Miscanthus Contents: Miscanthus
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Miscanthus Contents: Miscanthus ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 1. Taxonomy......................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Reproduction biology ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Apomixis in general.................................................................................................................................. 8 2.2. Apomixis in Miscanthus ........................................................................................................................... 9 3. Biosafety considerations for Miscanthus.......................................................................................................... 9 3.1. General remarks........................................................................................................................................ 9 3.2. Biosafety evaluation of the field release of transgenic poplars according to the Dutch-Swiss-Irish method ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 4. References ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Fig. 1 Emily Heaton, researcher at the University of Illinois, presents a field of Miscanthus x giganteus, the ideal biofuel plant. Internet-source: www.cndwebzine.hcp.ma/cnd_sii/article.php3?id........................ 3 Fig. 2 Miscanthus x giganteus, Fig. 3 Miscanthus x giganteus, inflorescence and Rhizomes 3 Fig. 4 Taxonomy of the genus Miscanthus compared with selected genera, after Pilger 1954, from (Greef & Deuter, 1993), Tab. 1. ....................................................................................................................... 4 Fig. 5 A-C Phylogenetic hypothesis generated by analysis of rbcLatpB sequences. A Fifty percent majority rule of 79 equally parsimonious trees generated from analysis of 664 nucleotides and 55 insertion/deletion events scored as unordered binary characters (1,O); numbers on branches refer to number of times (in percentage) in the 79 trees in which the bifurcation was supported. B Semistrict consensus of 79 trees, as in A. C Example of 1 of the 79 equally parsimonious trees, represented as a phylogram in which branch lengths (shown above lines) are proportional to genetic distances calculated in PAUP. In these trees, the following terminal taxa represent more than one accession: Z. mays (2 genotypes sequenced); Saccharum robustum = S. barberi = S. edule = S. officinarum NG 5 1-13 1; S. officinarum Black Cheribon = S. sinense from (Al-Janabi et al., 1994) ............................ 5 Fig. 6 Distribution of Miscanthus and Saccharum sensu lato species in the Old World. The major areas of distribution are shown by rings, but exclude occasional records from elsewhere. Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) is not included because it has a widespread distribution due to cultivation. From (Hodkinson et al., 2002a) ............................................................................................................ 6 2 Fig. 7 Parsimony tree for Miscanthus, Saccharum and related genera for the combined data matrix of ITS and the trnL-F intron and spacer regions of plastid DNA. One of 32,039 equally most parsimonious trees. Length = 614, CI = 0.69, RI = 0.68. Values above branches are steps. Numbers below branches are bootstrap percentages above 50%. Groups found in all shortest trees are indicated by solid lines (groups not found in all shortest trees by a dotted line) from (Hodkinson et al., 2002a)..... 7 Fig. 8 Modelled yields of Miscanthus in Europe at the end of the growing season. (a) Potential non-water- limited yield and (b) rainfed yield (t ha_1). Positions of EMI field trials are indicated by + and other field trials by o .................................................................................................................................... 11 3 1. Taxonomy Fig. 1 Emily Heaton, researcher at the University of Illinois, presents a field of Miscanthus x giganteus, the ideal biofuel plant. Internet-source: www.cndwebzine.hcp.ma/cnd_sii/article.php3?id... Fig. 2 Miscanthus x giganteus, Fig. 3 Miscanthus x giganteus, inflorescence and Rhizomes 4 Synopsis after (Greef & Deuter, 1993), compared to selected genera: Fig. 4 Taxonomy of the genus Miscanthus compared with selected genera, after Pilger 1954, from (Greef & Deuter, 1993), Tab. 1. According to (Greef & Deuter, 1993) the genus Miscanthus is originated to Southeast Asia. It shows a geographical distribution from tropical, subtropical and warm temperate parts of Southeast Asia to the Pacific Islands. M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus in Japan (Mutoh et al., 1985) and M.floridulus in Taiwan and New Guinea (Chou & Ueng, 1992) are known to form the most common perennial grassland communities. They are dominants of major disclimax communities as these occur in semi-natural grassland types in Japan due to human impact, such as burning and/or mowing (Mutoh et al., 1985). The generic name Miscanthus was established in 1855 by (Andersson, 1856) . Its species have been considered by a number of taxonomists describing a few species such as Imperata, Erianthus, Saccharum and Eulalia. The genus Miscanthus is a member of the tribe Andropogoneae, together with Saccharum, sugar cane. Following the taxonomy of (Pilger, 1954), the genus Miscanthus is also included in the subtribe Saccharineae (fig. 4). The syntaxonomy of the genus is complicated due to polymorphism. (Adati & Shiotani, 1962) proposed an amphidiploid type of origin based on cytological and morphological studies. The authors pointed out that the high basic chromosome number of 19 suggests that Miscanthus has been derived probably from two ancestors, one with 10 chromosomes in Saccharininae and the other with 9 chromosomes in Eulaliininae. (Li et al., 1961) investigations confirmed this; they found that species of Miscanthus are easily crossed with Saccharum species (and other related genera of the tribe Andropogoneae, see also (Amalraj & Balasundaram, 2005)), showing a few of the chromosomes from Miscanthus to be partially homologous to those ofSaccharrlm. The genus Miscanthus is included in the "Saccharum complex" (Saccharum, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, and Narenga) due the close relationship to Saccharurn (Daniels & Roach, 1987). In another study about variation of nuclear ribosomal DNA including many Saccharum species, one Erianthus and one Miscanthus species (not specified) it was found that Erianthus and Miscanthus shared a unique restriction pattern, which was not similar 5 to Saccharum species (Al-Janabi et al., 1994; Glaszmann et al., 1997). Fig. 5 A-C Phylogenetic hypothesis generated by analysis of rbcLatpB sequences. A Fifty percent majority rule of 79 equally parsimonious trees generated from analysis of 664 nucleotides and 55 insertion/deletion events scored as unordered binary characters (1,O); numbers on branches refer to number of times (in percentage) in the 79 trees in which the bifurcation was supported. B Semistrict consensus of 79 trees, as in A. C Example of 1 of the 79 equally parsimonious trees, represented as a phylogram in which branch lengths (shown above lines) are proportional to genetic distances calculated in PAUP. In these trees, the following terminal taxa represent more than one accession: Z. mays (2 genotypes sequenced); Saccharum robustum = S. barberi = S. edule = S. officinarum NG 5 1-13 1; S. officinarum Black Cheribon = S. sinense from (Al-Janabi et al., 1994) In their study on the phylogenetics of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and its relatives (Al-Janabi et al., 1994) sequenced four loci on cytoplasmic genomes (two chloroplast and two mitochondrial) and analyzed mitochondrial RFLPs. Sequenced mitochondrial loci were nearly invariant within the Saccharum complex members, supporting conclusions drawn from the analysis of the chloroplast regarding the maternal lineages studied herein. In addition, one particular Miscanthus accession presumably of hybrid origin because of its high chromosome number, displayed the same mitochondrial type as Saccharum species, whereas Miscanthus sinensis showed a different type. This further substantiates the possibility of intergeneric hybridization in the wild, as now chloroplast and mitochondrial sequences of this accession have been shown to be the same as those of Sacharum, although we cannot exclude polymorphism within Miscanthus as an alternative explanation because of the limited number of accessions they studied. A synoptic map of Miscanthus in relation to Sacharum has been published by (Hodkinson et al., 2002a) 6 Fig. 6 Distribution of Miscanthus and Saccharum sensu lato species in the Old World. The major areas of distribution are shown by rings, but exclude occasional records from elsewhere. Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) is not included because it has a widespread distribution due to cultivation. From (Hodkinson et al., 2002a) Overall, even today the taxonomic status of Miscanthus is still in a state of flux, and little is known about the identity and interrelationships of its species. According to (Clayton & Renvoize,