama’s research largest chile, averaging 7.68 inches proved’ average 6.18 inches was responsible for $10 million of in length and 1.89 inches in width. in length and 1.23 inches in New Mexico’s annual income.46 It is a little bit hotter than New Mex- width. Relatively high green ico 6-4, but not as hot as Sandia. Its pod yields, fruit size, and large pods make NuMex Big Jim marketable characteristics a favorite of home gardeners and (long, smooth pods) make chefs for making chile rellenos.38 it superior to native strains Endnotes ation 51 Years Ago, Fabián García is 33 New Mexico College of Agriculture 1 “Member of A&M Staff since Gradu- Retired,” Las Cruces Sun-News, April 22, and Mechanic Arts changed its ation 51 Years Ago, Fabián García is 1945. name to New Mexico State Univer- Retired,” Las Cruces Sun-News, April 22, 17 Ibid. sity in 1960. “State Garden Clubs’ 1945. 18 “Late Fabian Garcia One of Best Speakers Specialists-All,” Las Cruces 2 The census enumerator recorded Loved of A&M Faculty Members,” Sun-News, October 7, 1970; Roy Mi- Fabián as “Fabiano” and mistakenly Las Cruces Sun-News, October 9 and 16, noru Nakayama, “Seed Treatment of Le- indicated that he was female, but 1949. gumes and Grasses” (Unpublished Mas- there is no doubt that the entry 19 “Date is Set for Dedication of Memo- ter’s thesis, Iowa State College, 1950); refers to him and his grandmother. rial Hall,” Las Cruces Sun-News, July 26, Roy Minoru Nakayama,”Verticillium United States Federal Census, San 1949. Wilt and Phytophthora Blight of Lorenzo, Grant County, Territory 20 David A. Fryxell , “The Red- Chile Pepper” (Unpublished Ph.D. of New Mexico, 1880; and http:// or-Greening of New Mexico,” dissertation, Iowa State University, archives.nmsu.edu/rghc/exhibits/gar- http://www.desertexposure. 1960). ciaexhibit/menu.htm (accessed July 7, com/200712/200712_garcia_chile. 34 Herb Wimberly, “Divot Dust,” Las 2010). php (accessed July 8, 2010). Cruces Sun-News, July 10, 1966. 3 “Goals at New Mexico A&M High, 21 United States Federal Census, 1930, 35 Herb Wimberly, “Divot Dust,” Las Writes Noted Author,” Las Cruces Sun- San Ysidro, Doña Ana County, New Cruces Sun-News, May 6, 1971. News, March 1, 1949. Mexico; and “Roy Minoru Nakaya- 36 “Trujillo Turns 671 Series to Pace 4 Las Cruces Sun-News, October 9, 1949. ma,” http://www.discovernikkei.org/ City,” Las Cruces Sun-News, December 5 http://archives.nmsu.edu/rghc/exhib- es/resources/military/15718 (accessed 18, 1972. its/garciaexhibit/menu.htm (accessed July 12, 2010). 37 “Celebrities Judge Chili Champion- July 7, 2010). 22 Nancy Tod, “The Deeds of Roy Na- ships,” Las Cruces Sun-News, September 6 “New American Bees,” The Entomolo- kayama: Chile and Pecans; Research 27, 1975; “Chile Championship gist, vol. 40 (December 1907): 265-66. and Teaching,” Southern New Mexico Headed for Cookoff,” Las Cruces Sun- 7 Julieta was born in Las Cruces on Historical Review, vol. 1 (January 1994): News, June 3, 1976. November 24, 1882. “Julieta Ama- 23. 38 Danise Coon, Eric Votava, and Paul dor García,”The Rio Grande Republic, 23 Tome was born on August 9, 1895, W. Bosland, The Chile Cultivars of New December 9, 1920. and died on October 27, 1990. Social Mexico State University, Research Report 8 Rio Grande Republic, May 23, 1908. Security Death Index, [Database 763 (Las Cruces: New Mexico State 9 Rio Grande Republican, October 17, on-line,] Ancestry.com, (accessed University, 2008), 3-4. 1908. August 19, 2010); Tod, “Deeds of Roy 39 “Realtors Give Awards,” Las Cruces 10 “Cultural Train Starts on Its Long Nakayama,” 24. Sun-News, April 22, 1977. Tour of Instruction,” The Rio Grande 24 Ibid., 25. 40 “Chile time signals fall,” Santa Fe New Republican, January 12, 1912. 25 Ibid., 22. Mexican, September 13, 1989. 11 Rio Grande Republican, May 17, 1912. 26 El Paso Herald-Post, February 20, 1939. 41 Coon, Votava, and Bosland, Chile 12 Rio Grande Farmer, March 27, 1922. 27 “500 Future Farmers from 45 Schools Cultivars of New Mexico State University, 13 Danise Coon, Eric Votava, and Paul Take Over Town and College,” Las 4. W. Bosland, The Chile Cultivars of New Cruces Sun-News, April 12, 1939. 42 “New type of green chile is well- Mexico State University, Research Report 28 “Vocational Agriculture Students suited to this area,” Santa Fe New 763 (Las Cruces: New Mexico State Are to Judge Livestock Saturday,” Las Mexican, September 4, 1985. University, 2008): 1. Cruces Sun-News, December 7, 1939. 43 Coon, Votava, and Bosland, Chile 14 Fabián García, Improved Variety No. 29 “15 H. S. Students Get FFA Degrees,” Cultivars of New Mexico State University, 9 of Native Chile, Bulletin No. 124, Las Cruces Sun-News, December 14, 4. February, New Mexico College of 1939. 44 Tod, “Deeds of Roy Nakayama,” 26. Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 30 “High School Boys In Stock Contest,” 45 Social Security Death Index, [Data- Agricultural Experiment Station, Las Cruces Sun-News, March 25, 1940. base on-line,] Ancestry.com, (ac- State College, N. M. (Las Cruces: Rio 31 Tod, “Deeds of Roy Nakayama,” 25- cessed August 18, 2010). Grande Republic, 1921), [3]. 26. 46 “’Mr. Chile’ Dead at 64,” Las Cruces 15 “Julieta Amador García,” The Rio 32 Iowa State University Reference Sun-News, July 12, 1988. Grande Republic, December 9, 1920. Specialist Becky S. Jordan to Rick 16 “Member of A&M Staff since Gradu- Hendricks, Ames, August 24, 2010 (email). 176 pages; 6 x 9 pb Dave DeWitt’s Chile Trivia 70 illustrations Weird, Wacky Factoids for Curious Chileheads ISBN 978-1-936744-00-8 $15.95 by Dave DeWitt & Lois Manno

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