DOCSLIB.ORG

Arctic Biodiversity Synthesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Arctic Biodiversity Synthesis ACSAO-SE04 Stockholm Doc 3.5b Mar 2013 ABA Synthesis Final draft ABA Synthesis – February 20th 2013 Chapter 1 Arctic Biodiversity Synthesis Authors Hans Meltofte, Tom Barry, Dominique Berteaux, Helga Bü ltmann, Jørgen S. Christiansen, Joseph A. Cook, Anders Dahlberg, Fred J.A. Daniëls, Dorothee Ehrich, Finnur Friðriksson, Barbara Ganter, Anthony J. Gaston, Lynn Gillespie, Lenore Grenoble, Eric P. Hoberg, Ian D. Hodkinson, Henry P. Huntington, Rolf A. Ims, Alf B. Josefson, Susan J. Kutz, Sergius L. Kuzmin, Kristin L. Laidre, Dennis R. Lassuy, Patrick N. Lewis, Connie Lovejoy, Christine Michel, Vadim Mokievsky, Tero Mustonen, David C. Payer, Michel Poulin, Donald Reid, James D. Reist, David F. Tessler and Frederick J. Wrona ”Nowadays all of the tundra is on the move now. Many forest animals are coming to tundra now. Moose is moving towards the tundra proper nowadays” (Alexey Nikolayevich Kemlil, a Chukchi reindeer herder from Turvaurgin in northeastern Sakha-Yakutia, Siberia; T. Mustonen in litt.). “I too, have noticed changes to the climate in our area. It has progressed with frightening speed especially the last few years. In Iqaluktutiaq, the landscape has changed. The land is now a stranger, it seems, based on our accumulated knowledge. The seasons have shifted, the ice is thinner and weaker, and the streams, creeks and rivers have changed their characteristics” (Analok, Cambridge Bay, Victoria Island, Nunavut; Elders Conference on Climate Change 2001). Photo caption Climate change is already causing earlier snow melt, which initially may benefit many Arctic organisms. But in the longer term it will make it possible for more competitive southern species to ‘take over’ what are currently Arctic habitats. Photo: Erik Thomsen. 1 ABA Synthesis – February 20th 2013 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Summary .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Characteristics of Arctic biodiversity ........................................................................................... 8 1.2.1. Terrestrial ecosystems ........................................................................................................ 9 1.2.2. Freshwater ecosystems ..................................................................................................... 10 1.2.3. Marine ecosystems ............................................................................................................ 11 1.2.4. Arctic species and foodwebs ............................................................................................ 11 1.3. Human use of wildlife through time ........................................................................................... 13 1.4. Status and trends in Arctic biodiversity ...................................................................................... 17 1.5. Stressors and their alleviation ..................................................................................................... 27 1.5.1. Stressors originating from within the Arctic ............................................................................ 29 1.5.1.1. Direct human impacts on habitats.................................................................................. 29 1.5.1.2. Harvest of mammals, birds and fish .............................................................................. 32 1.5.1.3. Displacement of animals from important habitats ......................................................... 35 1.5.1.4. Pollutants originating in the Arctic ................................................................................ 37 1.5.2. Stressors originating from outside the Arctic .......................................................................... 39 1.5.2.1. Climate change .............................................................................................................. 39 1.5.2.2. Pollutants originating outside the Arctic ....................................................................... 45 1.5.2.3. Invasive species ............................................................................................................. 46 1.5.2.4. Stressors on migratory species....................................................................................... 48 1.6. Knowledge gaps .......................................................................................................................... 50 1.7. Suggested conservation and research priorities .......................................................................... 53 References .......................................................................................................................................... 54 2 ABA Synthesis – February 20th 2013 Preface The eyes of the world are turning northward. In recent years, interest in the Arctic has increased dramatically within and outside of Arctic countries. This is reflected in the amount of attention given to Arctic biodiversity. While the landscapes and wildlife have been the subject of explorers, scientists, artists and photographers as well as the home of a variety of peoples for a long time, until recently Arctic biodiversity did not feature very prominently in national or international policy work. This, however, is changing, as the unique values of Arctic nature are increasingly discussed at high levels. At the same time, more and more attention has been paid to the interface between science and policy to ensure that policy is built on the best science available. We are therefore very happy and proud to present the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA), which has been seven years in the making. It is the result of the contributions of more than 220 scientists together with many holders of traditional knowledge. The chapters in the main document, which you are holding now, have been peer-reviewed by over 100 scientists from all over the Arctic and the rest of the world. We are very grateful for the efforts they have made to ensure the quality of this assessment. We would especially like to thank chief scientist Hans Meltofte and the lead authors of the chapters. In order to communicate the findings presented in this scientific work and to inform policy makers, the board of the Arctic Council’s working group on the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) has prepared a summary of the key findings and developed policy recommendations. The key findings and recommendations have been provided in a separate document, which we trust will be useful for all those who make decisions that may affect Arctic biodiversity. The Arctic is home to a vast array of biodiversity, including many globally significant populations. Included among these are almost one third of the world´s shorebird species, XX% of the global goose populations, several million reindeer and caribou, and many unique mammals, such as the polar bear. During the short summer breeding season, about 200 species of birds arrive from as far away as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and South America connecting the Arctic with the rest of the world. We therefore hope that the ABA will be consulted frequently within as well as outside of the Arctic. Biodiversity is life. It is the very foundation of our existence on Earth. In the Arctic, links between biodiversity and traditional ways of life are often seen more clearly than in many other parts of the world. These are examples of ecosystem services, the benefits that we receive from nature. Many ecosystems and ecosystem functions in the Arctic remain largely unstudied and involve little-known organisms, especially microbes. The ABA presents current knowledge also on these processes and organisms and thus provides a base for further work. But biodiversity is more than a means for humankind to survive. The unique nature of the Arctic is not just an asset for us to use. It is also a source of wonder, enjoyment and inspiration to people living in the Arctic and across the globe. It has intrinsic values that cannot be measured. We sincerely hope that the ABA will not only create the baseline reference for scientific understanding of Arctic biodiversity, but that it also may inspire people to take effective actions on the conservation of Arctic flora and fauna. We hope it gives people reasons to love Arctic nature as much as we do. Evgeny Syroechkovskiy, Chair of CAFF 2011-2013 Mark Marissink, Chair of the ABA Steering Committee 2011-2013 Yakutsk, 17th February 2013 3 ABA Synthesis – February 20th 2013 Summary Arctic biodiversity – the multitude of species and ecosystems in the land north of the tree line together with the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas – is an irreplaceable cultural, aesthetic, scientific, ecological, economic and spiritual asset. For Arctic peoples, biodiversity has been the very basis for their ways of life through millennia, and is still a vital part of their material and spiritual existence. Arctic fisheries and tourism are also of particularly high value for the rest of the world, and so are the millions of Arctic birds and mammals migrating to virtually all parts of the globe during winter. The Arctic is home to more than 21,000 species of often highly cold-adapted
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Arctic Char (Salvelinus Alpinus) “Complex” in North America Revisited
    The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) “complex” in North America revisited Eric B. Taylor Hydrobiologia The International Journal of Aquatic Sciences ISSN 0018-8158 Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-015-2613-6 1 23 Author's personal copy Hydrobiologia DOI 10.1007/s10750-015-2613-6 CHARR II Review Paper The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) ‘‘complex’’ in North America revisited Eric B. Taylor Received: 1 July 2015 / Revised: 16 November 2015 / Accepted: 5 December 2015 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 Abstract The Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) law. This research has significantly revised what species ‘‘complex’’ has fascinated biologists for constitutes the S. alpinus species ‘‘complex’’, provided decades particularly with respect to how many species insights into the ecology and genetics of co-existence, there are and their geographic distributions. I review and promoted conservation assessment that better recent research on the species complex, focussing on represents biodiversity within Salvelinus. A geograph- biodiversity within northwestern North America, ically and genetically comprehensive analysis of which indicates (i) what was once considered a single relationships among putative taxa of Pan-Pacific taxon consists of three taxa: S. alpinus (Arctic char), S. Salvelinus is still required to better quantify the malma (Dolly Varden), and S. confluentus (bull trout), number of taxa and their origins. (ii) morphological and genetic data indicate that S. alpinus and S. malma, and S. malma and S. confluentus Keywords Dolly Varden Á Arctic char Á Bull trout Á exist as distinct biological species in sympatry, (iii) Geographic distribution Á Taxonomy Á Conservation sympatric forms of S. alpinus exist in Alaska as in other areas of the Holarctic, (iv) Dolly Varden comprises two well-differentiated subspecies, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Qrno. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 CP 2903 77 100 0 Cfcl3
    QRNo. General description of Type of Tariff line code(s) affected, based on Detailed Product Description WTO Justification (e.g. National legal basis and entry into Administration, modification of previously the restriction restriction HS(2012) Article XX(g) of the GATT, etc.) force (i.e. Law, regulation or notified measures, and other comments (Symbol in and Grounds for Restriction, administrative decision) Annex 2 of e.g., Other International the Decision) Commitments (e.g. Montreal Protocol, CITES, etc) 12 3 4 5 6 7 1 Prohibition to CP 2903 77 100 0 CFCl3 (CFC-11) Trichlorofluoromethane Article XX(h) GATT Board of Eurasian Economic Import/export of these ozone destroying import/export ozone CP-X Commission substances from/to the customs territory of the destroying substances 2903 77 200 0 CF2Cl2 (CFC-12) Dichlorodifluoromethane Article 46 of the EAEU Treaty DECISION on August 16, 2012 N Eurasian Economic Union is permitted only in (excluding goods in dated 29 may 2014 and paragraphs 134 the following cases: transit) (all EAEU 2903 77 300 0 C2F3Cl3 (CFC-113) 1,1,2- 4 and 37 of the Protocol on non- On legal acts in the field of non- _to be used solely as a raw material for the countries) Trichlorotrifluoroethane tariff regulation measures against tariff regulation (as last amended at 2 production of other chemicals; third countries Annex No. 7 to the June 2016) EAEU of 29 May 2014 Annex 1 to the Decision N 134 dated 16 August 2012 Unit list of goods subject to prohibitions or restrictions on import or export by countries- members of the
    [Show full text]
  • Holarctic Phylogeography of Arctic Charr (Salvelinus Alpinus L.) Inferred from Mitochondrial Dna Sequences
    Evolution, 55(3), 2001, pp. 573±586 HOLARCTIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF ARCTIC CHARR (SALVELINUS ALPINUS L.) INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCES PATRICK C. BRUNNER,1,2,5 MARLIS R. DOUGLAS,1 ALEXANDER OSINOV,3 CHRIS C. WILSON,4 AND LOUIS BERNATCHEZ2 1Zoologisches Museum, UniversitaÈt ZuÈrich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 ZuÈrich, Switzerland 2DeÂpartement de biologie, GIROQ, Universite Laval, Saint-Foy QueÂbec G1K 7P4, Canada 3Department of Ichthyology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119899, Russia 4Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Aquatic Ecosystems Science Section, Trent University, Peterborough Ontario, K9J 8N8, Canada Abstract. This study evaluated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variation in a 552-bp fragment of the control region of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) by analyzing 159 individuals from 83 populations throughout the entire range of the complex. A total of 89 (16.1%) nucleotide positions were polymorphic, and these de®ned 63 haplotypes. Phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of the complex and assigned the observed haplotypes to ®ve geographic regions that may be associated with different glacial refugia. Most notably, a formerly de®ned major evolutionary lineage (S. a. erythrinus) ranging from North America across the Arctic archipelago to the Eurasian continent has now been partitioned into the Arctic group and the newly identi®ed Siberian group. The Beringian group, formed entirely by specimens assigned to S. malma (Dolly Varden), encompassed the area formerly assigned to S. a. taranetzi. The latter, due to a unique haplotype, became the basal member of the Arctic group. Overall, the S. alpinus complex re¯ects divergent evolutionary groups coupled with shallow intergroup differentiation, also indicated by an analysis of molecular variance that attributed 73.7% (P , 0.001) of the total genetic variance among groups.
    [Show full text]
  • The Charr Problem Revisited: Exceptional Phenotypic Plasticity Promotes Ecological Speciation in Postglacial Lakes
    49 Article The charr problem revisited: exceptional phenotypic plasticity promotes ecological speciation in postglacial lakes Anders Klemetsen University of Tromsø, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. Email: [email protected] Received 27 October 2009; accepted 26 January 2010; published 24 May 2010 Abstract The salmonid arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) is one of the most widespread fishes in the world and is found farther north than any other freshwater or diadromous fish, but also in cool water farther south. It shows a strong phenotypic, ecological, and life history diversity throughout its circumpolar range. One particular side of this diversity is the frequent occurrence of two or more distinct charr morphs in the same lake. This polymorphism has been termed ‘the charr problem’. Similar cases are found in other postglacial fishes, but not with the extent and diversity as with the arctic charr. This review first treats the classical case, pioneered in an advanced way by Winifred Frost, of autumn and winter spawning charr in Windermere, England, and three other cases that have received much research interest in recent years: Thingvallavatn, Iceland; Loch Rannoch, Scotland; and Fjellfrøsvatn, Norway. Then a special kind of sympatry with one morph living permanently in the profundal zone, known from a few lakes in Europe, Russia and Canada and unique for arctic charr among postglacial fishes, is reviewed. Among them is a recently discovered charr at 450 m depth in Tinnsjøen, Norway, one of the few very deep lakes in the world. With examples, the concluding discussion focuses on the variation of arctic charr polymorphisms which extends from early stages of ecological segregation to cases of reproductive isolation and speciation; and on models to explain the charr problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Charrs of the Genus Salvelinus (Salmonidae): Hybridization, Phylogeny and Evolution
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/817775; this version posted October 30, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Charrs of the genus Salvelinus (Salmonidae): hybridization, phylogeny and evolution ALEXANDER G. OSINOV1, ALEXANDER A.VOLKOV2, NIKOLAI S. MUGUE2, 1Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991 Russia 2Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO), Moscow, 107140 Russia Running heads: PHYLOGENY AND HYBRIDIZATION IN SALVELINUS Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/817775; this version posted October 30, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 2 ABSTRACT Evolutionary history, systematics and taxonomy of charrs of the genus Salvelinus and especially of the representatives of the S. alpinus – S. malma species complex remain confused that is connected with a substantial ecological and morphological flexibility of this group and with supposed ancient hybridization between some taxa. For the analysis of phylogenetic relationships and introgressive hybridization between the species of the genus Salvelinus including three endemic species from Lake El’gygytgyn and all main representatives of the S. alpinus – S. malma species complex, nucleotide sequences of mtDNA control region (960 bp) and two nuclear genes (ITS1 (581 bp) and RAG1 (899 bp)) were analyzed. The differences in the topologies of individual gene trees, among others reasons, were connected with incomplete lineage sorting and historical introgressive hybridization between certain taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetlands in Russia
    WETLANDS IN RUSSIA Volume 4 Wetlands in Northeastern Russia Compiled by A.V.Andreev Moscow 2004 © Wetlands International, 2004 All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review (as permitted under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988) no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. The production of this publication has been generously supported by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Netherlands Citation: Andreev, A.V. 2004. Wetlands in Russia, Volume 4: Wetlands in Northeastern Russia. Wetlands International–Russia Programme.198 pp. ISBN 90-5882-024-6 Editorial Board: V.O.Avdanin, V.G.Vinogradov, V.Yu. Iliashenko, I.E.Kamennova, V.G.Krivenko, V.A.Orlov, V.S.Ostapenko, V.E.Flint Translation: Yu.V.Morozov Editing of English text: D. Engelbrecht Layout: M.A.Kiryushkin Cover photograph: A.V.Andreev Designed and produced by KMK Scientific Press Available from: Wetlands International-Russia Programme Nikoloyamskaya Ulitsa, 19, stroeniye 3 Moscow 109240, Russia Fax: + 7 095 7270938; E-mail: [email protected] The presentation of material in this publication and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Wetlands International, concerning the legal status of any territory or area,
    [Show full text]
  • Research Article Comparative Study of Genome Divergence in Salmonids with Various Rates of Genetic Isolation
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Genomics Volume 2013, Article ID 629543, 16 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/629543 Research Article Comparative Study of Genome Divergence in Salmonids with Various Rates of Genetic Isolation Elena A. Shubina,1,2 Mikhail A. Nikitin,1 Ekaterina V. Ponomareva,1 Denis V. Goryunov,1 andOlegF.Gritsenko3 1 Belozersky Institute for Physico-Chemical Biology of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, 1, Moscow 119991, Russia 2 Biological Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow 119991, Russia 3 Russian Federative Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanology, 17A V. Krasnoselskaya Street, Moscow 107140, Russia Correspondence should be addressed to Elena A. Shubina; [email protected] Received 15 October 2012; Revised 22 March 2013; Accepted 15 May 2013 Academic Editor: Dmitry Sherbakov Copyright © 2013 Elena A. Shubina et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The aim of the study is a comparative investigation of changes that certain genome parts undergo during speciation. The research was focused on divergence of coding and noncoding sequences in different groups of salmonid fishes of the SalmonidaeSalmo, ( Parasalmo, Oncorhynchus,andSalvelinus genera) and the Coregonidae families under different levels of reproductive isolation. Two basic approaches were used: (1) PCR-RAPD with a 20–22 nt primer design with subsequent cloning and sequencing of the products and (2) a modified endonuclease restriction analysis. The restriction fragments were shown with sequencing to represent satellite DNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishes of the World
    Fishes of the World Fishes of the World Fifth Edition Joseph S. Nelson Terry C. Grande Mark V. H. Wilson Cover image: Mark V. H. Wilson Cover design: Wiley This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with the respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be createdor extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Analysis of Rainbow Trout
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2006 Genetic analysis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Strain identification via microsatellites and analysis of expressed sequence tags in intestine, liver, kidney, and ovary Amanda B. Stewart West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Stewart, Amanda B., "Genetic analysis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Strain identification via microsatellites and analysis of expressed sequence tags in intestine, liver, kidney, and ovary" (2006). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4272. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4272 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Genetic Analysis of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Strain Identification via Microsatellites and Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags in Intestine, Liver, Kidney, and Ovary Amanda B. Stewart Dissertation submitted to the College of Agriculture, Forestry and Consumer Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Agricultural Sciences Robert A.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny of Salmonids (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) and Its Molecular Dating: Analysis of Mtdna Data S
    ISSN 1022!7954, Russian Journal of Genetics, 2013, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 623–637. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2013. Original Russian Text © S.V. Shedko, I.L. Miroshnichenko, G.A. Nemkova, 2013, published in Genetika, 2013, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 718–734. ANIMAL GENETICS Phylogeny of Salmonids (Salmoniformes: Salmonidae) and its Molecular Dating: Analysis of mtDNA Data S. V. Shedko, I. L. Miroshnichenko, and G. A. Nemkova Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia e!mail: [email protected] Received August 7, 2012; in final form November 6, 2012 Abstract—Phylogenetic relationships among 41 species of salmonid fish and some aspects of their diversifi! cation!time history were studied using the GenBank and original mtDNA data. The position of the root of the Salmonidae phylogenetic tree was uncertain. Among the possible variants, the most reasonable seems to be that in which thymallins are grouped into the same clade as coregonins and the lineage of salmonins occu! pied a basal position relative to this clade. The genera of Salmoninae formed two distinct clades, i.e., (Brach! ymystax, Hucho) and (Salmo, Parahucho, (Salvelinus, (Parasalmo, Oncorhynchus)). Furthermore, the gen! era Parasalmo and Oncorhynchus were reciprocally monophyletic. The congruence of Salmonidae phyloge! netic trees obtained using different types of phylogenetic markers is discussed. According to Bayesian dating, ancestral lineages of salmonids and their sister esocoids diverged about 106 million years ago. Sometime after, probably 100–70 million years ago, the salmonid!specific whole genome duplication took place. The diver! gence of salmonid lineages on the genus level occurred much later, within the time interval of 42–20 million years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Species Status of the Angayukaksurak Charr
    A REVIEW OF THE SPECIES STATUS OF THE ANGAYUKAKSURAK CHARR (SALVELINUS ANAKTUVUKENSIS) OF NORTHERN ALASKA: PERSPECTIVES FROM MOLECULAR AND MORPHOLOGICAL DATA A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the University of Alaska Fairbanks in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Scott David Ayers, B.S. Fairbanks, Alaska May 2010 iii Abstract The Arctic, known for its dynamic past, is a significant place to examine drivers of and spatial variation in diversity of life history strategies in fishes. Diversity in heritable life history traits can lead to speciation, as may be the case for the putative Angayukaksurak charr (Salvelinus anaktuvukensis). The goal of this study was to determine the species status of this fish, the only described freshwater species endemic to Alaska. I examined and compared the morphology and genetics of Angayukaksurak charr and its most closely related species, the Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma). Meristic characters divided the specimens into three forms by major river drainage. Morphological analysis divided the specimens into two forms along nominal species lines based on differences that could also be attributed to differences between life history forms. Sequences from a 550 bp section of mitochondrial d-loop failed to segregate the putative Angayukaksurak charr into a separate lineage, rather placing specimens into two previously resolved lineages of holarctic Arctic charr. In addition, analysis of microsatellite loci showed no clear differentiation between species. Based on these results, I concluded that the Angayukaksurak charr is not a separate species, but rather a resident life history form of the Dolly Varden. iv Table of Contents Page Signature Page ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Narrowing of the Phenotypic Diversity Range After Large
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review A Narrowing of the Phenotypic Diversity Range after Large Rearrangements of the Karyotype in Salmonidae: The Relationship between Saltational Genome Rearrangements and Gradual Adaptive Evolution Alexander A. Makhrov 1,2 ID 1 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia; [email protected] 2 Institute of Biophysics of Siberian Branch of Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, 50/50, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia Received: 24 August 2017; Accepted: 24 October 2017; Published: 27 October 2017 Abstract: The problem of how a gradual development of ecological and morphological adaptations combines with large genome rearrangements, which have been found to occur in the phylogeny of many groups of organisms, is a matter of discussion in the literature. The objective of this work was to study the problem with the example of salmonids, whose evolution included at least six events of multiple chromosome fusions. Large karyotype rearrangements are associated with a decrease in ecological and morphological diversity in salmonids. In the above example, genome rearrangements seem to distort the function of the genetic systems that are responsible for the occurrence of certain ecological forms in salmonids. Keywords: evolution; karyotype; genome; morphology; ecology 1. Introduction During recent years, studies of evolutionary developmental morphology (MorphoEvoDevo), genetics and ecology have converged in the holistic approach [1–3]. However, there are still some unresolved problems in the field of research. Particularly, large genome rearrangements unrelated to distant hybridization have been found to occur in many groups of organisms during their phylogeny.
    [Show full text]