Topic 3: the French Revolution from 1789 Centenary Secondary School
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The Downfall of Chivalry
Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses Spring 2019 The oD wnfall of Chivalry: Tudor Disregard for Medieval Courtly Literature Jessica G. Downie Bucknell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Part of the European History Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Downie, Jessica G., "The oD wnfall of Chivalry: Tudor Disregard for Medieval Courtly Literature" (2019). Honors Theses. 478. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/478 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iii Acknowledgments I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Professor Jay Goodale, for guiding me through this process. You have challenged me in many ways to become a better historian and writer, and you have always been one of my biggest fans at Bucknell. Your continuous encouragement, support, and guidance have influenced me to become the student I am today. Thank you for making me love history even more and for sharing a similar taste in music. I promise that one day I will understand how to use a semi-colon properly. Thank you to my family for always supporting me with whatever I choose to do. Without you, I would not have had the courage to pursue my interests and take on the task of writing this thesis. Thank you for your endless love and support and for never allowing me to give up. -
Merriman-Louis XIV Part 1
Louis XIV by John Merriman As will quickly become obvious, I wrote the footnotes. In Louis XIV’s France, architects and artists were paid to glorify the monarch. In 1662, the king chose the sun as his emblem; he declared himself nec pluribus impar—without equal. To Louis, the sun embodied virtues that he associated with the ideal monarch: firmness, benevolence, and equity. Henceforth, Louis XIV would frequently be depicted as Apollo, the Greek and Roman sun god. The rulers of continental Europe, including Louis XIV, relentlessly extended their power between 1650 and 1750. The sovereigns of France, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Sweden, in particular, became absolute rulers, in principle above all challenge from within the state itself…. They made their personal rule absolute, based on loyalty to them as individuals, not to the state as an abstraction. Absolute rulers asserted their supreme right to proclaim laws and levy taxes, appointing more officials to carry out the details of governance and multiplying fiscal demands on their subjects. They ended most of the long-standing municipal privileges… such as freedom from taxation, or the right to maintain independent courts.1 The absolute state affected the lives of more people than ever before through taxation, military service, and the royal quest for religious orthodoxy. Absolute rule thus impinged directly on the lives of subjects, who felt the extended reach of state power through, for example, more efficient tax collection…. Absolutism was, at least in part, an attempt to reassert public order and coercive state authority after almost seventy years of wars that had badly disrupted trade and agricultural production, contributing to social and political chaos.2 THEORIES OF ABSOLUTISM The doctrine of absolutism originated with French jurists at the end of the sixteenth century. -
From Château Fort to Renaissance Palace Overcoming the Odds: An
2 From Château Fort to Renaissance Palace Jennifer Rothwell 8 Overcoming the Odds: An Easy Interdisciplinary Activity Tedd Levy 10 In From the Cold: People with Disablities in Juvenile Literature Jane Manaster 13 Asia In the Classroom Mary Hammond Bernson Photograph by Jennifer Photograph Rothwell by Jennifer Supplement to Social Education, April/May 1998 ● Issue 2 the official journal of National Council for the Social Studies Jennifer Truran Rothwell his deathbed, Renaissance Pope Nicholas V offered this advice on Onhow to keep the common people loyal to Rome: ...the mass of the population is ignorant of literary matters and lacking in any culture. It still needs to be struck by grandiose spectacles because otherwise its faith...will end in due time by declining to nothing. With magnificent buildings, on the other hand... the popular conviction may be strengthened and confirmed...1 What was good for the church might also be good for the state... or so thought kings of the Renaissance. At the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520, Henry VIII of England and Francis (François) I of France joined in a spectacle to end all spec- tacles. In tents decked with precious gold cloth, they carried on a small matter of diplomacy–whether to join forces against the new Hapsburg emperor, Charles V. More publicly, they vied in serving up a costly round of tournaments, balls, and feasts aimed at showing who was superior at the heady new game of Renaissance monarch. One way Henry VIII made a lasting impression on his subjects was by increasing the number of royal residences in England to more 2 Statue of King Louis XII at Blois than sixty. -
The French Revolution
The French Revolution ‘This is more than a history of the French Revolution. It covers all Europe during the revolutionary period, though events in France naturally take first place. It is particularly good on the social and intellectual back- ground. Surprisingly enough, considering that Lefebvre was primarily an economic historian, it also breaks new ground in its account of international relations, and sets the wars of intervention in their true light. The French have a taste for what they call works of synthesis, great general summaries of received knowledge. We might call them textbooks, though of the highest level. At any rate, in its class, whether synthesis or textbook, this is one of the best ever produced.’ A. J. P. Taylor Georges Lefebvre The French Revolution From its origins to 1793 Translated by Elizabeth Moss Evanson With a foreword by Paul H. Beik London and New York La Révolution française was first published in 1930 by Presses Universitaires de France. A new, entirely rewritten, version was published in 1951. The present work is a translation of the first three parts of the revised edition of 1957. First published in the United Kingdom 1962 by Routledge and Kegan Paul First published in Routledge Classics 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1962 Columbia University Press All rights reserved. -
Chapter 19 Notes-French Revolution
Chapter 19 – The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon The Beginning of the Era: The American Revolution After the Seven Years’ War, Britain sought new forms of revenue To pay for the army’s defense of the colonies Britain and the colonies saw the Empire differently British saw a single empire with Parliament establishing laws to apply throughout the empire Colonists had established their own legislatures, determining their own internal affairs Therefore Parliament could not tax the colonies without their consent July 4, 1776: Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence Proclaimed Enlightenment’s “natural rights” The War for Independence It was a gamble 2nd C. Congress authorized an army headed by George Washington, who led troops in the Fr. & Indian War internal division within the colonies: North vs. South; loyalists vs. “patriots” loyalists (15-30%) tended to be Northern, older, wealthier, and moderate assistance from foreign countries French supplied arms and money at the beginning, officer’s and soldiers eventually Treaty of Paris granted independence, control of the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi Forming a New Nation Fear of concentrating power led to the Articles of Confederation Ineffectiveness led to a Constitutional Convention Federal system was established National government could levy taxes, raise an army, regulate trade (domestic & foreign), create currency 3 branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) with a system of checks and balances President could execute -
The French Revolution of 1789 Powerpoint Presentation
The French Revolution © Student Handouts, Inc. www.studenthandouts.com The Old Regime (Ancien Regime) • Old Regime – socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century • Countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government • Classes of people – privileged and unprivileged – Unprivileged people – paid taxes and treated badly – Privileged people – did not pay taxes and treated well Society under the Old Regime • In France, people were divided into three estates – First Estate • High-ranking members of the Church • Privileged class – Second Estate • Nobility • Privileged class – Third Estate • Everyone else – from peasants in the countryside to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities • Unprivileged class The Three Estates Estate Population Privileges Exemptions Burdens First •Circa 130,000 •Collected the tithe •Paid no taxes •Moral obligation (rather than legal •Censorship of the press •Subject to Church obligation) to assist the poor and •High-ranking •Control of education law rather than civil needy clergy •Kept records of births, deaths, law •Support the monarchy and Old marriages, etc. Regime •Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) •Owned 20% of the land Second •Circa 110,000 •Collected taxes in the form of •Paid no taxes •Support the monarchy and Old feudal dues Regime •Nobles •Monopolized military and state appointments •Owned 20% of the land Third •Circa 25,000,000 •None •None •Paid all taxes •Tithe (Church tax) •Everyone else: •Octrot (tax on goods brought into artisans, cities) bourgeoisie, city •Corvée (forced road work) workers, •Capitation (poll tax) merchants, •Vingtiéme (income tax) peasants, etc., •Gabelle (salt tax) along with many •Taille (land tax) parish priests •Feudal dues for use of local manor’s winepress, oven, etc. -
Les Lettres De Cachets
OCT 98 MEP 1 23/04/04 14:09 Page 3841 Administratif et médico-légal Les lettres de cachet demeurent le symbo- qui n’exerce aucun contrôle quant à leur Les lettres de le de l’arbitraire royal sous l’Ancien contenu, et ne portent donc pas le sceau Régime et la prise de la Bastille l’expres- de l’Etat. ère sion de leur abolition. Les lettres de Lorqu’il s’agit de l’arrestation de person- cachets (1 partie) cachet contiennent un ordre du roi, adres- nages importants (essentiellement des sé aux agents de son administration, aux membres de la noblesse) le nom et M. Godfryd* évêques, aux villes ou à des particuliers. l’adresse du destinataire figurent au dos Mais quand on les évoque, on vise essen- de la lettre. Une fois ouverte par son des- La liberté est le droit de faire tout ce que les tiellement les décisions individuelles, ces tinataire, elle lui indique ce qu’il doit faire lois permettent. “ordres particuliers” ou “ordres du roi”, ou bien le lieu où il doit se rendre. Par Montesquieu, L’esprit des lois qui ordonnent, sans autre forme de pro- contre, la lettre est adressée à celui qui cès, un emprisonnement, un exil ou un aura à exécuter l’ordre, si celui-ci concer- ous l’Ancien Régime, le roi éloignement. Ce sont des lettres “closes”, ne un sujet de condition plus modeste. par opposition aux lettres patentes, fer- Il faut par ailleurs faire la distinction entre S pouvait interner sans autre mées au moyen d’un cachet de cire, d’où les lettres de cachet “spontanées” et les forme de procès, toute personne leur nom, et marquées du sceau personnel lettres sollicitées. -
The French Revolution
EUROPEAN HISTORY 6. The French Revolution Form 3 1 1. Introduction Throughout the summer of 1789 millions of ordinary French people, starting in Paris and then spreading all over France, took part in a violent revolution. By the end of the year they had destroyed the old regime of King Louis XVI. In the years that followed, they went on changing their government, their society and their economy. What made ordinary men and women behave like this? Why did they want to destroy the old system of government and society? The answer to these questions can be found in the way French society and government functioned in the 18th century. 2. French society before the Revolution French society since the middle ages had been divided in three estates: the First Estate (the Clergy), the Second Estate (the Nobility) and the Third Estate (the middle class, the working class and the peasants). By 1789, however, the nobility and the clergy were less important they had been in the middle ages. French people therefore thought the system of estates was outdated and unfair. Why? The division of the people in estates was unequal in numbers and wealth. While most of the nobles and the upper clergy lived in luxury, most people in towns and villages lived miserable lives. Source 1. From an 18th century book describing Paris. ‘An entire family lives in a single room, in which the four walls are bare, the beds have no covers, and the kitchen things are pilled up with the chamber pots. All the furniture together is not worth 20 crowns. -
The Use of Heraldry in Genealogical Research
The Use of Heraldry in French Genealogical Research John P. DuLong November 2019 Heraldry and Genealogy in France • Heraldry is the system of arms involving the use of particular devices centered on a shield that has become hereditary symbols passed down through a family, normally through the eldest son. • In some countries it is tied to social stratification and is a mark of nobility and the use of arms restricted to nobles. • In France, heraldry was used by nobles but was not forbidden to non- nobles. It is not uncommon to find bourgeois arms in France. Also, towns, institutions, and guilds used arms. • Heraldry is a tool that can be used to solve genealogical problems and to provide background for our research. The Use of Heraldry in Tracing the Ancestors of Catherine de Baillon • Catherine de Baillon was a young noble woman who immigrated to New France in 1669 as one of the filles du roi (daughters of the king). • Her ancestry leads back to Philippe II, Auguste, King of France, and Theodore II Doukas Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. • Her ancestry has been well documented by the research team of René Jetté, John P. DuLong, Roland-Yves Gagné, Gail F. Moreau, and Joseph A. Dubé. • We used heraldry evidence to prove that Catherine de Baillon descended from Catherine de Gavre d’Escornaix who in turn descended from the Isabelle de Ghistelles. • Isabelle de Ghistelles descended from Marguerite de Luxembourg who was easily proven to be a descendant of Philippe II, Auguste, King of France. • Heraldry evidence from France and Belgium was used to prove the links between these families. -
La Bastille, Enfer Des Écrivains Ou Antichambre De La Gloire ?
La Bastille, enfer des écrivains ou antichambre de la gloire ? La prison est un lieu riche d’imaginaire. Son omniprésence dans la vie sociale et BnF, Arsenal, Ms 10307 et 10308. intellectuelle en fait un objet mythique. On écrit sur la prison et en prison. Et surtout à une époque où rien n’est publié sans l’autorisation du roi, on va en prison pour ses écrits, les philosophes des Lumières qui y séjournent s’y forgent même une réputation de contestataires. La Bastille est-elle alors cet enfer si souvent représenté au xviiie siècle ou l’antichambre de la gloire pour les écrivains à la veille de la Révolution ? Par delà les effets d’images, la prison ne constitue-t-elle pas aussi paradoxalement, pour certains du moins, un lieu d’expérience mystique ou de catharsis réparatrice, et pour beaucoup à l’aube d’une nouvelle ère, un facteur essentiel dans l’élaboration d’une conscience politique ? Rédaction : Anne-Sophie Lambert Billets convulsionnaires transmis dans du fromage, abbé Dupré. BnF, Arsenal, Ms 11628, fol. 240. Gens de lettres, censure et Bastille ou penser sous haute surveillance On précipitait dans les gouffres de l’ignorance les éditions entières du génie. Pierre Manuel, La Police de Paris dévoilée, 1790. Les archives de la Bastille nous montrent censeurs et de la police du livre (certains favorable à des textes de témoignages comment s’exerce le contrôle des esprits sous allant jusqu’à mettre en vente des ouvrages polémiques, de dénonciation et de doléance l’Ancien Régime grâce au système sophistiqué interdits). De plus, 70 best-sellers du concernant la nature tyrannique d’autres de la censure. -
The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution
THE COMING OF THE TERROR IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The Coming of the Terror in the French Revolution Timothy Tackett The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, En gland 2015 Copyright © 2015 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First printing Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Tackett, Timothy, 1945– Th e coming of the terror in the French Revolution / Timothy Tackett. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 674- 73655- 9 (alk. paper) 1. France— History—Reign of Terror, 1793– 1794. 2. France— History—Revolution, 1789– 1799. I. Title. DC183.T26 2015 944.04—dc23 2014023992 Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Maps ix Introduction: Th e Revolutionary Pro cess 1 1 Th e Revolutionaries and Th eir World in 1789 13 2 Th e Spirit of ’89 39 3 Th e Breakdown of Authority 70 4 Th e Menace of Counterrevolution 96 5 Between Hope and Fear 121 6 Th e Factionalization of France 142 7 Fall of the Monarchy 172 8 Th e First Terror 192 9 Th e Convention and the Trial of the King 217 10 Th e Crisis of ’93 245 11 Revolution and Terror until Victory 280 12 Th e Year II and the Great Terror 312 Conclusion: Becoming a Terrorist 340 Abbreviations 351 Notes 353 Sources and Bibliography 419 A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s 447 Index 449 Illustrations Th e Tennis Court Oath 50 Attack on the Bastille 56 Market women leave Paris en route to Versailles 67 Federation Ball 93 Confrontation between Catholics and -
Recueils De Pièces Sur La Bastille Les Mémoires De Linguet, Et Autres Écrits
LIBRAIRIE ANCIENNE ROGER SIBLOT RECUEILS DE PIÈCES SUR LA BASTILLE LES MÉMOIRES DE LINGUET, ET AUTRES ÉCRITS C’est dans un joli demi-chagrin rouge, une belle reliure Mémoires sur la Bastille (S.-N. Linguet) contemporaine au dos à cinq nerfs, Remarques historiques sur la Bastille (une ornés de filets et fleurons dorés, compilation de divers auteurs, dont que nous vous présentons ce Brossais du Perray) recueil de pièces, assez Voyage à la Bastille, fait le 6 juillet 1789, et hétéroclites concernant la adressé à Madame de G…, à Bagnols, en tristement célèbre prison : la Languedoc (M. de Cubières) Bastille. Longtemps considérée Mémoire adressé à madame la marquise de comme le symbole de l’arbitraire de Pompadour, par M. Danry, prisonnier à la l’Ancien Régime au point qu’elle fut le point de Bastille, et trouvé au greffe de cette prison mire des rassemblements du 14 juillet 1789, elle d’État, le lendemain de sa prise par les était la dure conséquence des lettres de cachet, parisiens (Danry/Masers de Latude). à telle enseigne d’ailleurs que « Bastille et lettre de cachet ne font plus qu’un » (Cl. Quétel, Les lettres de Les mémoires de Linguet (1783) cachet, un légende noire, Perrin, 2011, p. 38). Elle a Simon-Nicolas Linguet fut un personnage haut suscité une abondante bibliographie dès le en couleurs, à tout le moins singulier. Ses XVIIIe siècle, précisément à l’époque des mémoires sur la Bastille sont restés célèbres : Lumières quand l’on a commencé à réfléchir « Lus avec avidité à leur apparition, ils firent sur le aux limites de l’absolutisme royal.