Merriman-Louis XIV Part 1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Contraception and the Renaissance of Traditional Marriage
CHOOSING A LAW TO LIVE BY ONCE THE KING IS GONE INTRODUCTION Law is the expression of the rules by which civilization governs itself, and it must be that in law as elsewhere will be found the fundamental differences of peoples. Here then it may be that we find the underlying cause of the difference between the civil law and the common law.1 By virtue of its origin, the American legal profession has always been influenced by sources of law outside the United States. American law schools teach students the common law, and law students come to understand that the common law is different than the civil law, which is prevalent in Europe.2 Comparative law courses expose law students to the civil law system by comparing American common law with the law of other countries such as France, which has a civil code.3 A closer look at the history of the American and French Revolutions makes one wonder why the legal systems of the two countries are so different. Certainly, the American and French Revolutions were drastically different in some ways. For instance, the French Revolution was notoriously violent during a period known as “the Terror.”4 Accounts of the French revolutionary government executing so many French citizens as well as the creation of the Cult of the Supreme Being5 make the French Revolution a stark contrast to the American Revolution. Despite the differences, the revolutionary French and Americans shared similar goals—liberty and equality for all citizens and an end to tyranny. Both revolutions happened within approximately two decades of each other and were heavily influenced by the Enlightenment. -
France: the Revolt of Democratic Christianity and the Rise of Public Opinion
The Enlightenment and religion 4 France: the revolt of democratic Christianity and the rise of public opinion This chapter focuses on the emergence of religious toleration in France and the degree to which it was brought about by broad po- litico-religious struggle rather than by the philosophes.1 The discus- sion will, therefore, not provide the usual Enlightenment studies degree of focus upon the philosophes. Much of the research neces- sary for a revision of the role of the philosophes in France has been accumulating for several decades, but there has not yet been an at- tempt to bring together the various strands and integrate them into a critique of their role. Albeit slowly, from the mid 1960s a revision of the status of Pierre Bayle as a Calvinist fideist (discussed in earlier chapters) rather than an early philosophe has gradually gained ac- ceptance.2 Again rather slowly and mostly from the 1980s, there have been efforts to demonstrate that Christianity occupied a more important place in the development of the French Enlightenment than had hitherto been accepted.3 In particular there has been in- creased recognition of the role of Jansenism, especially in the land- mark suppression of the Jesuits.4 Much of the tale I recount in this chapter is, therefore, already well-known and I am indebted to the research of a number of scholars (some of whom have already been cited in earlier chapters) including R. Barny, C. J. Betts, P. R. Campbell, A. Kors, P. J. Korshin, Elizabeth Labrousse, M. Linton, J. McManners, W. -
The Federalist Revolt: an Affirmation Or Denial Ofopular P Sovereignty?
Butler University Digital Commons @ Butler University Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS College of Liberal Arts & Sciences 9-1992 The Federalist Revolt: An Affirmation or Denial ofopular P Sovereignty? Paul R, Hanson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers Part of the European History Commons, and the Political History Commons Recommended Citation Hanson, Paul, R."The Federalist Revolt: An Affirmation or Denial of Popular Sovereignty?" French History, vol. 6, no. 3 (September, 1992), 335-355. Available from: digitalcommons.butler.edu/facsch_papers/500/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts & Sciences at Digital Commons @ Butler University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scholarship and Professional Work - LAS by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Butler University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Monarchist Clubs and the Pamphlet Debate over Political Legitimacy in the Early Years of the French Revolution Paul R. Hanson Paul R. Hanson is professor and chair of history at Butler University. He is currently working on a book- length study of the Federalist revolt of 1793. Research for this article was supported by a summer grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and by assistance from Butler University. Earlier versions were presented at annual meetings of the Society for French Historical Studies. The author would like to thank Gary Kates, Ken Margerison, Colin Jones, Jeremy Popkin, Michael Kennedy, Jack Censer, Jeffrey Ravel, John Burney, and the anonymous readers for the journal for their helpful comments on various drafts of this article. -
The French Revolution a Volume in the DOCUMENTARY HISTORY of WESTERN CIVILIZATION - the French Revolution
The French Revolution A volume In THE DOCUMENTARY HISTORY of WESTERN CIVILIZATION - The French Revolution Edited by PAUL H. BEIK PALGRA VE MACMILLAN ISBN 978-1-349-00528-4 ISBN 978-1-349-00526-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-00526-0 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION English translation copyright © 1970 by Paul H. Beik Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1970 978-0-333-07911-9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. First published in the United States 1970 First published in the United Kingdom by The Macmillan Press Ltd. 1971 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Associated companies in New York Toronto Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras SBN 333 07911 6 Contents Introduction x PART I. CROWN, PARLEMENT, AND ARISTOCRACY 1. November 19, 1787: Chretien Fran~ois de Lamoignon on Principles of the French Monarchy 1 2. April 17, 1788: Louis XVI to a Deputation from the Parlement of Paris 3 3. May 4, 1788: Repeated Remonstrances of the Parlement of Paris in Response to the King's Statement of April 17 5 4. December 12,1788: Memoir of the Princes 10 PART II. THE SURGE OF OPINION 5. January, 1789: Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate? 16 6. February, 1789: Mounier on the Estates General 37 7. March 1, 1789: Parish Cahiers of Ecommoy and Mansigne 45 8. March 14, 1789: Cahier of the Nobility of Crepy 51 9. March 26,1789: Cahier of the Clergy of Troyes 56 PART III. -
Montesquieu on the History and Geography of Political Liberty
Montesquieu on the History and Geography of Political Liberty Author: Rebecca Clark Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:103616 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2012 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College Graduate School of Arts & Sciences Department of Political Science MONTESQUIEU ON THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF POLITICAL LIBERTY A dissertation by REBECCA RUDMAN CLARK submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2012 © Copyright by REBECCA RUDMAN CLARK 2012 Abstract Montesquieu on the History and Geography of Political Liberty Rebecca R. Clark Dissertation Advisor: Christopher Kelly Montesquieu famously presents climate and terrain as enabling servitude in hot, fertile climes and on the exposed steppes of central Asia. He also traces England’s exemplary constitution, with its balanced constitution, independent judiciary, and gentle criminal practices, to the unique conditions of early medieval northern Europe. The English “found” their government “in the forests” of Germany. There, the marginal, variegated terrain favored the dispersion of political power, and a pastoral way of life until well into the Middle Ages. In pursuing a primitive honor unrelated to political liberty as such, the barbaric Franks accidentally established the rudiments of the most “well-tempered” government. His turn to these causes accidental to human purposes in Parts 3-6 begins with his analysis of the problem of unintended consequences in the history of political reform in Parts 1-2. While the idea of balancing political powers in order to prevent any one individual or group from dominating the rest has ancient roots, he shows that it has taken many centuries to understand just what needs to be balanced, and to learn to balance against one threat without inviting another. -
Cas Pratique
Cas pratique Cours : Droit constitutionnel 1 : Théorie générale de l’Etat - Histoire constitutionnelle de la France Enoncé : Il s'agit d’étudier l'ensemble de la période 1788-1815, et de dégager les grands principes constitutionnels alors en vigueur ou en devenir. Question 1 : L’Ancien Régime Réponse 1 : Sous l'Ancien Régime, parce qu'elle est de droit divin, la monarchie est absolue. Réponse fausse Commentaire : En fait, le caractère absolutiste et le fondement religieux de la monarchie française d'avant 1789 sont deux notions distinctes et indépendantes l'une de l'autre. Toutefois dans les faits, le fondement de droit divin favorise l'absolutisme. En effet, la monarchie française est dite absolue parce que le monarque concentre tous les pouvoirs (législation, justice, etc.) dans ses mains, et ses pouvoirs se connaissent pas de limites. Au contraire, à la même époque, la monarchie anglaise a déjà fait sa mutation et est déjà une monarchie limitée, une monarchie constitutionnelle. Par ailleurs, la monarchie française est alors de droit divin, c'est à dire que le monarque détient son pouvoir de dieu. L'origine divine du pouvoir royal est symbolisée par le sacre du roi à Reims. Cela signifie également qu'il n'est responsable, dirait-on aujourd'hui, que devant dieu. La Révolution française mit fin à ces deux caractéristiques. Réponse 2 : Les lois fondamentales du Royaume désignent la constitution s'appliquant sous l'Ancien Régime. Réponse juste Commentaire : Sous l'Ancien Régime, il n'existe pas de constitution écrite (comme l'inventa ensuite la Révolution française) mais des règles coutumières, par ailleurs incomplètes. -
1 the Regency, 1643–1661
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-57177-8 — A/AS Level History for AQA The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715 Student Book David Hickman , Edited by Michael Fordham , David Smith Excerpt More Information PART 1: THE SUN KING 1643–1685 1 The Regency, 1643–1661 In this section, we shall look at the beginning of Louis XIV’s reign and the situation in France when he came to the throne aged four. We shall look at how the government was established that ruled in France until Louis took personal control of afairs in 1661. The Regency years were marked by armed conflict, so we shall also examine the wars and civil wars of this period in French history. We will look into: • the French monarchy in 1643: the legacy of Richelieu and Louis XIII; the establishment of the Regency • the minority of Louis XIV: the roles of Anne of Austria and Mazarin; the Parlement of Paris, unrest and opposition; the Frondes • France and Europe: the rise of French power at the expense of the Habsburgs; the treaties of Westphalia and the Pyrenees • the condition of France at the accession of Louis XIV in 1661: politics, economy and society. The French monarchy in 1643 The legacy of Richelieu and Louis XIII Louis XIII was king of France 1610–1643 and married Anne of Austria. Ater 23 years of hoping for an heir and four still births, the couple produced Louis in 1638, prompting calls of a miracle birth. 1 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-57177-8 — A/AS Level History for AQA The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715 Student Book David Hickman , Edited by Michael Fordham , David Smith Excerpt More Information A/AS Level History for AQA: The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715 Voices from the past Richelieu Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu was French Chief Minister 1624–1642. -
Montesquieu's Mistakes and the True Meaning of Separation Laurence Claus University of San Diego School of Law, [email protected]
University of San Diego Digital USD University of San Diego Public Law and Legal Law Faculty Scholarship Theory Research Paper Series September 2004 Montesquieu's Mistakes and the True Meaning of Separation Laurence Claus University of San Diego School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digital.sandiego.edu/lwps_public Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Legal History Commons, Legislation Commons, and the Public Law and Legal Theory Commons Digital USD Citation Claus, Laurence, "Montesquieu's Mistakes and the True Meaning of Separation" (2004). University of San Diego Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series. 11. http://digital.sandiego.edu/lwps_public/art11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Faculty Scholarship at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of San Diego Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Claus: Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series September 2004 Montesquieu's Mistakes and the True Meaning of Separation Laurence Claus Published by Digital USD, 2004 1 University of San Diego Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series, Art. 11 [2004] MONTESQUIEU’S MISTAKES AND THE TRUE MEANING OF SEPARATION 25 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies (forthcoming) Laurence Claus1 “The political liberty of the subject,” said Montesquieu, “is a tranquility of mind arising from the opinion each person has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite the government be so constituted as one man needs not be afraid of another.”2 The liberty of which Montesquieu spoke is directly promoted by apportioning power among political actors in a way that minimizes opportunities for those actors to determine conclusively the reach of their own powers. -
The Downfall of Chivalry
Bucknell University Bucknell Digital Commons Honors Theses Student Theses Spring 2019 The oD wnfall of Chivalry: Tudor Disregard for Medieval Courtly Literature Jessica G. Downie Bucknell University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses Part of the European History Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Downie, Jessica G., "The oD wnfall of Chivalry: Tudor Disregard for Medieval Courtly Literature" (2019). Honors Theses. 478. https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/478 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Bucknell Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Bucknell Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. iii Acknowledgments I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Professor Jay Goodale, for guiding me through this process. You have challenged me in many ways to become a better historian and writer, and you have always been one of my biggest fans at Bucknell. Your continuous encouragement, support, and guidance have influenced me to become the student I am today. Thank you for making me love history even more and for sharing a similar taste in music. I promise that one day I will understand how to use a semi-colon properly. Thank you to my family for always supporting me with whatever I choose to do. Without you, I would not have had the courage to pursue my interests and take on the task of writing this thesis. Thank you for your endless love and support and for never allowing me to give up. -
The Code Napoleon, Marked the Beginning of a New Era in Practical Jurisprudence
TUE AMERICAN LAW REGISTER FOUNDED 1852. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA DBPARTMENT OF LAW VOL. 40 NS. MARCH, 19o. No. 3. THE CODE NAPOLE ON. "Lepouvoir ligislatif est la to'it-t5Lissancehur-aize. La loi ltablit, gonserve, change, modifie, fierfectionne: elle detruil ce qui est; elle crae ce qui n'estfpas encore." Portalis. -" Expfos du firojet du Code."-An XI. Offspring of necessity and opportunity, conceived at the moment of a political and social debacle, quickened amid horror and fury, and born in the exaggerated light of a new imperialism, this truly remarkable body of laws, known generally as the Code Napoleon, marked the beginning of a new era in practical jurisprudence. The work was framed to embrace the civil relations of citizens of a public and private nature. It was promulgated under Bonaparte as First Consul, March 21, 18o4, as Le Code civil des Frangais. The imperial government having taken the place of the republic, the Legislative Corps on August 24, 1807, adopted a new edition of the same work under the title of Code Napolgon. This was pursuant to the wishes of the Emperor, whose limitless ambition craved per- manent identification with this legal creation, which he regarded as one of the greatest glories of all his supremacy. The restoration, while retaining the laws, officially 127 THE CODE NAPOLEON. restored the original title, but popularly the name of the great conqueror has ever remained attached to the civil code of France. Closely following the adoption of this initial work other codifications took permanent form, and under the empire the whole series was adopted under the title of Les Cinque Codes, consisting of the civil code, called, as before men- tioned, Le Code Napolgon, Le Code de proc6dure civile, Le Code de Commerce, Le Code d'instruction criminelle and Le Code p~nal. -
From Château Fort to Renaissance Palace Overcoming the Odds: An
2 From Château Fort to Renaissance Palace Jennifer Rothwell 8 Overcoming the Odds: An Easy Interdisciplinary Activity Tedd Levy 10 In From the Cold: People with Disablities in Juvenile Literature Jane Manaster 13 Asia In the Classroom Mary Hammond Bernson Photograph by Jennifer Photograph Rothwell by Jennifer Supplement to Social Education, April/May 1998 ● Issue 2 the official journal of National Council for the Social Studies Jennifer Truran Rothwell his deathbed, Renaissance Pope Nicholas V offered this advice on Onhow to keep the common people loyal to Rome: ...the mass of the population is ignorant of literary matters and lacking in any culture. It still needs to be struck by grandiose spectacles because otherwise its faith...will end in due time by declining to nothing. With magnificent buildings, on the other hand... the popular conviction may be strengthened and confirmed...1 What was good for the church might also be good for the state... or so thought kings of the Renaissance. At the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520, Henry VIII of England and Francis (François) I of France joined in a spectacle to end all spec- tacles. In tents decked with precious gold cloth, they carried on a small matter of diplomacy–whether to join forces against the new Hapsburg emperor, Charles V. More publicly, they vied in serving up a costly round of tournaments, balls, and feasts aimed at showing who was superior at the heady new game of Renaissance monarch. One way Henry VIII made a lasting impression on his subjects was by increasing the number of royal residences in England to more 2 Statue of King Louis XII at Blois than sixty. -
Chapter 19 Notes-French Revolution
Chapter 19 – The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon The Beginning of the Era: The American Revolution After the Seven Years’ War, Britain sought new forms of revenue To pay for the army’s defense of the colonies Britain and the colonies saw the Empire differently British saw a single empire with Parliament establishing laws to apply throughout the empire Colonists had established their own legislatures, determining their own internal affairs Therefore Parliament could not tax the colonies without their consent July 4, 1776: Second Continental Congress issued the Declaration of Independence Proclaimed Enlightenment’s “natural rights” The War for Independence It was a gamble 2nd C. Congress authorized an army headed by George Washington, who led troops in the Fr. & Indian War internal division within the colonies: North vs. South; loyalists vs. “patriots” loyalists (15-30%) tended to be Northern, older, wealthier, and moderate assistance from foreign countries French supplied arms and money at the beginning, officer’s and soldiers eventually Treaty of Paris granted independence, control of the territory from the Appalachians to the Mississippi Forming a New Nation Fear of concentrating power led to the Articles of Confederation Ineffectiveness led to a Constitutional Convention Federal system was established National government could levy taxes, raise an army, regulate trade (domestic & foreign), create currency 3 branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) with a system of checks and balances President could execute