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Political System and Soviet Repressions NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 10, Oct. -2020 POLITICAL SYSTEM AND SOVIET REPRESSIONS MADONA KEBADZE, Associated professor, Georgia, Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University [email protected] , 599-679-556 ABSTRACT: conductor of repressions in Georgia, who "Death solves all problems. He is not a first was the leader of Transcaucasia man, he is no longer a problem "(Joseph Federative Republic, later, the leader of Stalin). Only a quote from this one Soviet Georgian Communist Organization and was leader can show us how repressive, unjust determining every aspect by himself. and tyrannical the system called the Soviet The 1930sï repressions had toughed Union was. It was a regime that, according to all social classes and status, especially unofficial statistics (unfortunately, there are intellectuals had suffered. The victims of no accurate statistics, due to concealment such kind of injustice became eminent and destruction of facts), killed three and a people: Mikheil Javakhishvili, Evgeni half million people, of which nearly one and Mikeladze, Vakhtang Kotetishvili, Paolo a half million people were shot and two Iashvili, Titsian Tabidze and others. Most of million people died in exile. them were imprisoned or banished for The political repressions have started several years. Political repressions had in Russia since 1917 and in Georgia since touched Georgian Bolsheviks as well. 1921. After that the repressions have been Mikheil Kakhiani, Mamia Orakhelashvili, activated and they became even stronger in Levan Gogoberidze, Budu Mdivani, Mikheil the mid of 30s. These repressions have only Okudjava, Samson Mamulia and others were one reason to retain the power in Soviet put to death. Union. The strength and cruelty of Soviet Russia had started ruining repressions were defined by several '•≤ß©°ï≥ •£©£ © ≤§•≤ avert reasons: 1.The majority of people, who democracy controlled aspects in the really believed in ideology and socialism country, suppress anti-Russian and anti- were disappointed as instead of social, ≥Ø£©°¨ ≤Ø°ß°§°≥ï •¨••≥á and another violence system have been formed annihilate the Georgians desire to that was violating the rights of humans and reconstruct independence and had converting them to blind executives of implemented social ideology. Russia had political system. 2. /≥©©≥ ¶ 3°¨©ï≥ used Georgian Bolsheviks against their ideology were elicited in Communist party. country to complete fulfilling their plans. 3. Old intellectuals, who have never Social ideology had used all the way and conciliated with Social system. Based on political repression had been conducted above mentioned reasons the strong even against the people who had fought for opposition idea have been formed that £≤πï≥ ©§••§•£•á ®≥• ∑® ®°§ ¨•¶ became a threat to Communist party. their homes and fought against Bolsheviks Ioseb Stalin and his followers had from the forests, those who were ready to decided to start political repressions in ≤•£©¶ ®•≥•¨•≥ ®• £≤πï≥ order to retain the authority of political prosperity. 4®• '•≤ß©° •¨•ï≥ struggle system. Lavrenti Beria was the main for independence had become pattern of 485 | P a g e NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 10, Oct. -2020 selflessness, morality and physical survival. religious, and national aspiration. The Bolsheviks had annihilated not only those characteristics of total regime were: people who fought against them but their 1. Clearly defined ideology that covered all life family members: women, elders and aspects. The whole society was obeying to children as well. Russian and Georgian this ideology; bolshevism had become one unit and its 2. One political party is the controller that is main goal was to depress the society, abolish ≤¨•§ ¥®• ¨•°§•≤ä 4®• ¨•°§•≤ï≥ £µ¨¥ ©≥ free ideas and close down dignity of people. ≥≤≤Ƨ•§ ¥®• ≥≤¥•≤≥ä 4®• °≤ï≥ National aspiration and morality was aim is subordination of people, especially trampled down under the dictate ideology. the youths. Other parties are banned and Churches, as standbys of national legislation is under executive authorities; movement, had been ruined. Government 3. Every individual person officially must obey was trying to split population from the ¥®• £Ø≤ï≥ ©Æ¥•≤•≥¥≥ä 0≤•≥≥≤• ©≥ church as it was the main support for ≤••°¨•§ °≤ï≥ ≤ ≥•£≤•¥ ¨©£•ï≥ national movement. 4®°ï≥ ∑® ¥®• ¥≤©•§ ¥ physical or psychological terror. Official inculcate odium against the churches and ideology is trying to abolish all cultural clergymen, and they wanted to increase differences and uses education, literature, skepticism and disbelief in population. They art, and music as the main tool for the used to abolish temples and acted severely ideology. against the church services. In this way Georgians spiritual shelter was destroyed. CONTEXT: Cultural heritage and unique Georgian The Georgian people have felt the cruelty fresco were destroyed by members of the of soviet terror from the beginning of Soviet Young Communist League. Cattle and tools regime. After the occupation soviet authorities were kept in the churches. The cultural had decided to leave the E¨••® ≤•§ °≤ï≥ heritage that was saved and rescued from divisions in the occupied territories. Soviet conquerors had been purposefully ruined by Russia had made such kind of announcement Georgian and Russian Bolsheviks. The that: ò2µ≥≥©°ï≥ Red Army is an advanced guard 1920s was the period when the social regime of international revolutionary proletariats was obtained. National, moral and religious against the international imperialism, and its value was irrelevant for Social regime. existence in Georgian territory is a friendly Atheism became the main ruler of the supportó [5, 379]. Soviet Russia was justifying country. ¥®• 2•§ !≤ï≥ •©Æ ©Æ '•≤©° ©Æ this way. In KEYWORDS: Mikheil Javaxishvili, Lavrenti ≤•°¨©¥áó 2µ≥≥©°Æ °≤ °£¥µ°¨¨ •£°• ¥®• Beria, total regime, personality cults. single executive of the country from the very beginning. The soldiers of the army were INTRODUCTION: immoral, unstable, famished and undressed. All After February, 1921, a new keen these aspects together served to increase crime political and severe era in Georgia which is and offence in the country. [7,9]. Georgia was known as Social Repressions had started. Social occupied by the army. Some eye-witnesses have regime was based on total regime that was described several violent acts committed by the destroying everything connected to the ethnic, Red Army. They were mainly replaced in Georgian without any permission so as all the 486 | P a g e NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 10, Oct. -2020 expenses should have been covered by were opened and the decedents were thrown peasants. Nobody could resist as Social into the hole which was prepared beforehand. authorities savaged every dissentient and ò4®• ®¨• °≥ ¥ ©ß •® ¶Ø≤ ¥®• ®¨• conducted the repressions. Just one example is decedents and the occupants had to cover it enough to prove how cruel was the Soviet with lots of ground in order to hide all the dead dictation and it≥ ©§•¨ä ò2µ≥≥©°Æ≥ ®°• bodies. That place was poured with lime in case invaded Khevsureti villages and started to to prevent epidemic and the guards were put savage locals. Captivated injured people have there so as the relatives could not steal the dead been killed or beheaded immediately. They had bodies of their closed people.[10, 3]. burnt down, robbed and profaned icons and Nobody knows for sure how many £®≤£®•≥ä ò)•≤Æ°¥©Æ°¨ó §©∂©≥©ØÆ≥ ¶≤ people were killed by Soviet authorities during Fkhitu were especially defined for their cruelty. the repressions in 1921-1924. Sergo They had robbed and burned down villages such Orjonikidze announced in the Communist as: Buchukuri, Ukanakho, Ubani, Akusho, 0°≤ï≥ plenary session in October, 1924 that: Kimkhi, and Saaragvos villages as •¨¨äó [9, 67]. ò7• ®°• £ØƧ£¥•§ fusillade. Maybe it was Soviet authority had savaged the wrong but nothing could be done now... rebellions of August, 1924 insurrection and the Orjonikidze named the wrong number (980) of uprising failed. This uprising was followed by a dead people. He as well made a slip in speaking lot of blood and victims but that was the visible that òhe was sorryó °≥ ¶µ≥©¨¨°§•≥ ®°§ ••Æ protest of Georgian people against the conducted in Georgia. The nobilities of owners, occupants. After the rebellions failure in 1924, scholars, clergymen, and peasants were Communist regime became even severe and the annihilate§äó [8,2]. national movement had been extinguished for a The "Great Terror" of 1937-1938 is a long time. The authorities had started to particularly painful topic in the history of our persecute the leadersï family members. Qaqutsa country in the twentieth century. In Georgia, the #®¨°≥®©¨©ï≥ ¶°©¨ °≥ •≥•£©°¨¨ sustained state repressions of the 1930s affected tens of as his wife and two infant children had been thousands of people and probably left no family banished for several years. His father-in-law where this tragic event did not leave its mark. and some other relatives had been sentenced to Convicts were sentenced to death by firing be shot. ò'•≤©°Æ ¨•≥á ® •≤• ¥®• squad in several cities: Tbilisi, Kutaisi, Batumi intellectual elite of the country, became the and Sokhumi. main threat for Bolshevik regime in Georgiaäó The new wave of terror has started in the [6,169]. The participants,
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