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Hosni Mubarak and the Future of Democracy in Egypt
Hosni Mubarak and the Future of Democracy in Egypt Hosni Mubarak and the Future of Democracy in Egypt Alaa Al-Din Arafat HOSNI MUBARAK AND THE FUTURE OF DEMOCRACY IN EGYPT Copyright © Alaa Al-Din Arafat, 2009. All rights reserved. First published in hardcover as The Mubarak Leadership and Future of Democracy in Egypt in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above compa- nies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-33813-5 ISBN 978-1-137-06753-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137067531 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ‘Arafat, ‘Ala’ al-Din. Hosni Mubarak and the future of democracy in Egypt / Alaa Al-Din Arafat. p. cm. Pbk. ed. of: The Mubarak leadership and future of democracy in Egypt. New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. With a new preface. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978–0–230–33813–5 (alk. paper) 1. Mubarak, Muhammad Husni, 1928– 2. Mubarak, Gamal. 3. Egypt—Politics and government—1981– 4. Egypt—Politics and government—1970–1981. 5. Hizb al-Watani al-Dimuqrati (Egypt)— History. 6. Political leadership—Egypt—History. -
Compromis À La Belge'
KU LEUVEN FACULTEIT LETTEREN BLIJDE INKOMSTSTRAAT 21 BUS 3301 3000 LEUVEN, BELGIË Een Politiek Verleden in het Belgisch Parlement: 'Compromis à la Belge' Historische commissies en de moord op Patrice Lumumba en Julien Lahaut (1999-2015) Jelle Van Herck Masterproef aangeboden binnen de opleiding master in de Geschiedenis Promotor prof. dr. Kaat Wils Academiejaar 2015-2016 335.839 tekens Inhoudstafel: INLEIDING 4 1. Geschiedenis in de Hedendaagse Maatschappij 4 2. Geschiedenis en Politiek: Parlementaire Onderzoekscommissies 6 2.a. Historici en historische commissies 9 HOOFDSTUK I: ONDERZOEKSKADER 12 1. Historiografie van Historische Commissies 12 2. Onderzoek in Overheidsopdracht: Twee Modellen 16 2.1. Zwitserland: de commissie-Bergier 17 2.2. Nederland: de Srebrenica-commissie 19 3. Oproep aan de Overheid: Twee Voorbeelden 21 3.1. Spanje: de herinnering aan Franco 22 3.2. Verenigde Staten: Johnson Whittaker 24 HOOFDSTUK II: CASUS LUMUMBA EN LAHAUT 26 1. De Moord op Patrice Lumumba 26 2. De Moord op Julien Lahaut 31 3. Instelling van de Onderzoekscommissies 34 3.1. De aanleiding 35 3.2. Politieke besluitvorming 39 HOOFDSTUK III: HET EINDRAPPORT 42 1. Conclusies van het Onderzoek 42 1.1. Een morele verantwoordelijkheid 42 1.2. Een geheime oorlog 48 2. Debat rond de Conclusies 51 2.1. commissie-Lumumba 52 2.2. commissie-Lahaut 56 HOOFDSTUK IV: ANALYSE EN VERGELIJKING VAN DE COMMISSIES 58 1. Interne Verschillen: Lumumba vs. Lahaut 58 1.1. Mate van politieke steun 58 1.2. Mate van financiële steun 66 1.3. Toegang tot archieven 69 2. Externe Verschillen: Commissiewerk vs. 'Klassiek' Onderzoek 72 2.1. Geldigheid van het onderzoek 73 2.2. -
ESS9 Appendix A3 Political Parties Ed
APPENDIX A3 POLITICAL PARTIES, ESS9 - 2018 ed. 3.0 Austria 2 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 10 Czechia 12 Denmark 14 Estonia 15 Finland 17 France 19 Germany 20 Hungary 21 Iceland 23 Ireland 25 Italy 26 Latvia 28 Lithuania 31 Montenegro 34 Netherlands 36 Norway 38 Poland 40 Portugal 44 Serbia 47 Slovakia 52 Slovenia 53 Spain 54 Sweden 57 Switzerland 58 United Kingdom 61 Version Notes, ESS9 Appendix A3 POLITICAL PARTIES ESS9 edition 3.0 (published 10.12.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Denmark, Iceland. ESS9 edition 2.0 (published 15.06.20): Changes from previous edition: Additional countries: Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden. Austria 1. Political parties Language used in data file: German Year of last election: 2017 Official party names, English 1. Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) - Social Democratic Party of Austria - 26.9 % names/translation, and size in last 2. Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP) - Austrian People's Party - 31.5 % election: 3. Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) - Freedom Party of Austria - 26.0 % 4. Liste Peter Pilz (PILZ) - PILZ - 4.4 % 5. Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (Grüne) - The Greens – The Green Alternative - 3.8 % 6. Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ) - Communist Party of Austria - 0.8 % 7. NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS) - NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum - 5.3 % 8. G!LT - Verein zur Förderung der Offenen Demokratie (GILT) - My Vote Counts! - 1.0 % Description of political parties listed 1. The Social Democratic Party (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, or SPÖ) is a social above democratic/center-left political party that was founded in 1888 as the Social Democratic Worker's Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei, or SDAP), when Victor Adler managed to unite the various opposing factions. -
Vote, Vte, Vote
Vote, vote, vote Exploring European Electoral Systems AUTHORS Antoaneta Asenova, Skirmantas Baikauskas, Anouk van Brug, Hunor Deak, Benjamin Fievet, Rowan Fitton, Andre Gruber, Soni Harizanov, Lucas Honoré, Arthur Kharytonov, Mijat Kontic, Ashmita Krishna, Roman Leuta, Christoph Gerrit von Zedlitz. Liesen, Lukas Lunøe, Teresė Škutaitė, Olha Tsurkan and Editors: Chris Giapitzis-Papandreou & Danica Vihinen Cover design: Edgaras Mascinskas Published by the European Liberal Forum asbl with the support of LYMEC. Co-funded by the European Parliament. Neither the European Parliament nor the European Liberal Forum asbl are responsible for the content of this publication, or for any use that may be made of it. The views expressed herein are those of the authors alone. These views do not necessarily reflect those of the European Parliament, the European Liberal Forum asbl, or LYMEC. © 2018 European Liberal Forum First Printing: 2018 ISBN 978-0-244-99376-4 ELF European Liberal Forum, asbl Brussels, Belgium www.liberalforum.eu– LYMEC European Liberal Youth, asbl Brussels, Belgium www.lymec.eu– Contents Introduction by LYMEC Secretary General Danica Vihinen .......................................................................................... 4 Foreword by LYMEC President Svenja Hahn ................. 5 Different election systems - an introduction and political discussion ................................................................... 8 Journey through EU election systems ............................ 13 What qualities should the European Parliamentary -
Souvenirs D'un Militant Liberal
1 SOUVENIRS D'UN MILITANT LIBERAL. 2 Coordonnées Nom: VAN UFFELEN Jacques Lieu et date de naissance: Tirlemont, 5 janvier 1929 Adresse: Avenue Christophe Plantin, 2 1340 Ottignies Profession: Traducteur - directeur retraité au Secrétariat général de l'Union économique Benelux et à la Cour de Justice Benelux. 3 Préface de Louis Michel. C'est avec beaucoup de plaisir et d'intérêt que je me suis plongé dans la lecture de l'ouvrage de Jacques Van Uffelen. Homme de plume, militant convaincu, libéral non conformiste, Jacques Van Uffelen a mis au service du libéralisme tout son talent, toute son intelligence, toute sa créativité pour défendre avec ardeur et chaleur dans les feuilles libérales les vertus du libéralisme. Il a mis son art au service du libéralisme pour convaincre l'opinion publique que le "parti libéral est foncièrement social, qu'il prône non pas la lutte des classes comme le socialisme, mais la solidarité des classes". Jacques Van Uffelen a retracé avec une rare précision l'évolution du libéralisme. Il rappelle que, même avant la création du parti libéral, les idées libérales étaient déjà largement diffusées car tous les Belges sont attachés aux libertés constitutionnelles. Jacques Van Uffelen nous fait revivre les grands courants de la pensée libérale, la rénovation du parti, les combats d'idées, les réflexions de grandes personnalités comme Maurice Allais, Salvador de Madariaga, Albert Devèze, Roger Motz, Paul Hymans, Omer Vanoudenhove, Jean Rey. Ces derniers et bien d'autres ont fait évoluer le libéralisme, du libéralisme manchestérien ou laissez-fairisme au néo- libéralisme ou libéralisme humaniste. Ces hommes ont eu le mérite de clarifier la position des libéraux par rapport à la notion d'Etat qui garantit les bienfaits de la liberté. -
2009 Annual Report
2009 Annual Report European Liberal Forum 2009 Annual Report © Copyright 2010 European Liberal Forum asbl. AAllll rrightsights rreserved.eserved. ContentContent iiss ssubjectubject toto copyright.copyright. AnyAny useuse andand re-usere-use requiresrequires approval.approval. TThishis ppublicationublication wwasas fundedfunded byby tthehe EEuropeanuropean PParliament.arliament. TheThe EuropeanEuropean ParliamentParliament isis notnot responsibleresponsible fforor tthehe ccontent.ontent. TheThe vviewsiews eexpressedxpressed iinn tthishis ppublicationublication areare thosethose ofof thethe authorsauthors alone.alone. TheyThey dodo notnot nnecessarilyecessarily rreflefl eectct thethe vviewsiews ooff tthehe EuropeanEuropean LiberalLiberal Forum.Forum. 22009009 AAnnualnnual RReporteport Welcome 05 Contents Welcome 0077 LLetteretter fromfrom tthehe PresidentPresident 0088 FForewordoreword bbyy tthehe EExecutivexecutive DDirectorirector About us 1111 IIntrontro 1133 MMemberember organisationsorganisations 1144 BBoardoard ooff DDirectorsirectors 1155 TThehe EEuropeanuropean LLiberaliberal ForumForum (ELF)(ELF) secretariatsecretariat Selection of events 1177 IIntrontro 1199 GGlobalisationlobalisation afterafter thethe CreditCredit CrunchCrunch 2222 SSpringpring AAcademiescademies 2009:2009: EEuropeurope inin PracticePractice 2244 TThehe IInflnfl uuenceence ooff EEuropeanuropean PPolicyolicy oonn tthehe LLocalocal LevelLevel 2266 MMigrationigration – EEurope’surope’s ChallengeChallenge 2288 TThehe EEurouro aass aann IInstrumentnstrument ofof StabilityStability -
Des Libéraux De Pierre Et De Bronze
Des libéraux Focus sur le VOTRE RÉGION de pierre et de bronze Hainaut Joseph Tordoir, historien au Centre Jean Gol, vous présente aujourd’hui 60 monuments érigés, en Wallonie et en région bruxelloise, en hommage à des personnalités libérales des XIXe et XXe siècles. Ils ornent places et squares, décorent parcs et espaces publics réservés à la détente, tant à Bruxelles, qu’à Liège, Ixelles, Mons, Huy, Verviers, Tournai, Soignies, Morlanwelz, La Louvière, Péruwelz, Court- Saint-Etienne, Nivelles, Ohain, Esneux, Warsage, Pommeroeul, etc. Nous vous proposons de faire revivre ces témoins silencieux de notre histoire nationale et du libéralisme belge, le temps d’un livre, de Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen à Jean Gol, en passant par Joseph Lebeau, Alexandre Gendebien, Charles Rogier, Walthère Frère- Orban, Jules Bara, Paul Janson, Ernest Solvay, Adolphe Max, Albert Devèze, Maurice Chers amies et amis du Mouvement Réformateur, Destenay, Jean Rey et bien d’autres. Pour ces pages « Hainaut » du MRMag’, j’ai souhaité mettre en avant l’actualité récente de nos parlementaires qui chaque jour défendent les priorités du Mouvement Réformateur. Souscription 2014 sera une année cruciale : les scrutins régionaux, fédéraux et européens coïncident. Autant dire que les enjeux seront importants et que la campagne qui Cet ouvrage de 216 pages, richement illustré, bénéficie s’annonce sera menée sur tous les fronts ! d’une édition de luxe. Il mérite de prendre place dans votre bibliothèque et ravira tous les passionnés de l’histoire du Parmi les thématiques capitales pour la Wallonie et en particulier le Hainaut, on notera libéralisme. Il paraîtra officiellement le 20 février 2014 à l’occasion de la Foire du Livre de Bruxelles. -
Annual Report 2010 Jahresbericht Jahresbericht | Annual Report Annual | 2010
www.freiheit.org 2010 | Annual Report Jahresbericht Jahresbericht | Annual Report 2010 Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung www.freiheit.org „… dass wir selber frei zu werden suchen, soviel uns immer möglich ist.“* “… that we seek to achieve freedom, as far as the circumstances permit …”* Friedrich Naumann, Theologe und Politiker – geboren 1860, gestorben 1919 – Mitbegründer und Vorsitzender der 1918 ins Leben gerufenen Deutschen Demokratischen Partei, Abgeord neter der verfassunggebenden Nationalversammlung in Weimar, Herausgeber der Zeitschrift „Die Hilfe“ und erfolgreicher Autor politischer Sachbücher. Namensgeber der liberalen FriedrichNaumannStiftung für die Freiheit. Friedrich Naumann, theologian and politician – born 1860, died 1919 – cofounder and chairman of the German Democratic Party founded in 1918, MP of the constituent national assembly in Weimar, editor of the “Die Hilfe” magazine and successful author of political books. Namegiver of the liberal Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom. * Zitat aus „Das Ideal der Freiheit“, Friedrich Naumann, 1905 * Citation from “The Ideal of Freedom”, by Friedrich Naumann, 1905 Vorwort 150 Jahre Friedrich Naumann und 20 Jahre deutsche Einheit 150 Years Friedrich Naumann and 20 Years of German Reunification Das Jahr 2010 war nicht arm an politischen There was no dearth of political headlines in Schlagzeilen. Es war das Jahr der EuroKrise und 2010. It was the year of the euro crisis and of at der Versuche, dem Verfall der Gemeinschafts tempts to counter the decline of the single cur währung entgegenzuwirken; es war das Jahr des rency; it was the year of a change in government Regierungswechsels in NordrheinWestfalen, und in North RhineWestphalia, and it was the year es war das Jahr des Rücktritts von Bundesprä when Federal President Köhler stepped down, just sident Köhler, gerade zwölf Monate nach seiner twelve months after his reelection in May 2009. -
Bosnia's Future
Bosnia’s Future Europe Report N°232 | 10 July 2014 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Quest for Identity ...................................................................................................... 5 III. A Patronage Economy ...................................................................................................... 11 A. The Sextet ................................................................................................................... 11 B. The Economic Paradox .............................................................................................. 13 C. Some Remedies .......................................................................................................... 15 IV. The Trouble with the Entities ........................................................................................... 17 A. Ambivalence in the Federation .................................................................................. 18 B. Republika Srpska’s High-Stakes Gamble -
European Defence Economy Affected by the Crisis Europe.Visions 7
EEuurrooppee..VViissiioonnss 77 ______________________________________________________________________ European Defence Economy Affected by the Crisis ______________________________________________________________________ Olivier Jehin November 2010 . Ifri-Bruxelles The Institut français des relations internationals (Ifri) is a research center and a forum for debate on major international political and economic issues. Headed by Thierry de Montbrial since its founding in 1979, Ifri is a non- governmental and a non-profit organization. As an independent think tank, Ifri sets its own research agenda, publishing its findings regularly for a global audience. Using an interdisciplinary approach, Ifri brings together political and economic decision-makers, researchers and internationally renowned experts to animate its debate and research activities. With offices in Paris and Brussels, Ifri stands out as one of the rare French think tanks to have positioned itself at the very heart of European debate. The opinions expressed in this text are the responsibility of the author alone. ISBN: 978-2-86592-793-7 © All rights reserved, Ifri, 2010 IFRI IFRI-BRUXELLES 27, RUE DE LA PROCESSION RUE MARIE-THERESE, 21 75740 PARIS CEDEX 15 – FRANCE 1000 – BRUXELLES – BELGIQUE Tel: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 00 Tel: +32 (0)2 238 51 10 Fax: +33 (0)1 40 61 60 60 Fax: +32 (0)2 238 51 15 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] WEBSITE: Ifri.org Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 2 LACKLUSTRE -
Title: Egypt – Political Parties – Young Egypt Party
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: EGY33332 Country: Egypt Date: 12 May 2008 Keywords: Egypt – Political Parties – Young Egypt Party (Misr al-Fatah Party) This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please provide a list of the political parties in Egypt. 2. Are there any reports about the attempted registration of the “Independent party” or the “Young Egypt Party”? 3. Are there any reports mentioning the Independent party or the Young Egypt Party? RESPONSE 1. Please provide a list of the political parties in Egypt. Egypt’s official State Information Service website lists the following political parties in Egypt: …During Mubarak’s era, the number of political parties in Egypt has increased to reach 24 parties. According to the ballot on March 26, 2007 Article (5) was amended to prohibit the establishment of any religious party “The political system of the Arab Republic of Egypt is a multiparty system, within the framework of the basic elements and principles of the Egyptian society as stipulated in the Constitution. Political parties are regulated by law. Citizens have the right to establish political parties according to the law and no political activity shall be exercised nor political parties established on a religious referential authority, on a religious basis or on discrimination on grounds of gender or origin”. -
Belgian Polities in 1985 « No T Urning Back » *
Belgian Polities in 1985 « No T urning Back » * by Jozef SMITS, Licentiate in Polltical Science. * Belgian politica! life in 1985 was completely dominated by the parliamentary elections, for the Christian-Democrat and Liberal coalition under the leadership of Wilfried Martens (CVP) was in its last year. The Martens V government almost succeeded in completing the parliamentary term as it bas intended. They Heysel drama caused an unexpected rupture in the cabinet, so elections were set for October, while normally they would have been held in December. The electoral battle was completely dominated by the three major politica! families : on the one side, the Christian Democrats and the Liberals, who defended the recovery policy of the previous four years based on a transfer of financial resources from individuals to businesses ; on the other side were the Socialists, who stressed the negative effects of the « income cutback » policy. The polarization of the electoral campaign was symbolized the most clearly by the campaign of the largest majority party. With the slogan Geen Ommekeer (No Turning Back) and with outgoing Premier Martens as the figurehead, the CVP tried to com municate to the electorate that there was no alternative to the unpopular socio-economie recovery policy and that this policy had to be continued in order to solve the country's problems definitively. Against expectations and to its own astonishment, the majority emerged strengthened from the ballot box. Consequently, nothing stood in the way of a new edition of Martens V, and on 28 November, the new Christian-Democrat/Liberal government was formed. Wilfried Martens again had the leadership of • A part of the information given in this article is taken from the article written by M.