PRECISION GUIDED MISSILES in 4Are Section Presented Data the Re for Analysis There Are 36Types Selected 1

Home , 9K720 Iskander, 9M113 Konkurs, Burya

\ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ R evista al-tactical, operationalal-tactical, and strategic objec casualties.civilian and military to avoid a collateral damage, to minimize to destroy targets the with great accuracy, inmanytechnology countries due to ability resents one ofmilitary key modern the speed andprecision oftarget hitting. made concerning theguidance technologies, range ofactivity, destination, platform launch, (PGMs) produced Israel, in China, India, Russia, Turkey andUSA. The analysis of PGMswas PGMs of differentcategories. It waspercentage the determined of the of short, mediumactivity: and long range. of PGMsdepending the of range their of number of inone GTused PGM. ofquency using GTinPGMsand the of the technologies. It was established frethe relation (DSMAC) and Thermal/Infrared Matching Scene Inertial, Digital Area Cor TV, Radio, Wire, Radar, Laser, Satellite, guidance technologies inPGMs- (GT)used Turkey and USA. produced India, inChina, Israel, Russia, generalthe data of of some PGMs types the wars. flicts and local main factor of deterring large-scale con and systems delivery for become them the tives. Forces precision with high weapons 1

Veaceslav PERJU, doctor habilitate, Armed Forces Military Academy, Republic of Moldova. In section 3 are described the categoriesIn the 3are section described In 2there were section determined the In 1of articleare the section presented Thecansolve PGMs operationtactical, Precision missiles (PGMs)rep guided Keywords: The general data are presented oftheprecision related types guidedmissiles to thecertain INTODUCTION

M ilitară PRECISION GUIDEDMISSILES: ANALYSIS precision, guidance, missile, range, destination, platform, launch,target, hitting. .

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A părare ------

USA (Table 1). The datageneral the of India,in China, Israel, Russia, Turkey and of precision the missiles, produced guided range and guidance technologies. CEPforthe PGMsof different operational (CEP). It wasdiapason the determined of of Circular PTHwasError used Probability cision of target the hitting (PTH).As metric PGMsandthe range their of activity. gets of on accessing speed the based time of launching used the platforms. percentage the mined of different the kinds launched and land -launched. It was deter helicopters; ship-launched; submarine- forms: air launched –from aircrafts and main kinds of PGMs launching the plat PGMs of differentgroups. was percentage the determined of the ships, anti-submarines and anti-tanks. It groups: anti-air, anti-ground targets, anti- PGMs were classifiedthe in following garding destinationthe of PGMs. the The PRECISION GUIDED MISSILES In 4are section presented data the re For analysis there are 36types selected 1. THE GENERAL DATA OF THE PGM’ the preIn 7is described section In 6was of determined tar section the In 5there were section determined the Veaceslav PERJU - - - - - 1

Revista Militară. nr. 1 (21) / 2019 described PGMs are presented in the Table nologies, range of activity, weight-diam- A1 (Annex 1). eter-length parameters, destination, plat- The analysis shows that the PGMs are form launch, speed and precision of the characterized by different guidance tech- target hitting.

Table 1. PGMs by countries and types

Nr. Country Types/references 1. China CHETA HY-1/HY-2/HY-4/C-611 Silkworm [11,35,36]; CHETA KD-63 [11, 37]; CHETA YJ-8/YJ-81/C-801, YJ-82/C-802 and YJ-83/C-803 [10, 11, 38]; HN-1/2/3 [13, 39]; 2. India 3K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 Yakhont/PJ-10 Brahmos A/S [9, 11, 40] 3. India and Novator 3M-54 Club/Kalibr[11, 41] China 4. Israel LAHAT [17, 19, 42, 43] 5. Russia Kh-31P/A/MP/MA [11, 15, 44]; Kornet-EM [12, 45]; Palma/Sosna [12, 46, 47]; Raduga3M-80, 3M-82 and Kh-41 Moskit[11, 48, 49]; Raduga Kh-22M Burya[11, 50, 51]; Raduga Kh-55/55M/SM Kent [11, 16, 52]; Raduga Kh-59/59M/D Ovod[11, 53]; Ugroza[19, 54]; 9K111 Fagot [26, 27]; 9K114 Shturm[28, 29]; 9K115 Metis M1 [30-32]; 9K720 Iskander[33, 34]; 9M113M Konkurs[14, 55] 6. Turkey Cirit [19, 56] 7. USA AGM-65B/H/J/KMaverick[5, 19, 20]; AGM-65D/F/G Maverick [57]; AGM-84Harpoon [11, 58, 59]; AGM-86C CALCM [20, 60, 61]; AGM-88 HARM [7, 19, 62]; AGM-114 Hellfire[2, 19, 63]; AGM-123 Skipper II [3, 19, 64]; AGM-142 series [4, 11, 65]; AGM-158 JASSM [3, 20, 66, 67]; APKWS [1, 8, 19, 68, 69]; BGM-71 TOW [22, 23]; BGM-109 Tomahawk [20, 70, 71]; FGM-148 Javelin [24, 25]; MGM-140 ATACMS [18, 72]; SLAM/SLAM-ER [6, 20, 21, 73]

2. THE GUIDANCE TECHNOLOGIES used the Radar and Inertial technologies – USED IN PGMs every of them in 12 PGMs (17,4%). In the Table 2 are described the guid- Follows the Thermal/Infrared technol- ance technologies used in PGMs, such as ogies – in 10 PGMs (14,5%), Laser and Sat- TV, Radio, Wire, Radar, Laser, Satellite, ellite technologies – in 9 PGMs (13,1%) of Inertial, Digital Scene Matching Area Cor- each, TV technologies – in 7 PGMs (10%), relation (DSMAC) and Thermal/Infrared DSMAC technologies – in 5 PGMs (7,3%), technologies. Wire technologies – in 4 PGMs (5,8%) and The analysis of the data shows, that in Radio technologies – in 1 PGM (1,4%). the guidance systems most frequently are \ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ 7 8

\ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ R evista 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

M TV TV Satellite Laser Infrared Thermal/ Inertial Radar Radio Radio Wire DSMAC technology Guidance Guidance ilitară .

S Total PGMs 34 11,32,34,36 12,18,27,29,35 1,8,11,13,14,20,24 4,9,12,18,22,23,29,31,35 2,6,7,10,16,20,21,24,30 28,29 17,20,24, 2,8,9,10,13, 27,29,31,35 4,9,12,15,18,22,23,25, 27,28,31 19,23,25,26, 3,5,6,13,15, tudii PGM’ nrinTable A1

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A părare Nr 10 12 12 69 9 1 4 5 7 9 PGMs 17,4 13,1 13,1 14,5 17,4 100 1,4 5,8 7,3 10 % Ovod, 3K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 Yakhont/ 3K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 Ovod, SM Kent, Kh-59/59M/D Raduga Kh-55/55M/ Raduga Burya, Kh-22M 80, 3M-82and Moskit, Kh-41 Raduga tor 3M-54Club/Kalibr, 3M- Raduga Nova83/C-803, Kh-31P/A/MP/MA, YJ-81/C-801, YJ-82/C-802and YJ- HY-4/C-611 Silkworm, CHETA YJ-8/ 114 AGM-84, AGM-88 HARM, AGM- 9K115 Metis M1 Metis M1, 9M113MKonkurs TOW,BGM-71 9K111 and 9K720Iskander SLAM-ER, Kh-55/55M/SM Kent,Raduga SLAM Tomahawk,BGM-109 HN-1/2/3, KD-63, Kornet-EM, Palma/Sosna HY-2/HY-4/C-611 Silkworm, CHETA TOW, BGM-71 series, CHETA HY-1/ AGM-65B/H/J/KMaverick, AGM-142 PJ-10 Brahmos A/S,9K720Iskander Yakhont/ 3K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 ER, 54 Club/Kalibr, SLAM and SLAM- 1/2/3, M-39ATACMS, Novator 3M- JASSM, Tomahawk, BGM-109 HN- AGM-86C CALCM, AGM-158 Palma/ Sosna, APKWS, 114 AGM-65D/F/G Maverick, AGM- SLAM andOvod, SLAM-ER Palma/ Kh-59/59M/D Raduga Sosna, worm, FGM-148Javelin, Kornet-EM, CHETA HY-1/HY-2/HY-4/C-611 Silk AGM-158series, JASSM, APKWS, AGM-65D/F/G Maverick, AGM-142 Brahmos A/S,9K720Iskander Yakhont/PJ-103K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 SM Kent, SLAM and SLAM-ER, Moskit,Kh-41 Kh-55/55M/ Raduga Kalibr, 3M-80,3M-82and Raduga ATACMS, Novator 3M-54Club/ and YJ-83/C-803,HN-1/2/3,M-39 TA YJ-8/YJ-81/C-801,YJ-82/C-802 JASSM, Tomahawk, BGM-109 CHE AGM-86C CALCM, AGM-158 PJ-10 Brahmos A/S Table 2. Hellfire, Hellfire, AGM-123 Skipper II, Cirit, PGMs guidance technologies CHETA HY-1/HY-2/ PGM’ kind Ugroza Kornet-EM,

Fagot, 9K115 LAHAT,

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Number of Guidance Technologies only one GT, in 10 PGMs (27,8%) are using (GT) used in one PGM vary from 1 until 2 GT, in 10 PGMs (27,8%) are using 3 GT, 4 (Table 3). In 15 PGMs (41,7%) is using and only in 1 PGM (2,7%) are using 4 GT.

Table 3. Number of guidance technologies used in PGM

Nr of used Total PGM’ nr in guidance PGMs PGM’ kind Table A1 technologies Nr % 1 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 15 41,7 AGM-65B/H/J/KMaverick, AGM-84, AGM-88 16, 17, 19, HARM, AGM-123 Skipper II, CHETA KD-63, 21, 26, 30, Cirit, FGM-148 Javelin, Kh-31P/A/MP/MA, LA- 32, 33, 34, HAT, Raduga Kh-22M Burya, Ugroza, 9K111 Fag- 36 ot, 9K114 Shturm, 9K115 Metis M1, 9M113M Konkurs 2 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 10 27,8 AGM-65D/F/G Maverick, AGM-86C CALCM, 11, 15, 22, AGM-114 Hellfire,AGM-142 series, APKWS, 25, 28 BGM-71 TOW, CHETA YJ-8/YJ-81/C-801, YJ- 82/C-802 and YJ-83/C-803, M-39 ATACMS, Ra- duga 3M-80, 3M-82 and Kh-41 Moskit, Raduga Kh-59/59M/D Ovod 3 9, 12, 13, 18, 10 27,8 AGM-158 JASSM, BGM-109 Tomahawk, CHETA 20, 23, 24, HY-1/HY-2/HY-4/C-611 Silkworm, HN-1/2/3, 27, 31, 35 Kornet-EM, Novator 3M-54 Club/Kalibr, Palma/ Sosna, Raduga Kh-55/55M/SM Kent, 3K- 55/3M-55/Kh-61 Yakhont/PJ-10 Brahmos A/S, 9K720 Iskander 4 29 1 2,7 SLAM and SLAM-ER 36 100

3. THE RANGE OF ACTIVITY 100-1000km, and long range - more than OF THE PGMs 1000km (Table 4). From total number of Based on the range of activity, the PGMs, 17 PGMs (47,5%) are of short range, PGMs can be divided in 3 categories: of 16 PGMs (44,5%) – of medium range and 3 short range - until 100km, medium range PGMs (8%) – of long range. \ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ

9 10

\ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ R evista ed in the Table inthe ed 5.As shows from data, this the PGMsdestinationreflects are present submarines and anti-tanks. Thedata which ti-air, anti-ground targets, anti-ships, anti- categorizedbe in followingthe groups: an Medium Short Long Range Regarding destination, the PGMs can 4. THE DESTINATION OF PGM

M ilitară Total 4,12,27 35 25, 26,28,29,31, 15,18,19,22,23, 3,5,9,13,14, 30,32,33,34, 36 16,17,20,21,24, 1,2,6,7,8,10,11, PGM’ nrin Table A1 .

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S ecuritate Total PGMs Nr 36 16 17 3 44,5 47,5 s 100

% și 8

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Raduga Kh-55/55M/SM KentRaduga AGM-86C Tomahawk, CALCM, BGM-109 9K720 Iskander Yakhont/PJ-1055/3M-55/Kh-61 Brahmos A/S, 3K- SLAM/SLAM-ER, Ovod, Kh-59/59M/D Moskit, Raduga Kh-41 Burya, Kh-22M Raduga 3M-54 Club/Kalibr, 3M-80,3M-82and Raduga M-39ATACMS,Kh-31P/A/MP/MA, Novator YJ-82/C-802 and YJ-83/C-803,HN-1/2/3, CHETA KD-63,CHETA YJ-8/YJ-81/C-801, CHETA HY-1/HY-2/HY-4/C-611 Silkworm, AGM-84, AGM-88 HARM, AGM-158 JASSM, 9K115MetisM1, 9M113MKonkurs Ugroza,9K111Fagot,9K114Shturm,Sosna, FGM-148 Javelin, Kornet-EM, AGM-142 APKWS, series, TOW, BGM-71 erick, AGM-114 AGM-65B/H/J/KMaverick, AGM-65D/F/GMav tions. are referred to anti-submarines applica to anti-air applications, and 2PGMs(3,6%) to anti-tanks applications, 7PGMs(12,8%)- anti-ships applications, 12 PGMs(21,8%)- to anti-ground targets, 17PGMs(30,9%)-to 17 PGMs(30,9%)applications are referred

Hellfire, AGM-123 Skipper II, PGM’ kind Table 4. PGMs operation range LAHAT , Palma/ Cirit,

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Table 5. PGMs destination

Total PGMs Destination of PGM’ nr in applications PGM’ kind PGM Table A1 Nr % Anti-air 6,16,17,18, 7 12,8 AGM-114 Hellfire, Cirit,FGM-148Javelin, HN-1/2/3, Palma/Sosna, 9K114 Shturm, 24,33,35 9K720 Iskander Anti-ground 1,2,6,9,10,11,12, 17 30,9 AGM-65B/H/J/KMaverick,AGM-65D/F/ targets 14,17,19,22,23,2 GMaverick, AGM-114 Hellfire,AGM-158 9,32,33, 34,35 JASSM, APKWS, BGM-71 TOW, BGM- 109 Tomahawk, CHETA KD-63, FGM-148 Javelin, Kh-31P/A/MP/MA,M-39 ATAC- MS, Novator 3M-54 Club/Kalibr, SLAM and SLAM-R,9K111 Fagot,9K114 Shturm, 9K115MetisM1, 9K720 Iskander Anti-ships 1,2,3,6,7,13, 17 30,9 AGM-65B/H/J/KMaverick, AGM-65D/F/ 14,18,19,23, GMaverick, AGM-84, AGM-114 Hellfire, 24,25,26,28, AGM-123 Skipper II, CHETA HY-1/HY-2/ 29,31,35 HY-4/C-611 Silkworm, CHETA KD-63, HN-1/2/3, Kh-31P/A/MP/MA, Nova- tor3M-54Club/Kalibr, Palma/Sosna, Radu- ga 3M-80, 3M-82 and Kh-41 Moskit, Ra- dugaKh-22M Burya, RadugaKh-59/59M/D Ovod, SLAM/SLAM-ER, 3K-55/3M-55/ Kh-61Yakhont/PJ-10 BrahmosA/S Anti- 18,29 2 3,6 HN-1/2/3, SLAM/SLAM- ER,9K720Iskander submarine Anti-tanks 1,2,6,11, 17,20, 12 21,8 AGM-65B/H/J/KMaverick,AGM-65D/F/ 21,32, 33,34,35, GMaverick, AGM-65A/D, AGM-114 36 Hellfire,BGM-71 TOW, FGM-148 Jav- elin, Kornet-EM, LAHAT, 9K111 Fagot, 9K114 Shturm, 9K115 Metis M1, 9M113M Konkurs 55 100 \ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ

11 12

\ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ R evista launching platforms are presented inthe launched. Thedata regardingthe PGMs’ ched; submarine-launched and surface- from aircrafts and helicopters; ship-laun platforms are determined: air launched – OF THE PGM OF THE Air launch –aircrafts Surface-launched Submarine-launched Ship-launched helicopters Air launch – The mainthelaunchingtypes PGMs of 5. THE LAUNCHING PLATFORMS PGM’ launching

M ilitară platform

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31,33 12,15,18,23, 29,33 10,11,16,17, 25,26,27,28, 31 9,10,15,19, 1,2,3,4,5,8, 32,33,34, 36 24,27,30,31, 18,20,21,22, 3,11,15, 17, 23,27,1 3,12,15,18,

de PGM’ nrin Table A1

S ecuritate PGMs launching

și Total of kinds Nr 50 16 15

6 6 7 platforms A

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ching platforms. 6 PGMs(12%)-helicopters and ships laun submarine launching platforms, and on launching platforms, 7PGMs(14%)- ched platforms, 15PGMs(30%)-aircrafts that 16 PGMs (32%) using surface-laun Table 6.From table this observed, can be 100 32 14 12 12 30 % Iskander, 9M113M Konkurs 9K114 hont/PJ-10 Brahmos A/S,9K111 Kent, Palma/Sosna, Kh-55/55M/SM Raduga Kornet-EM, 83/C-803, FGM-148Javelin, HN-1/2/3, YJ-81/C-801, YJ-82/C-802and YJ- AGM-84, TOW, BGM-71 CHETA YJ-8/ 10 Brahmos A/S Kent, Yakhont/PJ- 3K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 Club/Kalibr, Kh-55/55M/SM Raduga YJ-83/C-803, HN-1/2/3,Novator 3M-54 YJ-8/YJ-81/C-801, YJ-82/C-802and AGM-84, Tomahawk, BGM-109 CHETA Brahmos A/S, 9K114 Yakhont/PJ-103K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 HN-1/2/3, Novator 3M-54Club/Kalibr, 81/C-801, YJ-82/C-802and YJ-83/C-803, Tomahawk,BGM-109 CHETA YJ-8/YJ- Javelin, 9K114 SLAM/SLAM-ER, APKWS, TOW, BGM-71 PJ-10 Brahmos A/S Yakhont/ 3K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 Ovod, 55/55M/SM Kent, Kh-59/59M/D Raduga Kh- Raduga Burya, Kh-22M Raduga duga 3M-80,3M-82and Moskit, Kh-41 Ra YJ-83/C-803, Kh-31P/A/MP/MA, TA YJ-8/YJ-81/C-801,YJ-82/C-802and AGM-158series, JASSM, APKWS, CHE CALCM, AGM-88 HARM 65D/F/G Maverick, AGM-84, AGM-86C AGM-65B/H/J/K Maverick, AGM- Table 6. Ugroza,

Shturm, 9K115 Metis M1,9K720 LAHAT PGMslaunching platforms 3K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 Yak3K-55/3M-55/Kh-61 PGM’ kind , M-39ATACMS,

Shturm Cirit, , AGM-142 FGM-148

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Revista Militară. nr. 1 (21) / 2019

6. THE SPEED OF THE PGMs Subsonic, Transonic and Supersonic speed Based on the data presented in the Table (Table 7). A1, we can divide the PGMs in 3 groups: of Table 8. PGMs delivery speed and range of activity Total Speed of PGM PGM’ nr PGMs Range of Time of the tar- [74] in PGM’ kind activity get’ accessing Table A1 Nr % AGM-84 Har- Subsonic poon, Kh-31P/A/ 103-

The data presented in the Table 7 show The data presented in the Table A1 that 56% of the PGMs are of the Superso- shows that the CEP of the PGMs vary from nic speed level and can access the targets in 0.5 meter for PGM APKWS to 7 meters for 5.4 min on the distance up to 550km, 33% of PGM 9K720 Iskander (Table 8). the PGMs are of the Subsonic speed and can access the targets in 16.5 min on the distance up to 270km and 11% of the PGMs are of the Transonic speed and can access the targets in 20 sec on the distance up to 8km.

7. PRECISION OF THE TARGET HITTING Precision of the target hitting can be characterized by Circular Error Probability or CEP [75]. In tests, a number of weapons are launched at a target and then an imagi- nary circle is draw around the 50% of strikes closest to the aim point (see Figure 1). \ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ The radius of that circle becomes the CEP Figure 1. Circular error probability 13 (or accuracy) of that weapon. of weapon 14

\ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ R evista CEP 1-7meters. The guidance technologies ge ensure precision the of target the hitting on systems. PGMsislaser based these 1.8 meters. The guidance technologies of precisionthe of target the hitting CEP0.5- PGMs of short operational range ensure Nr. 6 5 4 3 2 1 The PGMs of medium operational ran From Table the 8is evident that the

M Iskander 9K720 mos A/S PJ-10 Brah hont/ YakKh-61 55/3M-55/ 3K- Ugroza Cirit APKWS CALCM AGM-86C ilitară PGM Type

S - - tudii Country Turkey Russia Russia India USA USA

S ecuritate CEP, meters under 5 0.8-1.8 <0.5 5–7 1.5 1

și

A părare - GLONASS DSMAC,GPS Inertial, optical guidance GAGAN GPS ve radar homing guidance by by guidance Mid-course Laser-guided seeker ve laser Laser, Seeker Laser ture Distributed Aper frared guided, and Laser INS/GPS Technology INS, inertial and satelliteinertial systems. of PGMrepresent this combination the of under 5 meters. The guidance technologies sure precisionthe of targetthe hitting CEP MAC systems. radar,of inertial, satellite and optical DS of PGMsrepresent these combination the Guidance Guidance

/ Semi-Active GLONASS semi-acti The PGM of long operational range en Terminal homing Table 8.

satellite satellite in - acti /

- / - , -

The precision targetthe of hitting Range - - Range Short to 14km Range -up Short 1100km range Long 50-500km - Range Medium 450km - Range Medium 1.5–8km - Range Short 8km Range ters Attack helicop Anti-armor infrastructure civilian critical concentration; troopsnodes; in communications mand posts, aircrafts, com aerodrome;ons, missile weap pieces); air and range artillery systems, long- launch rocket Missile, multiple Anti-shipping nel carriers,etc.) person armored fighting vehicles, infantry (tanks, ground targets Defeat of small tegic Subsonic stra Destination ------Revista Militară. nr. 1 (21) / 2019

CONCLUSION targets, 30,9% of PGMs - to anti-ships ap- 1. There are summarized the general plications, 21,8% of PGMs - to anti-tanks data of 36 types of the precision guided applications, 12,8% of PGMs - to anti-air missiles produced in China, India, Israel, applications, and 3,6% of PGMs are re- Russia, Turkey and USA. The analysis ferred to anti-submarines applications. shows that the PGMs are characterized by 5. The main types of the PGMs launch- different guidance technologies, range of ing platforms are determined: air launched activity, weight-diameter-length param- – from aircrafts and helicopters; ship- eters, destination, platform launch, and launched; submarine-launched and sur- precision of the target hitting. face-launched. 32% of PGMs are using 2. There were determined the guidance surface-launched platforms, 30% of PGMs - technologies (GT) used in PGMs from aircrafts launching platforms, 14% of which are TV, Radio, Wire, Radar, Laser, PGMs - submarine launching platforms, Satellite, Inertial, Digital Scene Matching and 12% of PGMs - helicopters and ships Area Correlation (DSMAC) and Ther- launching platforms. mal/Infrared technologies. The analysis 6. It was determined, that 56% of the shows, that in the guidance systems most PGMs are of the Supersonic speed level frequently are used the Radar and Inertial and can access the targets in 5.4 min on the technologies – every of them in 17,4% of distance up to 550km, 33% of the PGMs PGMs. Follows the Thermal/Infrared tech- are of the Subsonic speed and can access nologies – in 14,5% of PGMs, Laser and the targets in 16.5 min on the distance up Satellite technologies – in 13,1% of PGMs to 270km and 11% of the PGMs are of the each, TV technologies – in 10% of PGMs, Transonic speed and can access the targets DSMAC technologies – in 7,3% of PGMs, in 20 sec on the distance up to 8km. Wire technologies – in 5,8% of PGMs and 7. It is described the PGM’ precision Radio technologies – in 1,4% of PGMs. of the target hitting (PTH). As metric of The number of Guidance Technologies PTH it was used Circular Error Probabili- (GT) used in one PGM vary from 1 until 4. ty (CEP). It was determined that the PGMs In 41,7% of PGMs is using only one GT, in of short operational range ensure the preci- 27,8% of PGMs are using 2 GT, in 27,8% of sion of the target hitting CEP 0.5-1.8 me- PGMs are using 3 GT, and in 2,7% of PGMs are using 4 GT. ters. The guidance technologies of these 3. Based on the range of activity, the PGMs is based on laser systems. PGMs can be divided in 3 categories: of The PGMs of medium operational range short range - until 100km, medium range ensure the precision of the target hitting 100-1000km, and long range - more than CEP 1-7 meters. The guidance technologies 1000km. 47,5% of PGMs are of short range, of these PGMs represent the combination 44,5% of PGMs – of medium range and 8% of inertial, radar, satellite and optical DS- of PGMs – of long range. MAC systems. 4. Regarding the destination, PGMs can The PGM of long operational range en- be categorized in the following groups: an- sure the precision of the target hitting CEP ti-air, anti-ground targets, anti-ships, anti- under 5 meters. The guidance technologies \ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ submarines and anti-tanks. 30,9% of PGMs of this PGM represent the combination of applications are referred to anti-ground inertial and satellite systems. 15 16

\ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ R evista MissileandSpace MBT Missiles Precision GuidedMunitions.aspx https://idsa.in/issuebrief archive/hpw/High_Precision_Wepons_1_2017.pdf Missiles-01-06.pdf on_Kill_Weapon_System %20(9M114).html got/fagot.shtml technical_data_sheet_description_information_ guided_missile_ tank_ uk.htm com/united_ states_us_ army_light_ and_heavy_weapons_uk/fgm-148_javelin_infrared_anti- com/standoff-land-attack-missile-expanded-response-slam-erma/ ka. de/research/PGM_History_M_ Raska_2012.pdf magtest. blogspot.com/2014/04/kd-63yj-63-and-kd-88yj-83k-air-launched.html 37. 36. 35. 34. 33. 32. 31. 30. Shturm.29. 9K114 28. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. TOW 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. MGM-140. 17. 16. Kh-55. 15. Kh-31. 14. 13. Hongniao. 12. 11. 10. C-801. 9. BrahMos. 8. HARM 7. AGM-88 SLAM-ER. 6. AGM-84H/K Maverick5. AGM-65 4. AGM-142. 3. AGM-123_Skipper_II. Hellfire.2. AGM-114 1.

M Apkws-laser-guided-rocket. https://www.baesystems.com/en/ product/apkws-laser-guided-rocket Advanced Precision Weapon Kill System KD-63/YJ-63 And KD-88/YJ-83K Air LaunchedMissile (ALCM). Cruise Silkworm (missile). Missiles. Cruise PLA 9K720 Iskander-M (SS-26 Stone). 9K720 Iskander. 9K115 Metis anti-tank missile complex. 9K115 Metis. 9K115-2 Metis-M. 9K114 Shturm. Portable anti-tank complex 9K111_Fagot. 9K111 Fagot. FGM-148 Javelinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGM-148_Javelin Javelin Martin Anti-tank infrared Lockheed missile. guided TOW.BGM-71 StandoffLand-Attack ResponseMissile-Expanded (SLAM-ER). Michael.Raska Development The of Precision Guided Munitions. Precision-Guided Munition. LAHAT Homing Laser Attack Missile KapurVivek. Precision Weapons inAerial Warfare. Institute for Defense Studies &Analyses. High-Precision Weapons. Edition Rostec, Special №01,2017. Carlo Kopp. Regional Precision Guided Munitions Survey. ilitară

Anti-tank missile. guided https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-801_anti-ship_missile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-55 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-31 . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrahMos

http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-142.html S https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongniao . tudii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-140_ ATACMS https://en.wikipedia.org/ https://en.wikipedia.org _Metis /wiki/9K115 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /9K114 http://weaponsystems.net /weaponsystem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BGM-71_TOW https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-88_HARM https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9K720 _Iskander. / Precision WeaponsinAerialWarfare_vkapur _080512.

de https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-114_Hellfire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-65_ Maverick https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/ 9K115-2_Metis-M https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

S http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Cruise-Missiles.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-123_ Skipper_II ecuritate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-84H/K_SLAM-ER https://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/ Precision-Guided_ https://www. globalsecurity.org/ wmd/world/ russia/ss-26.htm http://www.military-today.com/missiles/tow.htm

și

A http://military-informer.narod.ru/ antitank-metis.html părare wiki/ 9K111_Fagot. wiki/ http://www.iai.co.il/ 2013/34290 https://en.wikipedia.org/ Advanced_Precisi wiki/ http:// rbase.new- . Silkworm_ (missile) _Shturm /HH06%20-%20AT-6%20 Spiral factoria.ru/ missile/ wobb/fa factoria.ru/ https://www.armyrecognition. www.ausairpower.net/SP/DT- http://www.promweekly.ru/ http://www.defensedaily. http://www.michaelras BIBLIOGRAPHY: -37347-en/System http://mega Munition. - - - - - Revista Militară. nr. 1 (21) / 2019

38. YJ-8 (C-80X) SERIES ANTI-SHIP MISSILES. http://www.globalmil.com/military/navy/ china/systems/armament/2017/0204/396.html 39. Hong Niao Series (HN-1/-2/-3). https://missilethreat. csis.org/ missile/hong-niao/ 40. PJ-10BrahMos.https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ world/india/ brahmos.htm 41. 3M-54 Kalibr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M-54_Kalibr 42. LAHAT. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAHAT 43. LAser Homing Attack Missile (LAHAT). https://www.army-technology.com/projects/laser- homing-attack-missile/ 44. AGMs and Standoff Weapons.https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/agms-and-standoff-weapons. 99878/page-6 45. 9M133M Kornet-M. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M133M_ Kornet-M 46. PALMA: Air defense missile/gun and gun system. http://kbtochmash.com/press-eng/articles-eng/articles-eng_3.html 47. 9M337 Sosna-R.https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/9M337_Sosna-R 48. Moskit Kh-41 ALCM SS-N-22 Sunburn.https://www. globalsecurity. org/military/world/ russia/ moskit.htm 49. P-270 Moskit. https://military.org.uk/wiki/P-270_Moskit 50. Kh-22. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-22 51. Soviet/Russian Cruise Missiles. https://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Rus-Cruise-Missiles.html 52. AS-15 Kent (Kh-55 Granat). http://missiledefenseadvocacy.org/ missile-threat-and-proliferation/missile-proliferation/russia/as-15-kent-kh-55-granat/ 53. Kh-59 Ovod. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh-59 54. Ugroza. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugroza 55. 9M113 Konkurs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M113_Konkurs 56. RoketsanCirit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roketsan_Cirit 57. AGM-65 Maverick .https://military.wikia.org/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick 58. Harpoon missile. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon_(missile) 59. Harpoon. http://weaponsystems.net/weaponsystem/HH10+-+Harpoon.html 60. AGM-86 ALCM. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-86_ALCM 61. AGM-86C CALCM. http://www.military-today.com/missiles/ agm_86c_ calcm.htm 62. Raytheon (Texas Instruments) AGM-88 HARM. http://www.designation- systems.net/ dusrm/m-88.html 63. AGM-114 Hellfire II Missile.https://www.army-technology.com/ projects/hellfire-ii-missile/ 64. Emerson Electric AGM-123 Skipper II. http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-123.html 65. AGM-142 Raptor. https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-142.htm 66. AGM-158 JASSM. https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/AGM-158_JASSM 67. AGM-158 JASSM: Lockheed’s Family of Stealthy Cruise Missiles. https://www.defensein- dustrydaily.com /agm-158-jassm-lockheeds-family-of-stealthy-cruise-missiles-014343/ 68. APKWS Laser-Guided Rocket. https://www.baesystems.com/en-us/product/ apkws-laser- guided-rocket 69. Advanced Precision Kill Weapon System (APKWS). https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Advan- ced_Precision_Kill_Weapon_System 70. Tomahawk. https://en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tomahawk_(missile) 71. BGM-109 Tomahawk. https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/bgm-109.htm 72. Lockheed Martin (LTV) MGM-140 ATACMS. http://www. designation- systems.info/ dusrm/m-140.html 73. AGM-84K SLAM-ER.https://www.military.com /equipment/agm-84k-standoff-land-attack-missile-extended-range-slam-er 74. Mach number. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number. 75. Cole Chris “Smart Weapons Systems”: Are we being Misguided about “Precision Strikes”?. \ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ https://www.globalresearch.ca/smart-weapons-systems-are-we-being-misguided-about-precision- strikes/5493560 17 18

\ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ R evista 8 9 5 4 3 2 1 7 6 Nr

M JASSM AGM-158 series AGM-142 Skipper II AGM-123 Hellfire AGM-114 HARM AGM-88 CALCM AGM-86C Harpoon AGM-84 Maverick 65D/F/G AGM- Maverick H/J/K AGM-65B/ ANNEX 1 ilitară Kind Table A1. USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA USA Country .

S tudii Laser-guided Laser-guided seeker homing laser Semi-active terminal phaseterminal frared seekerinthe with imaging in GPS/INS completed 142G) seeker(AGM-CCD 142F,H);daylight (AGM- capable seeker (AGM-142D),zoom imaging/penetrator 142C), thermal penetrator (AGM- (AGM-142B), TV/ imagingthermal (AGM-142A),TV Radar guided Radar INS/GPS homing tive radar altimeterRadar infrared or laser Electro-optical, CCD Electro-optical/TV/

Guidance S system

ecuritate radar terminal terminal

/ - ac - meters under 5 Accuracy at target)

probable probable (circular (circular și error

A părare

370km 80km 25km 8km 22km than More 22km than More 150km 1100km 124km Opera- tional range 57kg high- (136kg penetrator or 220-306kg 210-306kg explosive warhead 450kg high-yield etrator warhead; 351kg of I-800pen 450kg -over Speed 1.63m; Length Weight45.4–49kg; Diameter7.8 cm; -over Speed US$ Unit cost 4.1m; Length Weight 355kg; Diameter 254mm; of 1360kg charge 6.3m; high-explosive Speed - Length-3.8m; Weight-691kg; Diameter -34cm; 2.49m explosive warhead), Weight, Diameter, 284000; Length,

Speed Mach

Mach1. Mach2.0 0.71 - 3 PGMs,Kinds and Parameters F-16C aircrafts; B-2A, F-15E, B-52, B-1B, Air launched – F-4E F-111C; B-52H Air launched – F/A-18 A-7 Corsair II A-6E Intruder Air launch -aircrafts Air launch -aircrafts J-22 Orao fighter Typhoon nado IDS 18 15 – Air launched Air launched rine-launched UGM-84A subma launched AGM-84A air- surface-launched; platform:RGM-84A Multi- F-4 , E, EA-18G F-16 G, Platform launch EA-6B /ECR, /ECR, , , F/A- F-35 , Tor , , , - F- Euro , - value targets enemy’s high- Destroy the Anti-shipping vehicles and ground vehicles unmanned air Anti-tank, transmitter launchers ships, missile Against tanks, vehicles armored and launchers ships, missile Against tanks, tenna a and destroy attackdetect, missile anti-radiation Air-to-surface strategic Subsonic Anti-shipping vehicles armored and Destination radar an or . Can , ships -

Revista Militară. nr. 1 (21) / 2019

10 APKWS USA Laser and infrared < 0.5 Up to Length- 1.87m, Air launched –UH- Anti-armor guided,Distributed meters 14km Diameter - 70mm, 1Y VenomAH-1W Aperture Semi-Ac- Weight- 15kg, Super CobraAH-1Z tive Laser Seeker Unit cost: $30000 Viper Bell 407GTAH-64 ApacheEuro copter TigerMH-60S/R Sea- hawkAV-8BHarrier II, OV-10 Bronco F-16 Fighting Falcon A-10 Thunderbolt II 11 BGM-71 USA Optically tracked 65– Weight - 18.9kg Ground, vehicle and Anti-tank, TOW wire command link 3750m Length - 1.16m helicopter platforms anti-bunker, guided anti-fortifica- tion and anti- amphibious 12 BGM-109 USA INS TERCOM/GPS 1600 Missile length with Submarine or ship- Land-attack Tomahawk and terminal guid- km booster is 6.25m, launched ance in the target weight 1,587kg area by optical Digi- tal Scene Matching Area Correlation system

13 CHETA China Active radar seeker; 135- 3,000kg (HY-2); Anti-ship, HY-1/ infrared homing 200km 513kg shaped charge coastal defense HY-2/HY- seekers, television warhead and ship- 4/C-611 seekers borne ASM; Silkworm subsonic sea skimmer 14 CHETA China Television/data-link 186km Against land KD-63 terminal guidance and maritime targets 15 CHETA China Inertial navi-gation/ 50 - 815 kg Aerial, naval and YJ-8/YJ- active radar homing 250km land-based Anti- 81/C-801, terminal gui-dance ship and air- YJ- to-surface 82/C-802 and YJ- 83/C-803 16 Cirit Turkey Laser,semi-active 1.5 m 8km 70mm T-129 Attack, AH- Attack heli- laser homing seeker 1P Cobra, AH-1W copters Super Cobra 17 FGM-148 USA automatic infrared 4750m Length - 1.1m Ground, vehicle and Anti-tank, Javelin guidance,fire-and- Diameter - 127mm helicopter platforms anti-armor ve- forget system Weight - 22.3kg hicles, against helicopters and ground- fighting positions 18 HN-1/2/3 China “Map matching” 600-3000 Weight- 1.6 – 2.5 Xian H-6, Xian JH-7, Aerial, subma- + topography km tones, ships, submarines, & rine and ship matching + inertial Speed-Mach 0.7 ground launchers deployment guidance + GPS – 0.9; auxiliary correction + other auxiliary guidance 19 Kh-31P/A/ Russia L-111E seeker (Kh- 25- Speed–Mach4.5 Air launched – To suppress MP/ 31P); 103km at altitude, and Su-30MK Patriot and

MA active radar seeker Mach2.7 at sea level Hawk batteries \ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ (Kh-31A/MA) (Kh-31P); anti-ship (Kh-31A/MA) 19 20

\ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ R evista 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

M Kent 55/55M/SM Kh- Raduga 22M Burya RadugaKh- Moskit and Kh-41 3M-82 3M-80, Raduga Sosna Palma/ Club/Kalibr 3M-54 Novator ATACMS MGM-140 LAHAT Kornet-EM ilitară

Russia Russia Russia Russia China India and USA Israel Russia .

S tudii DSMAC technology terrain profiling, radar altimeter for map,with digital Kalman filtering guidance package, Sprut and BSU-55 INS; TERCOM aided tion seekers orRadar anti-radia tive radar seeker INS and Altair ac tracking. acquisition and imaging, target system, thermal guidance, TV Laser guidance lite and inertial and Glonass satel Active radar seeker GPS/INS Terminal guidance homing laser Semi-active imagerthermal TV+IR get tracker; tar automatic with visiontechnical guidance; Laser

S ecuritate - - - -

și

A părare 300km 8km 10km 150m – 3000km 550km 270- 200 km 90 - 10km 300km

launch tube launch 1210mm length of launch tube; 33kg weight with 320 m/sflight speed; 520mm diameter; 520mm diameter; diameter 0.33m; length 0.85m, 95kg, Mach4.6 incruise oxidizer are carried; 3tons of and fuel 900kg warhead; Mach2.2; skimmingor sea altitudehigh Mach3, siles; rocket-ramjet mis 4.5tons super-sonic airframe Mach2.9 Subsonic cruise - Rocket System M270 Multiple Launch guns Smoothbore double launcher) and 1.7-1.9tons for for single launcher platforms (1-1.2tons capacitybearing vehicle; low load Portable and combat 55/SSC-X-4) 7310) 8x8TEL(RK- MAZ-543M (MAZ- launched from a Sampson); 500A/SS-N-21 submarines (RKV- Type 971Akula Type 945Sierraand Type 671Victor, launched from the 55/AS-15A); Tu-95MSthe (Kh- Air launched from Tu-22M3 Backfires Air launched – fighters;strike 27/30/33 family Air launch, Su- 3.5tons capacity more than Various carrierswith weapons launched submarine (Club S) Ship (Club N)and tank tank sites, AAmis missilesurface surface-to- targets, High payoff Anti-tank Anti-tank Anti-shipping sea-skimmer Supersonic anti-ship Anti-air, land attack Anti-ship and posts rocket artillery even tube and bridges and rear bases, launchers,sile - Revista Militară. nr. 1 (21) / 2019

28 Raduga Russia Optical seeker, 115km 920kg; Air launched – Anti-shipping Kh- thermal imager, Su-27SMK/30MK 59/59M/D radar seeker (Kh- (Kh-59M/MK2); Ovod 59MK2) Su-30MK2 (Kh- 59MK2) 29 SLAM/ USA INS/GPS,infrared 270km Length- 4.4m, Air launched – Attacking land SLAM-ER homing terminal Diameter – 35cm, F/A-18C/D Hornet and sea targets guidance,command Weight- 675.5kg, F/A-18E/F Super guidance data Speed -855km/h Hornet link to control- Mach0.7 F-15E Strike Eagle ling aircraft, Unit cost: $500000 P-3C Orion DSMAC Automatic P-8 Poseidon, S-3 Target Acquisition Viking, A-6 Intruder 30 Ugroza Russia Laser-guided 0.8-1.8m 1.5–8km Length- 1.65m, Multiple rocket Defeat of Diameter – 8cm, launchers small ground Weight- 15kg, targets (tanks, Speed -480 m/sec infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, etc.) 31 3K- India Mid-course 1m 450km 3tons at launch; Ship, submarine, Anti-shipping 55/3M-55/ guidance Speed Mach2.0-2.5; air (Su-27/30) and Kh-61 by INS Terminal ground launched Yakhont/ guidance by active variants; PJ-10 Brah- radar homing mos A/S GPS/GLONASS/ GAGAN satellite guidance 32 9K111 Fag- Russia Semi-automatic 70– Length - 1100mm Ground, vehicle Anti-tank ot command to line of 2500m Diameter - 120mm sight (SACLOS) Weight - 12.5kg wire-guided 33 9K114 Russia SACLOS radio 400- Length - 1625mm Ground, vehicles, Anti-tank, he- Shturm guided 6000m Diameter - 130mm helicopters and ships licopters etc. Weight - 31.4kg 34 9K115 Russia Semi-automatic 40– Length - 980mm Ground, combat Anti-tank, Metis M1 wire-guided 1000m Diameter – 130mm vehicles can penetrate Weight - 13.8kg 460mm of armor 35 9K720 Russia Inertial, optical 5–7m 50- Length - 7.3m Mobile TEL Missile, launch Iskander DSMACGPS/ 500km Diameter - 0.92m rocket sys- GLONASS Weight - 3800kg tems, artillery pieces; command posts, communications nodes; 36 9M113M Russia Wire-guided Up to Length- 1150mm, Combat vehicle or Anti-tank Konkurs SACLOS 4km Diameter – 135mm, remote launcher Weight- 14.6kg, \ SECURITATE ȘI GEOPOLITICĂ