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Home , Giles Radice, Iain Macleod, Parliament Act 1911, Peerage Act 1963, Richard Crossman, Salisbury Convention

Notes

1 Firing the First Shots: The 1911 Parliament Act and Inter-War Initiatives

1. The dissentients, virtually all peers, and all but one of them Conservatives, insisted that their opposition to this particular scheme be formally noted, namely Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Lord Hugh Cecil, Earl of Dunraven, Marquess of Lansdowne, Earl Loreburn, Duke of Rutland, Lord Sydenham, and Sir George Younger.

3 Pouring New Wine into the Old Bottle: The 1958 Life Peerages Act

1. At this time, bills which had not completed all of their parliamentary stages by the end of an annual session could not be ‘carried over’ to the next one; they had to be introduced anew. 2. This column totals 101 per cent because individual figures were rounded up.

4 A Right of Renunciation: The 1963 Peerage Act

1. was not, at this time, the Left-wing hate-figure who was so vilified by Britain’s Right-wing press throughout the late 1970s and 1980s. 2. One of the Labour members, Lord Silkin, subsequently described it as ‘one of the best Committees of which I have ever been a member’ ( debates, Vol. 248, col. 273).

5 Crossman can’t Convince his Colleagues: The 1969 Parliament (No. 2) Bill

1. The phrase ‘the forward march of labour halted’ provided the title of a 1981 book by the prominent Marxist historian, Eric Hobsbawm, which exam- ined the causes and implications of Labour’s defeat by ’s Conservative Party in 1979. 2. The rationale for allowing ‘peers of first creation’ to serve as ‘voting’ peers was that, like Life Peers, they would have been appointed for reasons of merit – a valuable contribution to public life or a distinguished political career, for example; their titles had been earned or achieved, not merely inherited.

229 Bibliography

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1 There seems to be a discrepancy here, because although the Life Peerage Act reached the statute book in 1958, this article appears in the October 1957 issue of Parliamentary Affairs. 232 Bibliography

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‘A New Agenda for Democracy: Appointments Commission 188, Labour’s Proposals for 189, 192, 196, 199, 207 Constitutional Reform’ 175 Asquith, Lord Herbert 12, 14–15, 20, abolition 56 22, 23, 24, 26, 28, 32, 219 aims of 58 attendance, measuring 111 bicameralism 59–60, 62 Attlee, Clement 58, 63, 65, 67, 69, Early Day Motion 201 77–78, 83, 84, 89, 122 hereditary peers 179–180 authoritarianism, Conservative initial calls for 57–59 government, 1979–1997 Labour’s revised view 174 174 Ten Minute Rule Bill 154 abolitionism ‘backwoodsmen’ 92, 94, 98–99, 111, context and overview 172–173 112 in Labour Party 173 Baldwin, Stanley 44, 45–46, 48 Labour post-1987 policy Balfour, Arthur 11, 20, 21–22, 26 review 173–175 Balogh, Thomas 136 Addison, Lord 65–66, 68–70, 91 Beckett, Margaret 181, 190, 191 all-party conference, 1948 71–82, 88 Beetham, David 220 break-down of negotiations Benn, Tony 159, 165, 173 see also 80–81 Wedgewood Benn, Anthony composition 71 (Tony Benn) consensus reached 81 Bercow, John 181 disagreements 76 Beswick, Lord 145 fifth meeting 80–82 Bevan, Aneurin 66, 82–83 first meeting 72–73 bicameralism 59–60, 62, 175 fourth meeting 80 bipartisan talks 178–179 powers of Second Chamber 76 Birrell, Augustine 20 proposed reduction of Lords’ Blair, Tony 113, 177–178, 179, delaying power 76–80 196–197, 202, 210, 215–216 second meeting 73–76 Blewett, Neal 14 third meeting 76 Bochel, Hugh 223 all-party talks, 1967 145–149 Bogdanor, Vernon 228 date of legislation 149–150 Borrie, Gordon 118 disagreements 149–152 Bowden, Herbert 105 members 146 Bromhead, Peter 117, 118, 119 proposals 148–149 Brown, George 127, 143, 145, 157 refusal to re-open, 1968 157 Brown, Gordon 212–213 termination 152–153 Bryce inquiry 33–39 Allen, Graham, survey of MPs 194, committee members 34 195 Committee of Selection 37 alternative vote (AV) 210–211 composition of Second Amery, Leo 46–47 Chamber 35–37 Ampthill, Lord 28 disagreement over 55

236 Index 237

elections to Second Chamber Committee of Selection 37, 96–97 35–36, 37 composition of Second Chamber 54, Free Conference 37–39 85, 87, 89, 96–100, 178–179, powers of Second Chamber 184, 192–193, 199, 210, 213, 37–39 214, 218–219 see also elections to proposals for elections 38 Second Chamber remit 34 Life Peerage Act 113 Bryce, Lord 35, 36 and powers 29, 58, 138–139, 141, Bryce Report 39–41 153 composition of Second comprehensive reform, lack of Chamber 40 support 101 delay in considering 40 conditionality argument 62–63 functions and role of Second conflict, between Commons and Chamber 39 Lords 4 powers of Second Chamber consensus, lack of 3 39–40 conservatism, of Second Burnham, Lord 35 Chamber 48–49 Butler, Rab 105, 109 Conservative government Lords reform, 1950s 5–6 cabinet committee on House of Lords ministerial discussions, 1956 reform, 1921 55 100–103 cabinet committee on House of Lords Conservative government, 1924–9 reform, 1925 44–48 44–48 cabinet committee on House of Lords Conservative government, 1951 reform, 1967 142–143 88 cabinet ministers, recruitment from Conservative government, commons 94–95 1970–4 171 Callaghan, James 143, 145–146, 157, Conservative government, 159, 168–169, 173 1979–1997 173–174 Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry Conservative-Liberal Democrat 11–12, 13 coalition, 2010 8, 214, 216 Carrington, Lord 145, 146–147, 157, Conservative Party 170 Mackay Commission 191 Carson, Sir Edward 14 manifesto, 1910 16–17 Castle, Barbara 164, 169 manifesto, 1950 88–89 Cave, Lord, cabinet committee, manifesto, 1951 89 1925 44–48 manifesto, 1955 93 Cawdor, Lord 20 manifesto, 2010 214 Chamberlain, Austen 20, 22, 28, responses to Labour proposals, 32 1997 177 Chapman, Brian 136 support for elected second Chequers seminar, 1967 142–143 chamber 193 Churchill, Winston 47, 65, 89–90 Conservatives civil service 136 ideas for reform 13 Clarendon, Lord 48 support for elected Second Clelland, David 201 Chamber 201 coalition government, 2010 Conservatives/Unionists 26 214–215, 216, 225 abstainers, Parliament Bill, Cockerell, Michael 179, 183 1910–11 25–26 238 Index

Conservatives/Unionists – continued Dilhorne, Lord 128 die-hards, Parliament Bill, dispute resolution 21, 49 1910–11 26–27 dissolution of parliament, 1910 23 disagreements, 1950s 95–100 Dorey, Peter 2, 138, 166, 211, 223 divisions over Parliament Bill, Douglas-Home, Sir Alec 147 1910–11 25–33 supporters of Parliament Bill, Early Day Motions 193, 201, 1910–11 29–30 206–207 Constitutional Conference, 1910 economic decline 136 19–22 Eden, Anthony 95, 99, 101 constitutional legislation 21–22 Education Bill, 1906 11–12 constitutional principles 53 elected chamber, organisational Constitutional Reform Bill 214 details 3–4 Cook, Robin 192–194, 196–198, 199, elections to Second Chamber 35–36, 200, 202–204, 205, 206, 207 37, 200 see also composition of Craig, F. W. S. 16, 17 Second Chamber Cranborne, Lord 178–180 cross-party consensus 224 Crewe, Lord 12–13, 20, 31–32, 35, 41 future prospects 225 Crick, Bernard 65, 112, 113, 119, public support 222 122 enfranchisement, increasing 33 Cripps, Sir Stafford 58, 59, 62–63 expenses 110 Cromer, Lord 29, 30, 31, 32–33 expenses scandal 213 Crosland, Anthony 136 expertise, and legitimacy 223 Cross-Benchers 74 extremism 93–94 cross-party committee, 1910 19–20 cross-party consensus 224 Fair, John D. 21, 22, 37, 39 cross-party talks, 1948 see all-party Falconer, Lord 183 conference, 1948 Ferrers, Earl 183 cross-party talks, attempt at, financial legislation, right of 1953 89–90 veto 20–21 Cross-Party Working Group 210 First World War 40 Crossman, Richard 7, 137–138, 144, Foot, Michael 128, 160, 162 145–146, 149, 153–154, 155, 159, Forth, Eric 204 163, 164, 166, 167–170 Free Conference 37–39 ideas for reform 140–141 future prospects 223–228 Cunningham, Lord 208 Curzon, Lord 19, 30–31, 40, 41 Gaitskell, Hugh 105, 107–108, 111, cabinet committee, 1921 55 113, 121 Galbraith, T. G. 127–128 Daily Telegraph, expenses Gardiner, Lord 155, 164 scandal 213 general election, 1910 15–17 Dale, Iain 23 general election, 1945 56 Dalton, Hugh 57, 61, 62, 65 general election, December 1910 Dalyell, Tam 166, 168 23–24 decline of parliament thesis 137 20, 23, 24 Defty, Andrew 223 Glasgow, Lord 49, 97 ‘Democracy for the Individual and Gordon Walker, Patrick 125 the Community’ 174 Governance of Britain green paper democratisation 11 212 Index 239 government, increasing complexity two tier 142–143 of 95 House of Lords Act, 1999 8, 184, Greenwood, Anthony 139 226–227 House of Lords Bill Hague, William 177, 179–180, 200 in House of Commons Hailsham, Lord 48, 50–51, 102, 122, 180–182 124–125, 126, 132, 137, 174 in Second Chamber 182–184 Halsbury Club 27 Weatherill amendment 180, Halsbury, Lord 14, 26–27 182–183, 184 Hamilton, Willie 154, 158 House of Lords Procedure Committee Harcourt, Lord 19 report, 1999 183–184 Hattersley, Roy 174 Howarth, George 201 Healey, Denis 169 hereditary peerage 73 Industrial Relations Bill 164 ‘backwoodsmen’ 92 input legitimacy 220–221, election to Second Chamber 91, 222–223 93 inter-war initiatives 41–44 entitlement to sit in Second interim chamber 8 Chamber 92–93 intra-party disagreements 54 lack of expertise 6 involvement, measuring 111 objections to 87–88 Irish Home Rule 19, 21–22 partial abolition 1–2 Irish Nationalists 10 partial maintenance of ‘Irish Question’ 40 position 178–180 iron and steel industries, reduction in number 99 nationalisation 66 removal of rights to sit and vote in Iron and Steel [nationalisation] Lords 176–177 Bill 78–79 right of renunciation see right of Irvine, Derry 178, 192, 195, 202 renunciation selection of members of Lords 96, Jay, Baroness 180, 190 99–100 Jenkins, Roy 11, 164 hereditary peeresses 103–104 Jennings, W. Ivor 58 hereditary peers, election to joint committee, for dispute Commons 102 resolution 21 ‘Hereditary Plus Qualification Lords of Joint Committee on Parliament’ 73–75 Conventions 208–209, 225 Hinchingbrooke, Lord 106–108 votes on reform 211–212 Home, Lord 101, 104, 105, Joint Committee on House of Lords 124–125 Reform 197–203 Honeyman, Victoria 138, 166 failings 200 House of Commons, primacy of House of Commons debate 53–54 200–204 House of Commons’ Public House of Lords debate 202 Administration Committee 195 membership 198 House of Lords options for reform 200 Conservative dominance 52 report 198 Conservative majority 13 results of voting 205–206 as effective body 222–223 votes on reform 203–208 nature of ‘problem’ 3 whipping 206 240 Index

Jowitt, Lord 65, 83 Cross-Party Working Group 210 Judge, David 3 developments 208–215 differences of opinion 211 Kelso, Alexandra 188, 191, 193, 196, Joint Committee on 203, 205–206, 208, 211, 213, Conventions 208–209 see also 220–221 separate heading Kelvin, Patricia 25, 31, 32 Labour Party Kilmuir, Lord 96, 98, 104, 105, 109 1945–50 5 King’s Speech, 1910 17–18 abolition 57–59 Kinnock, Neil 173 ambiguity towards reform 63 knowledge, and legitimacy 223 changed view of Lords 174–175 conference, 1934 63 Labour and the New Social Order 63 devising policy on reform Labour government, 1924 56 139–144 Labour government, 1929–31 56 emergence 26 Labour government, 1945–50 218 focus of interest 56–57 avoiding internal conflict 85–86 formation 10 economic and social reform 64 internal debate 67–68 initial stance 64–71 lack of consistent reform policy proposed reduction of Lords’ 56 delaying power 66–67 manifesto, 1910 1, 17 reform options 68–69 manifesto, 1935 63 reluctance to reform 85, 86 manifesto, 1945 64 workload 65 manifesto, 1964 139 Labour government, 1964–70 7–8 manifesto, 1966 139 Labour government, 1966–70 139, manifesto, 1979 173 167–170 manifesto, 1983 173 Labour government, 1974–9 manifesto, 1997 175–176 171–172 manifesto, 2001 191 Labour government, 1997–2001 176 manifesto, 2005 208 House of Lords Bill 180–184 manifestos, 1950s 84 House of Lords Procedure National Executive Committee Committee 183–184 (NEC) inquiry, 1976 173 proposed Joint Committee 191 post-1987 policy review 173–175 reform following Royal purpose of Second Chamber 59 Commission 191–197 reflection on identity 135–136 Royal Commission on reform of the reform on policy agenda House of Lords 177, 184–191 see 1960s 136–139 also separate heading refusal to take part in talks 89 secret talks 178–179 revising Second Chamber 59–63 summary and evaluation 215–216 two stage approach 175–176 Labour government, 2001–2005 191 waning enthusiasm 159 Joint Committee on House of Lansdowne, Lord 14, 20, 22, 24, Lords Reform 197–203 see also 25–26, 34, 35 separate heading Laski, Harold 58, 61 votes on reform 203–208 legislation, prelude to 13–17 votes on reform, results 205–206 legitimacy 5, 6, 218–223, 225, 227 Labour government, 2005–2010 Liberal Democrats 200–201, 204, Labour governments, 1997–2010 8–9 215 Index 241

Liberal government, 1906–11 10–13, modernisation 140–141 17–19, 24, 218 money bills conflict with Lords 11–12 defining 49 election pledges and major powers of Second Chamber 39 issues 10–11 Morgan, Janet 83, 152, 155, 158, intra-party disagreements 55 168 radicalism 10, 11 Morrison, Herbert 74, 75, 76, 83, Liberal Party 113 curbing power of House of Lords 52–53 National (Coalition) Government, manifesto, January 1910 16 1931–35 50 manifesto, December 1910 23 nationalisation 64, 66, 78, 85 primacy of House of ‘New Liberalism’ 11, 26 Commons 53–54 Newton, Lord 13, 30–31 willingness to take part in talks 89 nominated peers 97–98 Life Peerages Act, 1958 6 summary and evaluation 112–115 output legitimacy 220–221, 222–223 Life Peerages Bill Oxford and Asquith, Earl of see deferment 103 Asquith, Lord Herbert issues raised 106–108 right of renunciation 104–105 parliament Life Peers 72–73, 90, 92, 98–99 criticism of 136–137 creation of 6–7, 100, 102–103 modernisation 140–141 criteria and method of Parliament Act, 1911 2–3, 4, appointment 108–110 218–219, 226 reluctance of Labour Bryce inquiry 33–39 nominees 113 lack of agreement over remuneration 110–112 amendment 41–42 women’s eligibility 76 proposed amendment, 1925 44–45 Lloyd George, David 12, 20, 21, 40 Parliament Act, 1949 4, 5, 84–85, 86, Long, Walter 33 135, 218–219, 226 Longford, Lord 10, 141, 145 Parliament Bill, 1910–11 17–19 Lord, Christopher 220 Conservative divisions 25–33 ‘Lords of Parliament’ 72 in House of Lords 24 Lords Spiritual 76, 148–149 Lansdowne’s amendment 32 Loreburn, Lord 19–20 re-introduction 22–25 Parliament Bill, 1947 70–71 MacDonald, Ramsay 50, 59, 61–62 resumed debate 82–84 Mackay Commission 191 Parliament Bill, 1949 83 Macleod, Iain 126, 127, 131, 146 Parliament (No. 2) Bill, 1968–69 7, Macmillan, Harold 101, 113, 8, 158–163, 180 120–121, 124, 131, 132 abandonment 163–166 Marxism, view of state 4–5 opposition to 160–163 McLean, Iain 205–206 Parliament (Reform) Bill, 1934 48–51 McTaggart, Fiona 193 Parliamentary Labour Party meeting, 1926, to press for (PLP) 154, 157–158 reform 45–46 meeting, November 1967 143–144 Milner, Lord 14 partisan interests 51–52 ministerial discussions, 1956 100 patronage 154 242 Index

Peel, Lord 42 avoiding 85, 86 Peerage Act, 1963 7, 126–132 avoiding extremism 93–94 summary and evaluation 132–134 complexities and oddities of peers 225–226 active participation 94–95 increasing urgency, 1950s 94–95 committee recommendations intra-party disagreements 54 125–126 lack of agreement 1, 19–20 expenses 101–102 partisan interests 51–52 financial situations of 94, 97 reticence 12–13 lack of authority 94 simplifying 100–103 meeting with Baldwin, 1926 two stage approach to 175–176 45–46 reform as issue, 1950–6 88–90 nominated 97–98 remuneration 72–73, 75, 98, 110–112, parliamentary inquiry into 121, 150–152, 159–160 rights 119–125 committee, 1968 150–152 proposed number 74 Representation of the People, voting and speaking rights 74–75, 1918 33, 40 142–143, 159–160 representativeness 221 ‘People’s Budget,’ 1909 13–15 Richard, Lord 177–178 Perth, Lord 129 right of renunciation 6–7, 75, 90, Petrie, Charles 22, 27 104–106 political context, of reform 3–4 avoiding issue 100 political upheaval, 1906–11 4 committee recommendations Ponsonby, Arthur 12 125–126 power of delay 66–67, 76–80, 83, emergence of issue 118–119 84–85, 86, 139 overview 116 powers of Second Chamber 49, 219 parliamentary inquiry 119–125 all-party conference, 1948 76 Peerage Act, 1963 126–132 and composition 29, 58, 138–139, summary and evaluation 132–134 141, 153 Rowland, Peter 21, 22 curbing 52–53 Royal Commission on reform of the intra-party disagreements 54–55 House of Lords 177, 184–191 primacy, of House of Commons membership 185 53–54 reactions to 189–191 principles and guidelines, 1922 report 187–190 41–42 Royal Prerogative 24 Privy Councillorship 73–74 Russell, Meg 224, 225, 226, 227 Public Administration Committee 195 171, 178 public opinion 77 Salisbury Doctrine 64 Salisbury, Lord (James Queen’s speech, 1967 145 Gascoyne-Cecil) 46, 47–48 Queen’s speech, 1997 176 Parliament (Reform) Bill, 1934 Queen’s speech, 1998 176–177 48–51 Salisbury, Lord (Robert Gascoyne- Redesdale, Lord 50 Cecil) 5–6, 64, 73–75, 76–77, 78, Redmayne, Martin 123–124 79, 80, 88, 96, 98, 99, 131 reform vision and pursuit of reform 90–94 alternative proposals 44–47, 49 Samuel, Lord 18, 75, 77, 80 Index 243

Second Chamber travel expenses 97 changes 1910–2010 217 two stage approach 175–176 revising 59–63 Tyler, Paul 204, 206–207 revision role 60–61 role of 59 unicameralism 23, 59, 201 speaking and voting rights 74–75 secret talks, 1998 178–179 veto 20–21, 25, 50, 58–59, 86, 87, Selbourne, Lord 34, 37–38 141, 153 Shackleton, Lord 151, 165 votes on reform 203–208, 211–212 Sheldon, Robert 160, 162 voting and speaking rights 74–75 Shell, Donald 106–108, 112, 113, voting peers 142–143, 159–160 178, 184 Silkin, John 142 Wakeham Commission 177, Silkin, Lord 128, 131 184–191, 221 Simon, Lord 90 Walters, Rhodri 219 simplifying reform 100–103 Weatherill amendment 180, Smith, E. A. 14 182–183, 184 Smith, Frederick Edwin 43 Weatherill, Lord 180 social welfare 13–14 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney 57, 59 Southern, David 25 Wedgewood Benn, Anthony (Tony Southern Rhodesia (United Nations Benn) 7, 118–119, 132 see also Sanctions) Order 152–153 Benn, Tony speaking and voting rights 74–75 Wedgewood Benn Renunciation speaking peers 142–143 Bill 118 Spender, J. A. 13 Welfare, Damien 177–178 Spiritual Peers 76, 148–149 64–65 St Aldwyn, Lord 145 Weston, Corinne Comstock 25, 31, St. Clair, Malcolm 119, 132 32 stage two reform 177–178, 180–185, Wheeler-Booth, Sir Michael 188 191, 192–194, 208, 212, 228 white paper, 1999 185–186 Standing Orders of the House of white paper, 2007 209–210 Lords 112 white paper, 2008, proposed Stanley, Richard 127 212–213 state, neutrality of 4–5 White Paper on House of Lords Strathclyde, Lord 180, 182–183, 190 Reform 153–158 Straw, Jack 210, 212, 224 Whittaker, Sir Thomas 35, 38 survey of MPs 194, 195 Willoughby de Broke, Lord 26, Swinton, Lord 79–80, 131 27–28, 42 Wilson, Harold 145, 153–154, 163, ‘tacking’ 21 164, 169 tactical voting, Parliament Bill, women 1910–11 29 admission to Lords 72, 93, 98, taxation 14, 21 103–104 Ten Minute Rule Bill 154 eligibility for Life Peerages 76 The House of Lords: Completing the hereditary peeresses 103–104 Reform 192–193 as Life Peers 100 The Second Chamber: Continuing the Woolton, Lord 88, 94 Reform 195 Wyndham, Lord 32 Thomas, Hugh 136 ‘Tony’s cronies’ 177, 184 Young, Sir George 190