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Teaching Geography Using the City: the Example of Bangkok

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Teaching Geography Using the City: the Example of Bangkok TEACHING GEOGRAPHY USING THE CITY The Example of BANGKOK By Curtis Thomson n an attempt to improve geo- The city can be an excellent example crucial bend or fork in a river or against a graphic literacy around the world for teaching geography, as each of the mountain. By design this location, along and provide educational stan- above themes is easily conveyed. Among with the city’s internal layout, will impede I dards, the National Geographic the cities of Asia, Bangkok provides some movement both in and around the city Society has identified several themes that notable illustrations. From its initial estab- through the construction of only a few form the basis of geographic inquiry. lishment and its selection as a seat of transportation routes that can be effectively These themes were written in 1984 by the monarchy, to its present-day growth and monitored. On the other hand, a city whose Joint Committee on Geographic Educa- domination of the urban system, geogra- main function is economic will be located tion of the National Council for Geo- phy’s themes provide a framework for in an easily accessible area with a variety graphic Education (NCGE) and the Asso- interpreting and understanding the pre- of transportation routes that accommodate ciation of American Geographers (AAG). sent-day city. This framework can be easi- movement of people and goods. There will They provide focus and direction for the ly adapted to teaching about the geogra- also be much more interaction between study of the earth’s landscape, and are phy of cities throughout the world. this city and its surrounding region than defined as follows: one designed for protection. LOCATION—the position of a site based LOCATION AND PLACE The site for Bangkok was an ideal on lines of longitude and latitude or Bangkok lies in the center of an area defensive choice by the first ruler of the some other reference system, the known as mainland Southeast Asia. Using current Chakri dynasty, King Rama I characteristics of that site, and where the common globe-based reference sys- (Ramathibodi, 1782–1809) who decided it is in relation to other places. tem, the city is at 100˚ 30’ East Longitude to move the capital across the river where PLACE—properties of a site that provide and 13˚ 45’ North Latitude; although it might be less vulnerable to attack from meaning, identity, and character that when used with a typical map-based refer- the Burmese. The king considered the help to distinguish it from other encing system (necessary when the round eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River a places. Places are usually identified globe is converted to a flat map) other more easily defended location than the and described by their physical coordinates must be identified. Within western bank. It was on a bend in the and/or human characteristics. Loca- Southeast Asia are a number of compara- river so that a large proportion of the city tion and place are often discussed in ble cities that serve as their national capi- would be surrounded by water, protecting the same context by first identifying tals and as the largest urban center of their its western and southern flanks from the location and then describing its respective countries; their differences, encroaching armies (Figure 1). Because characteristics. however, are easily expressed through this site was generally lower than the HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERAC- geography’s themes. western bank, it also flooded occasional- TION—studying the effects that In studying the city, the concepts of ly, but the high water table was ideal occur when people interact with their location and place are most prominent in habitat for tall dense grasses growing in surroundings. identifying the role that it was established the boggy ground to the north and east of MOVEMENT—this is the interaction of to fill. Three of these roles (defensive, reli- the city and provided a nearly impenetra- people, places, things, and ideas that gious, and economic) demand specific ble barrier to access from the east. come from beyond one’s immediate functions that result in important differ- On April 21, 1782 the City Pillar for location. ences in the initial location of the city and the new capital was laid, and the con- REGION—an area defined by the interac- its interaction with the surrounding region. struction of the first defensive canal was tion between places on the earth’s A city designed to protect a surrounding begun along the eastern rim of the city. surface for unifying physical or area (hinterland), for example, will be built Ten thousand Cambodian prisoners of human/cultural characteristics. at an easily defended location, such as at a war1 labored on this canal, which was 4 EDUCATION ABOUT ASIA Volume 3, Number 2 Fall 1998 completed in 1785. In the Although its meaning seventy succeeding years, is really found in only the a number of additional first two syllables, the list canals were dug in the of accolades that follows region for similar purpos- provides the grandeur befit- es, and to move troops to ting the seat of monarchy, potential battle sites. “City of Angels, Great City Throughout this area the of Immortals, Magnificent marshy land proved an City of the Nine Gems, effective barrier to invad- Seat of the King, City of ing cavalry arriving by Royal Palaces, Home of the land and on elephant. Gods Incarnate, Erected by The result of this Isavakarman at Indra’s planning and layout pro- Behest.” Fortunately for vided an easily defended general use, the name has site with the river as the been shortened to the first only accessible transporta- two syllables, Krungthep tion link to the outside (City of Angels), the name (Figure 2). Although a hin- the Thai use when referring drance to the land based to their capital. Although military movements of the many of the words in this Burmese with their large name are a transliteration numbers of troops, ani- from Indic languages, they mals, and equipment, the provide meaning in con- river served as a marvelous structing the kingdom’s transportation corridor for identity. The overall result the water-based Thai soci- clearly indicates the signifi- ety.2 Housing was located cance of a city, now aptly near or on the river or named in memory of a canals, and each household Figure 1 heavenly abode, and could access the water- Mid-infrared wavelength of a Landsat TM satellite image acquired over Bangkok whose layout was increas- in December 1989. The distance covers approximately 35 kilometers north to ways in their small boats. south with the Chao Phraya River running along the left or western edge of the city. ingly designed according The King celebrated The historic center of the city is located within the box, and the lighter areas to religious ideals. the completion of this canal indicate urban growth that is mainly spreading to the north and east. The brightest area, in the upper right portion of the image, is the airport. and the laying of the City HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT Pillar with a ceremony that INTERACTION gave the city a new name. Names given to the station and grandeur of a royal resi- The most distinguishing physical feature places usually result from one of five fac- dence. The official name for the city of Bangkok is its canals. In addition to tors: the physical environment of the loca- successfully incorporated this ideal and their contribution in defining and describ- tion, a person important to the city, an resulted in what is likely the world’s ing the city’s place, they also serve as the event or curious discovery that took place longest official city name: most prominent example of human/envi- there, in memory of some other place, or ronment interaction (Figure 3). Since the as a transliteration from some other lan- Krungthepmahanakornboworn- Ayuthaya period (1350–1767) monarchs guage. The first of these factors provided ratanakosinmahintarayudhayama- had been aware of the advantages of the name for Bangkok. Originally founded hadilokpipopnoparatanara- facilitating the movement of goods and by the Chinese as a favorable trading jathaniburiromudomrajniwesma- people within the realm. Canals were a location, its name was derived from two hasatarnamornpimarnavatarsatit- dominant form of transport, and they separate words: bang—a village on a sakatattiyavisanukamprasit. became increasingly important to the waterway, and makok—the hog plum, a growing international trade of the king- type of olive. dom. While canals were dug to link Although known by this name in the entire realm, the most important the West for the past four hundred were dug to shorten the distances years, when the city became the king- between natural waterways in the dom’s capital, a more appropriate lower river basin. name had to be given to the new seat One of these canals also result- of monarchy. The city’s name was there- ed in altering the course of the river. The fore changed from a common description natural channel of the river ran along of place to something that would evoke what is now the southern entrance to the 5 Another aspect of the nature of water-related Bangkok Noi Canal, around Taling Chan human/environment interaction in Bangkok district and into Bangkok Yai Canal, exiting across from the present-day mar- is that the city is sinking. ket of Bang Khlong.3 Originally dug to provide a more direct passage along the meandering channel, the canal altered the river’s course as the current shifted to this more direct route, changing the main channel of the river to its present-day location. Further digging and dredging to widen and deepen the river produced the current result, which would surprise the traveler taking any of the water taxis that run regular routes along the former river course.
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