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World War II (1936–1945) Although World War I Had Been Called ‘The War to End All Wars’, Only 20 Years After It Ended the World Was Again Plunged Into War

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World War II (1936–1945) Although World War I Had Been Called ‘The War to End All Wars’, Only 20 Years After It Ended the World Was Again Plunged Into War Unit 1 Australia at war (1914–1945) World War II (1936–1945) Although World War I had been called ‘the war to end all wars’, only 20 years after it ended the world was again plunged into war. World War II was fought from 1939 to 1945 in almost every part of the world. Battles were fought in Europe, Russia, the Middle East, northern Africa, Asia and the Pacific – even the city of Darwin in Australia was bombed. Although the official numbers of those killed and wounded are impossible to confirm, it is clear that World War II was responsible for a devastating loss of life. Historians estimate that around 22 million soldiers died in battle and 38 million civilians were killed. Among the dead were around 6 million Jews murdered by Nazi forces under the command of German dictator Adolf Hitler. This systematic persecution and murder of Jews became known as the Holocaust. It remains one of the most significant events of World War II. chapter Source 1 The railway tracks leading to the main gates at Auschwitz–Birkenau Concentration Camp in Poland. During World War II, concentration and extermination camps such as this were built9 by the Nazis all 9A 9B over Europe to detain and murder Jews and other minority groups. What were the causes of What were some of theDRAFT most 9C World War II and what course significant events of World War II? How did World War II affect did it take? 1 Historians believe that the Auschwitz Concentration the lives of Australians and Camp (see Source 1) was the site of around 1 million 1 There were both short- and long-term factors and Australia’s international murders during World War II in an event known as events that can be seen as causes of World War II. the Holocaust. As a group, discuss what you already relationships? Make some predictions about what some of these know about the Holocaust. Why do you think it is might have been based on what you already know. regarded as one of the most significant events of 1 World War II had a significant impact on people at World War II? home in Australia, especially women. How and why do you think this was the case? 280 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 10 western australian curriculum chapter 9 world war II 281 9A What were the causes of World War II and what course did it take? 9.1 World War II: a timeline 8 May 1945 VE Day (Victory in Europe Day) – marks the end of the war in Europe. 30 January 1933 R0903 Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany leading the Adolf Hitler touring National Socialist the French capital, Aerial view of Hiroshima, Japan, after the atomic German Workers 9–10 November 1938 Paris, in June 1940 bomb was dropped Party (better known A series of attacks take place on – one year before as the Nazi Party). Jewish homes, businesses and invading the USSR. synagogues across Germany and Austria. The attacks become known as Kristallnacht (Night of 22 June 1941 July–November 6–9 August 1945 the Broken Glass). Beginning of Operation 1942 The Kokoda The USA drops two atomic Barbarossa (German campaign fought A Jewish-owned shopfront after Kristallnacht bombs on the Japanese invasion of the USSR). between Australia cities of Hiroshima (6 August) and Japan Kokoda Trail campaign and Nagasaki (9 August) in New Guinea. leading to Japan’s surrender. 1919 1933 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1944 1945 15 August 1945 1940 19 February 1942 VP Day (Victory France, Belgium, Norway, Darwin bombed 30 April 1945 in the Pacifi c 1919 Denmark, the Netherlands by the Japanese, Hitler commits Day) offi cially The Paris Peace Conference is held and fall to Germany; Dunkirk Australia put on suicide in Berlin, marks the end the Treaty of Versailles is signed, leaving evacuation. ‘total war’ footing. leading to the of war in the Germany humiliated. surrender of Pacifi c. 6 June 1944 Germany. D-Day landing of Allied troops in Europe. 1 September 1939 Germany attacks Poland and German troops cross December 1941 the border, causing Britain Japanese attack on Check your learning 9.1 DRAFTPearl Harbor and and France to declare war Singapore – war in the on Germany. All countries Remember and understand Apply and analyse Pacifi c war begins. in the British Empire, 1 In what year did Hitler become 4 How do you think the Paris Peace including Australia, also declare war on Germany. Chancellor of Germany? Conference may have contributed to 2 When did Britain and France declare the beginning of World War II? war on Germany? 5 What event initiated the Pacifi c war? USS Arizona sinking in Pearl 3 When was Darwin bombed by the 6 Using the timeline, calculate how Signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 Harbor – the USA enters the Japanese? long the Pacifi c war lasted. war the next day Source 1 A timeline of some key events and developments relating to World War II 282 oxford big ideas humanities and social sciences 10 western australian curriculum chapter 9 world war II 283 9A What were the causes of World War II and what course did it take? EUROPE: BORDERS AFTER THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES Causes of World War II Finland 9.2 Norway Estonia Sweden Only 20 years after the end of World War I, Europe was The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were devastating Latvia Irish Free State Great Denmark once again at war. At the time, many people blamed the for Germany, both politically and economically. Lithuania Britain East outbreak of World War II on those who had negotiated the The terms created a weak and unstable economy in Prussia USSR terms of peace at the end of World War I. In particular, Germany with mass unemployment and severe rates of Netherlands N Germany they blamed the treaty that Germany was forced to sign inflation (price rises). Over time this led to a sense of Belgium Poland – the Treaty of Versailles. The reality was more complex resentment and bitterness among the German people. Czechoslovakia France than that, with many short- and long-term factors Many of them felt that they had been unfairly treated. 0 600 km Austria contributing to the outbreak of conflict in 1939. This resentment was exploited by a number of German Switzerland Hungary politicians during the 1920s and 1930s. Romania Italy The Paris Peace Conference alienated some of the Portugal The Paris Peace Conference Yugoslavia Allies. Italy was outraged that it received few benefits for Spain Bulgaria and the Treaty of Versailles joining the Allies. Albania Immediately after World War I ended in 1918, members The conference also sowed the seeds for war in the Pacific. Japan was permitted to keep Chinese Greece Turkey Source 4 A German housewife using of the victorious Allied powers (Britain, France, the USA LEGEND millions of Deutschmarks to light her stove. territory it had seized from Germany during the war. and Italy) met at the Palace of Versailles just outside Disputed areas During the hyperinflation of 1923, bank Paris to negotiate the terms of surrender for the defeated However, Japan unsuccessfully tried to introduce Africa notes were worth so little that it was more useful to burn them than spend them central powers (Germany, Austria–Hungary, the a ‘racial equality’ clause to the Treaty of Versailles. Source 3 Source: Oxford University Press Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria) and agreed on a set of The clause was opposed by Britain and Australia in 0213_SAL_BAH4 Europe after WW1 penalties. After months of tense negotiations, the Treaty particular. Japan’s failure to ensure its equality with 22-11-11 of Versailles was signed. It imposed a series of harsh the other powers contributed to the breakdown in keyconcept: significance terms on Germany (see Source 1). Japan’s relations with the West, and the rise of Japanese The Great Depression and nationalism and militarism. Source 1 Key outcomes of the Treaty of Versailles the rise of dictatorships The League of Nations At the end of World War I in 1918, Germany The League of Nations was established as part of the Treaty of • Article 231 (known as the ‘War guilt clause’) blamed Germany Versailles in 1919. The league was the brainchild of US President and its allies for starting World War I and declared that had been defeated and Kaiser Wilhelm II – Germany was responsible to pay for ‘loss and damages’ – the the emperor of Germany – stood down. A Woodrow Wilson. The idea was that the league would settle payments Germany had to make were called reparations. new democratic government, known as the disputes between nations through negotiation, with the aim of • Germany’s army was limited to 100 000 men; conscription Weimar Republic, took power in the Kaiser’s preventing another world war. Only as a last resort would troops (compulsory military service) was banned, the German air place. Even though the new government be used to settle a dispute. force was disbanded, and the production of weapons and had no choice in the matter, many Germans One of the major weaknesses of the scheme was that the USA ammunitions in German factories was limited. blamed it for agreeing to the terms of the did not join the league. Although a US president had proposed • German territory was given to neighbouring nations such Treaty of Versailles. As a result, it was very the idea, the US Congress refused to join. Wilson’s party, the as France, Denmark, Belgium, Poland – other German- unpopular with the people.
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