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TRIALOG 93:Issue Layout Final.Qxd.Qxd TRIALOG Zeitschrift für93 das Planen und Bauen in der Dritten Welt 2 / 2007 Imposing European Urban Structures Editorial STÄDTISCHE STRUKTUREN können als Reflexion einer Sozialstruktur URBAN STRUCTURES can be regarded as three-dimensional gesehen werden, als eine räumliche Abbildung einer sozialen Konfigu- reflections of social configurations. This is based on the cultural self- ration. Diese entsteht, neben dem kulturellen Selbstverständnis einer conception of a group and its political, economic, climatic and Gruppe, aus politischen, wirtschaftlichen, klimatischen und land- geographic conditions. In a region where agriculture or horticulture play schaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen. Wenn zum Beispiel Ackerbau oder an important role, the structures of the settlement areas will be quite Gartenbau eine wichtige wirtschaftliche Rolle spielt, wird der different from those of a trading town, harbour town or the administrative Siedlungsraum ganz anders strukturiert als in einer Kaufmannsstadt, or religious centre of a region. Social structures have an influence on the einer Hafenstadt oder einem administrativen oder religiösen Zentrum townscape as well. When the society is organised in clans like in Arabic einer Region. Auch soziale Strukturen beeinflussen das Stadtbild. Die in Islamic towns for example, the urban structure will show relevant Klanen organisierten arabisch-islamischen Städte weisen andere characteristics that differ from European medieval towns which were Merkmale auf als beispielsweise die nach Ständen strukturierte arranged according to professional guilds. europäische Stadt. For several hundred years planning scenarios and urban ideas from Seit Jahrhunderten werden Planungsszenarien und Stadtvorstellungen Europe have been transferred to places in other continents. During the aus Europa auf andere Kontinente übertragen. In den letzten past decades this tendency has taken new shapes and gained new Jahrzehnten hat diese Tendenz neue Ausprägungen angenommen, peculiarities due to various conditions. The techniques available denn erstens sind durch die heute verfügbare Technik erheblich nowadays allow more substantial interventions in a much shorter time umfangreichere Eingriffe in viel kürzerer Zeit möglich, und zweitens than ever before and, furthermore, the planning models imported are handelt es sich mittlerweile häufig um bewusste und seitens des done so consciously and with the assent of the recipient country. But, in Empfängerlandes gewünschte Importe. Doch folgt man oben accordance to the facts pointed out in the previous paragraph, it is angeführter Argumentation, wird deutlich, dass diese Stadtvorstellungen logical that urban concepts developed in Europe fit European conditions aufgrund der in Europa beheimateten Rahmenbedingungen entstanden and do not necessarily respond to the economic, cultural and social sind und nicht zwangsläufig auf die kulturellen, sozialen sowie factors of the recipient country. wirtschaftlichen Faktoren des Importlandes eingehen. Kathrin Golda-Pongratz highlights Barcelona's role as a model for urban Im ersten Beitrag beleuchtet Kathrin Golda-Pongratz Barcelonas Rolle interventions, primarily in Latin America, on the basis of the Peruvian als Stadtmodell, das für urbane Interventionen in lateinamerikanischen capital Lima as an example. Städten seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts verwendet wird. Besonders in The plans Haussmann originally made for and implemented in Paris Lima, der Hauptstadt Perus, stieß das Barcelona Modell auf große were adapted and reused a century later in Caracas, Venezuela; they Resonanz und beeinflusst bis heute innerstädtische Umbaumaß- caused profound and detrimental changes in that Latin American City. nahmen. Haussmanns Revitalisierungspläne für Paris wurden über ein Maria Jaimes and Renate Bornberg describe how the city centre has Jahrhundert später in Caracas, Venezuela, erneut angewendet. Maria changed and continues to change into a place that satisfies less and Jaimes und Renate Bornberg thematisieren die Auswirkungen auf less the needs of the – mainly poor – local inhabitants. Caracas, die sich durch die Implementierung Haussmannscher Ideen In China, they not only import planning strategies, but they also copy binnen einiger Jahrzehnte zu einer Stadt ohne Aufenthaltsqualität complete European urban models and settlement designs. Malte entwickelt hat und sich den Bedürfnissen der lokalen – vor allem armen Selugga explains this Chinese attitude of "copy and paste" which is so – Bevölkerung völlig entzieht. strange in the eyes of the Europeans but is actually based on the old Mit dem massiven Import europäischer städtischer Leitbilder und ganzer Chinese tradition of having pupils learn from their masters through the Siedlungsplanungen wurden in China nicht etwa Planungsstrategien copying of artwork; according to this tradition, the perfection of und -strukturen übernommen, sondern morphologische und bauliche masterpieces supersedes individual creativity. Elemente einzelner europäischer Städte. Malte Selugga erläutert diese The special situation in post-conflict situations, where massive foreign für Europäer fremde Haltung zum Kopieren und Einfügen, die einer alten investments for reconstruction initiate a real building boom, often leads chinesischen Tradition entspricht, laut der erst durch das Kopieren to quick but massive changes in urban design paradigms. For example, hervorragender Meisterstücke Neues geschaffen werden kann. Der the town of Aarbil in Kurdistan, North of Iraq, is currently undergoing this europäische Einfluss auf Länder mit anderen sozialen, kulturellen, process. Renate Bornberg and Midya Arif Tayfor describe the effects of physischen und legalen Faktoren ist besonders deutlich in the modified and modernised constructed environment on the still very Nachkriegsländern zu spüren. Renate Bornberg und Midya Arif Tayfor traditionally society living there. zeigen am Beispiel der Stadt Aarbil, Kurdistan, Irak, die resultierenden Effekte eines Baubooms enormen Ausmaßes, der vor allem durch Abidin Kusno depicts how the specific colonial urban structures of private ausländische Investoren in der Stadt ausgelöst wird und auf eine Jakarta, Indonesia were used for disciplining the indigenous population Bevölkerung trifft, die nach wie vor in alten Traditionen verankert ist. and how this still continues nowadays, even under a completely different government. Florian Steinberg explains to what extent the recent and Abidin Kusno zeigt am Beispiel Jakartas, Indonesien, wie koloniale repeated floods in Jakarta are a result of the colonial town foundation Stadtstrukturen initiativ als Disziplinierungsmaßnahme für die ansässige because the Dutch implemented the technology of building settlements einheimische Bevölkerung verwendet wurden und dies bis heute, auch in the water like they were used to in the Netherlands; as a result, they unter anderer Regierung, werden. Dass die koloniale Gründung Jakartas left the Indonesians a city that is periodically threatened by flooding. The auch massive Umweltprobleme mit sich brachte, wird im Artikel von Spanish conquerors in Mexico attempted to dominate all aspects of the Florian Steinberg behandelt: die holländischen Kolonialherren indigenous population, including their urban culture which was symbiotic beherrschten zwar die Technik, Städte ins Wasser und damit an with the surrounding lakes and the environment in general. Jorge gefährdete Standorte zu bauen, hinterließen jedoch der postkolonialen Legorreta narrates a process that has lasted 5 centuries and has Stadt das große Problem immer wieder drohender Über- transformed a balanced landscape into a megacity constantly schwemmungen, die nicht nur in den letzten Jahren zu Katastrophen threatened with both inundations and a lack of drinking water. führten. In dem Bestreben, sich im Hochtal von Mexico nicht nur die Ureineinwohner, sondern auch die Natur Untertan zu machen, Jürgen Oestereich exemplifies the phenomenon of social groups that begannen die spanischen Eroberer, unter Aufbietung allen verfügbaren form a unique identity and, furthermore, express it in their urban Ingenieurwissens, eine riesige Seenlandschaft trockenzulegen. Jorge structures. Legorreta schildert, wie aus Städten mit ausgeglichenem Wasserhaus- halt ein Ballungsraum entstand, der gleichzeitig durch permanenten Wassermangel und die Gefahr wiederholter Überschwemmungen bedroht wird. Zum Schluss diskutiert Jürgen Oestereich das allgemeine Phänomen von sozialen Gruppen, die nicht nur eine einzigartige Identität erzeugen, sondern diese auch in Stadtstrukturen ausdrücken. Renate Bornberg and Antje Wemhöner 2 TRIALOG 93 2 / 2007 TRIALOG 93 A Journal for Planning and Building in the Third World Imposing European Urban Structures 2 / 2007 Volume Editors: Renate Bornberg and Antje Wemhöner Inhalt / Table of Contents 2 Editorial 4Retracing a Relation: Barcelona's Role as Urban Model for Ibero-American Metropolises –Lima as a Case Study Kathrin Golda-Pongratz 12 Haussmannisation at its Best: Lessons from the Plan Rotival in Caracas Maria Jaimes and Renate Bornberg 19 China und die Kunst des Kopierens Malte Selugga 26Living between Orient and Occident: A Case Study of Aarbil, Kurdistan, Iraq Renate Bornberg and Midya Arif Tayfor 32 The Cosmology, the Disciplinary and the Informality: Power and Space in Colonial Indonesia Abidin Kusno 37 Flooding in Jakarta Florian Steinberg 40 Von der Seenlandschaft zur Mega-City Jorge Legorreta 46 Self-Aware Urbanity in Old Europe and in Modern India and Africa Jürgen Oestereich
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