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Home , Lettres de cachet, Siege of Toulon (1707)

French Revolution and Prof. Hilwig Assignments

• Map Quiz= 5% • Book Discussions= 15% (3X5%) • Book Essays= 60% (3X20%) • Final Exam= 20% (MAY 9)

Books Major Themes

A. Revolution of 1789 is The Great European Revolution! B. The Napoleonic Period C. Cycles of French History

Key Time Periods

• Revolutionary period, 1789-1793 • First Republic, 1793-1804 • Napoleon I, 1804-1815 • The Restoration, 1815-1830 • The July , 1830-1848 • Second Republic, 1848-1852 • Second Empire of Napoleon III, 1852-1870

Geography of : The ‘Hexagon’ Old Regime France

• A. The Monarchy • B. Five Memorable Kings – 1. Louis IX (1226-1270) – 2. Henri IV (r. 1589-1610) – 3. Louis XIV “Sun King” (1643-1715) – 4. Louis XV (1715-1774) – 5. Louis XVI (1774-1792)

Louis IX (r. 1226-1270) Henri IV (r. 1589-1610)

“ is worth a mass!” Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

“L’etat c’est moi!” Louis XV (r. 1715-1774)

“Apres moi, le deluge!” Louis XVI (r. 1774-1792)

Sire, “It is not a revolt, it is a revolution.” The National Debt and Fiscal Crisis Historiography of the

• Sir Edmund Burke • Jacques Mallet Du Pan • Georges Lefebvre • Alexis de Tocqueville • Marxists • Lynn Hunt • Where does Christopher Hibbert stand? Meeting of the , May 1789 Abbe Sieyes, “What is the Third Estate?” The Cahiers de doleances

• Civil Liberties (bourgeoisie) • Repeal of Feudal obligations • End of the Corvée • Equality before the law • Right to own property • End of lettres de cachet • Equitable taxes • Larger role in gov’t. (bourgeoisie)

Oath of the Tennis Court, June 20, 1789 Storming of the , July 14, 1789 La Grande Peur (Great Fear), Summer 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August 26, 1789 Women’s March on Versailles, October 1789 The Moderate Phase—Constituent Assembly (1789-91)

• Moderate Phase—The Constituent Assembly (1789-91) – Goal for Assembly was a Const. Monarchy—Republicans seen as radicals – June 1791 King’s Flight to Varennes – Civil Constitution of the Clergy (July 12, 1790) – Constitution of 1791 (Sept. 3, 1791) • Moderate Phase a failure – Favored the bourgeoisie – Plan for restricted suffrage clashed with early democratic rhetoric – Civil Constitution of the Clergy divisive – Flight of the Royal family strengthened the radical factions

The Radical Phase (1792-1794)

– The Mountain – The Plain or Girondists – The Right – Declaration of Pilnitz (August 1791) – Continued inflation, bread shortages – August 14, 1792 Tuilleries Stormed (royal apts. in Paris) – France declared a Republic with universal adult male suffrage – Mountain and Jacobins capitalize on crowd’s actions Radical Phase (cont.)

I. September Massacres (1792) II. Trial of the King and Execution —guillotined on January 21, 1793 III. The Reign of Terror (1793-94) -The National Convention - -Committee of Public Security IV. Foreign War -Levee en masse -The Marseillaise V. Civil War VI. The Thermidorean Reaction -Jacques Danton VII. End of the Radical Phase

La Marseillaise Arise children of the fatherland The day of glory has arrived Against us tyranny's Bloody standard is raised Listen to the sound in the fields The howling of these fearsome soldiers They are coming into our midst To cut the throats of your sons and consorts To arms citizens Form your battalions March, march Let impure blood Water our furrows “Celebration of the Goddess of Reason at Notre Dame” Napoleon at the Siege of — becomes Brigadier General (1793) The Thermidorean Reaction (1794)

• Occurred in month of Thermidor (July 27, 1794) – Reign of Terror unsustainable • Death of Jacques Danton • Left and Right saw Robespierre as a tyrant • Night of July 27, 1794 • Napoleon put under house arrest • End of the Radical Phase

“Like Saturn, the Revolution ate its children.” Robespierre guillotined, 1794 The Directory (1794-1799)

• Primarily a reaction against the excesses of the Jacobins • Group of political opportunists come in • Limited suffrage restored, old calendar, and religion restored=A BOURGEOIS REPUBLIC • Royalists attempted coup d’etat 13 Vendemaire (Oct. 5, 1795) crushed by Napoleon’s “whiff of grapeshot” • Foreign War continues – Napoleon Bonaparte ‘s rising popularity • In Paris, belief that the Directory only represented the interests of the Haute Bourgeoisie • Growing split between the French Army—loyal to the Directory and the Gardes Nationales made up of working class folks • Elections of 1797 • 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799) Nap overthrows Directory

Napoleon and Neoclassicism Napoleon and Romanticism Napoleon (1769-1821) (r. 1799-1815)

• Historian’s Debate • Background • Napoleon in Power – The Consulate (1799-1804) – Empire (1804-1814, 1815)

The Consulate (1799-1804)

• “First Consul for Life” • French colonies • Domestic Reforms – Public Works – Religion – Economic and Finance – Council of State – Law – Administrative Reforms – Labor – Education – Legion of Honor – A mix of old and new Napoleon Crowns himself emperor (1804) Emperor Napoleon (1804-1814)

• Foreign Policy: WAR! • War of the Third Coalition (1805) • War of the Fourth Coalition (1806-1807) • The Peninsular War (1808-1813) • War of the Fifth Coalition • The Invasion of Russia (1812)