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Crosstalk Reduction in Voxels for a See-Through Holographic Waveguide by Using Integral Imaging with Compensated Elemental Images

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Crosstalk Reduction in Voxels for a See-Through Holographic Waveguide by Using Integral Imaging with Compensated Elemental Images hv photonics Article Crosstalk Reduction in Voxels for a See-Through Holographic Waveguide by Using Integral Imaging with Compensated Elemental Images Jiwoon Yeom *, Yeseul Son and Kwangsoon Choi Korea Electronics Technology Institute, World Cup buk-ro 54-gil, Mapo-gu, Seoul 03924, Korea; [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (K.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The representation of three-dimensional volumetric pixels, voxels, is an important issue for the near-to-eye displays (NEDs) to solve the vergence-accommodation conflict problem. Although the holographic waveguides using holographic optical element (HOE) couplers are promising technologies for NEDs with the ultra-thin structure and high transparency, most of them have presented only a single and fixed depth plane. In this paper, we analyze the imaging characteristics of holographic waveguides, particularly to represent the arbitrary voxels and investigate the voxel duplication problem arising from the non-collimated light from the voxels. In order to prevent the image crosstalk arising from the voxel duplication, we propose an adjustment method for the emission angle profile of voxels by using the integral imaging technique. In the proposed method, the sub-regions of elemental images, which correspond to the duplicated voxels, are masked in order to optimize the emission angle of integrated voxels. In the experimental verification, a see- through integral imaging system, based on the organic light-emitting diode display and a holographic waveguide with the thickness of 5 mm, was constructed. The fabricated HOE in the waveguide showed high diffraction efficiency of 72.8 %, 76.6%, and 72.5 % for 460 nm, 532 nm, and 640 nm lasers, Citation: Yeom, J.; Son, Y.; Choi, K. respectively. By applying the masked elemental images, the proposed method resulted in a reduced Crosstalk Reduction in Voxels for a crosstalk in the observed voxels by 2.35 times. The full-color experimental results of see-through See-Through Holographic Waveguide holographic waveguide with integral imaging are provided, whereby the observed 3D images are by Using Integral Imaging with presented clearly without the ghost images due to the voxel duplication problem. Compensated Elemental Images. Photonics 2021, 8, 217. https:// Keywords: holographic waveguide; integral imaging; see-through display; augmented reality; doi.org/10.3390/photonics8060217 autostereoscopy Received: 22 April 2021 Accepted: 6 June 2021 Published: 11 June 2021 1. Introduction See-through near-to-eye displays (NEDs), which are core components of the aug- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral mented reality (AR) headsets, have been given considerable attention recently [1,2]. Vari- with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- ous optical technologies have been actively studied for the see-through AR NEDs, such iations. as the free-form optics [3], the direct retinal projection optics [4,5], and the waveguide optics [6–15]. Among these technologies, the waveguide optics provide the best way to minimize the size of NEDs, which is crucial for the comfort and compactness of the AR headsets. Waveguide technologies can be categorized into three groups according to the types of couplers: geometric waveguides with the reflective couplers [6–8], the diffractive Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. waveguide with the surface relief grating couplers [9], and the holographic waveguide Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. with the holographic optical element (HOE) couplers [10–15]. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and Among them, the holographic waveguides are the most promising techniques, since conditions of the Creative Commons the HOE couplers provide benefits, including having an extremely thin structure, as well Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// as high transparency compared to the other types of couplers. The HOE couplers are creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ typically fabricated using thin photopolymer films, and diffract an incident wave into the 4.0/). pre-defined wave-front, when it satisfies the Bragg condition of the volume hologram. On Photonics 2021, 8, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics8060217 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/photonics Photonics 2021, 8, 217 2 of 18 the other hand, most natural light from the real-world, which deviates from the Bragg condition, passes through the HOEs without diffraction. Such a selective functionality of HOEs allows users to view a real-world scene more clearly without severe light attenuation or degradation. Among the key features in ensuring NEDs are widespread in the market is in pro- viding the correct depth cues, including the accommodation effects for the virtual images. The vergence-accommodation conflict (VAC), which represents a mismatch between the vergence distance and focal distance of human eye [16], may lead to visual discomfort, eye fatigue, and nausea. Unfortunately, for holographic waveguides, most studies have focused on presenting the virtual images at optical infinity [10–12], which causes the VAC problem. In this case, the waveguide structure and HOEs are optimized for the collimated light source. The collimated ray bundles in the holographic waveguide do not deliver information for the correct depth cues, which makes it more difficult to represent the three-dimensional (3D) pixels, known as voxels, at the arbitrary depths. In a few studies, holographic display technologies were adopted with the holographic waveguide, in order to induce the accommodation effects [14,15]. However, in previous studies, the resultant 3D images suffered from monochrome and small virtual images. The holographic dis- plays in these studies were based on the monochrome plane wave illumination with a small diffraction angle. Therefore, a thorough analysis was not conducted regarding the imaging characteristics of a holographic waveguide for a practical light source with the non-collimation and broadband spectrum. In this paper, we analyze the imaging characteristics of holographic waveguides to represent voxels with a broad spectrum of light, and propose an adjustment method for the emission angle of voxels, in order to present them without the ghost images. For adjusting and optimizing the emission angle of voxels, we adopted the integral imaging (InIm) technique, one of the representative autostereoscopic technologies, with the compensated elemental images (EIs). In Section2, the imaging properties of holographic waveguides are investigated in view of adopting a non-collimated light source. Additionally, the voxel duplication problem is analyzed, which arises from the large emission angle of each voxel. In order to suppress the ghost images of 3D contents arising from the voxel duplication, the InIm system based on the lenslet-array adjusts the emission angle of each voxel by using the EIs compensation method. In Section3, we present a holographic waveguide prototype with high diffraction efficiency (DE), and examine the optical properties of the fabricated HOE coupler. The displaying experiments using the fabricated holographic waveguide and InIm system validate the proposed method, which presents the voxels in 3D contents without the ghost images. 2. Principles 2.1. Voxel Duplication Problem in Holographic Waveguide Figure1 presents a schematic of the voxel representation in a holographic waveguide where the unintended duplication of voxels occurs. For the holographic waveguide with the periodic volume gratings, a single voxel with the distance of |zv| from the in-coupler was considered. The voxel emits the diverging spherical wave with a large emission angle (qe) and broad spectrum. The only limited portion of qe is incident on the waveguide by the diffraction at the in-coupler. In Figure1, qin,ub and qin,lb denote the upper and lower bounds for the portion of light, respectively, which may be in-coupled into the waveguide, in the perspective of the angle of incidence (AOI). For the light rays within the angular range of qin,ub and qin,lb, the relationship between the incident angle and diffracted angle with the Bragg diffraction at the in-coupler is expressed as Equation (1) [17]. q+ = q− + 2x, (1) where x is the grating slanted angle of volume grating, and q- and q+ represent the incident angle and diffracted angle of light rays at the HOE, respectively. Note that the relationship Photonics 2021, 8, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 18 where ξ is the grating slanted angle of volume grating, and θ- and θ+ represent the incident Photonics 2021, 8, 217 angle and diffracted angle of light rays at the HOE, respectively. Note that the3 of 18relationship of Equation (1) is valid, when the wavelength of incident wave (λ) satisfies the Bragg con- dition as expressed in Equation (2). of Equation (1) is valid, when the wavelength of incident wave (l) satisfies the Bragg condition as expressed in Equation (2). 2nr cos( ), (2) where nr is the refractive indexl = of2n photopolymer,rL · cos(x + q−), and Λ is the grating period (2) of volume grating. where nr is the refractive index of photopolymer, and L is the grating period of volume grating.The duplication of imaged voxel arises from the large and non-optimized emission angleThe for duplication each voxel. of imagedSupposing voxel most arises out from-coupled the large light ands non-optimizedform a desirable emission image of voxel angleafter forn-th each total voxel. internal Supposing reflections most out-coupled (TIRs) in the lights waveguide form a desirable, we define image ofthe voxel AOIs of rays aftersatisfyingn-th total this internal condition reflections as an effective (TIRs) in angular the waveguide, range (EAR we define). The the EAR AOIs corresponds of rays to the satisfyingAOIs between this condition θeff,lb and as θ aneff,ub effective in Figure angular 1. The range light (EAR). whose The AOI EAR on corresponds the waveguide to the is smaller AOIs between qeff,lb and qeff,ub in Figure1. The light whose AOI on the waveguide is smaller than θeff,lb is out-coupled from the waveguide after undergoing (n + 2)-th TIRs. Similarly, than qeff,lb is out-coupled from the waveguide after undergoing (n + 2)-th TIRs.
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