119, ACANTHACEAE la. Corolla without an upper lip; lower lip large, expanded,
3-lobed 2 lb. Corolla 2-lipped or with 5 subequal lobes 3 2a. Leaves in opposite pairs; corolla-limb glabrous beneath 5. CYNAROSPERMUM 2b. Leaves in pseudo whorls o f (3) 4; Corolla-limb hairy beneath 3. BLEPHARIS 3a. Corolla 2-lipped 4 3b. Corolla with 5 subequal lobes, not 2-lipped 14 4a. Corolla lobes twisted in bud 5
4b. Corolla lobes imbricate in bud 6 5a. Ovary with 2 ovules in each locule; capsules 2-seeded 4. CALACANTHUS 5b. Ovary with 4 to many ovules in each locule; capsules 4 to many seeded 13. HYGROPHILA 6a. Stamens 4; staminodes absent 16. LEPIDAGATHIS 6b. Stamens 2; staminodes present or rudimentary 7a. Anther cells superposed (except Ecbolium); ovary with 1 or 2 ovules in each locule; capsules 2-4 seeded 7b. Anther cells parallel; ovary with 3 to many ovules in each locule; capsules 6 or more seeded 13 8a. Placentas separating elastically from valves from the base upwards 9 8b. Placentas not separating elastically from valves 10 9a. Flowers in dense clusters 6. DICLIPTERA 9b. Flowers in unilateral spikes 22. RUNGIA 10a. Anther-cells (at least the lower ones) with a basal white, spur-like appandage (except J. adhatoda) 15. JUSTICIA 10b. Anther-cells not spurred at base 11 1 la. Flowers in dense many flowered spikes; corolla bluish-green; capsules ovoid 9. ECBOLIUM 11b. flowers solitary or in paniculate cymes; corolla rosy, purple or white 12 12a. Bracts larger than bracteoles, in opposite valvate
569 pairs; corolla rose or purple; filaments hairy 18. PERISTROPHE , 12b. Bracts and bracteoles small, subequal; corolla white; filaments glabrous 19. RHINACANTHUS 13a. Flowers clustered in axillary cladodes 11. HAPLANTHODES 13b. Flowers in unilateral racemes or in elongate thyrses, without cladodes 14. INDONEESIELLA 14a. Stamens 2 15 14b. Stamens 4 17 15a. Calyx deeply 4-partite; corolla-lobes imbricate in bud 2. BARLERIA 15b. Calyx 5-lobes or 5-partite; corolla-lobes twisted itt bud 16 16a. Bracts white with green nerves; corolla-tube long, linear, slender; stamens exserted beyond corolla-tube 10. ERANTHEMUM 16b. Bracts not as above, pinkish-purple; corolla-tube narrow below, infundibuliform upwards; stamens included 21.STROB1LANTHES {p. p.) 17a. Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud 18 17b. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud 19 18a. Flowers in lax, elongate spikes or racemes; bracts linear; calyx deeply divided, 5-segmented 1. ASYSTASIA 18b. Flowers in globose, congested, silky-hairy, sessile spikes; bracts broadly elliptic or suborbicular; calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed 17. NEURACANTHUS 19a. Ovary with 2 ovules in each locule 20 19b. Ovary with 3-many ovules in each locule 21 20a. Stamens exserted; anthers shortly mucronate or spurred at base 8. DYSCHORISTE 20b. Stamens included; anthers neither mucronate nor spurred at base 21. STROBILANTHES (p. p.) 21a. Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud 7. DIPTERACANTHUS 21b. Corolla-lobes twisted in bud 22 22a. Erect, glabrous herbs with tuberous roots; corolla 3-5 cm long; pods 2-3 cm long 20. RUELIA 22b. Diffuse, viscidly-pubescent herbs; roots not tuberous;
570 corolla c 1.5 (-2) cm long; pods 5-8 mm long 12. HEMIGRAPHIS
1. ASYSTASIA Blume la. Bracts and bracteoles large, leafy; inflorescence of close, substrobiliform spikes 4.A. myscirensis lb. Bracts and bracteoles small; inflorescence secund, o f lax racemes 2 2a. Capsules 1 cm long I.A. chelonoides 2b. Capsules 2.5-3 cm long 3 3a. Bracts 3 mm long; corolla without darker violet lower lobe 3A. gangetica 3b. Bracts 6 mm long; corolla with darker violet lower lobe 2.A. dalzelliana
1. Asystasia chelonoides Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 89.1832; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 595, f 594. 2001. Undershrubs, subscandent. Leaves 6-14 x 4-6 cm, lower ones elliptic, upper ones ovate, short acuminate at apex, narrowed at base, glabrous, entire. Flowers in lax, slender racemes, capsules c 1 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: September. Distrib. : Only one specimen collected from Khandala, Maval in September 1888 without collection number and name o f collector( Acc. No. 7313.).
2. Asystasia dalzelliana Santapau, in Kew Bull. 3: 276. 1948 & in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 68. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 595. 2001. A. violacea Dalzell ex C.B. Clarke in Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 4: 494. 1884 non Dalzell 1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 467. 1967 (Repr.). Herbs, erect, 0.5-1 m high, sometimes with suberect and ascending stem. Leaves up to 15 cm long, elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers second in terminal, lax racemes; calyx divided to base; corolla violet or pale blue with much darker violet lower lobe; c 2.5 cm long. Capsules 2.5-3 x 0.5 cm, pointed. FIs. & Frts.: August - December. Illiis.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 440. 1988. Distrib.: Common as an undergrowth or occasional in bushes, in deciduous forests.
571 Selecetd specimens: Sinhagad hill range, Khanapur, Ansari 99830; Near Ghusalgaon, Ambavane, Reddi 99176; Inglun, Jutinar, Hemadri 107381; Bhimashankar, near temple, Khed, Janardhanan 81729.
3. Asystasia gangetica (L.) Anderson in Thw. Enum. PI. Zeyl. 235. 1860; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 68.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 596. 2001. Justicia gangetica L., Amoem., Acad. 4; 299. 1759. Asystasia coromandeliana Wight ex Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 89. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 466.1967 (Repr.). Herbs or undershrubs, erect or straggling; branches puberulus. leaves 3-8.5 x 2-4 cm, elliptic-ovate, very thin, acute at apex. Flowers with pale blue corolla having yellowish tube and purple blotch on the lowest lobe. Capsules 2.5-3 cm long, clavate, pubescent. FIs. & Frts.: November - December (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 521. 1982. Note: A coastal plant found very rarely in Khandala, Maval (Santapau, op. cit., T. Cooke, op. cit.). There is but one specimen from T. Cooke's Herbarium in BSI collected from Bhor, very correctly identified as A. coromandeliana. In this specimen, leaves are acute at base and not rounded or subcordate.
4. Asystasia mysorensis (Roth) T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9; 524.1867; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. mem. 2: 69. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 596. 2001. Ritellia mysorensis Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 303. 1821. Asistasia lawiana Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker) 4: 344.1852; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 467.1967 (Repr.). Herbs or undershrubs, erect; stems up to 60 cm high, much bulged at nodes, hairy. Leaves ovate or elliptic-oblong. Flowers white, in terminal and axillary substrobiliform spikes. Capsules c 2 cm long, beaked, glandular-pubescent. FIs. & Frts.: August - October Distrib.: Occasional on bunds along cultivated fields. Selecetd specimens: Hadapsar, near station, Kanodia 65760; Junnar-Aldare, opposite Kukadi River, Junnar, Hemadri 99734; Chakan, Khed, Gammie s.n. 2. BARLERIA L. la. Plants armed; corolla yellow 9.5. prioniis lb. Plants unarmed; corolla white, purple, blue or bluish-purple 2
572 2a. Outer sepals spinous l.B. cristata 2b. Outer sepals not spinous 3 3a. Seeds glabrous 4 3b. Seeds hairy 5 4a. Stems slender; leaves thin with lateral nerves at c 60° to midrib; flowers solitary, axillary or in short terminal spikes or racemes 8. B. pratensis 4b. Stems stout; leaves coriaceous with lateral nerves at 30°-40° to midrib; flowers in terminal spikes or racemes 3.5. gibsoni 5a. Inflorescence glabrous l.B. montana 5b. Inflorescence variously hairy 6a. Inflorescence glandular hairy l.B. courtallica 6b. Inflorescence non-glandular hairy 7a. Corolla blue or blue with purplish tube 7b. Corolla white 8a. Flowers in unilateral raceme-like cymes, often forming a large terminal panicle; outer sepals elongate-lanceolate, much ovaerlapping each other forming a tubular involucre 4.5. involucmta var. elata 8b. Flowers in terminal, crowded spikes; outer sepals lanceolate, not overlapping 10.5. terminalis 9a. Leaves ovate with rounded base & acute apex 6. B. longiflora 9b. Leaves elliptic with tapering base and acuminate apex 5. 5. lawii
1. Barleria courtallica Nees in DC., P rodr.ll: 226.1847; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 462.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2:61. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 598. 2001. Undershrubs or shrubs, erect; stems weak. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers in terminal and axillary, dense glandular hairy, turgid spikes; corolla white, yellow tinged inside except blue tinged at lobes, corolla-tube c 3.5 cm long; stamens 2. Capsules 1.5-1.8 cm long, 4 seeded. FIs. & Frts.: March. Ulus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1529. 1850. 573 Distrib.: Scarce in moist shady places. Mulshi. Selecetd specimen: Wagjoi forest, Nandgaon, Ambavane, Reddi 97659. Note-. Bracts, bracteoles & calyx densely glandular hairy outside.
2. Barleria cristata L., Sp. PI. 636.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 460.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 59.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 599. 2001. Herbs; stems appressedly hairy, more at nodes. Leaves elliptic-oblong, hairy. Flowers blue, in axillary and terminal, short spikes; corolla broadly infundibuliform, pubescent outside. Fls.\ December. Illiis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 453. 1841. Distrib. -. Very rare. Khandala (Santapau, op. cit. after Blatter); Purandhar (Santapau, 1958).
3. Barleria gibsonii Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker) 2; 339.1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 464.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2; 62.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 600. 2001. Undershrubs or shrubs, up to 1 m high; branches erect or ascending. Leaves 8-17 cm long, elliptic, coriaceous. Flowers pinkish-purple, 6-9 cm long, in terminal spikes or racemes; bracteoles 1-1.5 cm long, linear. Capsule c 2 cm long. Seeds c 0.5 cm long, ellipsoid, black, shining. FIs. cS Frts.; September - January. Distrib. -. Occasional in ghats in moist deciduous forests or rare in open situations in shrub jungles. Selecetd specimens: Ganesh caves, Junnar, Hemadri 118135; Katraj ghat, Patil 9286; Kuruli, Khed, Janardhanan 72554; Bhogad, Pune, Subramanian 6A937; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101611.
4. Barleria involucrata Nees var. elata (Dalzell) C.B. Clarke in Hook.yi, FI. Brit. India 4; 486. 1884; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 461.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 60. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 601. 2001. B. elata Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker) 3; 227. 1851. Shrubs, much branched, up to 2 m tall; branches strigosely hairy. Leaves up to 20 x 7 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, yellow-strigose on nerves beneath. Flowers blue, c 8 cm long m
574 unilateral raceme-like cymes forming a large terminal panicle, inner sepals up to 2.5 cm long. FIs. &Frts.: December. Illiis. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 445. 1988. Distrib.: Very rare. Khed. Selecetd specimen: The only specimen. Bhimashankar, Khed, Talbot 5032.
5. Barlaria lawii T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9: 492.1867; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 460.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2; 59. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 601. 2001. "Akra’. Shrubs, erect or scandent, 1-1.5 m tall. Leaves c 12 x 4 cm, elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate, subsessile to short petiolate, sparsely hairy. Flowers pure white, tubular, up to 9 cm long & 6 cm in diam. across open corolla, solitary, axillary or in short raceme-like cymes forming a terminal panicle. Capsules 2-2.5 cm long, obovoid, compressed, glabrous. Seeds silky hairy. FIs. & Frts.: October - January. Illiis. : Bedd., Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2, t. 258. 1874 {B. beddomei T. Anderson ex Bedd.). Distrib.; A very ornamental shrubs, fairly common in open situations, particularly on forest outskirts and along streams. Selecetd specimens: Monkey h ill Khandala, Maval, Raghavan 85145; Dhak forest, Junnar, Hemadri 107498; Sinhagad, Haveli, Jain 368.
6. Barleria longiflora L . / , Suppl. 239.1781; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2; 64. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 601. 2001. Shrubs or undershrubs, unarmed, 0.5-1 m high, densely grey-tomentose throughout. Leaves 4-6 x 2.5-3.5 cm, broadly ovate, densely grey-tomentose on both surfaces, rounded at base, acute at apex, entire. Flowers white, in short, dense, terminal few flowered spikes or solitary, axillary; bracteoles c 10 x 2 mm, softly pubescent, outer sepals ovate scarious in fruit and prominently reticulate; corolla tube slender, cylindric, up to 12 cm long; lobes ovate or obovate. capsules c 2 x 0.5 cm, glabrous. FIs. & Frts.: October - November. Distrib.: Very rare, Katraj ghat probably in open situations. Selecetd specimen: Katraj ghat, Haveli, Talbot 4441-A, 4441-D.
575 Note: Santapau, op. cit. included this species for the then Bombay Presidency area based on Talbot, 1909-1911, but the description given by him is from C.B. Clarke, 1884-1885 and Gamble, 1924. Further, he said that he had not seen the specimens. Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al.op. cit. did not give it either for Pune or for Satara, from where the specimens are in BSI. The above description is from Talbot’s specimens.
7. Barleria montana Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3; 92.1832; T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2; 461.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 602. 2001. 'Korati'. Shrubs, erect, 0.5-1 m high. Leaves 7-15 x 3.5-7.0 cm, elliptic acuminate, glabrous. Flowers blue or purplish-blue, solitary, axillary or in terminal short spikes or racemes; bracteoles 1.5- 2 cm long; calyx glabrous; corolla up to 5 cm long. Capsules c 2 cm long, glabrous, 4 seeded. Seeds c 4 mm across, papery, orbicular-obovate, wavy, grayish-hairy. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illtis.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 447. 1988. Distrib.: Infrequent, as an undergrowth. Haveli, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Katraj ghat, Haveli, Bhide 925; hills near National Defence Academy (NDA), Jain 7592. Note: Though T. Cooke, op. cit. has included this species in his Flora, Santapau (1952) opined that this species should be excluded from the then Bombay Presidency, as the specimen mentioned by T. Cooke belongs to B. prattensis Santapau, However, a few specimens from Katraj ghat (cited above) after critical study have been confirmed as B. montana Nees. Seeds are grayish-hairy and wavy, in this species while they are glabrous and not wavy in its allied species i.e. B. gibsonii and B. pratensis.
8. Barleria prattensis Santapau, in Kew Bull. 3; 487.1949 & in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 62. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 602. 2001. B. montana non Nees 1832; T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 461.1967 (Repr.), p.;?. Herbs, suffruticose, erect, c 60 cm high; stems and branches terete-quadrangular. Leaves up to 15x5 cm, elliptic or ovate, membranous, glabrous or nearly so, decurrent into petiole. Flowers rosy-purple, solitary, axillary or in terminal, very short spikes or racemes; outer sepals foliaceous; corolla 6-8 cm long. Capsules c 2 cm long, glabrous, papery. FIs. &Frts.: October - November. 576 Illiis.: Santapau, op. cit. f. opp. page 64. Distrib.: Frequent in ghats, in undergrowth .in Maval (Khandala) elsewhere rare or occasional. Selecetd specimens: Ravine below Maluste on way to Mangaon, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 101107; Katepani forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 101007.
9. Barleria prionitis L., Sp. PI. 636.1753; C.B. Clarke in H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India 4: 482.1884; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 457.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 602. 2001. 'Kate-Koranti, Piwali-Koranti'. Shrubs, c Im tall, armed, much branched. Leaves 6-10 cm long, elliptic, bristle tipped. Flowers yellow, solitary or in terminal spikes. Capsules c 2 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: October - March. lllus.'. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 448. 1988. Distrib.: Fairly common in open situations. Junnar, Maval, Mulshi, Purandhar. Selecetd specimens'. Khandala, Maval, Raghavan 87121; Katepani forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 101002.
10. Barleria terminalis Nees emend. S.K. Malhotra & Moorthy in Indian Forester 107; 449, f 450. 1981; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 605. 2001. B. terminalis Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 225. 1847. B. strigosa Willd. var. terminalis (Nees) C.B. Clarke in H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India 4: 490.1884; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 462.1967 (Repr.). Photo: PI. 24.E Shrubs, erect, 1-2 m tall, strigose. Leaves 10-25 x 4-8.5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, hairy. Flowers blue, in terminal, crowded, strigose hairy spikes. Capsule 2 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: October - April. Illns.: S.K. Malhotra & Moorthy, op. cit. Distrib.: Infrequent. As forest undergrowth and along streams in ravines. Maval. Elsewhere ahnost scarce. It is worthy o f Cultivation, on account o f its showy flowers. Selecetd specimens: Ravine above Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Reddi 101148, 97815; Bhoma h ill Khandala, Rolla 83409. 3. BLEPHARIS A.L. Juss. la. Leaves distinctly petiolate, acute at apex; bracteoles 8 1. B. maderaspatensis lb. Leaves subsessile, obtuse at apex; bracteoles 10 2.5, repens
577 1. Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 320.1821; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2:15.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et cil., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 607. 2001. Acanthus maderaspatensis L., Sp. PI. 639. 1753. Blepharis hoerhavifolia Pers., Syn. PI. 2:180.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 424.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, prostrate; stems rooting at nodes. Leaves in whorls o f 4, elliptic, subequal, pubescent, acute-apiculate, entire to distantly serrate. Flowers bluish with yellow spot on lower lip, solitary, axillary or 2-3 together; bracteoles with s tiff retrosely hairy bristles. Capsules c 6 mm long, ovoid. FIs. & Frts.: December - January. lUus.'. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 449. 1988. Distrib.: Rare, in bushes at lower hill slopes. Junnar. Selecetd specimen: Ralegaon hill range, Junnar, Hemadri 108149.
2. Blepharis repens (Vahl) Roth, Nov. PL Sp. 321.1821; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:607. 2001. Acanthiis repens Vahl, Symb. 2:76. 1791. Blepharis molluginifolia Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 180.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 425.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, prostrate; stem 15-20 cm long, wiry and slender, hispid. Leaves in whorls o f 4, unequal, up to 2 x 0.8 cm, oblong-obovate, obtuse. Flowers blue, solitary, axillary, sessile; bracteoles gland-tipped bristly. Capsules c 5 mm long, ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts. :October - January. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 523, 1982 {B. molluginifolia'). Distrib.: Common on open, gravelly low hill slopes. Selecetd specimens: Hillocks near Alandi, Khed, Jadhav s.n.; Dingore, Junnar, Jadhav 172736; Kondapuri, Shirur, Janardhanan 98822; along road, Nirgude, Junnar, Ansari 83758. 4. CALCANTHUS T. Anders. Calcanthus grandiflorus (Dalzell) Radik, in Stizung Math.-Phys. Acad. Muench. 13: 279.1883; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 50.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 609. 2001. Lepidagathis grandiflora Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 138. 1850. Calacanthus dalzelliana T. Anderson, ex Benth. & Hook., Gen. PI. 2: 1088.1876; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 450.1967 (Repr.).
578 Shrubs, bushy, 1-1.5 m tall. Leaves 10-18 cm long, elliptic, slightly lineolate on both surfaces. Flowers bluish-purple, in terminal & (upper) axillary spikes; lower lip hairy inside with yellow spots. Capsules compressed, pubescent. FIs. & Frts.: October - March. Illus.-. Bedd., Icon. PI. Ind. Orient. 54, t. 226. 1874 {Lepidigothis gramliflora). Distrib.; Scarce. On plateau and hill slopes in open areas along streams. Maval, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens'. Sakharpathar plateau, along INS Shivaji, Lanawala, Maval, Reddi 99401; Forest near Ambavane, on way to Raigad, Mulshi, Reddi 95965. 5. CYNAROSPERMUM Vollesen Cynarospermum asperrimum (Nees) Vollesen in Kew Bull. 54 (1): 173.1998; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 611, f. 610. 2001. Blepharis asperrima Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 267. 1847; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 424.1967 (Repr.). 'Akada, Dikiui'. Photo: PI. 23.C Herbs, prostrate or suberect; stems with long intemodes, rooting at nodes, hollow, leaves opposite, 4-10 x 1.5-4 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or spinulose-dentate. Flowers dark blue or white, solitary in upper axils; corolla c 2.5 cm long, without upper lip. Caspules 1-1.5 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: November - March. Illus. : Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1534. 1850. Distrib. : Fairly common as an undergrowth o f forests on gravelly slopes and along forest paths. Selecetd specimens: Ambegaon Sacred grove, next to Panshet, velhe, Jadhav 177949; Hirdoshi; Bhor, Jadhav 175901; Thangaon, Velhe, Mahajan 32080; Khandala, Maval, R.S. Rao 83408. Medicinal use: In Bhimashankar area, as well as in Bhor area, tribal medicine-men use its dried stems for joining the broken bones. 6. DICLIPTERA A.L. Juss. la. Seeds with glochidiate tubercles 2 lb. Seeds with non-glochidiate tubercles 4 2a. Flowers lilac S.D. spinulosa 2b. Flowers rose coloured or pink ^ 3a. Bracts very broadly ovate 2.D. foetida 3b. Bracts oblong-obovate 6.Z). verticilalta 4a. Flowers clustered 4.D. leonotis
579 4b. Flowers in lax panicles 5 5a. Branches densely woolly-tomentose 3.D. ghatica 5b. Branches almost glabrous l.D. cuneata
1. Dicliptera cuneata Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3; 111, 1832 & in DC., Prodr. 11:481. 1847; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 483.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 612. 2001. Herbs; stems glabrous, terete to obscurely 4-angular. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers in terminal panicles; bracts lanceolate or obovate-oblong, cuneate at base, ciliate; calyx c 0.5 cm long; corolla more than 2.5 cm long, pubescent, capsules obovoid, glandular pubescent at apex. FIs. & Frts.: December - January. lUus.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 524. 1982. Distrih. : Rare. Maval (T. Cooke, op. cit ).
1. Dicliptera foetida (Forssk.) Blatter in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 8: 361.1921; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 613. 2001. Jiisticia foetida Forssk., FI. Aeg.- Arab. 5. 1775. Dicliptera zeylanica Nees in DC., Prodr. 11; 474. 1847; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 482.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, prostrate-spreading or subscandent; 60-75 cm long; stems densely woolly. Leaves 3-12 x 1.7-5 cm, incl. 0.3-3.5 cm long petiole, ovate or elliptic, scabrid above, hairy beneath. Flowers pink, in axillary and terminal, umbellate cymes; corolla c 1.5 cm long, pubescent; bracts 1 -1.5 cm across, broadly ovate. Capsules c 0.5 cm long, obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: December - April. Ilhis. : Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1551.1849 (D. bivalves Nees). Distrib.: Rare along forests paths in ghats. Junnar, Khed, Purandhar. Selecetd specimens: Biroba Rai, Otur range, Junnar, Jadhav 180768; Western slope o f Wahagaon hill, Khed, Janardhanan 76466; Gadad, Khed Janardhan 76281.
3. Dicliptera ghatica Santapau, in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 80. 1952 & Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 207.1958 (Revis. ed.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:613. 2001.
580 Herbs, erect, branched; stems densely woolly-tomentose, grayish. Upper leaves ovate pubescent, ciliate. Flowers pinkish, in axillary and terminal umbels or cymose; corolla up to 1.7 cm long. Capsules, obovoid, densely hairy with non glandular hairs all over. FIs. & Frts.; April. Ulus. -. Santapau, op. cit. (opp. p. 81). Distrib.: Meroli, Khandala (Sant op. cit.).
4. Dicliptera leonotis DaLzell ex C.B. Clarke in H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 4: 553. 1885; T. Cooke, FI. Pres. Bomby 2: 482.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et cil., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 615. 2001. Herbs, up to 30 cm high; stems weak. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers purplish- pink, c 1.5 cm long, in small terminal clusters. FIs. & Frts.: April - March. Distrib.: Rare. Purandhar. Note: Moorthy {op. cit.) did not mention its occurrence in Pune District. Selecetcl specimen: Purandhar, yrtzV? 785.
5. Dicliptera spinulosa Hochst. ex K. Balkwill in Kew Bull. 51; 53. 1996; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 615. 2001. Herbs, annual, c 60 cm tall. Leaves ovate-acuminate, cuneate-attenuate at base; leafless when in bloom. Flowers lilac, axillary umbellate. Capsules 3-4 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: November. Distrib.: Pune (Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al, op. cit.).
6. Dicliptera verticillata (Forssk.) C. Chr. in Dansk. Bot. Ark. 4(3): 11.1923; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 616. 2001. Dianthera verticillata Forssk., FI. Aeg.-Arab. Deser. PI. 9: 1775. Dicliptera micranthes Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 112. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 481.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, erect, 10-30 cm tall, stems and branches angular, glabrous. Leaves ovate or elliptic. Flowers in axillary clusters; bracts up to 1 cm long, oblong-obovate, long cuspidate-acuminate. Capsule small, 3-4 mm long, ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts. : February - April. Distrib.: Occasional, along open forest paths. Junnar, Khed, Haveli, Purandhar.
581 Selecetd specimens: Chilhewadi, Junnar Jadhav 180739; Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 180603; Donje, Haveli, Ansari 101988. 7. DIPTERACANTHUS Nees emend Bremek. la. Leaves acute at apex; ovary and capsules pubescent 2.D. prostrates lb. Leaves obtuse at apex; ovary and capsules glabrous 1. D. patulus
1. Dipteracanthus patulus (Jacq.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 82. 1832; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 24.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 616. 2001. Riiellia patula Jacq., Misc. Bot. 2: 358. 1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 432.1967 (Repr.). "Katmoda'. Herbs or undershrubs, suberect, or straggling near base o f bushes, branched, pubescent, stems 30-40 cm long. Leaves 2.5-5 x 1-3 cm, ovate or ovate-orbicular, obtuse, pubescent. Flowers violet to purplish-blue, rarely white, 1-3 together, axillary. Capsules 1.5-1.8 x 0.5 cm, glabrous. FIs. & Frts.: November - June. Illiis. -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 450. 1988. Distrib. : Common on lower hill slopes and along roadsides particularly in drier parts. Also found on bunds o f cultivated fields. Selecetd specimens: Shivneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 88674; Near Chandan nagar, Haveli, Jadhav s.n.
2. Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3; 81.1832; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 617. 2001. Ruellia prostrata Poir. in Lam.,Encycl. 6:349.1804. R. prostrata var. dejecta C.B. Clarke in Hook./., FI. Brit. India 4: 412. 1884; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 431.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, prostrate; stems up to 40 cm long, with long intemodes, pubescent. Leave up to 9 x 4 cm, ovate or elliptic, pubescent. Flowers bluish, axillary, solitary, capsule clavate. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Ilhis.: K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 525. 1982. Distrib.: Rare on h ill slopes. Haveli. Selecetd specimen: Law College hill slope, Pune, Jadhav 174241. 8. DYSCHORISTE Nees la. Plants almost glabrous; calyx 6-8 mm long 2.D. nagchana lb. Plants glandular-pubescent; calyx 12-20 nmi long 2
582 2a. Corolla 15-20 mm long; anther-cells with long spurs at the base 3.Z). vegans 2b. Corolla 25-28 mm long; anther-cells with minute spurs or almost spurless at the base \.D. dalzellii
1. Dyschoriste dalzellii (T. Anderson ex Bedd.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 486.1891; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 438.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 31.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 617. f. p.618. 2001. Calophaenes dalzelli T. Anderson ex Bedd., Icon. PI. Ind. Orient. 1: 60, t. 248. 1874. Weak herbs or undershrubs, perennial, glandular-pubescent; stems c 50 cm long, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves 3-7 x 1.5-3.5 cm, ovate. Flowers bluish, mottled with brownish-purple spots on corolla throat, 1-3 together in cymes. Capsules c 1.5 cm long, linear-oblong, glabrous; seeds 4, densely hairy. FIs. & Frts.; August - December. lUits.: Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional, in the undergrowth o f deciduous forests on h ill slopes. Haveli, Junnar. Selecetd specimens'. Ralegaon hill, Junnar, Hemadri 120582; Chaturshingi hill, Pune, Kanitkar s.n.
2. Dyschoriste nagchana (Nees) Bennet in Indian Forester 109: 220.1983; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 619. 2001. Dipteracanthus nagchana Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 82. 1832. Dyschoriste depressa Nees in Wall., op. cit.\ T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 437.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, pereimial, suffruticose; branches prostrate, rooting at nodes, glabrous. Leaves 1.5-3 x 0.6-1.5 cm, obovate, entire, petiolate, aknost glabrous. Flowers pale (violet-) pink, subsessile solitary or few in axillary clusters; calyx c 6 mm long, segments subulate. Fruits c 8 mm long, glabrous. FIs. & Frts.: February - May. Ilhis. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 451. 1988. Distrib.: Occasional in scrub jungles and along river side. Haveli. Selecetd specimens: Near Agakhan Palace, Nagar Road, Pune, Jadhav 180631; Pune, Kanitkars.n.
583 3. Dyschoriste vagans (Wight) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 486.1891; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 31.1952; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 438.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 620. 2001. Calophanes vagans Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1526. 1850. Herbs or undershrubs, much branched, densely glandular-pubescent, 30-50 cm high; stems swollen above the node. Leaves 3.5-7 x 1.5-4 cm, ovate, glandular pubescent. Flowers bluish, solitary to few in axillary, pedunculate cymes; fruiting calyx 2 cm long, much exceeding the fruits, glandular pubescent. Fruits 1-1.3 cm long. FIs. & Frts. : August - September. IIlus. -. Wight, 0/7. c//. Distrib.: Rare. On slopes in ghats in gravelly soil. Haveli. Selecetd specimen: Katraj ghat, Haveli, Puri 3857. 9. ECBOLIUM Kurz Ecbolium ligustrinum (Vahl) Vollesen in Kew Bull. 44; 651. 1989; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 620. 2001. Justicia ligustrina Vahl, Enum. 1; 118. 1804. Ecbolium linneanum Kurz.var. laetevirens (Vahl) C.B. Clarke in H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India 4: 545, 1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 484.1967 (Repr.). E. linneanum Kurz van dentata (Klein ex Link) C.B. Clarke in H ook./, op. cit. \ T. Cooke, op. cit. Undershrubs or shrubs, evergreen, erect, 0.6-1.5 m tall. Leaves 10-20 x 3-6.5 cm, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers bluish-green, in axillary and terminal spikes; bracts foliaceous, entire or dentate. Capsules c 2 x 1 cm flattened, pointed, 2 seeded, pubescent. Seeds c 8 mm across, broadly ellipsoid, compressed, tuberculate, with deep basal notch. FIs. & Frts.: September - May. Illiis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 463. 1841 {Justicia ecbolium L.). Distrib.: Frequent in ghats among undergrowth in dense forests, along the edges o f flowing streams, etc. Selecetd specimens: Ravine above Bhushi lake Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 101150; Katepani forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99500. 10. ERANTHEMUM L. Eranthemum roseum (Vahl) R. Br., Prodr. 1: 477.1810; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 34.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 623, f. p.622. 2001. Justicia rosea Vahl, Enum. PI. 1: 165. 1804. Daedolacanthus roseus T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9: 487.1867; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 439.1967 (Repr.). ^DasamuW.
584 Herbs or undershrubs, erect, 0.6-1 m high. Leaves up to 18 x 6.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic. Flowers blue, fading to purple or red in axillary and terminal up to 15cm long spikes sometimes forming a terminal panicle; bractsobovate. Capsules c 1 cm long, clavate. FIs. & Frts.: October - May. Illus.: Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. Distrib. : Very common as an undergrowth in forests in ghats. Selecetd specimens: Ambegaon scared grove, next to Panshet, Jadhav 177955; Lonavala, Maval, Jadhav 174230; Dharmandap forests, Bhor, Jadhav 175923-A. 11. HAPLANTHODES O. Ktze. la. Cladodes very stout; capsules glabrous, shining 4.H. verticil lata lb. Cladodes slender; capsules pubescent 2 2a. Inflorescence in whorls mostly collected in terminal Spikes l.H. neilgherryensis 2b. Inflorescence whorls all along stem and branches 3 3a. Plants densely viscid-glandular; cladodes short, up to 1 cm long, densely viscid-glandular; calyx densely hispid hairy 2.H. plimosa 3b. Plants sparsely glandular-pubescent; cladodes 1.5- 2.5 cm long, with sparse long hairs; calyx thin hairy 3. H. tentaculatus
1. Haplanthodes neilgherryensis (Wight) R.B. Majumdar in Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 25: 76.1971; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 627. 2001. Haplanthus neilgherryensis Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1556.1850; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 52. 1952. H. tentaciilatiis Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 513. 1847; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 453.1967 (Repr.) p.p. Photo: PI. 25.D Herbs, annual, slender, 30-50 cm high; stem 4-angled, hairy. Leaves ovate or elliptic- lanceolate. Flowers blue or pale violet, amidst cladodes; cladodes 0.5-1.5 cm long, slender hairy. Capsules 6-8 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: January - May. Illus. : V/ight, op. cit. Distrib.: Frequent in undergrowth towards the margin o f forests, along forest paths in moist places on lower slopes.
585 Selecetd specimens: Chilhewadi dam area, Junnar, Jadhav 180719, 180734; Ghaber-mal, Khed, Janardhan 66488; Kune hill, Lonavala, Maval, Jain 954.
2. Haplanthodes plumosa (T. Anderson) Panigr. & G.C. Das in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 23: 200 (1981) 1983; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:628.2001. Haplanthus phtmosus T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9; 504. 1867. H. tentaculatiis sensu T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 376. 1905 [2: 453. 1967 (Repr.)] p.p. non (L.)Nees, 1847. Herbs, annual, erect or suberect, c 60 cm high, woolly tomentose. Leaves 5-10 x 1-3 cm, ovate. Flowers blue or purple, amidst whorled cladodes. Capsules c 8 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: January - May. Distrib.: Scarce. Along forest paths and dried up beds o f stream in ghats. Maval, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens'. Battery hill, Khandala, Maval, Rolla 69754; Katepani forest, Mulshi, Reddi 95949.
3. Haplanthodes tentaculatus (L.) R.B. Majumdar in Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 25: 76. 1971; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 628. 2001. Ruellia tentacidata L. in Tomer, Cent. PI. 22. 1756. Haplanthus tentacidata (L.) Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 513. 1847 p.p.\ T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 453.1967 (Repr.); p.p.H. tentaculatus var. neesiana Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 52. 1952. Herbs, annual, slender, erect, 30-90 cm high, almost evergreen. Leaves 8-18 x 3-6 cm, acuminate, attenuate, pubescent. Flowers blue or lilac, sessile, in cladodes. FIs. & Frts.: December - January. Distrib.'. Ocacsional, on hill slopes in undergrowth o f Carvia bushes, or along path ways amidst grasses along the stream banks on lower slopes. Velhe, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Toma h ill base, VeUie Jadhav 170822; Katepani forests, Ambavane, Mulshi Reddi 99483; Way to fort, Ambavane, Reddi 101084.
4. Haplanthodes verticillata (Roxb.) R.B. Majumdar in Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 25: 76.1971; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 628, f p.629. 2001. Jiisticia verticillata Roxb., FI. Ind. 1: 135. 1832. Haplanthus verticillatus (Roxb.) Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 513. 1847; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 452.1967 (Repr.) Cverticillarusy, Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 51. 1952. 'Jakara .
586 Herbs or Undershrubs, erect, stout, robust 25-60 cm high, glandular-pubescent. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, pubescent; cladodes 1.5-4.5 cm, stout, quadrangular, with long white hairs. Flowers violet, in the midst o f the cladodes, sessile. Capsules c 1 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: December - May. Illiis.: Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ol., op. cit. Distrib. : Common on hill tops and slopes in ghats, sometimes forming a pure undergrowth. Selecetd specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 177977; Foot o f Shiva hill, Khed, Jauardhanan 76496. 12. HEMIGRAPHIS Nees emend. T. Ander. Hemigraphis latebrosa (Heyne ex Roth) Nees in DC., Prodr. 11: 723. 1847; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 434.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et at., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 631. 2001. Ritellia latebrosa Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 307. 1821. Herbs, spreading, procumbent or diffuse, weak, annual, viscid-pubescent, 20-40 cm high. Leaves ovate or elliptic hairy, crenate. Flowers in axillary and terminal heads; bracts elliptic, hairy, ciliate along margins; calyx segment one longer than others; corolla c 1.5 cm long tube whitish, limbs blue; longer filaments hairy, shorter ones glabrous. Capsules c 0.6-0.8 cm long, 6 seeded. FIs. & Frts.: November - March. Illiis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1504. 1850. Distrib.: Common as an undergrowth and along paths in deciduous forests. Selecetd specimens: Sinhagad, Haveli, Jadhav 177911; Ambavane, Mulshi, Gammie 15976, Reddi 95827; Near Shingroba temple, Khandala, Maval, Jain 21. Note: Leaves o f this species are very variable in size ranging from 3-12 cm long, including petiole. 13. HYGROPHILA R. Br. emend Heine la. Erect, stout herbs; leaves whorled; stems armed with sharp spines at nodes in whorls 3.//. schidli 1 b. Procumbent or suberect, slender herbs; leaves opposite; stems unarmed 2 2a. Fertile stamens 2; seeds 20 or more 2.H. polysperma 2b. Fertile stamens 4; seeds 8-15 3 3a. Leaves oblong-subovate 1. H. heinei 3b. Leaves ovate or orbicular-reniform 4.H. serpyllum
587 1. Hygrophila heinei Sreem. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 10: 223.1968; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:633.2001. Cardanthera uliginosa Buch.-Ham. ex Nees in DC., Prodr. 1: 69. 1847, non Hygrophila uliginosa S. Moore, 1880. Herbs, weak, suberect or decumbent, 20-25 cm high or long; stem rooting at nodes. Leaves 1-2 x 0.4-1 cm, sessile, ovate-oblong or obovate. Flowers purplish or white, in axils o f terminal leaves forming leafy terminal spikes. Capsules c 5 mm long, linear. FIs. & Frts.: March. Distrib.: Very rare, found around the pond in Khandala. Selecetd specimen: Khandala, near pond, Maval, Jain 35. Note: The identity o f this plant has been confirmed from Central National Herbarium (CAW), Kolkata.
2. Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9: 456.1867; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 429.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 19. 1952. Justicia polysperma Roxb., FI. Ind. 1: 119.1832; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:635.2001. Hemiadelphiispolyspernnis Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 80, 1832; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 195. 1967 (Rev. ed.). Herbs, procumbent, 15-30 cm high, branched, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves 1 -3 cm long, narrowly oblong to ovate, glabrous. Flowers pale blue or white, in terminal dense long spikes; bracts pubescent. Capsules c 8 mm long, glabrous. FIs. & Frts.: October-November. Illtis. : Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1492.1849 {Hemiadelphiis polyspermus). Distrib. -. Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.). Note: Moorthy in Singh et al., 2001, did not mention Pune under the distribution o f this species in Maharashtra.
3. Hygrophila schulli (Buch.-Ham.) M.R. Ahneida in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83 (Suppl.) 221. 1986; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 636. 2001. Behel schulli Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 14: 289. 1825. Barleria auriculata Schum. & Thonn., Besk. Guin. PI. 285. 1827. Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees in Wall., PL Asiat. Rar. 3: 90.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 428.1967(Repr.). Herbs, annual or perennial, stout, erect, 0.3-1.3 m high; stems subquadrangular, hispid, greenish or purplish. Leaves up to 1.6 x 2.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate or narrowly elliptic-
588 lanceolate, hispid-hairy, in whorls o f 6 with 6 straight yellow spines. Flowers bluish- purple, showy, axillary, ultimately in whorls. Capsules c 1 cm long, shining. FIs. &Frts. \ October - January. Illiis.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: 530. 1982. Distrib.: Very common in swampy areas, around ditches, along river banks, etc. Selecetd specimen: Sherewadi, Khed, Jcimirdhan 70027.
4. Hygrophila serpyllum (Nees) T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc. 9: 456.1867; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 429.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2; 19.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 637.2001. Physichilus serpyllum Nees in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2; 311. 1837. 'Ran-Tewan'. Herbs, procumbent, spreading, much branched; bracnhes 10-25 cm long, rooting at base, nodes glabrous or hairy. Leaves 1-2 x 0.5-1 cm elliptic, ovate or suborbicular particularly lower leaves, hairy. Flowers white or white with slightly tinged with pink or dark blue with white spot. Capsules 0.6-1 cm. FIs. & Frts.: November- April. Illtis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1493.1849 {Physichilus serpyllum). Distrib.-. Common and abundant in moist situations in and around cultivated fields, river beds, dams and lakes, etc. Selecetd specimens'. On way to Ambavane from Lonavala, near Ghusalgaon, Mulshi, Jadhav 174218; Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 175880 & 175881; Velhe Jadhav 170811. Note: var. hookeriana C.B. Clarke could not be separated out from typical variety, as there is no uniformity in shape o f leaves and habit o f the plants. A number o f specimens with intermediate stages can be seen or even ovate and orbicular leaves can seen in one and the same specimen. Hence var. hookeriana C.B. Clarke can not be kept separately. 14. INDONEESIELLA Sreem. Indoneesiella echioides (L.) Sreem. in Phytologia 15: 271.1967; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 638. 2001. Jiisticia echioides L., Sp. PI. 16. 1753. Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3:117.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay2:451.1967(Repr.). Herbs, erect, annual, 20-40 cm high, villous pubescent; stemsgrooved. Leaves sessile, 2-8 X 1-2.5 cm, blong-elliptic, oblanceolate or elliptic, hairy. Flowers white or white with purple streaks, in simple or branched, axillary subsecund racemes; bracts linear. Capsules c 1 cm long, ellipsoid-lanceolate.
589 FIs. & Frts.: August - April. Illtis. -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 454. 1988.
Distrib.: Occasional in open grasslands or on bunds in cultivated fields, around tanks and lakes. Selecetd specimens: Grassland, Kurkum ghat, Daund. Jadhav 174293; Katraj lake, Flaveli, Maha/an 20590; Rai Jungle, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhan 78202. 15. JUSTICIA L la. Calyx 5-partite 2 lb. Calyx 4-partite 3 2a. Herbs or undershrubs; leaves up to 10 cm long; anther-cells with a long acute spur 2.J. hetonica 2b. Shrubs; leaves up to 25 cm long; anther-cells without spur I. J. adhatoda 3a. Bracts and bracteoles as long as or longer than calyx- segments 4 3b. Bracts and bracteoles shorter than calyx-segments 7 4a. Bracts and calyx-segments linear, obtuse, glabrous IJ. quiiujueangularis 4b. Bracts and calyx-segments broadly ovate, elliptic- lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 5a. Raphides on leaves irregular in middle and transverse near margins; calyx-segments scarious, aristate 4.J. iieesii 5b. Raphides on leaves concentrically transverse and curved; calyx-segments neither scarious nor aristate 6a. Bracts broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, softly glistening hairy IJ. simlex 6b. Bracts linear-lanceolate, non-glistening, hirsute hairy 5J. procimibens 7a. Bracts, bracteoles and calyx-segemnts obtuse at apex; calyx-segemnts slightly longer than bracts 6.J, quinqueangiilaris 7b. Bracts, bracteoles and calyx-segments acute at apex; calyx-segments much longer than bracts 8 8a. Bracts and bracteoles up to 1.25 mm long diffusa 8b. Bracts and bracteoles up to 2.5 cm long 9a. Erect herbs J. vahlii 9b. Prostrate herbs J. prostrata
1 590 1. Justicia adhatoda L., Sp. PI. 15.1753; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 639. 2001. Adhatoda zeylanica Medic, in Hist. & Commentat. Acad. Elect. Sci. Theod. Palast. 6; 393. 1790. A. vasica Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3:103. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 493.1967(Repr.). Shrubs, up to 2-5 m tall, perennial, evergreen. Leaves up to 22 x 6 cm, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate petiolate, glabrous when mature. Flowers white, in dense, pendunculate, axillary or terminal spikes. Caspules 1.5-2 cm, clavate, brownish. FIs. & Frts.; September - December. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 519.1982 {A. zeylanica). Distrib.: Being a very useful medicinal plant, especially on cough and fever, mostly planted and becomes common around human habitations and gardens. Somewhat rare in wild. Selecetd specimens'. Purandhar, Jain 783; Velhe, Mahajan 32156; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 87739.
2. Justicia betonica L., Sp. PI. 15.1753; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2; 85. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 640. 2001. J. betonica L. var. ramocissima C.B. Clarke in Hook. /., FI. Brit. India 4: 525.1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 486.1967 (Repr.). Photo: PI. 24.C Undershrubs, diffusely branched, erect, 0.5-1 cm high. Leaves 4-12 x 2-4 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or crenate-dentate. Flowers white with reddish-purple dots, in terminal spikes; bracts foliaceous, whitish with green nerves. Capsule c 1cm long, clavate. FIs. & Frts.; September - February. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic 2; t. 534. 1982. Distrib. : Frequent on open hill slopes and towards the margins o f mixed deciduous forests in ghats. Selecetd specimens: Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172767; Dharmandap ghat near Shirgaon, Jadhav 175923; Ghusalgaon, near hand pumpon way to Ambavane, Jadhav 193130.
591 3. Justicia diffusa Willd., Sp. PI. 1; 87.1797; T. Cooke FI. Bombay 2: 489.1967 (Repr.). Rostelhilaria (W illd.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 100. 1832; Moorthy in Singh, et al FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 664. 2001. la. Prostrate or decumbent herbs; leaves with cystoliths parallel to midrib and transverse along margins; bracts and bracteoles c 2.5 mm long var. prostrata lb. Erect herbs; leaves with cystoliths irregularly ascending from midrib; bracts and bracteoles up to 1.25 mm long var. diffusa var. diffusa Herbs, erect or diffuse, 20-30 cm high, leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers pink or pale purple, c 5 mm long, in axillary and terminal, linear spikes. Capsules c 4 X 1 mm, oblong. FIs. & Frts.: October - February. Illus. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 455. 1988. Distrih.: Common in waste lands. Selecetd specimens: Daund, Jain 9577; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 97550. var. prostrata Roxb. ex C.B. Clarke in Hook, f., FI. Brit. India 4; 538. 1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 490.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, annual pubescent, 10-20 cm high. Leaves 1-2 x 0.5-1 cm, elliptic or obovate. Flowers in small spikes; upper lip o f corolla white, lower one pale purple. Capsules c 3 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: August. Distrib.: Common among open grasses in moist places. Selecetd specimen'. Kondapuri, Shirur, Janardhanan 98806.
4. Justicia neesii Ramam. in C.J. Saldanha & Nicol. FI. Hassan. Dist. 551. 1976. J. micrantha aiict. non Pohl ex Nees, 1847; Wall, ex C.B. Clarke in H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 4: 536. 1885. Rostelhilaria crinita Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 101.1832; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 664. 2001. ^Ran-thenbera\ Herbs, aimual, erect, 25-45 cm high; stems and branches grooved, with long internodes. Leaves 3-7 x 1-2.5 cm, elliptic or ovate, sparsely hairy and liniolate, acute.
592 entire. Flowers pink or pale violet in axillary and terminal, cylindric, 1.5-5 cm long spikes; capsules c 4 x 2 mm, oblong. Seeds c 1.5 mm across, brownish-black. FIs. & Frts.: October - January. Ilhis. -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 459. 1988 (J. micrantlia). Distrib. : Along roadsides in ghats and on bunds o f cultivated fields. Also at the foot o f hills in plain (Purandhar, Santapau, 1958). Selecetd specimens: Shirgaon forests, Bhor, Jadhav 175952; Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101549.
5. Justicia procumbens L., Sp. PI. 15.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 491.1967 (Repr.). Rostelliilaria procumbens (L.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3:101. 1832; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:.667. 2001. Herbs, annual, suberect, diffuse or procumbent. Leaves 1-4 x 0.8-1.5 cm, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers pale violet or pink, in terminal, cylindrical, 2-5 cm long spikes; bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, pubescent scarious. Capsules c 0.5 cm long, oblong. FIs. & Frts.: July - December. Ilhis.-. Distrib. : Common in undergrowth on h ill slopes as well as near streams. Selecetd specimens: Along stream between Ambavane to Pandaonagar hill, Mulshi, Reddi 93136; Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81856, Puri 8487; Khandala, Maval, Puri 4703.
6. Justicia quinqueanguiaris Koen. ex Roxb., FI. Ind. 1: 134. 1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 490. 1967 (Repr.). Rostellularia cfiunqueangidaris (Koen. ex Roxb.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 2; 109. 1832; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 667. 2001. la. Leaves linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate; about 6-8 times longer than its breadth var. quinqueanguiaris lb. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, about 3 times longer than its breadth ''^r. peploides
var. quinqueanguiaris
593 Herbs, annual, erect or ascending, glabrous, 30-40 cm high. Leaves 2-8 cm long, in distant pairs, glabrous. Flowers purplish or rosy, in terminal spikes; bracts and bracteoles linear, glabrous. Capsule c 8 mm long, oblong. FIs. & Frts.: August - April. Distrib.: Very common in moist and swampy places, ditches, streams and river beds. Selecetd specimen: Hivare Bk., Junnar, Jadhav 175822-A. var. peploides (Nees) C.B. Clarke in Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 4: 537.1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 490.1967 (Repr.). Rostellularia peploides Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 101. 1832. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Ulus. : Lakshmi. & Sharma, FI. Nasik Dt. 372, f. 27. 1991. Distrib.: Common near swampy places. Selecetd specimen: Bopodi, Pune, Gammie 15301.
7, Justicia simplex D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal 118.1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 490.1967(Repr.). Rostellularia japonica (Thunb.) Ellis in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 22: 196.(1980) 1982; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:665. 2001. Justicia japonica Thunb., FI. Jap. 20. 1784. Herbs, annual, branched, erect, 20-40 cm high; sparsely scabrid hairy; branches angular, grooved. Leaves 2-5 x 0.5-2.5 cm, variable in shape, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, subobtuse, distinctly and transversely liniolate, hairy. Flowers pink, in axillary or terminal, dense, cylindric spikes. Capsules ellipsoid or oblong. FIs. & Frts.: October- March. lllus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 462. 1988. Distrib.: Fairly common on h ill slopes and plateaux. Selecetd specimens: Law College hill, Pune, Subramanian 64591; Khanapur HaveU, Ansari 87911; Katraj, Haveh, Patil 3859. Note: Very similar to R. prociimbens but differing in having broad bracts. 16. LEPffiAGATHIS Willd. la. Capsules with 4 seeds ^ lb. Capsules with 2 seeds ^ 2a. Erect undershrubs; bracts and calyx-segments spinous-pointed 2.L. cuspidata
594 2b. Diffuse, weak herbs; bracts and calyx-segments not spinous pointed 3. L. fasciciilata 3a. Calyx 5-partite 4 3b. Calyx 4-partite 5 4a. Leaves not spinous-tipped; bracts glabrous with a recurved, cuspidate spine, almostas long as leafy part 6. L. trinervis 4b. Leaves spinous tipped; bracts glandular-pubescent, spine tipped but not cuspidate 5. L. prostrata 5a. Bracts spinous-pointed 1. L. cristata 5b. Bracts not spinous-pointed 4. L. mitis
1. Lepidagathis cristata Willd., Sp. PI. 2; 400.1800; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 470.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2:71. 1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:645.2001. 'Blnii-gencl, Kata-gend Herbs, procumbent, root-stock perennial; branches spreading up to 25 cm from root- stock to all sides. Leaves up to 3 x 0.8 cm, linear-oblong. Flowers with white or slightly pinkish-white corolla dotted with brownish spots, in subradical globose heads. Capsules c 5 mm long, obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: October - March. Ulus. '. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 535. 1982. Distrib.: Common in waste places, in dry open situations, along roadsides in gravelly soil. Common in eastern and central parts o f the district. Selecetd specimens: Sinhagad, Haveli, Ptiri 10898; Peth ghat top, Khed, Janardhanan 72878, Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 83706.
2. Lepidagathis cuspidata Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 97.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 474.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 73.1952 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 1967 (Rev. ed.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:646.2001. 'Akra, Koranti \ Undershrubs, erect, 0.3-1 m high; branches glandular-pubescent. Leaves 4-13 x 2-5 cm, larger on main stem, smaller on branches, 2-3 cm long, lanceolate, decurrent on petiole, mucronate at apex. Flowers white, in axillary and terminal paniculate spikes. Capsules 6-8 mm long, glabrous. FIs. & Frts.: December - April.
595 Distrib.: Fairly common on rocky h ill slopes along water courses in hilly western part. Selecetd specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 180602; Thangaon, velhe, Mahajan 32109; Purandhar, Fort top, Rolla 86520; Sakarpathar hill slopes, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 101172. Note: Plant blooms once in 4 years. (Bee Research Institute, Pune.).
3. Lepidagathis fasciculata (Retz.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3:95. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 476.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2; 74. 1952 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 206.1967 (Revised ed.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 646.2001. Riiellia fasciculata Retz., Obs. Bot. 4:28.1786. Herbs, diffuse, weak, softly hairy, creeping and rooting at basal nodes; stems 20-30 cm high. Leaves in unequal pairs, acute softly hairy, crenate-dentate. Flowers whitish-lilac with purplish-pink spots or lines, in paniculate spikes; bracts leafy, acute; bracteoles linear. FIs. & Frts.: March - April. Ulus. -. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 536. 1982. Distrib. : Occasional in undergrowth on hill slopes. Khandala, Maval (Santapau, op. cit.).
4. Lepidagathis mitis Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker.) 3: 226. 1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 470. 1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 71.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 647. 2001. Photo: PI. 23.E Herbs, perennial, difftasely spreading, glabrous. Leaves 2.5-4.5 x 0.5-1.5 cm, elliptic- oblong or obovate. Flowers white (pinkish inside) in globose heads at base o f the stem. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Distrib.: Rare. On slopes o f hillocks or in rocky-crevices. Haveli. Selecetd specimens: Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 99908; Thopatewadi, Haveli, Ansari 101671. Note: It is very difficult to distinquish between L. mitis Dalzell &L. cristata Willd. as they are closely allied and much resemble to each other. In herbarium (BSI), most o f the specimens are identified as L. cristata Willd., but in fact it seems to be a mixture of these two ill-distinguished species. Some o f the earlier workers like T. Cooke, Gamble & Santapau, have distinguished these two species as follows: T. Cooke: la. Bracts spinous-pointed • ■ • cristata lb. Bracts not spinous-pointed • • • Gamble:
596 la. Bracts and bracteoles long spinous mucronate; the bracts broadly ovate; lower calyx-lobes jointed to about half way up; leaves linear-oblong nearly glabrous, up to 1.25 in long, 0.25 in broad . . . L. cristata lb. Bracts and calyx lobes shortly spinous-mucronate; the bracts broad, obtuse; lower calyx lobes joined to near the top; leaves oblong or obovate, scabrous on the 5-6 pairs o f nerves beneath, ciliate, up to 1.5 in long, 0.4 in broad . . . L. mitis Santapau, op. cit. used T. Cooke’s character for differentiations o f these two species, but at the same time he writes “ In view o f the difficulty in identification, I shall not give references to Blatter s Herbarium; the specimens o f these two species seem to me to be hopelessly confiised; from the specimens in Kew Herbarium L. mitis seems to be more common in Bombay than the other species, but then I am not sure o f the proper identification o f the Kew specimens. A correlation o f characters in these two species have been tried to findout proper identification. But, did not get constant difference between these two species. And hence, leaving it as it is untill further study on the genus Lepiciagathis. Above cited photograph was taken from Lonavala, but unfortunately did not collect the specimen. However, there are two specimens in herbarium identified as L. mitis Dalzell, collected from the present study area by Ansari. Therefore, this species is included for the present work.
5. Lepidagathis prostrata Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 138.1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 473.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in Singh et al. FI. Maharashtra, Dicots. 2: 648. 2001. Undershrubs, prostrate, very rigid, perermial; stems quadrangular, up to 15 cm, softly tomentose. Leaves up to 5 x 1 cm, lanceolate, sharply spinous-pointed, pubecsnet, cuneate at base, acute at apex. Distrib.: Only once found in Bhimashankar in vegetative condition. Selecetd specimen'. Bhimashankar, Khed, Puri 12665.
6. Lepidagathis trinervis Wall, ex Nees in W all, PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 96. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 471.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 72.1952; Moorthy inN.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 649. 2001. Herbs, suffiiiticose, diffuse, spreading or erect, 10-25 cm high; stems slender. Leaves 2-5 X 0.2-0.5 cm, linear. Flowers pinkish-white spotted with yellow and brown, in axillary,
597 sessile, ovoid spikes; spikes solitary or many aggregated in ovoid-globose heads at base o f branches. Bracts with recurved cuspidate spines. Capsules 0.5 cm long ovoid-lanceolate. FIs. & Frts.; October. Distrib.: Infrequent on rocky plateux. Maval, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens'. Sakarpathar, Lonavala, Maval Gcimmie 15914; Gusalgaon, Mulshi Reddi 101129; Lonavala, Maval, Chibber 26. 17. NEURACANTHUS Nees la. Spikes elongate; corolla 2-lipped 2.N. trinervis lb. Spikes globose; corolla entire sphaerostachyiis
1. Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus (Nees) Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 140.1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 465.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 652. 2001. Lepidagathis sphaerostachyus Nees in DC., Prodr. 11;254. 1857. 'Khannala'. Photo: PI. 26.A Herbs, undershrubs or shrubs; 0.5-1 m high; branches numerous from root. Leaves 5- 10 X 3-6.5 cm, broadly ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong or elliptic, subcordate, obtuse or short acuminate, liniolate. Flowers blue or bluish-violet with corolla tube white at base; in axillary clustered globose spikes; bracts broadly elliptic or suborbicular, densely hairy, purplish. Capsules 1-1.3 x 0.5 cm, obovoid-oblong. FIs. & Frts.: September - March. Ilhis.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1531.1850 {Neuracanthus lawii). Distrib. '. Uncommon. On higher slopes o f hills preferably in open situations in high rainfall areas. Selecetd specimens: Sakarpathar, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 68356, Rolla 85235; Wagjoi forests, Mulshi, Reddi 99107; Shinga hill, Khed, Janardhanan 75903; Sinhagad, Ansari 101610.
2. Neuracanthus trinervis Wight, Icon. PL Ind. Orient, t. 1532.1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 465.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 66. 1952 & in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 203. 1967 (Rev. ed.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 652.2001. ^'*3 • ' Undershrubs, 0.5-0.8 m high, erect; stems slender. Leaves 6-15 x 3-5 cm, elliptic- lanceolate, sessile, liniolate, glabrous. Flowers blue in 3-10 cm long axillary & terminal.
598 densely hairy spikes; bracts hairy, spinous-pointed, strongly 5-nerved. Capsules c 0.7 cm long, ellipsoid, pointed. FIs. & Frts.: December - March. Distrib. : Scarce. On slopes amidst Carvia bushes and along paths in forest clearings in gravelly soil. Maval. Selecetd specimens: Khandala lake, Maval, Rolla 78926 & 78914; T. Cooke s.n.; Sakarpather hill slopes, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 101165.
18. PERISTROPHE Nees Peristrophe paniculate (Forssk.) Brummitt in Kew Bull. 38:451.1983; Moorthy in Singh et fl/.Fl. Maharashtra, Dicots. 2: 657. 2001. Dianthera panicidata Forssk., FI. Aeg.-Arab. 7. 1775. Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3:113.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 495.1967(Repr.). Herbs, annual, erect, 0.5-1.25 m tall; stems & branches angular, scabrous-hairy. Leaves 5-10 X 2.5 X 4.5 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pilose. Flowers rosy-pink, in axillary and terminal lax, divaricate, pubescent cymes. Capsules 0.8-1 cm long obovoid, pointed. FIs. & Frts.: October - January. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 538. 1982. Distrib.: Fairly common on lower slopes as well as along hedges, roadsides, along canals, etc. Selecetd specimeti: Baramati, Jadhav 170876-A. 19. RHINACANTHUS Nees Rhinacanthus nasuta (L.) Kurz in J. As. Soc. Beng. 39: 79. 1870; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 663. 2001. Justicia nasuta L., Sp. PI. 16. 1753. Rhinacanthus communis Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 109. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 494.1967 (Repr.). "Gaikarni, NagamallV. TJndershrubs, erect or rarely straggling, much branched, 1-1..5 (-2) m high. Leaves 10- 20 X 3-7 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acute-acuminate, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers white with pinkish tinge, c 3.5 cm long, in large up to 40 x 25 cm, lax terminal, glandular- pubescent panicles. Capsules c 2 cm long, slightly swollen near apex, pointed. Seeds 3-4 mm across, compressed, black. FIs. & Frts.: October - March. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 539. 1982.
599 Distrib. : Occasional along ravines in forest clearings or towards the edges o f forests in higher altitudes. Sometimes found under shade o f trees on foot and slopes o f hills. Selecetd specimens: Foot o f Bhoma hill, Khandala, Maval, Rolla 83432; Loneghat, Maval, Rolla 69721; Korai fort, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93309; Malvand dara, Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri Jadhavs.n. Note: Roots and leaves used as a remedy for skin diseases. 21. RUELLIA L. emend. Bremek. Ruellia tuberosa L., Sp. P1.635. 1753; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:669. 2001. Herbs, erect or suberect, 30-40 cm high; roots tuberous. Leaves 5-10 x 4-5 cm, elliptic or elliptic-obovate. Flowers blue or violet, in axillary and terminal, pedunculate cymes. Capsules c 2 cm long, linear-fusiform, brownish. Seeds orbicular, many. FIs. & Frts.: July - January. Illits. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 540. 1982. Distrib.: Well naturalised in wastelands and gardens in moist places. Selecetd specimens: BSI Capus, Singh 110670; Daund, Jain 9593. 20. RUNGIA Nees la. Spikes distinctly unilateral; bracts dimorphic, upper lip of corolla acute 2 lb. Spikes imperfectly unilateral; bracts uniform; upper lip o f corolla notched or emarginated 3 2a. Floral bracts villous; barren bracts pectinately arranged 3. R. pectinata 2b. Floral bracts pubescent at its apex only; barren bracts not as above 2.R. parviflora 3a. Plants erect; stems densely pubescent; capsules obovoid 1. R. elegans 3b. Plants diffuse or decumbent; stems glabrous to puberulous capsules ovoid-oblong 4.R. repens
1. Rungia elegans Dalzell in Dalzell & A.Gibson, Bombay FI. 196.1861; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 480.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 671.
2001. Herbs, 20-60 cm high. Leaves 3-8 x 1-3.8 cnv, elliptic-lanceolate, rarely elliptic-oblong glabrous. Flowers blue c 1 cm long, in 2-10 cm long, terminal spikes; bracts broadly
600 elliptic, scarious along margins. Capsules c 5 mm long, mucronate, truncate at apex, pubescent on margins. Seeds rugose. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Distrib.: Common as an undergrowth on hills in moist soil, among grasses along banks o f the streams in ghats, etc. Selecetd specimens'. Base o f Sinhagad hill, Haveli, Jadhav 177912; Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174257; Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Ansari 101513.
2. Rungia parviflora (Retz.) Nees. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 110. 1832 & in DC., Prodr. 11: 469. 1847 (excl. syn.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 671. 2001. Jiisticia parviflora Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 9. 1788. Herbs, suberect, to decumbent. Leaves small, 2-3 cm long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtuse at apex, glabrous but liniolate on both sides. Flowers small, blue, in small c 1 cm long spikes. Capsules c 4 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: More or less throughout the year. Distrib.; Common along forest paths and as an undergrowth. Also found in rocky crevices. Selecetd specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 177994, 180601; Near Sigroba temple, Khandala, Maval, Jain 17; Thangaon, velhe, Mahajan 32087.
3. Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees in DC., Prodr. 11; 469.1847; Santapau in Univ. Bombay Bot. Mem. 2: 77.1952; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 672. 2001. Justicia pectinata L., in Tomer, Cent II PI. 3.1753. Rungia parviflora Nees var. pectinata (L.) C.B. Clarke in H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India 4; 550. 1885; T. Cooke, FI. Pres Bombay 2: 478. 1967 (Repr.). R. parviflora Nees var. muralis C.B. Clarke in Hook. £ op. cit.; T. Cooke, op. cit. Herbs, annual, procumbent or suberect, 10-20 cm high. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate. Flowers blue, in axillary and terminal, small unilateral spikes; sterile bracts oblong- lanceolate, fertile ones obovate-orbicular. Capsules c 2 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: December — April. Illits. : Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1547. 1850. Distrib.: Common on gravelly and rocky h ill slopes and cultivated fields. Selecetd specimens: Khandala, Maval, R.S. Rao s.n.; Katraj, Haveli, Mahajan 636; Malvand durg, Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 108200-X.
601 4. Rungia repens (L.) Nees in W all, PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 110. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 480.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 672.2001. Justicia repens L., Sp. PI. 15. 1753. Herbs, annual, diffuse or decumbent, 10-25 cm high or long; stems weak, slender, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves 2-5 x l-2(-3) cm ovate-lanceolate or oblong, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Flowers blue or bluish-pink, in terminal, 1-5 cm long, pubescent spikes or slender peduncle. Capsules ovoid, oblong, acute; seeds c 1 mm across, suborbicular, rugose. FIs. & Frts.; October - February. Ilhts.'. K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 541. 1982. Distrib.: Common in moist situations along road sides, cultivated fields, open lower h ill slopes and foot hills. Selecetd specimens: Between Shelgaon to Vadgaon Ghenand, Khed, Janardhan 72806; Near Ghusalgaon, on way to Ambavane from Lonavala, Reddi s.n.-, Khandala, Maval, R.S. Rao s. n. 21.STROBILANTHES Blume 1 a. Bracts glabrous 2 lb. Bracts variously hairy 3 2a. Leaves scabrid above; bracts green with pink tinge; capsules 2-seeded 1. S. callosits 2b. Leaves not scabrid; bracts white; capsules 4-seeded 4.S. reticulates 3a. Leaves sessile; flowers without bracteoles 5.S. sessilis 3b. Leaves petiolate; flowers with linear or spathulate bracteoles 4 4a. Petioles winged, wings auric led at base; spikes viscous-hairy, strongly smelling 2.S. integrifoliiis 4b. Petioles not winged; spikes viscid-pubescent but not strongly smelling ^.S. ixiocephalus
1. Strobilanthes callosus Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3; 85. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 444. 1967 (Repr.); P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., Strobilanthes Penin. India 73, f 9. 2006. Ruellia callosa Wall., Numer. List. No. 2359. 1830, nom. ntid.Carvia callosa (Wall.) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Acad. Wetensch., Afd. Nayuurk., Tweede Sect. 2, 41: 187.1944; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 609, £ p.608. 2001.
602 -Karvi\ Photo: PI. 25.C Shrubs, erect, evergreen, 2-3 m (sometimes up to 4 m) tall; stems mostly straight, rigid, warted. Leaves up to 30 cm long, elliptic-lanceolate, acute-acuminate, tapering, crenate. Flowers bluish-purple, very attractive, in axillary, simple or branched, ovoid spikes; brancts concave, pink-tinged. Capsules c 2 cm long, obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Illus. : Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l, op. cit. \ P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., op. cit. Distrib.: Very common on higher exposed h ill slopes in ghats as pure formations or as an undergrowth o f somewhat loose forests. Selecetd specimens: Rayareshwar, Bhor, Jadhav 175992; Bhimashankar, Khed, Puri 9317.
2. Strobilanthes integrifoUus (Dalzell) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. PI. 2: 499. 1892; P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., Strobilanthes Penin. India 117, f. 24. 2006. Endopogon integrifoUus Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker) 2: 343. 1850. Strobilanthes perfoliatus T. Anderson in J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 9; 471.1867; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 448.1967 (Repr.). Mackenziea integrifolia (Dalzell) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Nayuurk., Tweede Sect. 2, 41: 182.1944; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 651, £p.650. 2001. 'Waiti'. Shrubs, c 1 m tall, almost glabrous except inflorescence; stems slightly swollen just above the nodes. Leaves 10-23 x 2.5-5.5 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, long acuminate, tapering and decurrent on petiole, glabrous. Flowers bluish-purple, in axillary and terminal, strongly aromatic, 5-8 cm long, glandular-hairy spikes. Capsules c 1 cm long, brownish, obovoid, compressed, mucronate. FIs. & Frts.; February - May. Illus.; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit.; P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional in vallies & plateaux in Maval & Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Sakarpathar plateau, Maval, Rolla 77728; Khandala, Maval, Jain 19 & Malhotra 1659-M; Lonavala, Maval, Gammie s. n.
3. Strobilanthes ixiocephalus Benth. in Flora 33: 557. 1849; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 448. 1967 (Repr.); P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., Strobilanthes Penin. India 123, f 25. 2006. Thelepaepale ixiocephala (Benth.) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Nayuurk., Tweede Sect. 2, 41: 188.1944; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 675. 2001. ‘ Vaiti, Vakti'. Photo: PI. 23.B
603 Undershrubs or shrubs, straggling, 0.6-2 m high, young branches glandular pubecsnet. Leaves 5-22 x 2-7 cm, elliptic lanceolate, long petiolate, acuminate. Flowers white, tinged with blue, 2-3 cm, long, in viscid spikes; calyx viscous hairy, enlarged in fruits. Capsules c 5 mm long, obovoid, compressed, glabrous. FIs. & Frts.; October - April. Illus. '. P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., op. cit. Distrib. : Common in undergrowth o f semi-evergreen forest on hill slopes in ghats. Selecetd specimens: Jungle near Biroba scared grove, Otur range, Junnar, Jadhav 180779; Ghat forest between Pavana Dam and Lonavala, Jadhav 193125; Nagphani Mai, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janaradhanan 69210; Bhoma hill, Khandala, Maval, Rolla 834293.
4. Strobilanthes reticulatus Stapf in Bull. Misc. Inform. 1894. 347. 1894; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 442. 1967 (Repr.); P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., Strobilanthes Penin. India 167, f. 42. 2006. Nilgirianthiis reticulates (Stapf) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Nayuurk., Tweede Sect. 2, 41: 290.1944; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ai. FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 656.2001. 'Akra'. Undershrubs or shrubs, perennial, 0.3-0.8 m tall; strigose-hairy. Leaves 5-10 x 2.5-4.5 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or cordate at base, acute-acuminate at apex, hairy, subentire. Flowers blue, in axillary and terminal, ovoid spikes; bracts purple or pinkish, ovate. Capsules c 1 cm long, glabrous. FIs. & Frts.; September - December. Illus.-. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 324, f 1911; P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common in clumps in dense patches on rocky, exposed plateaux and on hill slopes and tops in high altitudes. Selecetd specimens'. Near Ghusalgaon, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99160, 101191; Vaghya near Hanuman Talao, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81821; Dhak Fort, Junnar, Hemadri 107473.
5. Strobilanthes sessilis Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 85. 1832; P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., Strobilanthes Penin. India 175. 2006. var, sessilis: C.B. Clarke in H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India 4: 452.1884; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 443.1967 (Repr.). Pleocaulussessilis Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Nayuurk., Tweede Sect. 2, 41: 285.1944.
604 Undershrubs, erect, 30-45 cm high; stems simple or branched, arising from subterranean rhizome, obtusely quadrangular, strigose-hairy. Leaves sessile to sub-sessile, ovate, rounded or cordate at base, acute at apex, hairy above, bristly on nerves beneath, crenate. Flowers dark purple, in axillary and terminal, strobihform, c 5 cm long spikes; bracts purplish, ovate, long acuminate, bristles and ciliate. Capsules c 1 cm long, linear- oblong, glabrous.
la. Leaves softly villous on both surfaces; corolla slightly hairy var. sessilis lb. Leaves scabrous-hispid above, glabrous beneath except bristly nerves; corolla glabrous var. ritchiei var. sessilis FIs. & Frts.: November-December. Illiis.'. P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., op. cit., f. 45. Note: P. Venu reported it for Pune from Toma Fort, based on the specimen, Santapau 13946 (BLAT). var. ritchiei C.B. Clarke in H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 4: 452. 1884; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 443. 1967 (Repr.); P. Venu in P. Daniel & Sanj., Strobilanthes Penin. India 178. 2006. Pleocaulus ritchiei (C.B. Clarke) Bremek. in Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Nayuurk., Tvi^eede Sect. 2, 41: 185.1944; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 661, f p.662. 2001. 'Bukra\ ‘Topli-Karvf. Photo: PI. 26.E FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Ilhis.: Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al.,op. cit. Distrib.: Khandala, Maval [Santapau 1967 (Rev. ed.)]; Toma, Velhe&Rajgad, Bhor (Vartak,1962?).
EXCLUDED SPECIES; Pseuderanthemum malabaricum (C.B. Clarke) Gamble, FI. Pres. Madras 1064. 1924 [2; 745. 1967 (Repr.)]; Santapau, FI. Khandala in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16: 204. 1967 (Rev. ed.). Santapau, 1967, reported this species in FI. Khandala, basd on only his observations, without collection o f any specimen. It was neither seen nor collected, during the present study. So far, there is no specimen collected from the District. Hence, it is excluded here
605 untill further collection for the confirmation o f its occurrence in the District. It resembles Erathemum roseiim, but can be differentiated in having white flowers and linear bracts. It can be searched in the undergrowth o f semi-evergreen forests. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Aechmanthera gossypina (Nees) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 87. 1832. Rtiellia gossypina Nees, op. cit. 1: 38, t. 42. 1830. Woolly undershrubs with attractive pale blue or violet-purple, c 3.5 cm long flowers in clusters, arranged in c 0.3 m long panicle. Grown in gardens. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall, ex Nees in Wall., Plant Asiat, Rar. 3: 116.1832. ‘Palechirait'. Erect herbs, 30-70 cm high, much branched from base; branches dudrangular, with lanceolate leaves and small white flowers with pinkish tinge in lax, spreading panicles. Grown in gardens and yards as an medicinal plant. Aphelandra aurantiaca (Scheidw.) Lindl., Bot. Reg. 31, t. 12. 1823. "'Fiery spikes"'. Erect shrubs with leaves having gray veins and spikes with scarlet-red flowers. Planted in gardens as ornamental plant. Barleria lupulina Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1483. 1826. About 0.5 m high, spiny shrubs. A native o f Mauritius, grown in gardens for its yellow, bracteate flowers. Calliaspidia guttata (Bran.) Bremek, in Verh. Nederl. Acad. Wet. Sect. 2, 45 n. 2: 54. 1948. Up to 1 m high undershrubs with striate stem and ovate-oblong, pubescent leaves. A native o f Mexico, grown in gardens and nurseries as an ornamental for its showy, terminal, drooping spikes with reddish bracts and white flowers. Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 98. 1832. “'Aboli . Evergreen undershrubs, up to 1 m tall. Found planted in gardens and infront o f houses for its showy orange-yellow flowers in spikes. Flowers without any smell or fragrance. Dianthera secunda Greseb. inGoett. Abh. 7: 246. 1857. Eranthemum malaccense C.B. Clarke in H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 4; 498. 1884. Evergreen undershrubs, c 1 m high, with broad lanceolate leaves and bluish-purple flowers in spikes. Probably native o f Malay Isles, found grown in gardens and nurseries. Gendarussa vulgaris Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3; 104. 1832. "JagatMadan, lev
606 Evergreen shrubs with lanceolate leaves. Probably a native o f China, found grown in gardens along the borders due to its dark and dense foliage and white or pinkish-purple flowered inflorescence. Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., Notul. Pr. Asiat. 4: 139. 1854. Evergreen shrubs; stems erect, straight, 2-3 m tall. Leaves 10-15 cm long, elliptic, leathery, deep green, variegated, creamy-white blotched. Flowers crimson-red. Probably a native o f S.E. Asia-New Guinea, found grown in garden and parks as foliage plant. Gymnostachyum ceylanicum Am. & Nees in DC., Prodr. 9; 93. 1847. Hemigraphis colorata(Blume)Hallier,Nova Acta Leop. 70: 199. 1897. Low prostrate, ascending herbs, 15-25 cm high. Leaves broadly cordate, opposite, decussate, thick with toothed margin, green above, dark reddish-purple beneath. Flowers small white. usually found in gardens as a ground cover especially in shady areas. Hypoestes sanguinolanta(van Houttee) Hook, f Bot. Mag. 91 :t. 5511.1865. Herbs with soft downy small leaves green with rosy-red marking which overall gives look as rosy-red spotted leaves and lilac flowers. Usually planted in garden for its ornamental foliage. Jacobinia ghiesbreghtiana Hem (Lam)Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Bot.2(12):520.1882. Shrubs 1.5-2 m tall, with narrow elliptic or lanceolate leaves and orange to crimson coloured flowers. Rarely grown in garden. Monechma debile (Forssk.) Nees in DC.. Prodr. 11:411. 1847 {'debilis'). Pachystachys lutea Nees, Prodr. 11:320.1847. 'Lolly-pops’’ or "Super glory'. Shrubs 0.5-0.8 m high. Found grown in gardens and nurseries as a pot plant for its beautiful ‘ Lollypop’ like yellow spikes with white flowers. Peristrophe salicifolia Miq. Herbs with leaves variegated at the center with yellow. Found grown in gardens probably for its use for vases and basket bouquet. Pseuderanthemum kewense Bailey, Gentes Herb. 1: 103. 1923. Handsome, evergreen shrubs with attractive waxy elliptic or ovate, dark red leaves variegated with pink or purple. Flowers pinkish-purple blotched with dark purple, in terminal panicles. A native o f Malesiana, grown in gardens as an ornamental plant.
607 Rueillia squarrosa Low spreading herbs or undershrubs with narrowly ovate pubescent leaves and bright blue, c 3 cm across flowers. Found grown in gardens as ground cover. Sancheria nobilis H o o k./, Bot. Mag. t. 5594. 1866. About 1 m tall shrubs. Leaves large, ovate-oblong, with midrib and lateral veins yellow and winged petiole. A native o f Ecuador, planted in garden as an ornamental plant. Phlogacanthus thyrsifom is (Roxb. ex Hardw.) Mabb. in Manilal, Bot. Hist. hort. 53. 1980. Justicia thyrsiformis Roxb., Hardw. in Asiat. Res. 6: 349. 1799. Shrubs, 1-2 m tall, with large, lancelate, up to 20 cm long leaves. Inflorescence o f 10- 25 cm long dense, villous thyrse/ racemes with orange flowers. Occasionally found cultivated in botanical gardens, probably because o f its large and dense attractive inflorescence.
120. THUNBERGIACEAE THUNBERGIA Retz., nom. cons. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb., Cor. PI. 1; 47, t. 67.1795; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 417.1967 (Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 684. 2001. Twiners, herbaceous. Leaves c 6 x 3 cm, ovate or ovate-oblong, subcordate to hastate and two lobed at base, obtuse at apex. Flowers white, c 3 cm. Capsule glabrous. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims, in Bot. Mag. t. 2591. 1825. Pereimial, twining herbs with triangular ovate leaves on winged petiole & funnel shaped creamy-yellow or orange flowers with or without black purple throat. An attractive vine planted for the cool, light window. Thunbergia coccinia Wall., Tent. FI. Nep. 49, 58, t. 37. 1826. Woody climbers with tetra-angular stem and broadly ovate-lanceolate leaves with subcordate or hastate base and scarlet flowers in pendulous large racemes. A native o f India, outer Himalayas from Kumaon east-wards, Khasia hills, planted in parks and gardens for beautification. Thunbergia erecta (Benth) T. Anders in J. Linn. Soc. 7: 18. 1864. ^King’s mattle\
608 Evergreen shrub, erect, with glossy ovate leaves and axillary violet flowers with yellow throat inside. A native o f Tropical Africa, grown in gardens on walls and compounds. Thunbergia grandiflora (Roxb. ex Rottl.) Roxb., FI. Ind. 3: 34. 1832. 'Clock vine’. Woody twiners with rough toothed, ovate leaves and solitary, lavender blue flowers with white throat. A native o f Bangladesh or S.E. Asia, grown on walls and compounds in gardens. Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) T. Anderson, in J. Linn. Soc. 9: 448. 1867. Extensive climbers with attractive funnel shaped garden-yellow flowers with yellow and reddish-brown limbs in long pendant racemes. Found planted in gardens.
121. VERBENACEAE la. Leaves digitate 9.VITEX lb. Leaves simple 2a. Inflorescence a cylindric or capitate spikes, indeterminate and centripetal (sometimes initially heads lengthening to short spikes) 2b. Inflorescence cymose, determinate and centrifugal; cymes often congested into panicles, false umbels, umbelloid panicles, thyrses 3a. Creeping herbs; stems rooting at nodes 5. PHYLA 3b. Erect undershrubs or shrubs; stems not rooting at nodes 4a. Flowers blue, perfect stamens 2; fruits linear-oblong 7. STACHYTARPHETA 4b. Flowers orange-yellow, red or purple; perfect stamens 4; fruits globose 4. LANTANA 5a. Flowers actinomorphic 6 5b. Flowers more or less zygomorphic 8 6a. Leaves glabrous above and beneath 6. PREMNA 6b. Leaves glabrous above but tomentose beneath 7a. Cymes arranged in large terminal panicles; corolla white; fruiting calyx inflated 8. TECTONA 7b. Cymes axillary; corolla pink or purple; fhiiting calyx
609 not inflated 1. CALLICARPA 8a. Flowers yellow; stamens shorter than the corolla; fhiits 2-3 cm long 3. GMELINA , 'JV 8b. Flowers white, blue, purple or pinkish; stamens much ^ exserted; fruits below 1.5 cm long 2.CLER0DENDR^ 1. CALLICARPA L. Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murray, Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 130.1774; P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:689. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 53, f. 8. 2002. Tomex tomentosa L., Sp. PI. 118. 1753. Callicarpalanata L., Mant. Alt. 331.1771; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 502.1967(Repr.). 'Aisar, Eswar, Padkuri, Phadgira . Photo: PL 26.C Shrubs or small trees, 3-8 m tall, much branched; young parts stellately tomentosa; bark grey, corky. Leaves crowded towards the end o f branches, 12-28 x 5-12 cm, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, shining above, densely grayish-yellow beneath with prominent nerves. Flowers pink or purple, in densely & stellately tomentose, axillary cymes; calyx campanulate, densely tomentose; corolla c 0.5 cm long, glabrous. Drupes c 0.4 cm across, globose, black, smooth. FIs. & Frts.: December - May. Illus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1480. 1849; K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 548. 1982; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, op. cit. Distrib. : Fairly common in higher ghats in semievergreen & moist deciduous forests, more towards the edges o f forests. Selecetd specimens: Biroba rai jungle, Otur range, Jurmar, Jadhav 180771; Ghasalgaon forest on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav 174223; Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 175874, Janardhanan 72107, 72136; Khandala, Maval, Rolla 69736, 85133, 83418, Puri 9121. 2. CLERODENDRUM L. la. Cymes few-flowered, axillary, distinct LC. inerme lb. Cymes many flowered, collectively forming terminal panicles ^ 2a. Leaves often in whorls, glabrous, distinctly serrate; flowers blue or purplish-blue 3.C serratum 2b. Leaves opposite, pubescent; flowers white ^ 3a. Leaves broadly ovate, more than 10 cm long; calyx
610 much enlarged in fruit 4.C viscosum 3b. Leaves ovate-rhomboid, less than 10 cm long; calyx not enlarged in fruit 2.C phlomidis
1. Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., Fmct. Sem.l: 271, t. 75.1788; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 511.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh etal., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 690.2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 112. 2002. Volkameria inermis L., Sp. Pi. 637. 1753. "Koynel, Vanjai'. Shrubs, straggling, 2-3 m tall. Leaves 3 x 1.2-2 cm, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, obtuse, glabrous. Flowers white, with pinkish tinged, 3-4 cm long; calyx 0.5 cm long, campanulate; stamens much exerted. Drupes c 1-1.5 cm long, obovoid, with persistent enlarged calyx. FIs. & Frts.: May - January. Ilhts.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 467. 1988. Distrib.: Usually grown as a hedge plant and also found as an escape. Selecetd specimens: Lonavala, Maval, Recldi 97917; BSI campus, Singh 106536.
2. Clerodendrum phlomidis L. / , Suppl. 292.1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 511.1967 (Repr.); A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 136. 2002. Volkameria midtiflonim Burm. y., FI. Ind. 137, t. 45, f. 1. 1786. Clerodendrum multiflorum (Burm. f.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 3: 526.1891; P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 690. 2001. 'Aarkhadi, Bhauri, Tahankal, Takalan . Scandent shrubs or small trees, 3-5 m tall, branches grey pubecsnet. Leaves 2.5-3.5 (-
10) X 2-3 (-9) cm, ovate-rhomboid, glabrous above, puberulous beneath, crenate-dentate. Flowers white, c 2.5-3 cm long, fragrant, in axillary dichotoms cymes appearing a terminal panicle; bracts leafy. Drupes c 1 cm long, obovoid, 4-lobed, each lobe with one pyrene. FIs. & Frts.: November - February. Illus. -. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 358, f 456. 1911; K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: 549. 1982. Distrib. -. Commonly found in hedges in and around villages as well as along the border o f cultivated fields in waste lands. Selecetd specimens'. Yenere, Junnar, Hemadri 106911; Patas, Daund, Bhide s.n.-, Junnar, Talbot, 4826; Katraj, Haveli, Puri 2316.
611 3. Clerodensrum serratum (L.) Moon., Cat. 46. 382.1824; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 512.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:691. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 139. 2002. Volkameria serrata L., Mant. 90. 1767. ^Bharangi. Photo: PL 26.B Shrubs, erect, 1-2 m high. Leaves temate or opposite, 10-15 (-25) x 5-8 (-12.5) cm elliptic or elliptic-oblong, serrate, glabrous. Flowers blue, 2-2.5 cm long, in handsome, pyramidal, terminal panicles; bracts leafy; stamens much exerted. Drupes c 1 mm across, 4 lobed, black, with persistent calyx, each lobe with one globular or obovoid pyrane (1-3 often suppressed). FIs. & Frts.: July - December. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1472. 1849. Distrib.: Common in open situations in ghats on h ill slopes and foot hills. Selecetd specimens'. Velhe, Jadhav 170810, Jain 5184; Ucchil, on way to Darya ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 175828; Shivaneri, Junnar, Ansari, 83741; Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99259’ Sinhagad. Haveli. Raghavan 64292.
4. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent., Jard. Mahn. 1: t. 25.1803; P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:691.2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 116.2002. C infortiinatum aiict. non L. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 513.1967 (Repr.). Shrubs, erect, 2-3 m high; branches yellowish-pubescent or villous. Leaves 6-18x4-11 cm, broadly ovate, cordate, shortly acuminate, denticulate, villous; petioles 1.5-3.5 cm, villous. Flowers white with pinkish tinge, in terminal, o f several, opposite, few flowered pedunculate cymes; bracts foliaceous, villous. Drupes globose, enclosed in fiuiting calyx. FIs. & Frts.: February. Illus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1471.1849 (C. infortiinatum). Distrib. : Rare in deciduous forests. Worth introduction in gardens. Selecetd specimen: Khandala, Maval, Jadhav 172481. 3. GM ELINA L. Gmelina arborea Roxb., PI. Cor. 3: 42, t. 246.1815; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 504.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 692.2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 155, f 27. 2002. " 2,^ 'Shivan . Trees, 3-12 m tall, deciduous; bark grayish-yellow; branchlets mealy pubescent. Leaves 5-18 x 4-16 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate, glabrous above at maturity,
612 stellately, densely flilvous-tomentose beneath; petioles up to 12 cm long, glandular at the top. Flowers brownish-yellow, 4-5 cm long, in 3-flowered cymes arranged in flilvous- tomentose panicles; calyx campanulate; corolla c 4 cm long, tubular-inflindibuliform. Drupes c 2 cm long, green to orange-yellow, obovoid-pyriform, with saucer shaped persistent calyx at base. FIs. & Frts.: February - June. Ulus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1470.1849; Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 349. f. 451. 1911. Distrib.: Occasional in deciduous forests. Also found cultivated in gardens and farms. Selecetd specimens: Maluste forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 100973; Sinhagad, Haveli, Patil 7850; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 94320; Lonavala, Maval, Gammie 16253. Note: Preliminary phytochemistry o f this important medicinal plant has been studied (C.R. Jadhav & S.R. Surange, ined.). 4. LANTANA L. la. Leaves scabrous pubescent; stems prickly \.L. camara var. aculeata lb. Leaves softly white-pubecsnet or subvillous beneath; stems not prickly 2. L. indica
1. Lantana camara L. var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke in Torreya 34: 9.1934; P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 693. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 180.2002 (as var. camara). L. aculeata L., Sp. PI. 627. 1753. L. camara aiict. non L. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 498.1967 (Repr.). 'Ghaneri, Gooltiir, Tantanf. Straggling or erect prickly shrubs, up to 3 m tall. Leaves ovate, crenate-serrate, scabrous above. Flowers orange-red turning to scarlet-red, in terminal capitate spikes. Drupes 2-3 mm across, globose, fleshy and purplish black when ripe. FIs. & Frts.: Almost throughout the year. Distrib.: Common along roadsides, in hedges and in waste places. Selecetd specimen: Bavdhan hill, Mulshi, Jian 8880.
2. Lantana indica Roxb., FI. Ind. 3: 89.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 498.1967 (Repr.); A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 185, f 32(A-E). lOOl.Lantana salvifolia Jacq., Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 18, t. 285. 1798; P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dciot 2; 693. 2001.
613 Shrubs, 1-2 m high. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, ovate, crenate-serrate, fine pubescent above. Flowers light purple with yellowish corolla-tube, in axillary pedunculate ovoid heads. FIs. & Frts.: September. Ilhis. : Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1464. 1849. Distrib.; Rare. Junnar. Selecetd specimen: Shivneri fort, Junnar, Kanitkar s.n. 5. PHYLA Lour. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene in Pittonia 4: 46.1889; Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1); 211. 1967 (Rev. ed.); P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 693. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 315. 2002. Verbena nocHflorci L., Sp. PI. 20. 1753. Lippia nodiflora (L.) Rich, in Michaux, FI. Bor. Amer. 2: 15.1803; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 499.1967 (Repr.). "JalpimpU, Ratoliva'. Herbs, prostrate, perennial; stems rooting at nodes, much branched. Leaves 1 -2.5 cm long, obovate-spathulate, subsessile, serrate. Flowers pinkish-white, minute, sessile, in condensed pedunculate, (0.5-1.5 cm long) heads or spikes. Fruit (drupes) c 1 mm across. FIs. &Frts. iSeptember-December. Illits.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1463. Distrib.: Very common throughout in moist & marshy places. Selecetd specimens: Katraj Lake, Haveli, Mahajan 20951, 20528; BSI campus, Jadhav s.n. 6. PREMNA L ., nom. cons. la. Scandent shrubs; leaves coriaceous l.P. coriacea lb. Erect shrubs; leaves membranous 2. P. obtusifolia vat. piibescensf. serratifolia
1. Premna coriacea C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 4: 573.1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 506.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:694. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 226. 2002. "Chambhari, Karan, Pairi . Shrubs, scandent or climbing, woody; bark smooth & lenticelled. Leaves 7-16.5 x 5-12 cm, broadly ovate-cordate or suborbicular, acuminate, entire, glabrous and shining. Flowers white, numerous, in terminal, paniculate, corymbose cymes. Drupes c 0.4 cm long, narrowly obovoid, smooth, black when ripe. FIs. & Frts.; March - June. Illus.: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 351, f. 452. 1911. 614 Distrib.: Occasional in higher ghats in semievergreen forests. Selecetd specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 69697; Lonavala Rai jungle, Maval, Talbot 4806, Gammie 162338, Jain 8941; Ghoral forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 97905.
2. Premna obtusifolia R. Br. var. pubescens Moldenke f. serratifolia (L.) Moldenke in Phytologia 36: 438.1977; P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:695. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 227. 2002. P. serratifolia L., Mant. 2: 253. 1771. P. integrifolia L., Mant. 2:252. 1771 nom. superfl.', T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 506.1967 (Repr.). 'Nan’eF. Shrubs, woody. Leaves ovate or broadly-elliptic, acuminate, subcordate, flowers greenish-white, in corymbose paniculate cyme. FIs. & Frts.: December-May. Distrib.'. Pune (P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit.). Note: I could neither collectnor see this specimenin field as well as in herbarium. It is included based onP.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. 7. STACHYTARPHETA Vahl Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 1:206.1804; P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:696. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 230. 2002. Verbena jamaicensis L., Sp. PI. 19. 1753. Stachytarpheta indica aiict. non (L.) Vahl, 1804; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 501.1967 (Repr.) p.p. Herbs, annual, 0.1-1 m tall; stems dichotomously branched. Leaves elliptic, serrate. Flowers bluish-violet, sessile, in long, slender terminal spikes. FIs. & Frts.: August - February. Ilhis.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 556. 1982. Distrib.-. Rare on slopes as an escape in Khandala (Santapau, 1967, 3'*^. Rev. ed.). Occasionally grown in gardens as an ornamental plant. 8. TECTONA L ./, nom. cons. Tectona grandis L ./, Suppl. 151.1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 503.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasarma in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:696. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 320.2002. 'Sag, Sagwan . Trees, up to 20 m tall, deciduous, with quadrangular branchlets. Leaves opposite, 25-50 X 15-35 cm, elliptic or obovate, entire, rough & glabrous above, stellate tomentose below.
615 Flowers white, in large, 30-90 cm long, pubescent, terminal, cymose panicle. Drupes 1-1.5 cm in diam., subglobose, slightly 4-lobed. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 558. 1982. Distrib.: Common throughout in deciduous forests. Selecetd specimens: Sinhagad hill, Wawe\\ Ansari 97569-A; Katraj, Haveli, Puri 2381. 9. VITEX L. la. Leaves with white tomentum beneath; cymes arranged in terminal panicles; drupes less than 0.6 cm long 2. V. negiindo lb. Leaves not as above; cymes axillary, never terminal; drupes more than 0.6 cm long l.V. leitcoxylon
1. Vitex leucoxylon L./ , Suppl. 293.1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 510.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasanna inN.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 696. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 72. 2002. 'Padri, Sheras, Sherni . Large shrubs or bushy or small sized trees, 2-4 m tall, deciduous; bark smooth. Leaves digitately 3-4-5-folio late (if 5-folio late basal pair much smaller); leaflets elliptic or elliptic- oblong, obtuse entire, glabrous, terminal leaflet 7-10.5 x 2-4.5 cm, little larger than others. Flowers white, with purple tinge near the throat of corolla, fragrant. Drupes 0.6-1.2 cm long, obovoid, 4 seeded, with persistent flat calyx at base, black when dry. FIs. & Frts.: March - July. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PL Ind. Orient, t. 1467. 1850; K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 559. 1982. Distrib.: Infrequent in river beds, along streams, in valley in higher ghats only. Maval, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Khandala, Maval, Gammie 16262; Khandala valley, Bhide s.n.
2. Vitex negundo L., Sp. PI. 638.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 508.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:699.2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 361. 2002. 'Nirgudf. Photo: PI. 26.D Shrubs or rarely small slender trees, up to 5 m tall; branches whitish, tomentose. Leaves digitately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets 5-10 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, entire, glabrous above, with white tomentum below. Flowers bluish-purple, in terminal, compound.
616 paniculate cymes. Drupes 3-4 mm long, globose-obovoid, enclosed partly in persistent, campanulate calyx. FIs. & Frts.; January - June. Illiis. : Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 519. 1842. Distrib.: Common along river banks and also grown as hedge plant in cultivated fields, yards and gardens. Selecetd specimens'. Muthalne ghat, Otur range, Junnar, Jadhav 180762; Pune-Givashi, Velhe, Mahajan 32050; Kune village, Maval, Rolla 77842. var. intermedia (Pie) Moldenke, Revist. Sudan Bot. 5: 3.1937; P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 699. 2001; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 363.2002. V. negundo f. intermedia Pie, Nem. Sci. Soc. Chine 1(3): 105. 1932. 'Katii-Nirgudi'. Bushy, small trees. Leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets tomentose below, lateral 2 leaflets 2-3 cm long, subsessile, or shortly petioluled, smaller than terminal one, elliptic-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong; terminal leaflets 4.5-5.5 cm long, serrate. Flowers blue in terminal c 15 cm long, cymose panicles. FIs. & Frts.: May - June. Distrib.; Rare. Purandhar, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Pet village, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 97860; Purandhar, Rolla 86581. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Citharexylum fruticosum L. forma subsrratum (Sw.) Moldenke in Phytologia 36: 164.1977 & Phytologia Mem. 2:383. 1980; A. Rajendran & P. Danial, Ind. Verbenaceae 77. 2002. Citharexylumspinosiim auct. non L., 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 518.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:701. 2001. Small trees, deciduous, c 10 m tall, with drooping branches, elliptic or lanceolate, shining leaves and fragrant, white, small flowers in drooping racemes. A native of West Indies & Mexico, grown in BSI campus garden. Clerodendrum aculeatum (L.) Griseb., FI. Brit. W. Ind. 500. 1864. Trailing, armed 1.5-3 m tall shrubs with elliptic, elliptic-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous leaves and small, white, fragrant flowers with long-exerted purple stamens, in axillary lax cymes. A native of Malacca and Jawa often grown tn gardens for ornamental purposes. Clerodendrum calamitosum L., Mant. 90. 1767.
617 Erect shrubs with drooping branches, elliptic, pubescent leaves and lax panicles of white, pubescent flowers. A native of Malacca and Jawa often grown in gardens for ornamental purposes. Clerodensrum indicum (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 586. 1891. Erect shrubs, up to 2.5 m high, with narrowly lanceolate, shortly acuminate leaves. Flowers white, in large terminal panicles with a fleshy curved corolla-tubes. A native of Sikkim, Assam and Sumatra found grown in gardens for its large showy panicles. Clerodendrum philippinum Schaucer in DC., Prodr. 11:667. 1847. C. fragrans (Vent.) Willd., Enum. Hort. Berol. 659. 1809; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 514.1967 (Repr.). ' Hajcirimogni. Erect, pubescent shrubs with broadly ovate, large leaves with cordate base and white to purple, very fragrant flowers in, terminal dense cymes with foliaceous bracts. A native of China, grown in gardens for its very attractive & fragrant double flowered cymes. Clerodendrum splendens G. Don in Edinb. New Philos. J. 11: 349.1824 non A. Cheval. 1920. Scandent shrubs with very variable leaves in shape and deep scarlet-red flowered, very diffiise cymose panicles. A native of Tropical Africa, commonly found in gardens as an ornamental plant due its very elegant and attractive panicles. Clerodendrum thomsoniae Bal / in Edinb. New Philos. J. II. 15: 233. 1862. Evergreen, climbing shrubs with ovate glossy leaves. Flowers deep crimson, showy, larger, in forking clusters with pure white inflated calyx changing to pink. A native of Tropical Africa, grown in gardens as an ornamental plant. Duranta erecta L., Sp. PI. 637. 1753. D. repensauct. non L. 1753. 'Duranta. Armed, erect, bushy shrubs with ovate or oblong-lanceolate, thin-leathery, opposite, glossy leaves, and bluish-violet flowers in terminal racemes. A native of America and West Indies, very commonly grown in gardens for making hedges or borders. It looks very attractive both in bloom & in orange coloured, globular shining fruits. Gmelina asiatica L., Sp. PI. 626. 1753. 'Kali Shivan’. Much branched, spinous, erect shrubs with elliptic, unlobulate or lobulate, shiny, small leaves and bright yellow flowers in terminal racemes or panicles.
618 Occasionally found grown in gardens. Gmelina philippensis Cham, in Linnaea 7: 109. 1832. Spiny, scandent shrubs with drooping branches with elliptic, shining leaves and a very attractive, drooping, cone like panicle of large, bright yellow flowers in small cymes enclosed in large purplish bracts. A very handsome plant particularly when in bloom, a native of Siam & Philippine Islands, grown in gardens. Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz., Obs. 6: 31. 1791. Straggling shrubs, with drooping branches, with ovate or ovate-oblong leaves and a very curious flowers with scarlet or brick-red tubular corolla, spreading bell shaped, large orange calyx in cymes. A structure of flower is like a cup kept in a saucer and hence called cup & saucer plant. A native of subtropical Himalayas, often grown in gardens. Petrea volubilis L., Sp. PI. 625. 1753. Woody twiner with ovate to lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, brittle, hard, rough leaves and very pretty and shov/y racemes of star-shaped, deep violet or purplish flowers having petaloid calyx. A native of Tropical America, grown in gardens and parks as an ornamental plant. Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 1: 209. 1804. Erect, 1-1.5 m tall, branched shrubs with ovate leaves and attractive, erect 30-40 cm long spikes with crimson to rosy flowers. A native of S. America, grown in gardens. Verbena bipinnatifida Schauer. in DC., Prodr. 11: 553. 1847. Hirsute herbs with deeply pinnatifid, hirsute leaves and white or pink flowered corymbose heads. Commonly grown in gardens as an ornamental plant for bedding purposes. Verbena hybrida Voss in Vilm. Fleure Pleiev Terre, ed. 1, 936. 1863. Herbs with reddish or pinkish or variegated flowers. A common garden plant, grown for its bloom. Verbena rigida Spreng., Syst. Cur. Post 4(2): 230. 1827. Spreading herbs with ascending branches, oblong-lanceolate leaves & bluish-purple flowers. A less beautifiil herb, native of S. America, occasionally grown in gardens. Vitex altissima L./., Suppl. PI. 294. 1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 510.1967 (Repr.). 619 A medium sized tree with dense head & drooping branches. Leaves with broadly winged petiole and serrate, long acuminate leaflets. Flowers in terminal cymose panicles. Found grown in forests research station, Donje, Haveli.
122. SYMPHOREMATACEAE SYMPHOREMA Roxb. Symphorema involucratum Roxb., PI. Cor. 2: 4, t. 186.1786; T. Cooke, FI. Pres. Bpmbay 2: 515.1967 (Repr.); P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:707. 2001. Shrubs, climbing, young parts stellately tomentose. Leaves 5-12 x 3-5.5 cm, ovate or elliptic, acuminate, dentate in upper half, pubescent beneath. Flowers crowded in 7- flowered, capitate, pubescent cymes; bracts c 1.5 cm long, enlarged to 3.5 cm long in fruits, lanceolate or spathulate-elliptic. Calyx obovoid, stellate-tomentose; corolla small, white. Fruits included in calyx, subglobose. FIs. & Frts.: March - May. Ulus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 362. 1840. Distrib. : Rare, in vallies. Maval, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Khandala, Maval, Gammie 16157, Bhide s.n. Note: A star-shaped involucre is very distinct character of this climbing species.
123. LAMIACEAE la. Leaves deeply pinnatisect or piimatipartite 7. LAVANDULA lb. Leaves not as above, entire 2 2a. Calyx lobes or teeth 6-10 3 2b. Calyx lobes or teeth 5 or less 4 3 a. Flowers white 9. LEUCAS 3b. Flowers scarlet-red or orange-red 8. LEONOTIS 4a. Stamens declinate 5 4b. Stamens straight, erect, spreading or ascending 11 5a. Lower lip of corolla flat (slightly or inconspicuously concave in Orthosiphon) 5b. Lower lip of corolla conspicuously concave or boat shaped 6a. Floral whorls spicate or racemose; fruiting calyx
620 deflexed, upper lobes recurved 6b. Floral whorls crowded in terminal and axillary globose or ovoid heads with imbricate bracts; fruiting calyx suberect or declinate, upper lobes not recurved 1. ACROCEPHALUS 7a. Upper lip of calyx simple, lower lip lobed; corolla- tube not exceeding the calyx ll.OCIMUM 7b. Upper and lower lip of calyx, both lobed; corolla- tube exceeding the calyx 12. ORTHOSIPHON 8a. Corolla distinctly bilabiate, lower lip longer than the upper lip 8b. Corolla indistinctly bilabiate, the lowest lobe shorter or equaling the other lobes 5. HYPTIS 9a. Leaves verticilalte or opposite, when opposite upper lip of fhiiting calyx concealing the mouth of the calyx 2. ANISOCHILUS 9b. Leaves all opposite; upper lip of fhiiting calyx not concealing the mouth of calyx 10 10a. Fruiting calyx indistinctly 2-lipped 6. ISODON 10b. Fruiting calyx distinctly 2-lipped 13. PLECTRANTHUS 1 la. Calyx 2-lipped 12 1 lb. Calyx not 2-lipped 14 12a. Upper lip of corolla erect, not hooded; perfect stamens 2 (the lower pair); anthers with a long, linear transverse cormective 15. SALVIA 12b. Upper lip of corolla hooded; perfect stamens 4; anthers not as above 13 13a. Corolla-tube sharply recurved beyond the calyx and then ascending; the lower pair of stamens longer than the upper pair; calyx-lips closed in fhiit 16. SCUTELLARIA 13b. Corolla-tube not as above; the upper pair of stamens longer than the lower pair; calyx-lips open in fruit 10. NEPETA 14a. Calyx 5-partite; segments feathery, longer than the tube; stamens included 4. COLEBROOKEA 14b. Calyx 5-toothed; teeth neither feathery nor longer than the tube; stamens exerted 15 621 15a. Upper lip of corolla entire, lower lip 3-lobed 3. ANISOMELES 15b. Upper lip of corolla 3-lobed, lower lip flat, entire spreading (corolla equally 4-fid in P. stellatus) 14. POGOSTEMON 1. ACROCEPHALUS Benth.. Acrocephalus hispidus (L.) Nicolson & Sivadasan in Taxon 29: 324.1980; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 711. 2001. Gomphrena hispida L., Sp. PI. ed. 2, 326. 1762. Acrocephalus capitatus Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 2: 18.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 525.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, annual, slender, erect, 20-50 cm high, minutely pubescent. Leaves 2.5-4 x 0.8- 1.3 cm, ovate or lanceolate, tapering at base, subulate at apex, glabrous, serrate. Flowers bluish-pink, minute, in compact, 0.8-1.5 cm long, terminal, globose or cylindric heads, with imbricate bracts; peduncles slender. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. niiis. : Hook., Icon. t. 456. 1842. T h | Z *!- ^ 9 Distrih. : Rare and occasional in moist rocky slopes in lower ghats. Junnar, Maval. Selecetd specimens'. Malvan-Dara, Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 107418; Khandala, Maval, Tome s.II. (Acc. No. 13492). 2. ANISOCHILUS Benth. ex Wall, la. Leaves opposite, petiolate; upper lip of fruiting calyx concealing the mouth of calyx I.A. carnosus lb. Leaves verticilalte, sessile; upper lip of fruiting calyx not concealing the mouth of calyx 2.A. verticillatiis
1. Anisochilus carnosus (L.) Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 2: 18. 1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 532.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:713. 2001. Lovandula camosa L., Amoen. Acad. 10: 56, t. 3. 1790. Herbs, annual, erect, 20-40 cm high, almost glabrous; stem reddish-purple tinged, somewhat fleshy and smooth. Leaves broadly ovate, 2-5 cm long, crenate. Flowers violet, sessile, in dense ultimately cylindric, long pedunculate, 1.5-3 cm long spikes. Upper lip of calyx in fruit ovate-lanceolate, acute, and decurved over lower lip, closing calyx mouth. Nutlets suborbicular, polished brown. FIs. & Frts.: June - Nov. Ulus. : K.M. Matthew, lUus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 561. 1982.
622 Distrib.: Common in crevices of open rocky slopes and on old fort walls as well as compound walls. Bhor, Haveli, Maval, Jurmar. Selecetd specimens'. Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Jadhav 180784, Puri 26305, Rolla 83573, Hemadri 104560; Nasarapur, Bhor, Bhide 992; Sinhagad, Haveli, Patil 7862.
2. Anisochilus verticillatus Hook./, FI. Brit. India 4: 629.1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 532.1967 (Repr.); Santapau, FI. Purandhar 107.1958; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh e? a/., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 713, f 714. 2001. Herbs, erect, suffruticose, c 60 cm high; stems stout, hexagonal. Leaves in close whorls of 4-6 leaves, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, silky-villous. Flowers white, in dense, terminal, up to 15 cm long spikes; upper lip of calyx short, truncate or short acuminate. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Ulus.: B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. Distrib.-. Purandhar fort top (Santapau, op. cit.). 3. ANISOMELES R. Br. la. Stems and branches acutely quadrangular 2 lb. Stems and branches obtusely quadrangular 3.A. malabarica 2a. Leaves narrowed at base; cymes few flowered, pedunculate; corolla white or greenish-white \.A. heyneana 2b. Leaves truncate or rounded at base; cymes many flowered, sessile; corolla pale purple 2.A. indica
1. Anisomeles heyneana Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 59. 1831; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 543.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 715. 2001. "Chandhara\ Herbs or undershrubs, erect, up to 1.5 m tall; stems glabrous to sparsely hairy. Leaves 5-10 cm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate. Flowers white to greenish-white, with lower lip pink tinged, in unilateral cymes; calyx glabrous; corolla 1.5-2 cm long. Nutlets c 2 mm long, subcompressed. FIs. & Frts.: August - January. Distrib. -. Fairly common on open hill slopes, along road sides, at foot hills, at edges of forests and in forest clearings. Maval, Mulshi, Khed, Junnar, Purandhar, Haveli, Bhor.
623 Selecetd specimens: Shirgaon forest, Bhor, Jadhav 175933; Sinhagad, Haveli, Jadhav 177916; Inglun-Bewada, Junnar, Wadhwa 128528; Karambu jungle near Nigdale, Khed, Janardhanan 81886; Khandala, Maval, Raghavan 85134.
2. Anisomeles indica (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 512.1891; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:715. 2001. Nepeta indica L., Sp. PI. 571. 1753. Anisomeles ovata R. Br. in Ait. Hort. Kew (ed. 2), 2: 364.1811; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 543.1967(Repr.). Undershrubs or suffruticose herbs, 0.6-1 m tall; stems pubescent or tomentose. Leaves up to 10 cm long, ovate, crenate-serrate, thick, softly pubescent; petioles up to 5 cm long. Flowers pale purple with deep blue lower lip, in sessile cymes which ultimately spicate towards apex; calyx hirsute; corolla c 1.5 cm long. Nutlets c 2 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ilhts.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 865. 1844-45. Distrib.: Rare on exposed hill slopes and in waste places. Khed, Junnar. Selecetd specimens'. Ralegaon Hill Range, Junnar, Hemadri 1077291; Ghat after Khed, Puri 6778.
3. Anisomeles malabarica R. Br. ex Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2071.1819; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 544.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:716. 2001. ^Bhiit-Ganga, Gaulon'. Undershrubs, erect, 1-1.8 m high, densely tomentose to thick woolly. Leaves 7-10 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate; crenate serrate, tomentose, very thick. Flowers pinkish or purplish, in dense woolly whorls, forming more or less interrupted, up to 40 cm long spicate inflorescence; bracts linear densely woolly; calyx densely villous; corolla c 2 cm long. Nutlets c 2 mm long, brownish, polished. FIs. & Frts.: November - May. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 864. 1844-45; K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 482. 1988. Distrib.: Infrequent on open hill slopes. Purandhar, Haveli, Juimar. Selecetd specimens: Katraj ghat, Haveli, Talbot 4571, Puri 10865, 102; Along Katraj- Sinhagad forest road, Haveli, Ansari 88011. 4. COLEBROOKEA Sm.
624 Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm., Exot. Bot. 2; 111, t. 115.1804; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 541.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, Fl. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 717. 2001. ‘Bamani, Dasai'. Shrubs, much branched, erect, 1-2 m high densely hoary or woolly; branches verticillate in threes. Leaves opposite or verticillate in threes, usually crowded towards the end of branches, 10-18 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, crenulate, softly pubescent. Flowers greenish-white, numerous, in paniculate often temately arranged, 5-10 cm long, soft spikes. FIs. & Frts.: November - May. IIIus. -. Talbot, For. Fl. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 365, f. 458. 1911. Distrib. '. Common throughout in Western ghat part at foot hills & in forests clearings, on hill slopes. Selecetd specimens: Dharmandap, Bhor, Jadhav 175928; Bhimashankar,Khed, Jadhav 177995, Jauardhanan 6920-A; Khandala, Maval, Jadhav 172447, Rolla 77661; Ghusalgaon forest on way to Ambavane from Lonavala, Jadhav 174222; Purandhat, Jain 767. Note-. A monotypic genus Endemic to India. 5. HYPTIS Jacq., nom. cons. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. in Aim. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 7: 472, t. 29, f 2. 1806; T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 2: 560.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, Fl. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 718. 2001. Ballota suaveolens L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1100. 1759. Herbs or undershrubs, much branched from base, erect, 0.6-1.3 m high, patently hfrsute. Leaves 2-7 cm long, broadly ovate or suborbicular, serrulate, densely pubescent, petiolate. Flowers blue or purple, in axillary or terminal, secund in short umbels, sometimes in panicles or flowers even solitary; calyx glandular & hispid outside, villous at mouth, striate, with erect teeth. Nutlets usually 2, ovoid. FIs. & Frts.: October - March. Ilhis. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 567. 1982. Distrib.: An American weed, fully naturalised and found common along road sides in plains and at fort hills. Selecetd specimens: Vadgaonsheri, Pune, Jadhav 180618; Pashan, Pune, Subramanian 64792; Vitthalwadi, Pune, Puri s.n. (Acc. No. 13553); Khandala, Maval, Rolla s.n. (Acc. No. 13547).
625 Note: A very sweetly & strongly aromatic, hirsute herb. 6. ISODON (Benth.) Schrad. ex Spach la. Annual, slender herb, 30-60 cm high; stamens exerted 2.1. loplumthoides lb. Perennial, robust herb, 1-1.5 m high; stamens included 1./. coesta
1. Isodon coesta (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Kudo in Mem. Fac. Sci. Toihoku Imp. Univ.2: 131.1929; Li in J. Arnold Arbor. 69:368. 1988; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot 2: 718. 2001. Plectranthiis coesta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal. 117. 1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 528.1967 (Repr.); Santapau, FI. Purandhar 107. 1958. Herbs, robust; stems quadrangular, grooved, softly, shortly but densely pubecsnet or tomentose. Leaves 4-13 x 2.5-5 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate, dentate, softly pubescent above, white-pubescent or white-tomentose beneath. Flowers blue, in short cymes, in long axillary and terminal, pubescent, racemose panicles; calyx tubular, hoary pubescent, ribbed. Ilhis.'. K.M. Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 502. 1988 [Rahdosia coesta (D. Don) H. Hara]. Distrib.: Occasional on higher hill slopes in moist places towards the forest edges. Purandhar, Haveli. Selecetd specimen'. Sinhagad, Haveli, Bhide s.n. (Collected on 19-11-1905).
2. Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Hara in J. Jap. Bot. 60: 235.1985; Li in J. Arnold Arbor. 69: 334.1988; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 719. 2001. Hyssopus lophanthoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal 110. 1825. Plectranthiis stocksii H ook./, FI. Brit. India 4; 618.1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 528.1967 (Repr.). " 2.8 Herbs, annual, slender, erect, 25-70 cm high. Leaves 5-10 x 3-5 cm, ovate, membranous, coarsely serrate, truncate or cuneate at base. Flowers white with purple spot, in branched cymes in large pyramidal loose, panicle. Nutlets, light brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Distrib. -. Common as undergrowth along forest paths in moist ground in higher ghats more particularly in the undergrowth of Canda callosa. Purandhar, Khed, Junnar, Maval, Mulshi, Velhe.
626 Selecetd specimens: Jadhavwadi forest, Velhe, Jadhav 170821; Ambavane, Mulshi, Gammie 15994; Sakar Pathar plateau, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98768; Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81816; Dhak forests, Junnar, Hemadri 107496. 7. LAVANDULA L la. Leaves etiolated, lobes broad, oblong, villous; stems villous; bracts broadly ovate, villous, not awned 2. L. lawii lb. Leaves sessile or subsessile, lobes narrow, linear, glabrous or pubescent; stems finely pubescent; bracts narrowly ovate-lanceolate, 2-5 mm long capiilary-awned L L. bipinnata
L Lavandula bipinnata O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 521.1891; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:721. 2001. L. biirmanni Benth., Labiat. Gen.& Sp. 151.1833; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 534.1967 (Repr.). 'Ghodeghiii, Gorea, Ghiii '. la. Bracts (including awn) longer than calyx var. rothiana 1 b. Bracts shorter than calyx var. bipinnata var. bipinnata Photo: PI. 21.C Herbs, erect, 30-60 cm high; stems stout or slender, simple or branched. Leaves almost sessile, pinnatipartite to deeply pinnatisect; segmenst linear. Flowers pale blue or white, in simple or panicled terminal spikes, on about up to 30 cm long peduncles; bracts long awned. Nutlets c 2 mm long, ellipsoid, smooth, black. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Ilhis.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1438. 1849. Distrib.: Fairly common on exposed hill slopes and at foot hills. Selecetd specimens: On old walls of Tahasil office, Junnar, Jadhav 172785; Talegaon, Maval, Raghavan 85102; Koliya hill, Khed, Janardhanan 76346; Bavadhan hill, Mulshi, Jain 8874; Bhimashankar, Puri 12402. var. rothiana O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 521.1891; Santapau, FI. Purandhar 108. 1958. A slender, erect, unbranched herb, up to 35 cm high. Awns of the bracts c 5 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: September. Distrib.: Rare on hill slopes in open condition. Purandhar (Santapau, op. cit.), Mulshi. Selecetd specimen.VsaA, Mulshi, Jadhav 174265.
627 2. Lavandula lawii Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1439.1849; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2\122. 2001. L. gibsoni Grah. ex Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 206.1861; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 533.1967(Repr.). 'Nivle'. Herbs, erect, 30-60 cm high, stout, villous, mostly simple. Leaves 3-10 cm long, pinnatisect; lobes braod, oblong, pinnatifid, villous. Flowers blue or bluish-white, in simple or branched, terminal, villous 2-8 cm long, dense spikes; bracts broadly ovate, parallel nerved; calyx tubular, villous. Nutlets c 2 mm long, black. FIs. & Frts.: November - March. Illus.: Wight, op. d/. Distrib.: Frequent on exposed hill slopes, somewhat absent in higher ghats. Selecetd specimens: Rayareshwar hill top, Bhor, Jadhav 175963; Sinhagad, Haveli, Jadhav 177921, Patil 7807, 9260, Rolla 32605, Ansari 101804; Purandhat fort top, RoUa 86516, Ansari 32629. 8, LEONOTIS R. Br Leonotis nepetiifolia (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 504. 1810. nepetaefoUa'): T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 555.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 723. 200\.Phlomis nepetiifolia L.. Sp. PI. 586. 1753. 'DipmaV. Tall herbs, undershrubs or sometimes shrubs, 1-1.8 m high; stems very straight and erect, stout, with long intemodes, quadrangular, sulculate, pubescent. Leaves up to 15 cm long, broadly ovate, coarsely serrate, pubescent, long petiolate. Flowers scarlet-red or orange-red, in axillary, many flowered, 3-6 cm across, globose heads; bracts & calyx teen spine-tipped; calyx tube 1.5 cm long in fruits, hispid, mouth oblique; corolla densely villous. Nutlets c 4 mm long, linear-oblong. FIs. & Frts.: November - March. Ulus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 687.1844-45. Distrib.: Occasional along road sides and in waste places. Khed, Jurmar, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Pirangut, Mulshi, Jain 9423; Shivneri, Junnar, Puri 12418, Hemadri 104329; Faith, Khed, Janardhanan 75802; Wada, Khed, Ryan 1846. 9. LEUCAS R. Br. la. Leaves linear, linear-lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong 2 lb. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate, ovate-oblong, elliptic or elliptic-oblong g
628 2a. Calyx-mouth oblique 3 2b. Calyx-mouth straight, not oblique 7 3a. Calyx-mouth villous within, with a definite ring of hairs i.e. villi present 12. L. stricta 3b. Calyx-mouth glabrous or pubescent within, without a true ring of hairs i.e. villi absent 4a. Calyx-tube sigmoidly curved 9. L. martinicensis 4b. Calyx-tube straight or slightly curved, but never sigmoidly curved 5a. Floral whorls mostly terminal, occasionally additional one or more subterminal whorls develop in adjacent axils; nutlets obovoid 5b. Floral whorls terminal and axillary, often whorls become spicate towards the end of branches; nutlet oblong 7. L. lavanditUfolia 6a. Calyx-mouth very oblique, teeth 10, ciliate L aspera 6b. Calyx-mouth slightly oblique, teeth 7-8, not ciliate 14.L. zeylanicct 7a. Leaves narrowly linear; leaf-margins revolute; calyx mouth not villous, teeth not stellately spreading 8.Z-. longifolia 7b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, margins not revolute; calyx-mouth villous, teeth stellately spreading W.L. stelligeni 8a. Floral whorls lax, 2-4 (-6)-flowered 2.L. bifloni 8b. Floral whorls compact, more than 6-flowered 9 9a. Calyx-mouth oblique or suboblique 10 9b. Calyx-mouth straight, not oblique 12 10a. Villi present in calyx-mouth; bracts ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, foliaceous 3.L. cephalotes 10b. Villi absent in calyx-mouth; bracts linear or linear- lanceolate, not foliaceous 11 1 la. Calyx-tube sigmoidly curved, glabrous within 9.L. martinicensis 1 lb. Calyx-tube almost straight, pubescent within 13. L. urticifolia 12a. Bracts as long as calyx or longer; calyx-teeth (in fruits) stellately spreading 4.L. ciliate 12b. Bracts shorter than calyx; calyx-teeth not stellately spreading 13 629 13a. Leaves membranous, 3-7 cm broad; nutlets broadly obovoid 5.L. deodikarii 13b. Leaves thick, up to 3 cm broad; nutlets oblong 14 14a. Hairs on branches erect; leaves sessile or subsessile; calyx teeth alternately short and long 6.L. lanata 14b. Hairs on branches deflexed; leaves shortly petioled; calyx-teeth subequal 10.Z. ^ n ta n a
1. Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2; 113.1822; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 548.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Hot. Add. Ser. No. 20: 43, f, 4.2001; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:726. 2001. Phlomis aspera Willd., Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 621. 1809. Herbs, annual, diffuse, erect, 30-40 cm high, hispid. Leaves up to 6 cm long, narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, pubescent, subentire to crenate. Flowers white, mostly in terminal or rarely subterminal whorls; bracts linear-lanceolate, ciliate; calyx-tubular, mouth strongly oblique; corolla bilabiate, upper lip densely white wooly, smaller than lower ones. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. lUiis.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 483.1988; V. Singh., op. cit. Distrib. : Occasional along road sides. Daund, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Kurkum near Patas, Duund, Janardhanan 100850. Note: Very similar to L. zeylanica in its appearance, but can be distinguished by having very oblique calyx-mouth with ciliate teeth, where as in L. zeylanica calyx-mouth is slightly oblique and teeth without cilia.
2. Leucas biflora (Vahl) R. Br., Prodr. 504. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 553.1967 (Repr.); Santapau, FI. Purandhar 109.1958; V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20: 49, f 5. 2001. Phlomis biflora Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 77. 1794. Leucas biflora (Vahl) R. Br. var. biflora B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 726. 2001 L. biflora (Vahl) R. Br. var. procumbens Desf. Gamble, FI. Madras 1151. 1924 [2: 804. 1957 (Repr.)]; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. 121. Herbs, procumbent or trailing; root-stocks perennial; branches numerous, pubescent with deflexed hairs. Leaves 1.5-5.5 x 0.8-2.5 cm, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, crenate-
630 serrate, pubescent. Flowers white, 2-4 (-6) at each node; calyx tube tubular campanulate, straight, ribbed, hispid, truncate at mouth, teeth ciliate. Nutlets brown, truncate at top. FIs. & Frts.: October - April. Illiis.'. V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.: Infrequent as an undergrowth in forests, in hedges and in cultivated fields. Purandhar, Bhor, Haveli, Khed, Junnar. Selecetd specimens: Narayangaon, Junnar, Hemadri 99590; Kadus, Khed, Jaiuirdhanan 78220; Chakan, Khed, Gammie s.n.
3. Leucas cephalotes (Koen. ex Roth) Spr., Syst. Veg. 2: 743.1825; T. Cooke, FL Bombay 2; 549.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20: 53, f. 6.2001; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:727. 2001. Phlomis cephalotes Ken. ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 262. 1821. 'Deokiimha . Herbs, annual, erect, c 30 cm high, branched; stems and branches scabrid or pubescent. Leaves 3.5-6 x 1.2-2 cm, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, crenulate-serrate, pubescent above, glandular-punctate beneath. Flowers white, usually in terminal, globose, c 3 cm across whorls (rarely subterminal); bracts foliaceous, 1-2 x 0.4 cm, elliptic- lanceolate; calyx-tube up to 1.5 cm long, straight, oblique at mouth in upper half. FIs. &Frts. \ November. Illiis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 337.1840; V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.: Very rare. Maval, Haveli. Selecetd specimens: Lonavala, Maval, Gammie s.n.', BSI campus, Cherian 63600. Note: The large size bracts, is a very distinct character of this species which easily separates it from other Leucas species. V. Singh, in his monograph reported it as an ingradient of an Ayurvedic preparation "Sudarshan chum’’.
4. Leucas ciliata Wall, ex Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 61. 1831; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 554.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr, Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser 20: 61, f. 8. 2001. ^BunimbC. Herbs or undershrubs, erect 30-120 cm high; stems & branches pubescent with adpressed, deflexed hairs. Leaves 5-13 x 2-5 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely crenate-serrate, pubescent, above, strigose or veins beneath. Flowers white, in many flowered, dense, globose terminal whorls; whorls 2.5-4 cm across; caiyx-tube up to 1.5 cm
631 long, straight, ribbed, truncate at mouth; teeth up to 0.5 cm long, linear pubescent spreading. Nutlets obovoid-oblong, triquetrous. FIs. & Frts.; October - May. Illus. : V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional. In higher ghats at forests edges or in clearings. Maval, Mulshi, VeUie, Khed, Jutmar. Selecetd specimens: Muthalne ghat, Otur orange, Junnar, Jadhav 180756; On way to Ahupe, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 193160; Poona Pole, Velhe, Mahajan 32137; Wagjoi forest, on way to Mangaon, Mulshi, Reddi 96180; Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81703. Note: Ovate leaves, correlating with large and recurved fruiting calyx with spreading ciliate teeth distinguish this species well from other Leiicas species.
5. Leucas deodikarii Billore et Hemadri in Indian Forester 96: 858, ff. 1-4.1970; V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20: 76, f 12. 2001.; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 728. 2001. Herbs or undershrubs, perennial, erect or ascending, usually branching from base up to 1 m high; rootstock thick & woody; stems strigose hairy. Leaves 7-15 x 4.5-8 cm including c 2 cm long petiole, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate, fme strigose on both sides. Flowers white, few to many in axillary whorls; calyx campanulate, straight, ribbed, truncate at mouth; corolla bilabiate, upper lip white hairy; stamens ascending under upper lip. Nutlets obovoid, triquetrous. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Illus.: Billore et Hemadri op. cit.; V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in shady places in moist deciduous forests as an undergrowth on higher hill slopes. Jurmar, Khed. Selecetd specimens: Bail ghat, near Tambe, Junnar, Hemadri 117830-A&B(Paratypes); Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 117933-A&B, 107555-B (all Paratypes); Dhak Killa, Junnar, Hemadri 117970; BSI, Exptl. garden, Billore 115985; Rasache jungle, Gadad, Khed, Janardhanan 76249-A&B (Paratypes). Note: An endemic species to India, Maharashtra, reported from Pune District.
6. Leucas lanata Benth. in Wall, PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 61.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2:552.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20;
632 97, f. 98.2001; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2:731, f. p.732. 2001. Herbs, perennial, erect, branched from woody root-stock; branches densely and softly woolly. Leaves 1.7-2.5 x 1.4-1.7 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thick, white woolly beneath, softly pubescent above, crenate-serrate. Flowers white, in axillary whorls, densely woolly. Calyx-tube straight, ribbed, tomentose, truncate at mouth. Nutlets oblong-obovoid, triangular. FIs. & Frts.: October. Illiis. : V. Singh, op. cit. ; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Very rare. In moist places in higher ghats. Maval. Selecetci specimen: Khandala, Maval, Tome s.n. (Acc. No. 13851).
7. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. in Rees. Cycl. 20. 1812; Santapau, FI. Purandhar 109.1958; V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20; 104, f. 20. 2001. L. liiiifolia (Roth) Spr., Syst. Veg. 2; 743.1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 548.1967(Repr.). L. imiica (L.) Vatke in Oesterr. Bot. 2eits. 25; 95. 1875, non R. Br. ex Sm. 1812 based on Phlomis indica L. 1753; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2;729. 2001. Herbs, annual, erect, 20-40 cm high, foetid, branching from base; pubemlous. Leaves c 4 cm long, linear-lanceolate, almost glabrous above, pubemlous below, subentire to distinct sermlate. Flowers white, in axillary and terminal whorls; calyx very oblique at mouth; lower lip of corolla double the length of upper lobes. FIs. & Frts.; October - April. Illus. -. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 569.1982 {L. indica)] V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.; Common and abundant in and around harvested rice fields as well as in dried up river beds and waste places. Purandhar, Haveli, Bhor, Velhe, Maval, Mulshi, Khed, Ambagaon, Jurmar. Selecetd specimens: Mutha river bank, Zambu-bet, Paud, Mulshi, Rolla 87251; Khandala, Maval, Raghavan 85122; Durga Kiila, Junnar, Wadhava 128585; Near Bhor dam, Bhom, Jain 547.
8. Leucas longifolia Benth., Labiat. Gen. & Sp. 744.1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 551.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20;
633 Ill, f. 21.2001; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 731. 2001. "Diidhanl. Herbs, annual, erect, 30-40 cm high, pubescent. Leaves 3-5 cm long, narrowly linear, entire and revolute along margins, pubescent. Flowers white, in axillary & terminal, few flowered, lax whorls; calyx tube campanulate, straight, ribbed, hispid, truncate at mouth, with erect teeth. Nutlets obovate-oblong. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. llliis.: V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.: A very common species in moist soil in open conditions, in waste places, along canals, river banks, etc. Selecetd specimens: Kurkum near Patas, Daund, Janardhanan 100849; Katraj, Haveli, Patil 5795, Rao 77951.
9. Leucas martinicensis (Jacq.) R. Br., Prodr. 504. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 550.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20; 118, f. 24.2001; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:733. 2001. Clinopodiiim martinicense Jacq., Amer. Hist. 173. 1763. Herbs, annual, erect, 0.5-1 m high; stems minutely hirsute with deflexed hairs. Leaves up to 12 X 4 cm, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, pubescent or hirsute. Flowers white, in axillary whorls, whorls 1.5-2.5 cm across, bracts linear or linear-lanceolate, ciliolate, spinescent; calyx tube sigmoidly curved reticulately veined, hispid, with spinescent teeth. Nutlets brown. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. Illtis.: K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 488.1988; V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.-. Occasional on high hill slopes. Maval, Haveli, Khed, Junnar, Purandhar. Selecetd specimens: Shivaneri fort, Junnar, Hemadri 83530; Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101773; BSI campus, Singh 108966, Cherian 65912, 65908.
10. Leucas montana Spr., Syst. Veg. 2; 742.1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 552.1958; Santapau, FI. Purandhar 109.1958; V. Singh, Monogr, Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20: 122, £ 25.2001;B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:734. 2001. Undershrubs, perennial, erect or straggling; stems stout, branched, 0.3-1.2 m tall or long, softly woolly-tomentose, with deflexed hairs. Leaves 2-4 x 1-4 cm, ovate or ovate-
634 lanceolate, pubescent on both sides. Flowers white, in axillary globular whorls. Calyx-tube straight, pubescent, truncate at mouth. Nutlets minute, trigonous. FIs. & Frts.; November - February. llhis. -. V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional on hill tops in rocky places. Purandhar, Haveli, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101682; Purandhar, towards Vazirgad, Rolla 86538; Shere between Paud & Mulshi, Jain 7643, 832.
11. Leucas stelligera Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1; 61. 1831; T. Cooke, FI Pres. Bombay 2 553.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Lucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20 136.2001; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2 735. 2001. 'Bunimbi, Goma, Kumba'. Photo: PI. 27.B Herbs, erect, suffruticose, 60-80 cm high, much branched; stem and branches pubescent or villous. Leaves 4-7.5 x 0.7-1.3 cm, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate, sometimes largest leaves 15x4 cm. Flowers white, in dense, many flowered, axillary and terminal, 1.5-3.5 cm across whorls; bracts recurved at tips, calyx tube straight, ribbed, truncate at mouth, with linear, stellately spreading teeth. Nutlets smooth, shining. FIs. & Frts.: October - February. Distrib. : Fairly common in ghats at the edges of forests, along road sides, river-beds, in fallow fields, etc. Selecetd specimens: Hirdoshi, Bhor Jadhav 175911; Khandala, Maval, Jadhav 172456. Tamhini, Mulshi, Deshmiikh 27758; Nagphani, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janaradhanan 81798, Jain 8458; Durg Killa, Junnar, Hemadri 104384. Note: Stellately spreading star-shaped calyx mouth with recurved teteh is a distinct character of this species.
12. Leucas stricta Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 61.1831; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 551.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20: 138, f 30. 2001; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 735.2001. Herbs, annual, erect, 15-60 cm high, hispid. Leaves 3-6 cm long, oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire to distantly serrulate, pubescent. Flowers white, mostly in terminal (rarely subterminal also) whorls subtended by a whorl of floral leaves; bracts linear, ciliate; calyx tube c 0.5 cm long, ribbed, pubescent; corolla tube included within calyx. Nutlets oblong.
635 FIs. & Frts.: August - September. IIliis.: V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.: Scarce or rare. Bhor, Haveli, Khed. Selecetd specimens: On top of Peth Ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 71961; Katraj lake, Haveli, Mahajan 20548.
13. Leucas urticifolia (Vahl) R. Br., Prodr. 504. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 547.1967(Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20: 145, f. 32. 2001; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 736. 2001. Phlo/nis urticifolia Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3; 76.1794 {'’urticaefolia). ^Kumba. Herbs, annual, erect, c 30 cm high, hairy pubescent. Leaves up to 6 x 3 cm, ovate, crenate-serrate, membranous, glabrate to pubescent. Flowers white, in axillary, dense, globular whorls; calyx-tube reticulately veined, pubescent; calyx-mouth oblique and produced much in lower side. Nutlets trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Ulus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1451; V. Singh, op. cit. Distrib.; Rare in shady places in forests. Shirur, Junnar. Selecetd specimens'. Kondapuri on way to Shirur, Janardhanan 98837; Narayangaon, Juimar, Hemadri 106986.
14. Leucas zeylanica (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 504. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 549.1967 (Repr.); V. Singh, Monogr. Ind. Leucas in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Add. Ser. 20: 157, f. 36. 2001; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 738, £ p.737. 2001. Phlomis zeylanica L., Sp. PI. 586. 1753. Herbs, annual, erect, diffuse, 25-40 cm high, branched from base, somewhat hispid. Leaves 3.5-4.5 x 0.6-1 cm, lanceolate, oblong or linear-lanceolate, remotely serrulate, pubescent. Floral whorls terminal only or with subterminal whorls; calyx teeth slightly incurved; corolla tube exerted. Nutlets obovoid, brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Illus.: V. Singh, op. cit.; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in fields and along road sides, in river beds in plains. Khed, Junnar. Selecetd specimens: Kanakeshwari riverbed near Dingore, Juimar, Jadhav 172747; Tambe village, S. West of Junnar, Hemadri 106880; Sherewadi, Khed, Janardhanan 70020.
636 10. NEPETA L. la. Upper calyx-teeth narrowly triangular, aristate 2.N. hindostana lb. Upper calyx-teeth broadly triangular, not aristate l.A^. bombaiensis
1. Nepeta bombaiensis Dalzell in Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 209. 1861; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 556.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al„ FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 739, f. p.740. 2001. Herbs, annual, erect or suberect, also hanging from old walls; stems 5-60 cm long. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate. Flowers in axillary and terminal pedunculate cymes; corolla 0.4-0.6 cm long, pale blue-pinkish with a few spots on lower lip. Nutlets 1.25-1.5 mm long, brown with white dots. FIs. &Frts.\ September - November. IIIus.: B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al.,op. cit. Distrib.: Endemic to Shivaneri fort, Junnar, Pune. On Shivaneri fort walls, stone steps and around water reservoirs near Shivkunj.
2. Nepeta hindostana (Heyne ex Roth) Haines, Hot. Bihar & Orissa 744. 1922 [2; 781. 1961 (Repr.)]; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:739. 2001. Glechoma hindostana Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 259. 1821. Nepeta nideralis Buch.-Ham. ex Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 64.1831; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 556.1967 (Repr.). la. Corolla exerted var. hindostana lb. Corolla not or scarcely exerted var. woodrowii var. hindostana Herbs, annual, weak, ascending or erect, 15-40 cm high, branching from base, softly pubescent. Leaves 1-5 x 0.8-4 cm, broadly ovate to suborbicular, crenate-serrate, cordate or truncate, hoary; bracts hnear lanceolate, densely ciliate. Flowers bluish-purple, in axillary pedunculate cymes; corolla exerted. FIs. (& Frts.: November. Distrib.'. Purandhar. Selecetd specimen: Purandhar, Dr. Barnes s.n. collected on 29.9.1891.
637 var. woodrowii (T. Cooke) Santapau, FI. Purandhar 110.1958; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 741, f. 742. 2001. N. ruderalis Buch.- Ham. ex Hook. /. var. woodrowii T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 473. 1906 [2; 556. 1967 (Repr.)]. Herbs, erect or ascending, up to 40 cm high pubescent; corolla blue equaling calyx, not exerted. Nutlets, c 2 x 1 mm, blackish-brown, smooth. FIs. & Frts.: August - December. Illiis.: B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al.,op. cit. Distrib.: On higher hill slopes and fort walls. Purandhar, Haveli, Junnar. Selecetd specimens: Sinhagad fort wall, Haveli, Jadhav 177941, T. T. Cooke, s.ii.; Sinhagad hill slope, Rolla 67794. 11. OCIMUM L. la. Leaves 5-15 cm long; lower calyx teeth shorter than the upper lip 2.0. gratissinuim lb. Leaves 2.5-5 cm long; lower calyx teeth longer than the upper lip 2 2a. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate; pedicels shorter than the calyx or almost 0 making the floral whorl compact to the rachis 1.0. americainim 2b. Leaves elliptic-oblong; pedicels as long as or longer than the calyx making floral whorl loose to the rachis 3.0. temiiflonim
1. Ocimum americanum L., Cent. PI. 1; 15.1755; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:741. 2001. O. camim Sims, in Bot. Mag. 51: t. 2452.1823; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 521.1967 (Repr.). 'Rantulas\ Herbs, annual, erect, 30-60 cm high, aromatic much branched, pubescent. Leaves c 3 x 1.5 cm ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute at both the ends, entire to serrate, gland dotted. Flowers whitish, recurved, in whorls; whorls arranged in terminal, spiciform, 5-15 cm long racemes; calyx c 3 mm long, upper calyx lip broad and rounded. Nutlets black, ovoid or ellipsoid. FIs. &Frts.\ August - April. Illiis. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 494. 1988. Distrib.: Common in waste lands, along road sides, river banks, etc.
638 Selecetd specimens: Along road sides near Dingore, Junnar, Jadhav 172740; Chihewadi, Oturr range Junnar, Jadhav 180724; Parvati hill, Pune, Subramanian 64466; Along Bhima river bank, Khed, Janardhanati 72496.
2. Odmum gratissimum L., Sp. PI. 1197. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 522.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkami 8c S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:743. 2001. 'Ram Tiilas ’. Undershrubs or shrubs, perennial, erect, 0.8 to 1.25 m tall, much branched & woody at base. Leaves 5-15 x 3.5-7.5 cm elliptic-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, cuneate, coarsely crenate-serrate; petioles as long as lamina. Flowers greenish-yellow or yellowish-white, in whorls in branched or unbranched racemes; calyx twice enlarged in fruits, c 5 mm long in fruits. Nutlets brown. FIs. & Frts.: July - November. lUus. -. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 570. Distrib.: Infrequent in waste lands and on hill slopes in deciduous forests in ghats. Selecetd specimens: Alandi ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 72764; NCL, Pashan, Pune, Raghavan 64566; Shivaneri, Junnar, Ansari 83688; Katraj ghat, Haveli, Mahajan 20582.
3. Ocimum tenuiflorum L., Sp. PI. 2: 597.1753; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:743. 2001. O. sanctum L., Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2. 402. 1767; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 521.1967 (Repr.). 'Kali Tulas, Krishna Tulas, Tulas, Tulshi’. Herbs, or undershrubs annual, erect, 0..3-1 m high, aromatic, much branched above; stems & branches usually purplish or green, hairy. Leaves 1.5-5 cm long, ovate-oblong, elliptic-oblong or elliptic, usually obtuse at apex, pubescent & gland dotted, entire to serrate. Flowers pinkish to purplish, in whorls, closely arranged in terminal 5-12 cm long racemes. Nutlets pale brown to reddish, smooth. FIs. & Frts.: Almost throughout the year. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 495. 1988. Distrib.: Commonly found grown in front of houses & gardens as well as an escape near habitations. Note: The plant, especially leaves are very effective for cold and cough when taken as decoction. Nutlets have a cooling effect. 12. ORTHOSIPHON Benth. 639 la. Corolla-tube as long as calyx l-O- pciUidus lb. CoroUa-txibe much longer than the calyx 2.0. thymiflonis
1. Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth. in Hook., Bot. Misc. 3: 370. 1833 et Lab. Gen. & Sp. 708.1833; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 523.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das inN.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:744. 2001. Herbs or low undershrubs, perennial, 15-25 cm high, much branched from woody root- stock. Leaves 1-3 cm long, ovate, obtuse, crenate or serrate, glabrous. Flowers reddish- white, in short, 4-9 cm long terminal loose racemes; upper lip of corolla shorter than the lower lip; lower lip suborbicular, concave. FIs. & Frts.: June - August. Distrib.: Occasional in open waste lands, fallow fields, exposed grassy slopes on foot hills. Khed, Juimar, Haveli, Mulshi. Selecetd specimens: Pune University campus, Raghavau 64530; NDA Road, Pune, Vasavda 5065; Nirgude Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 99642; Kuruli, Khed, Janardhanan 72534, Puri 2518.
2. Orthosiphon thymiflorus (Roth) Sleesen in Reinwardtia 5; 42.1959; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh, et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:745. 2001. Ocimiim thymiflonim Roth, Nov. PL Sp. 269. 1821. Orthosiphon tomentosum Benth. var. glabrata Hook./, FI. Brit. India 4: 614.1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 524.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, perennial, erect, 30-50 cm high, glabrous; stems & branches weak, quadrangular. Leaves 3-8 x 1.5-4 cm, ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, glabrous. Flowers purplish, in terminal racemes in distinct whorls. FIs. & Frts.: July - September. nius. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 496. 1988. Distrib. : Rare. Haveli. Selecetd specimens: Pashan, Pune, Ranade s.n.; Chaturshingi hill, Pune, Paranjape, s.n. 13. PLECTRANTHUS L’Herit. la. Stamens fused into a sheath around style \.p_ barbatiis lb. Stamens completely free 2 2a. Fruiting calyx distinctly 2 lipped, lower lip longer than upper broad, rounded lip 2.P. mollis 2b. Fruiting calyx not as above, lips almost equal 3.P, subincisus
640 1. Plectranthus barbatus Andr., Bot. Rep. 9: t. 594.1809; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al. FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:747. 2001. Coleus barbatus (Andr.) Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 2;15.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2;530.1967 (Repr.). C. forskohlii (Poir.) Briq. in Eng. & Prantal, Pflanzenfam. 4, 3a: 359.1897; Santapau, FI. Purandhar 107. 1958. 'Mine miil ’. Herbs, erect or suberect, 25-50 cm high, perennial; stems decumbent subsucculent, hirsute, with reddish-orange oil globules in between hairs. Leaves 3-8 cm long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate sometimes elliptic-oblong, obtuse, crenate, pubescent. Flowers bluish pink with unpleasant odour, in whorls in 15-20 cm long spiciform racemes, with stout rachis; calyx and corolla glandular. Distrib.: Occasional on open, dry hill slopes. Purandhar, Junnar, Maval. Selecetd specimens: Maval, Talbot, s.n. (Acc. No. 9145); Shivneri hill, Western exposure, Junnar, Hemadri 99715; Ansari 88746; BSI campus, Cheriau 63476. Note: Thick and fleshy roots are said to be pickled & eaten by locals.
2. Plectranthus mollis (Ait.) Spr., Syst. Veg. 2: 690.1825; Santapau, FI. Purandhar 107. 1958; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et at., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:748. 2001.Ocimum molle Ait., Hort. Kew. 2:322. 1789. Plectranthus incanus Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2:120. 1822; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 529.1967 (Repr.). 'Lalaghada\ Herbs, annual, erect, 30-80 cm high, robust; stems somewhat fleshy below, pubescent. Leaves 5-10 cm long and equally broad, broadly ovate-cordate, acute, crenate, cordate, long petiolate, pubescent. Flowers light blue or pale lilac, in lax cymes, arranged in slender 10-20 cm long racemes, paniculately branched below; calyx broadly campanulate, upper lip rounded, entire, lower lip toothed; corlla, lower-lip boat shaped. Nutlets c 2 mm across, subglobose. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic 4: t. 498. 1988. Distrib.: Common in Western parts, along roadsides, river banks, waste places, along compound walls and on open hill slopes. Selecetd specimens: Along Kanakeshwari river bank, Dingore on way to Malshej ghat, Juimar, Jadhav 172746; Shivapur to Nasarapur, Bhor, Gammie 973; Khandala, Maval, Raghavan 85124, Gammie 15364; Saswad, Purandhar, Mahajan 26902.
641 3. Plectranthus subincisus Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 2; 16.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 529.1967 (Repr.) as excluded species; Mukherjee in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 14(1): 49.1940; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:750. 2001. Herbs, erect, annual, flaccid, up to 30 cm high. Leaves 3-6 cm long, broadly ovate to orbicular-ovate, cordate, pubescent above, gland dotted beneath. Flowers whitish, in long panicles, arranged in cymose-racemes; calyx in fruit 0.6 cm long. Nutlets c 1 mm long. Note: Woodrow, 1898, reported its occurrence in Pune. But T. Cooke, op. cit. excluded it identifying the specimen as Orthosiphon sp. However, Mukherjee, op. cit. recorrected it as above and hence included here. Specimen is not seen. Description is based on Mukherjee, op. cit. 14. POGOSTEMON Desf. la. Leaves verticillate or whorled 2 lb. Leaves in opposite pairs 3 2a. Stem with creeping rootstock, slender, upto 30 cm long, with short intemodes 5.P. stellatus 2b. Stem without creeping rootstock, stout, erect, 30-50 cm long, with long intemodes 2. P erectus 3a. Stems glabrous or nearly so, smooth and shining; verticillaster lax or less crowded 1 ,P. benghalensis 3b. Stems hoary-pubescent or villous; verticillasters dense 4 4a. Stesm hoary-pubescent; calyx tubular, teeth nearly as long as the tube 4.F. purpurascens 4b. Stems villous; calyx obconic, teeth short 3. P. plectranthoides
I. Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm. f.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 529.1891; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:752. 2001. Origanum benghalense B urm ./, FI. Ind. 128, t. 38, f. 3. 1768. Pogostemon parviflorus Benth. in Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar 1; 31.1831; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 536.1967 (Repr.). P. plectranthoides aiict. pro. maj. non Desf. 1815. 'Pitdra, Phangla, Phangli Shrubs or undershrubs, bushy, erect 1-1.5 m high; stems and branches solid, often dark purple, smooth & shining. Leaves 6-14 x 3-10 cm, ovate, broadly ovate or ovate- lanceolate, glabrous or pubescent. Flowers purplish-white (corolla white outside, purplish
642 inside), in terminal, paniculate, pubescent, somewhat lax spikes; outer bracts foliaceous ovate; calyx c 4 mm long, tubular; corolla c 8 mm long. Nutlets obovoid. FIs. & Frts.; November - April. Distrib.-. Common in exposed hill slopes, along roadsides, forest paths and along river beds. Selecetd specimens'. Bhoma hill, Khandala, Maval, Rolla 8301; Ambavane, on way to Pandaonagar hill, Mulshi Reddi 93115; Shingha hill top, Khed, Janardhcman 75926; Dhak Range, Junnar, Hemadri 108205, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jancirdhancm 69248. Note: Pogostemon benghalensis var. glaberrimiim (Santapau,) Santapau, only differs with typical var. in that this var. has its inflorescence completely glabrous; bracts & calyx are entirely glabrous. Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.).
2. Pogostemon erectus (Dalzell ) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 530.1891; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:754. 2001. DysopkyUa erecta Dalzell in Hook. J. Bot. 2: 332. 1850. D. gracilis Dalzell, op. cit. 337. D. stellata Benth. var. gracilis T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 540.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, erect, c 30 cm or more high. Leaves 5-20 in whorls, up to 1 cm long, gland dotted. Flowers pink, in 2.5-5 cm long spikes; bracts lanceolate; calyx hemispheric. Nutlets ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts.; November - January. Distrib.: Junnar (T. Cooke, op. cit.)-, Khed. Selecetd specimen: Bhimashankar, Khed, Talbot, 5015.
3. Pogostemon plectranthoides Desf. in Mem. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 2: 155, t. 6.1815; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 536.1967 (Repr.); Santapau, FI. Purandhar 108.1958; B.G. Kulkarni & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:756. 2001. "PhangW. Shrubs, erect, much branched from base, 1-2 m high, solid, dark purple, hoary- pubescent or villous. Leaves 4-10 cm long, ovate, double serrate. Flowers purple, in terminal, paniculate, dense spikes; outer bracts broadly ovate, pubescent. Nutlets obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: December - May. Illns.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 574. 1982. Distrib.: Frequent along roadsides and on open hill slopes in ghats. Selecetd specimens: Purandhar towards Vazirgad, Rolla 86544; Khandala, Maval, Toor 52501; Sinhagad, Haveli, Rolla 67791.
643 Note: Very difficult to seggregate or differentiate from P. bengalensis in which floral whorls are somewhat lax while they are very compact in this species P. plectranthoides Desf. In herbarium, specimens of both the species are intermixed.
4. Pogostemon purpurascens Dalzell in J. Bot. Misc (Hooker) 2: 337. 1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 537.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:757. 2001. Fig- " Herbs, erect, 0.3-0.9 m high, stems and branches furrowed, softly hairy with spreading hairs. Leaves 6-16 x 3-8 cm, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, incisedly or irregularly serrate, membraneous, softly hairy. Flowers white, or purplish-white, in globose whorls, in paniculate, pubescent spikes; spikes dense above, distant below; calyx pubescent. Nutlets smooth, ovoid, shining. FIs. & Frts.: November - April. Distrib.; Infrequent in shady places or as an undergrowth in higher ghat forests. Selecetd specimens: Shirgaon forests, Bhor, Jadhav 175940; Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 177967; Khanadala, Maval, Jain 11, RoUa 77679; Kate Pani Forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 97672.
5. Pogostemon stellatus (Lour.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 429.1891; Bhatti & Ingroville in Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. Lond. (Hot) 27; 117.1997; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:759. 2001. Mentha stellata Lour, in FI. Cochinch. 2: 361. 1790. Dysophylla stellata (Lour.) Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 30.1831 p.p.\ T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 540.1967 (Repr.). Pi g ■ ' 2 0 Photo: PI. 11.A Herbs, erect, 15-25 cm high; stems solid, branched or simple, often, reddish or purple, with short intemodes. Leaves sessile in whorls, c 1 cm long, linear, revolute along margins, flowers minute, bluish-purple or pink, in terminal, cylindric, pubescent, very dense, 2-6 cm long spikes; calyx and corolla hairy outside. FIs. & Frts.: August - January. Distrib.'. A very attractive and pretty herb, found frequent in moist, garvely soil on meadows, by the sides of pools in ghat areas. Selecetd specimens'. Bhimashankar, Khed, Vasavda 4868, Puri 8423, Janardhanan 81689; on way to INS Shivaji from Lonavala, Maval, Rolla 85205; Khandala, Maval Jain 45, Tome s.n.\ Korai Killa top, Ambavane, Muslhi, Reddi 95853; Inglun-Bewada, Junnar, Wadhawa 128505.
644 15. SALVIA L. la. Leaves crenate; calyx pubescent L5". plebia lb. Leavse pectinately-lobed; calyx villous with long hairs 2.5. santolinaefolia
L Salvia plebia R. Br., Prodr. 501. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 557.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:762. 2001. Herbs, annual, erect, 25-50 cm high; pubescent, grooved & obtusely quadrangular. Leaves 5-10 x 2-4 cm, oblong-lanceolate crenate. Flowers white or lilac, in whorls in paniculate, spiciform racemes; upper-lip of calyx entire, shorter than lower 3 toothed lip; corolla c 5 mm long. Nutlets minute, brown. FIs. & Frts.: October - April. Distrib. : Very common throughout in moist soil, near talao, in river beds, in and around harvested fields, etc. Selecetcl specimens'. Chilhewadi, Junnar, Jadhav 180703; Bhimashankar (on old compound wall of temple) Khed, Jadhav 180611.
2. Salvia santolinaefolia Boiss., Diagn. PI. Orient. 1; 13.1842; B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 762, f 761. 2001. S. aegyptiaca L. var. piimila H ook./, FI. Brit. India 4: 656. 1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 558.1967 (Repr.). 'Titkam\ Herbs or undershrubs, straggling, densely scabrid & hispid. Leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, rigid & rugose. Flowers white, in 2 or 3-flowered whorls in slender racemes. FIs. & Frts.: November - December. Illus. : B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. Distrib.'. Juimar (T. Cooke, op. cit.). 16. SCUTELLARIA L. Scutellaria discolor Wall, ex Benth. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 66. 1831; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 545.1967 (Repr.); B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 762, £ 763. 2001. Herbs, annual, c 30 cm high, pubescent, ascending from creeping root-stock. Leaves up to 9 x 3.5 cm elliptic-orbicular, cordate, crenate, obtuse. Flowers blue to violet, in terminal racemes. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Illus.: B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit
645 Distrib.: Pune (B.G. Kulkami & S.K. Das Das inN.P. Singh et al, op. cit.). CULTIVATED SPECIES: Mentha piperata L., Sp. PI. 576. 1753. "Peppermint'. Erect or suberect, branched, small herbs with reddish stems, ovate-oblong or ovate- lanceolate leaves and purple flowers in terminal short obtuse spikes. A native of America, occasionally grown in gardens. Mentha pulegium L., Sp. PI. 577. 1753. Small herbs with ascending branches with bluish-lilac flowers in dense axillary whorls. Cultivated in gardens as an aromatic plant. Mentha spicata L., Sp. PI. 576. 1753. 'Pudina. Perermial herbs, with leafy stolon and erect stems with ascending branches, ovate, elliptic or elliptic-oblong leaves and whorls of purple flower in terminal spikes or thyrsoid panicles. A native of Europe, well known under cultivation in farms and gardens for its tender, aromatic, shoots. Leaves and tender shoots are made into paste and used in different kitchen preparations like "Chatani" etc. Monarda fistulosa L., Sp. PI. 22. 1753. Erect, annual or perennial herbs with ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves and purple flowers in terminal, dense capitate clusters with whitish or purplish bracts. Grown in gardens for its showy floral clusters. Ocimum kiiimandscharicum Baker exGeurke, Pflanzenw. Ost-AfrikasC: 349. 1895. ‘"Kapur Tulas'. Occasionally found cultivated in Hadapsar area. Ocimum basilicum L., Sp. PI. 597. 1753. var. basilicum Erect, somewhat pubescent undershrubs with ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pubescent leaves and white, whorled flowers in thyrsoid racemes. Said to be indigenous in Punjab, commonly planted in gardens and around temple, var. thyrsiflorum (L.) Benth., Lab. Gen. Sp. 5. 1835. 'Sabja . Erect, glabrous, shining herbs or undershrubs, 0.6-1 m high, with smooth shiny leaves and pinkish purple flowers in terminal thyrsoid dense, racemes. A very aromatic plant grown in gardens & around temples. Origanum vulgare L., Sp. PI. 590. 1753. 'Marwa'. 646 Prostrate or erect aromatic herbs with horizontal rootstock, much branched stems, broadly ovate leaves and pinkish or pinkish-purple flowers in corymbose clusters or short spikes. Cultivated in gardens as an aromatic plant. Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spr., Syst. Veg. 2: 690. 1825. Coleus amboinicus Lour., FI. Cochinch. 2: 1372. 1790. "Pan-owa\ Succeulent, aromatic, villous-hirsute, herbs or undershrubs with thick succulent, broadly ovate, somewhat tomentose leaves and pinkish flowers in verticellate pseudo- spikes. Grown in gardens and around houses. Leaves used to prepare 'Bhajis’. Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 506. 1810. Coleus blumei Benth., Labiat. Gen. Sp. 56. 1832. Perennial, 0.3-0.7 m high, subsucculent, tomentose herbs or undershrubs with quadrangular, thick stem and attractive and showy orange-red, velvety soft, thick leaves. Commonly cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant. Several other hybrid forms with different combinations of colours in leaves are grown in gardens, schools, colleges and office corridors. Salvia coccinea Juss. ex Murr. in Comm. Goett. 1: 86, t. 1. 1778. Annual, pubescent herbs or undershrubs, 30-60 cm high with ovate or ovate-cordate, pubescent leaves and deep scarlet flowers clustered in terminal racemes. A native of S. & C. America, very common under cultivation in gardens and parks as an ornamental seasonal plant. Salvia farinacea Benth., Labiat. Gen. Sp. 274. 1832. Perennial herbs, 0.6-0.9 m high, with ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves and violet-blue flowers in very attractive, terminal racemes. A native of Texas, cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant. Salvia officinalis L., Sp. PI. 23. 1753. Some-what white-woolly, perennial, undershrubs with petaloid leaves and bluish- purple or white flowers in terminal racemes. Grown as an ornamental in gardens. Salvia splendens Sellow ex Nees in Weid-Neuwied Reise Bras. 2: 335. 1821. Annual, showy shrubs with ovate, rich green leaves and showy scarlet, red flowers with fiery-red calyx, in terminal, erect spikes. A native of Brazil, commonly grown in gardens.
647 Thymus serpyllum L., Sp. PI. 590. 1753. Small shrubs or undershrubs with creeping stems, rooting below; branches erect with elliptic or oblong leaves and purplish flowers in capitate in florescence. A native of Europe, occasionally grown as an ornamental in gardens.
124. PLANTAGINACEAE CULTIVATED SPECIES: Plantago major L., Sp. PI. 112. 1753. Perennial herbs, c 30 cm high, with radical ovate, obtuse, glabrous leaves on long petioles and up to 30 cm long slender spikes. It was grown in Parvati garden, Pune.
125. NYCTAGINACEAE la. Anthocarps 10-ribbed, with wart-like glands or appendages 2.COMMICARPUS lb. Anthocarps 5-ribbed, without wart-like glands or appendages 1. BOERHAVIA BOERHAVIA L. la. Flowers in diffuse termin al panicles, much exceeding the foliage lb. Flowers in strict axillary cymes, rarely exceeding the foliage 4. B. repens 2a. Fruits clavate or fusiform e 2b. Fruits truncate at apex, non-glandular 2.5. ■ecta y ^ 3a. Fruits clavate 3. B. ^mticosa 3b. Fruits fusiform 1. B. diffusa
1. Boerhavia diffusa L., Sp. PI. 3.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 563.1958; Mukherjee (Repr.) in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5; 582. 1984. B. repens L. var. diffusa (L.) Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 4: 709.1885; Moorthy inN.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 773. 2001. "Ghetuli, Pimarnava, Vasu . Herbs, diffuse, perennial; branches divaricate, prostrate-ascending, usually purplish. Leaves ovate or suborbicular, wavy along margins. Flowers pink to purplish-pink, in diffuse terminal panicles. Anthocarps 2-3 mm long.
648 FIs. &Frts.\ August - March. IIlus. -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic 2: t. 578. ff. 1-10, 1988. Distrib.: Very common in plains in waste lands, along road sides, near water bodies, etc. Selected Specimens'. Gibson’s monument, Junnar, Jadhav 172733; Bund bridge, Yerwada, Wadhawa 64311; Shirur, Janardhanan 98821.
2. Boerhavia erecta L., Sp. PI. 3.1753; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 772. 2001. B. ptmamava Saha & Murthy in J. Sci. Ind. Res. 21 C: 249. 1962. ‘Pandhari Piinarnawa'. Herbs, suberect, 30-50 cm high; stems green with pinkish tinge. Leaves 2-4 cm long, variable in shape and size, linear-lanceolate to ovate, wavy along margins, whitish beneath. Flowers pinkish to white. Anthocarps c 3 mm long, oblong, erect, truncate at apex. FIs. & Frts.: July - November. IIliis.: Ramarathinum in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 61: 217, f. 1-4. 1964. Distrib.: Infrequent throughout in plains as a weed in cuhivated fields or in waste places. Selected Specimens'. BSI Campus, Jadhav 180798-A; Near GPO, Pune, Hemadri 92760.
3. Boerhavia fniticosa Dalzell in Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 213.1861; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2:565.1967(Repr.); Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 111. 2001. Shrubs, erect, clothed with viscid glandular hairs. Leaves 3-5 cm long, ovate or deltoid- ovate, glandular hairy. Flowers pink in umbels, usually solitary on top of peduncle; perianth more than 1 cm long. Anthocarps clavate ribbed, with a row of glands along the ribs. FIs. cS: Frts.: October-March. Distrib.'. Shivaneri fort, Junnar (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Probably an African species.
4. Boerhavia repens L., Sp. PI. 3.1753; Hook./, FI. Brit. India 4: 709.1885, excl. var. dijfusa&procumbens; Mukherjee in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 583.1984; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 773. 2001, excl. var. diffusa. 'Punarnava'. Herbs, perennial, diffuse with stout root stock; stems woody below; branches pinkish. Leaves up to 5 x 4 cm, unequal pairs, broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sinuate- repand.
649 whitish beneath. Cymes on solitary, slender peduncles. Perianth campanulate. Anthocarps c 3 mm long, clavate, glandular. FIs. & Frts.: July - March. Distrib.: Common throughout in waste lands, along roadsides, etc. at lower elevations. Mostly absent in higher ghats. 2. COMMICARPUS Standley Commicarpus chinensis (L.) Heimerl. in Engl. & Prantl., Nat. Pflanzenf. ed. 2, 16 c:l 17.1934; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:774. 2001. Valeriana chinensis L., Sp. PI. 33. 1753. Boerhavia rependa Willd., Sp. PI. 1: 22.1797; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 564.1967 (Repr.). Herbs or undershrubs, straggling or subscandent, 1-2 m high, glabrous. Leaves up to 9
X 7 cm on c 2 cm long petiole, ovate to deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate at base, sinuate or lobed, repand, hairy beneath. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. lllus.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 579. ff. 1-7. 1982. Distrib. -. Occasional. Trailing among bushes or on hedges along road sides and around cultivated fields in plains. Selected Specimens: Dingore, Junnar, Jadhav 172741; Baramati, Mahajan 25133; Nirgude, Junnar, Ansari 83761. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 348.1799. "Boganvel, Kagadiphul-vel Straggling, thorny, large shrubs. Usually planted in gardens and along Bungalows for its beautiful cymose-paniculate inflorescence. Bracts of the flowers petaloid, large, scarlet- red, pink or yellow, papery, lasts for a long time on the plant and adds to the beauty.
Mirabilis jalapa L., Sp. PI. 177. 1753. 'GulbakshV. A much branched, glabrous herb, up to 70 cm high, with thickened nodes and ovate triangular leaves. A native of Mexico, planted in gardens for its beautiflil pink, red or yellow bell shaped flowers.
126. AMARANTHACEAE la. Leaves opposite or whorled lb. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite ^ 2a. Fertile flowers subtended by many lateral, sterile 650 flowers modified into hooked or glochidiate spines 10. PUP ALIA 2b. Fertile flowers not subtended by such modified sterile flowers 3a. Bracteoles with dorsal crest; filaments fiised or monoadalphus at top 8. GOMPHRENA 3b. Bracteoles without crest; filaments either fi-ee or fiised but at base only 4a. Inflorescence of axillary, sessile heads; anthers 1 -celled 4. ALTERNANTHERA 4b. Inflorescence of terminal, pedunculate, elongate spikes; anthers 2-celled 1. ACHYRANTHES 5a. Fertile flowers subtended by 2 lateral sterile modified flowers 7. DIGERA 5b. Fertile flowers never subtended by sterile modified flowers 6a. Ovules few to many 6. CELOSIA 6b. Ovules solitary 7a. Pseudo staminodes present 2. AERVA 7b. Pseudo staminodes absent 8a. Tepals villous; stamens 1 -2 9. NOTHOSAERVA 8b. Tepals not villous; stamens 3-5 9a. Flowers unisexual; seeds without aril 5. AMARANTHUS 9b. Flowers bisexual; seeds with conspicuous, membranous, copular aril 3. ALLMANIA 1. ACHYRANTHES L. 1. Achyranthes aepera L,, Sp. PI. 204.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 280.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 778. 2001. la. Leaves thicker, velvety tomentose or silky var. aspera lb. Leaves membranous, glabrous to sparsely pubescent var. porphyristachya var. aspera 'Aghada .
651 Herbs, perennial, erect, up to 70 cm high. Leaves 4-12 cm long, elliptic or ovate. Flowers in elongate spikes. Utricles enclosed in hard perianth, oblong-cylindrical up to 3 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: September-October Illiis-. Whight, Ic.T. 1777. 1852 Distrib. : Common alongroad side Selected Specimens: Bhosari, S.D.MahaJan 8339. var. porphyristachya (Wall, ex Moq.) Hook./, FI. Brit. India 4: 730.1885; Santapau, in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 224. 1967 (Rev. ed.). A. porphyristachya Wall, ex Moq., Cat. 1925. 1832. 'Aghada'. FIs. & Frts.: September - May. Illus.: Mahesh., Illus. FI. Delhi f. 183.1966. Distrib. -. Common all over in forest clearings on grassy slopes. Maval, Mulshi, Purandhar. Selected Specimens: Near Vandra, Khed Janardhanan 76030;Durgamal, Gadad, Khed Janardhanan 76321. 2. AERVAForssk.,;;o77;. cons. la. Spikes all axillary, not paniculate 1. A. laiuita lb. Spikes axillary as well as terminal 2 2a. Plants hoary-tomentose, leaves thick; flowers unisexual; seeds rounded 2. A. javanica 2b. Plants appressed hairy, not hoary-tomentose; leaves membranous; flowers bisexual or bisexual and female both; seeds reniform 3. A. sanquinolenta
1. Aerva javanica (Burm./.) Juss. ex Schult., Syst. Veg. ed.l5. 5: 565.1819; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 577.1967 (Repr.). Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:780. 2001. Iresine javanica Burm./., FI. Ind. 217, t. 65, f. 1. 1768. Herbs or undershrubs, c 40 cm high. Leaves 3-5 x 1.5-3 cm, sessile, ovate-lanceolate or linear-oblong, white wooly tomentose. Flowers greenish-white, in cylindric, wooly paniculate spikes. Utricles ovoid-orbicular. Seeds black shining. FIs. & Frts. \ October - December. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 876. 1845. Distrib.: Rare along road sides near canal. Baramati. 652 Selected Specimens: Pimpli, Baramati, Jadhav 170835.
2. Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult., Syst. Veg. ed. 15. 5: 564. 1819; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 578.1967 (Repr.). Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 780. 2001. Achyranthes lanata L., Sp. PI. 204. 1753. "Kapitri-Madlniri Herbs, erect or prostrate, 30-40 cm high or long; stems and branches lanate with white hairs. Leaves 2-5.5 x 1-3.5 cm, broadly elliptic or suborbicular-obovate densely lanate beneath. Flowers in axillary, solitary or clustered, sessile white 0.5-1.5 cm long spikes. Utricle 1 mm across. FIs. & Frts.; August - September. Illtis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1776.1852 {Aen’afloribiinda). Distrib.: Occasional in waste lands and open gravelly hill slopes and in hedges along road sides. Selected Specimens: Donaje, Haveli, Ansari 101938; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 88717 SiRolla 83554; Chaken, Khed, Gammie s.n.
3. Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 547. 1825; Mukherjee in Mudgal et ai, FI. Madhaya Pradesh 2: 451. 1997. Achyranthes sanguinolenta L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 294. 1762. Aerva scandens Roxb., FI. Ind. (Carey & Wallich ed.) 2: 503. 1824. Herbs or undershrubs, erect, straggling or scandent, 0.8-2 m tall. Leaves 5-12 x 1.5- 4.5 cm, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, appressed hairy. Spikes 1-6 cm long, glistening, silvery white. FIs. & Frts.: October - January. Illiis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 724.1843 (Aerva scandens). Distrib.: Fairly common in forest clearings in ghat areas. Selected Specimens: Rayreshwar, Bhor, Jadhav 175982; Birobachi Rai, Kopare-Mandave, Junnar, Jadhav 180767; Purandhar, fort top, Rao 86514; Khandala, Maval, Toor 50504. 3. ALLMANIA R. Br. ex Wight Allmania nodiflora (L.) R. Br. ex Wight in Hook. J. Bot. 1; 226.1834; Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 781. 2001. Celosia nodiflora L., Sp. PI. 205. 1753. Allmania nodiflora var. aspera (Roth) H ook./, FI. Brit. India 4; 717.1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 1: 571.1967 (Repr.).
653 Herbs, erect or ascending, annual, much branched from base, c 30 cm high; stems striate. Leaves 4-7 x 0.5-0.8 cm, linear-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers orange- red, in terminal and leaf-opposed globose, 1-1.5 cm across cymes. Utricles ovoid. FIs. & Frts.: September. Illiis. : Allmania dichotoma (Roth) Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1771. 1852. Distrib. : Very rare. Purandhar. Selected Specimens: Purandhar, Bhiva, s.n. 4. ALTERNANTHERA Forssk. la. Heads pedunculate, except the terminal ones 3. A. pliiloxeroides lb. Heads sessile, occasionally with pseudo-peduncles 2 2a. Bracts and tepals spinescent; tepals dissimilar 4. A. ptingens 2b. Bracts and tepals not spinescent; tepals similar 3 3a. Branches and bracteoles glabrous; tepals 1-nerved throughout; anthers 3 5. A. sessilis 3b. Bracts and bracteoles barbellately hairy; tepals 3-nerved in the lower half; anthers 5 4 4a. Plants erect; pseudostaminodes as long as stamens . A. bettzickiana 4b. Pants prostrate; pseudostaminodes much shorter than stamens 2. A. paronychooides
1. Alternanthera bettzickiana (Regl) Nicols., 111. Dicot. Gard. ed. 1. 59. 1884 {'bettzichiana'); Mukherjee in Mudgale/ al, FI. Madhaya Pradesh 2: 454.1997; Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 782. 2001 {"bettzickiana'). Telanthera bettzickiana Regl, Gartenflora 11: 178. 1862. Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 5: 555.1819, non P. Beauv., 1818. Herbs, erect or suberect, perennial; branches 30-60 cm long. Leaves elliptic, obovate, spathulate or oblanceolate. Inflorescence of globose, spiket, sessile heads. Utricles obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year. Illus.: Chaudhuri & Bhattacharyya in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 36: 274, t. 3, ff 1-7. (1994)1997. Distrib.: A native of Barzil, naturalised and found as a weed in gardens and other cultivated fields as well as along water bodies. Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Jadhav s.n. 654 2. Alternanthera paronychioidesSt. Hil., Voy. Distr. Diamans Bresil 22; 43. 1883; Chaudhuri & Bhattacharyya in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 36; 271, t. 2, ff. 1-7. (1994)1997; Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2;782. 2001. Herbs, perennial, prostrate, mat-forming, root-stock stout, branches rooting at nodes. Leaves small, 1-2 x 0.5-0.8, elliptic or obovate. Flowers in axillary sessile heads. FIs. & Frts.: October - March. Illits.: Chaudhury & Bhattacharyya, op. cit. Distrib.'. Pune (Chaudhury & Bhattacharyya, op. cit.).
3. Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. in Abh. Koen. ges. Wiss. Goett. Phys. Cl. 24; 36.1879. Bucholzia philoeroides Mart., Beitr. Amarantaceae 107. 1825. Herbs, glabrous, perennial; stem hollow, rooting at nodes. Leaves variable, 6-8 x 1.5, obovate-spathulate or oblong-oblanceolate, entire, narrow at base. Flowers white, in axillary, solitary, globose heads on 2.5 cm long peduncles. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Distrib.: Occasionally, found floating or in marshes in canals, ditches or along river sides. Indapur, Pune. Selected Specimens'. Indapur, Das Dass.n..
4. Alternanthera pungens Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2; 206.1817; Chaudhury & Bhatatcharyya in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 36; 270, t. 1, figs. 1-8 (1994) 1997; Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2;782.2001. Achyranthes repens L., Sp. PI. 205. 1753. Alternanthera repens (L.) Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. alt. 1; 154.1821, J.F. Gmelin, 1791. "Chibiik-kata'. Herbs, perennial, prostrate, matting, villous when young. Leaves 1-2.5 x 1-2 cm, orbicular or obovate, 3 together. Flowers greenish-white, in axillary, globose to cylindrical, sessile spiket heads; bracts acicular. Seeds discoid. FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year. Ulus.; Chaudhury & Bhattacharyya, op. cit. Distrib. ;Common along road sides. Note-. A native of America, very well naturalised and common throughout in moist places.
655 5. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC., Cat. PI. Hort. Monsp. 4:77.1813; Chaudhury & Bhattacharyya in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 36: 268, t. 1, figs. 1-8 (1994) 1997. Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:783. 2001. Gomphrena sessilis L., Sp. PI. 225.1753. Alternanthera triandra Lam., Encycl. 1: 95.1783; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 584.1967 (Repr.). 'Jal-jamba, Kanchuri, Reshim kata'. Herbs, erect or spreading, diffusely branched, glabrous. Leaves 2-5 x 0.5-0.8 cm, linear-elliptic or linear-oblong. Flowers pinkish-white, in axillary spiket heads. Urticles obcordate. FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year. Ilhis.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 727.1843; Chaudhury & Bhattacharyya, op. cit. Distrib. : Very common in damp & moist areas along water bodies. Selected Specimens: Chilhewadi dam catchment area, Junnar, Jadhav 180708. 5. AMARANTHUS L. la. Plants with axillary paired spines; stamens 5; tepals 5 2. A. spinosiis lb. Plants without spines; stamens 3; tepals 3 2 2a. Bracts and bracteoles shorter than tepals; fruits indehiscent or breaking irregularly 3 2b. Bracts and bracteoles equal to or longer than tepals; fruits dehiscent, circumscissile 3. A. tricolor 3a. Fruits compressed, distinctly exceeding the tepals 1. A. roxburghiamis 3b. Fruits not compressed, hardly exceeding tepals 4. A. viridis
1. Amaranthus roxburghianus Nevski in Trudy, Act. Inst. Bot. Acad. Sc. USSR 1, Fasc. 4: 311. 1937 in Obs. {'roxburghiano’); N.C. Nair in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73: 60.1976; Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:786. 2001. A. polygonoides Roxb., FI. Ind. 3: 602.1832 non L. 1759. A. blitiim L. var. oleraceoiis (L.) Hook, f , FI. Brit. India 4: 721.1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 575.1967(Repr.). A. polygamussensii Hook. f. op. cit. non L., 1759; T. Cooke, op. cit.A. lividtis L. polygonoides (Moq.) Thell. ex Probst, Wolland. Mittel. 74. 1949. 'Chavalai, Tandidka'. Herbs, erect, ascending or prostrate, 30-50 cm high. Leaves 1-6 x 0.5-2 cm obovate, elliptic or rhomboid-ovate. Flowers in axillary and terminal spikes or panicles. Capsules c 1 mm across. FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year.
656 Distrib. : Fairly common in waste lands. Selected Specimens: Shivaneri fort, Junnar, Hemadri 98036; Kondapuri, Shirur, Janardhan 98839; Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 95776.
2. Amaranthus spinosus L., Sp. PI. 991. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 573. 1967(Repr.); Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 787.2001. "Katemath'. Herbs, erect, annual, 30-60 cm high with c 1 cm long axillary spines. Leaves ovate to rhomboid-ovate. Flowers green, in axillary, globose clusters or in terminal spikes, capsules ovoid-urceolate. Seeds black. FIs. & Frts.; August - Jan. Ulus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 513. 1841. Distrib.: Occasional in waste lands and on rubbish heaps around villages. Selected Specimens: Donje, Haveli, Ansari 97535; BSI Campus, Singh 108931, Cherian 63504.
3. Amaranthus tricolor L., Sp. PI. 989.1753; Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2;788. 2001. A. gangeticiis L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1268. 1759; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 574.1967 (Repr.). ‘Chatdai, Math'. Herbs, erect, 30-90 cm high, much branched; stems stouter, grooved & striate often tinged with purple. Leaves 6-15 x 2-5 cm (incl. 3-6 cm long petiole), ovate, ovate- lanceolate or rhomboid. Flowers in axillary clusters or in interrupted spikes. Capsules ovoid-urceolate. FIs. & Frts.: August - September. Distrib.: Common in waste places and near streams. Also found cultivated as pot herb. Selected Specimens: Parvati tank, Pune, Bhide 181; Sitabai dara, Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 101907; Junnar, Hemadri 99607. Note: Tall, green or purplish, somewhat succulent and stouter, grooved stems are sold in markets as vegetables.
4. Amaranthus viridis L., Sp. Pi. ed. 2. 1405. 1763; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 575. 1967(Repr.); Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 788. 2001. A. gracilis Desf, Tabl. Bot. 43. 1804. ^Godha.
657 Herbs, annual, erect or ascending, 25-60 cm high. Leaves 5-8 x 2-3 cm, ovate; petioles long. Flowers greenish, in axillary clusters or terminal paniculate spikes. Capsules subglobose, 1-1.5 mm long, rugose. FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year. Illiis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 717. 1840 (A. fasciculatus Roxb.). Distrib.: Common throughout in moist places. Selected Specimens: BSl Campus, Jadhav 180638-A; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 87887; Narayangaon, Junnar, Hemadri 107052. 6. CELOSIA L. Celosia argentea L., Sp. PI. 205. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 570.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 789. 2001. 'Kombda, Kurdu, Kusmada'. Herbs, annual, erect, up to 1 m high. Leaves 3-6 cm long lanceolate; ovate or elliptic. Flowers while or pink, in terminal, dense, conical or cylindric spikes. FIs. & Frts.: August - March. Ulus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1767. 1852. Distrib. -. Very common throughout in fallow fields, especially in plains. Selected Specimens-. BSl Campus, Jain 49744; Ghodnadi, Shirur, Rajgiirav 7764. 7. DIGERA Forssk, Digera muricata (L.) Mart., Beitr. Amar. 77. n. 2. 1825; Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 790. 2001. Achyranthes muricata L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 295. 1762. Digera arvensis Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 65. 1775; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 572.1967 (Repr.). 'Kundni, Kundurta". Herbs, annual, 20-45 cm high, with ascending branches. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate- lanceolate. Flowers pinkish, in axillary racemes. Fruits c 2 mm across, subglobose. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Ilhts.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 587. 1982. Distrib.: Common. As a weed in cultivated fields. Selected Specimens'. Wagholi, Pune, Jadhav 180800; Hadapsar, Pune, Kanodia 64456. 8. GOMPHRENA L. Gomphrena serrata L., Sp. PI. 224.1753; V.N. Naik, FI. Marathwada 2: 753. 1998; Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:790. 2001. G. celosioides auct. non Mart. 1825; Mukerjee in Mudgal et al., FI. Madhaya Pradesh 2: 463.1997. 658 Herbs, prostrate or erect, 15-25 cm high. Young parts and leaves woolly beneath. Leaves elliptic-oblong or oblanceolate. Flowers white, in subglobose to slight elongate, sessile, terminal spikes. Bracteoles larger than the bracts. Urticles pyriform. FIs. & Frts.; August - October. Ilhis.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 588.1982 (G. celosioides). Note-. A native of Tropical America, almost naturalised and found along roadsides, railway tracks, etc. 9. NOTHOSAERVA Wight Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1776 bis. f B. 1853; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 580.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:791. 2001. Herbs, erect, c 30 cm high; branches opposite, ascending. Leaves small 1-2 x 0.5-1 cm, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers in white spikes, clustered in leaf axils. Capsules enclosed in perianth. FIs. & Frts. : January. Illus. : Wight, op. cit. Distrih.: Rare along the rivers. Selected Specimens: Daund, R.K. Bhide 1340; Vadgaonsheri, Pune, Jadhav s.n. 10. PUPALIA A L. Juss. Pupalia lappacea (L.) A. L. Juss. in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 2: 132. 1803; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 583.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin.& Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 791. 2001. Aciiyranthes lappacea L., Sp. PI. 204. 1753. Undershrubs or shrubs, scandent, or straggling, 0.3-1 m high; branches pilose hairy or tomentose. Leaves 5-8 x 2.5-5, ovate, acute or shortly acuminate. Flowers in spinous clusters arranged in 20-40 cm long spikes on long peduncles. Urticles c 2 mm long ovoid- oblong, bristly. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 591. 1982. Distrib.: Infrequent in hedges, along roadsides and bushes on hill slopes. Occasional in dry waste lands. Selected Specimens: Chilhewadi, Junnar, Jadhav 180717; Kurkum ghat, Daund, Jadhav 174298; Arvi Haveli, Ansari 99943. ^ CULTIVATED SPECIES: / f / Amaranthus caudatus L., Sp. PI. 990. 1753. !' ' 659 An annual, erect herb, 30-90 cm high, with ovate-lanceolate leaves and terminal drooping panicles. Often found cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant. Amaranthus cruentus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1269. 1759. A. paniculatus L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1406. 1763. 'Rajgira. An annual, erect herb, c 30 cm high with elliptic leaves. Cultivated in fields for its grains as well as for its tender shoots which are used as leafy vegetable. Amaranthus retroflexus L., Sp. PI. 991. 1753. Found introduced in Khandala. Celosia argentea L.f. var. cristata (L.) O. Ktze. Liu, Syst. Bot. FI. Fam. N. China 91. 1931. 'Kombada, Kombad-Tiira'. An erect herb, 30-60 cm high, with ovate-lanceolate variegated leaves. Planted in gardens for beautification because of its cristate-feathered or comb-like attractive, scarlet inflorescence. Gomphrena globosa L., Sp. PI. 224. 1753. An annual herb, c 40 cm high, with elliptic to oblong leaves. A native of Tropical America, grown in gardens for its beautiful pinkish-purple red or crimson coloured, globose floral heads. Iresine herbstii Hook.,Gard. Chron.1864: 654. 1864. An erect, branched herb with opposite suborbicular, variegated curved leaves and terminal yellowish-white, c 15 cm long, spreading panicles. A native of Brazil, grown in gardens as a pot herb in Pune.
127. CHENOPODIACEAE CHENOPODIUM L. la. Leaves broadly deltoid-ovate 3. C. miirale lb. Leaves oblong-ovate, oblong or lanceolate 2 2a. Herbs glandular; stigma 5 2. C. ambrosioides 2b. Herbs non-glandular; stigma 2 1. C. album
1. Chenopodium album L., Sp. PI. 219. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 586.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin.& S.Y. Kamble inN.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 795. 2001. 'Chakwat'. 660 Herbs, erect, 30-50 cm high; stems ribbed. Leaves variable, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers green, minute, clustered in paniculate spikes. Fruits c 1-2 mm across, globose. Seeds black. FIs. & Frts.: September - March. Jlliis. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 594. 1982. Distrib. : Common weed in cultivated fields in moist places. Selected Specimens: Purandhar, Jain 812; Inglun, Junnar, Hemadri 104417; Pet, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 96060.
2. Chenopodium ambrosioides L., Sp. PI. 219.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 587.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin.& S.Y. Kamble in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 795. 2001. Herbs or undershrubs up to 1 m high; stems angular, purplish. Leaves variable in size, largest ones 10 x 2 cm, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, glabrous above, yellow-glandular below, dentate. Flowers minute, green, in clustered paniculate leafy spikes. FIs. & Frts.: December. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1786. 1852. Distrib.: Infrequent along river beds in moist situations. Khed, Pune town and suburban area. Selected Specimens: Bhovargiri, along river beds, Khed, Janardhan 70083; BSI Campus, Wadhwa 64670, Cherian 63536.
3. Chenopodium murale L., Sp. PI. 219. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 586. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin.& S.Y. Kamble in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:796. 2001. Herbs, erect, up to 50 cm high. Leaves up to 7 x 4 cm, deltoid-ovate, sinuate-dentate, 3- nerved from base; petioles long. Flowers in clusters, arranged in axillary, terminal panicles. Utricles c 1 mm across, depressed globose. FIs. & Frts.: September. Illus.: V.N. Naik, FI. Marathwada 2: 756, f. 93. 1998. Distrib.: Scarce. Junnar, Pune (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Selected Specimens: Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 118116. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Artiplex hortensis L., Sp. PI. 1053. 1753. "Chandan-batwa’.
661 Up to 1 m tall, erect, much branched herbs, with striate, purple tinged branches, triangular or rhomboid leaves and paniculate inflorescence. Younger leaves often tinged with purple. Cultivated in farms for vegetable. Beta vulgaris L., Sp. PI. 222. 1753. 'Beet'. An erect herb with large and varied leaves and purple, striate stem. A native of S. America, cultivated in farms for its napiform, 5-10 cm across, deep red roots, which are used in salads, pickles and as vegetables. Spinacia oleracia L., Sp. PI. 1027. 1753. 'Palak'. An erect, annual herb with radical and cauline oblong or lanceolate, fleshy leaves. A native of N. America,cuhivated in farms as a leafy vegetable.
128. PHYTOLACCACEAE CULTIVATED SPECIES: Rivina humilis L., Sp. PI. 121. 1753. A much branched, 25-50 cm tall, erect herb with 5-10 cm long white racemes. A native of Tropical America, grown in gardens as a pot-herb for ornamental purposes because of its small, globose attractive, bright red, fleshy berries. The plant is said to be poisonous.
129. POLYGON ACE AE la. Perianth-lobes 6, inner-3 accrescent in fruit; stigmas fimbriate 3. RUMEX lb. Perianth lobes 3-5, not accrescent in fruit; stigmas capitate or capitellate 2a. Flowers axillary, solitary or in clusters; ocreae hyaline 2. POLYGONUM 2b. Flowers terminal, in simple or panicled, spiciform racemes or heads; ocreae membranous or chartaceous 1. PERSICARIA 1. PERSICARIA (L.) Mill., nom. cons. la. Flowers in heads 2 lb. Flowers in simple or panicles spiciform racemes 3 2a. Heads with involucral leaf at base; petioles winged 4. P. nepalemis 2b. Heads without invalucral leaf at base; petioles not winged \.P. auriculata
662 3a. Ocreae and bracts both glabrous, eciliate at mouth S.P. glabra 3b. Ocreae and bracts hairy, cihate at mouth 2.P. barbata 1. Persicaria auriculata (Meissn.) Dixit, Datta & Roy in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 15: 312.1991; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 801, f. 802. 2001. Polygonum auriciilatum Meissa, Monog. Polyg. 59, t. 6. 1826. P. chinense L. var. ovalifoliiim Meissn. in Wall. PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 60.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 8.1967 (Repr.). ‘■Naralf. Herbs or undershrubs, c 1.2 m tall, rambling; stems striate, reddish-brown. Leaves 5-10 X 2-4.5 cm, ovate, elliptic or oblong-ovate, hairy beneath; ocreae membranous glabrous. Heads in corymbose panicles with glandular-hairy peduncles. Flowers white, Nuts black. FIs. & Frts.: October - April. Ilhis.: C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional in moist places in ghats. Selected Specimens'. Shirgaon forest, near Hirdoshi, Bhor, Jadhav 175935; Ghat near Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 108221 & 104233.
2. Persicaria barbata (L.) Hara var. gracilis (Danser) Sojak in Preslia 46(2): 152. 1974; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 803. 2001. Polygonum barbatum L. ssp. gracile Danser in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buiten. Ser. 3, 8: 146, f. 2. 1927. P. barbatum L. var. gracile (Danser) Steward in Contr. Gray Herb. 88: 55. 1930. 'Dhakata Sheral, Pandhari-Sheral'. Herbs, e lm tall, erect. Leaves up to 10 x 1 cm, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute- attenuate at base, ocreae ciliate. Flowers reddish-white in compact spikes arranged in terminal panicles; bracts ciliate. Nuts trigonus c 1 mm long, ellipsoid, black. FIs. & Frts.: More or less throughout the year. Distrib.: Fairly common in stream beds in ghats, growing along with P. glabra. Note: To determine intra specific rank, the following selected specimen shows intermediate position between var. stagnina (Buch.-Ham. ex Meissn.) Sojak & var. gracilis (Danser) Sojak, with slender, glabrous stem and densely pubescent villous leaves. Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, Jadhav 178461; Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhan 70122, Hirdoshi, Bhor, Jain 2834.
3. Persicaria glabra (Willd.) Gomez, in Ann. Inst. Segunda Ensef. Habana 2; 278. 1896; Hara in Hara et al., Enum. FI. PI. Nepal 3: 176.1982; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., FI.
663 Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 805. 2001. Polygonum glabnim Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 447.1799; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 5.1967 (Repr.). 'Sheral'. Photo: PI. 28.A Herbs, aquatic or semiaquatic; stems stout. Leaves up to 20 x 2 cm, elongate, lanceolate. Ocreae truncate at mouth. Perianth pink. Nuts c 2.5 mm long, broadly ovoid, biconvex, brownish or blackish. FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1799. 1852. Distrib.: Very common throughout, along streams and marshy places. Selected Specimens'. Khandala, Maval, Jadhav 178461-A; Mina River bed, Nirgude, Junnar, Hemadri 99664.
4. Persicaria nepalensis (Meissn.) H. Gross in Engl., Bot. Jahrb. 49:277.1913; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 806. 2001. Polygonum nepalense Meissn., Monogr. Polyg. 84, t. 7, f. 2. 1826. P. alatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sprang., Syst. Veg. Cur. Post. 154. 1827 nom. illegit.; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 8. 1967(Repr.). Prostrate, annual herbs, with ascending branches, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves deltoid-ovate, peduncles glandular hairy below heads. Nuts biconvex, broadly ovoid. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ulus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1804.1852 {Polygonum nepalense). Distrib.-. Rare. Purandhar (Santapau, 1958). 2. POLYGONUM L. Polygonum plebeium R. Br.. Prodr. 420. 1810 Plebejum')', Hook./, FI. Brit. India 5: 27.1886; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 4.1967 (Repr.); C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 808. 2001. la. Leaves oblong or linear, 0.3-2.5 cm long var. plebeium lb. Leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, 0.3-0.6 cm long var. brevifolia var. plebeium Herbs, diffuse, spreading with woody root-stock. Leaves sessile or subsessile, small; ocreae laciniate. Flowers pink, minute in axillary clusters. Nuts trigonus. FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year. Distrib. '. Very common in moist places along stream beds and reservoirs. Selected Specimens'. Mina river Nirgude village, Junnar, M. Y.Ansari 88762
664 var. brevifolia Hook. /, FI. Brit. India 5: 28. 1886; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 5. 1967(Repr.); C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 808. 2001. FIs. & Frts.: April - June. Distrih. : Purandhar (Santapau, 1958). 3. RUMEX L. la. Wings of fruiting perianth irregularly toothed; teeth straight (not hooked) at tip 1. R. denatatiis lb. Wings of fruiting perianth pectinately toothed; teeth hooked at tip 2. R. nepalensis
1. Rumex dentatus L., Mant. 2; 226.1771; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:10.1967 (Repr.); C.R. Jadhav in N.P, Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 809. 2001. Herbs, annual, erect c 30 cm high. Leaves cauline and radical, oblong, rounded or cordate at base; petioles long. Flowers in distinct whorls, perianth much enlarged in fruits. Nuts trigonus. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. Distrih. : Occasional along riversides. Selected Specimens-. Sangam, Pune, Paranjape s.ii.
2. Rumex nepalensis Spreng., Syst. Veg. 2; 159. 1825; Babu, Herb. FI. Dehra Dun 446.1977; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 809. 2001. Herbs, perennial, much branched, c 40 cm high; stem striate. Leaves ovate-oblong or triangular-ovate. Flowers in whorls arranged in terminal racemes. FIs. & Frts.: March - May. Illits.-. Wight, Icon, PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1810. 1852. Distrih.: Occasional along river side. Selected Specimens: Pune, Bhide 111. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Am., Bot. Beech. Vou. 308, t. 69.1841. ‘Ice-Cream Creeper A climbing herb with tendrils and cordate-triangular leaves. A native of Mexico, found grown on compound walls for its attractive foliage as well as showy, pink, large panicles. 665 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench., Method. 290. 1794. "Kuthu An erect, glabrous annual with broadly ovate-cordate leaves and pink or white flowers in cymes. Occasionally grown at Khandala, probably for the grains, eaten particularly on fast days. Homalocladium platyclados (F. Muell.) Bailey, Gentes Herbarium 2: 58.1929 & Man. Cult. PI. 351. 1949. A shrub with flat branches and white or pink clustered flowers. A native of Solomon Island, east of New Guinea, seldom grown in gardens particularly botanic gardens. Rumex varsicarius L., Sp. PI. 336. 1753. "Chuka. Subsucculent, erect herbs with broadly ovate leaves and flowers in terminal panicles. It is said to be indigenous in Western Punjab, cultivated as a vegetable and for medicinal purposes.
130. PODOSTEMACEAE la. Capsules oblique, unisolobus, smaller one deciduous and bigger one persistent lobes 2 lb. Capsules not as above 2. POLYPLEURUM 2a. Capsules smooth; pollen in monads 1. CLADOPUS 2b. Capsules ribbed; pollen in diads 3. ZEYLANIDIUM 1. CLADOPUS H Moller Cladopus hookerianus (Tul.) C. Cusset, FI. Cambodge, Laos. Viet-Nam 14: 71. 1973; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 811. 2001. Mniopsis hookeriana Tul., Arch. Mus. Paris 6: 147. 1852. Griffithellci hookeriana (Tul.) Warming, Fam. Podost. Afhandl. 6: 13.1901; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 13. 1967(Repr.). Podostemon hookerianus (Tul.) Wedd. in DC., Prodr. 17:74. 1873. Herbs, moss-like, aquatic; thallus polymorphous, thick, ribbon-like, lobulate, creeping or attached on rock. Leaves c 3 mm long. Spathe tubular, 2-lobed at mouth. Flowers scattered on thallus or submarginal in fiximel-shaped spathe, ruptured at tip. Capsules globose. FIs. & Frts.: February - April. Ulus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1918, f. 4.1852 {Mniopsis hookeriana). Distrib.: Rare. Attached to rocks in rurming water in river Bhima.
666 Selected Specimens'. Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhcman 76569. 2. POLYPLEURUM (Tayl. ex Tul.)Warming Polupleurum stylosum (Wight) Hall in Kew Bull. 26: 131. 1971; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et at., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 812. 2001. Dicraeia stylosa Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t . 1917, f. 2. 1852. Podostemon stylosum (Wight) Benth. ex Hook./, FI. Brit. India 5: 64. 1886. Herbs, submerged with a habit of sea-weeds {Fticiis); thallus broad, freely branched, creeping or floating from an attached base. Secondary shoots, marginal with solitary, zygomorphic, naked flowers, with scaly bracts and involucre of imbricate leaves. Capsules 6-ribbed, many seeded. FIs. & Frts.: October-November. llliis.: Wight, op. cit. Distrih.: Rare. Attached to rocks in river Bhima, associated with Cladopus hookeriamis. Khed. Selected Specimens: Wadi of Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhcman 76569-A; in river near Amboli on way to Darya ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 176834. 3. ZEYLANIDIUM (Tul.) Engl, la. Thallus filiform, partly appressed to rocks; leaves exceeding 4 cm long 2. Z. siibidatiim lb. Thallus crustaceous, rarely ribbon like, entirely appressed to rocks; leaves not exceeding 4 cm long 1. Z. lichenoides
1. Zelanidium lichenoides (Kurz) Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 18a: 61.1928 (2 nd ed.); Subr., Aquat. Ang. 49.1962; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:813. 2001. Hydrobriumlichenoides Kurz in J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 42(2): 103.1873; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 14.1967 (Repr.). Podostemon microcarpum Wedd. in DC., Prodr. 17:76. 1873. Herbs, tiny, aquatic, with flabelliform thallus. Leaves up to 3 cm long, linear with spathaceous base. Flowers solitary, zygomorphic naked; stamens 1 -2, monoadalphus with 1-2 staminodes. Capsules ellipsoid, 2-valved. Seeds very minute, numerous. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Distrib.: Rare. On rocks along shallow water margins of Mina river, associated with Dalzellia ceyulanica. Junnar. Selected Specimens'. Between Inglun & Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 104461, 107397. Note'. During dry season, dried thallus leaves lichen-like, white imprint on exposed rocks.
667 The length of the pedicel or stalk is very variable within a small colony of plants; therefore, it is agreed with the opinion of Hemadri, (1970, in ed.) that it seems more appropriate to treat the vars. khamkilense (Willis) Santapau, and bhorense (Willis) Santapau, [Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 256, 1953 et ed. 3, 229, 1966] based on such unstable character, as mere synonyms of this species.
2. Zelanidium subulatum (Gardn.) C. Cusset in Bull, du Mus. National d’ Histoore Naturelle sect. B, Adansonia 4*^ serie T. N° 1: 14.1992; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:813. 2001. Podostemon subulatum Gardn. in Calc. J. Nat. Hist. 7: 184. 1847; Hemadri in Indian Forester 94: 810. 1968. Herbs, small, tufted, aquatic. Leaves 5-8 cm long, subulate with spatheceous base. Flowers solitary, sessile or subsessile with 2 perfect stamens and 1 or 2 thread-like staminodes. Capsules ellipsoid, 2-unequal-valued, ribbed, short-stalked. Seeds numerous, minute. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illtis. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1918, f 1. 1852. Distrib.: Rare. On rocks in streams. Junnar. Selected Specimens'. Malvand dara, near Bhivade. Junnar, Hemadri 107444.
131. TRISTICHACEAE DALZELLIA Wight Dalzellia ceylanica (Gardn.) Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient. 5(2): t. 35.1852 (Sphalm. zelanica); Cusset & Cusset in Bull. Mus. nat. Hist. nat. Paris Ser. 10, Sect. B, Adansonia no. 2: 172.1988; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:813. 2001. Tristicha ceylanica Gardn. in Cal. J. Nat. Hist. 7: 177. 1847. Lawia zeylanica (Gardn.) Tul. emend. Willis var. malabarica Willis in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 1(3): 215.1902; T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 13. 1967(Repr.). L. zeylanica (Gardn.) Tul. var. konkanica Willis, op. cit. 216; T. Cooke, op. cit. Herbs, lithophytic; thallus spreading , flabelliform lobed, branched. Leaves 5-10 mm long, linear. Flowers numerous, closely crowded at apices of thallus-lobes, emerging from short leafy cupules; pedicels up to 3 cm long in fruits. Capsules c 2 mm long, ovoid or obovoid, ribbed, brownish. Seeds numerous, very minute, brownish. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Ulus. -. Wight, op. cz7.
668 Distrib.: Fairly common in higher ghats only on rocks in flowing streams and rivers. Selected Specimens: Sakarpathar, Maval, Gammie 16320; Malvand dara, Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 107449, 107398 & 108175; Pandavnagar hill base, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93171; Rai jungle, along streams, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhan 81762 & 16621.
132. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE ARISTOLOCHIA L. la. Stems prostrate; leaves glaucous beneath; flowers solitary; bracts large, orbicular 1. A. bracteolata lb. Stems twining; leaves green (not glaucous) beneath; flowers few in racemes; bracts small, ovate 2. A. indica
1. Aristolochia bracteolata Lam., Encycl. 1: 258.1753; Lakshmin. & Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:814. 2001. A. bracteata Retz., Obs. Bot. 5L 29.1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 16.1967(Repr.). 'Khiita-Upat, Kidamar '. Herbs, perennial; stem weak or suberect, 18-25 cm long. Leaves 3-4.5 x 3-4 cm; reniform or broadly ovate, cordate and wide, with shallow sinus at base. Perianth 3-3.5 cm long, dark violet. Capsules oblong-ellipsoid, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: November - December. Illiis. -. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 601. 1982. Distrib.: Occasional in cuhivated fields in black cotton soil. Selected Specimens', \ndapur, Jadhav 170878; Sangavi, Gammie 16542.
2. Aristolochia indica L., Sp. PI. 960.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 16.1958 (Repr.); Lakshmin. & Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 815. 2001. Herbs or shrubs, perennial, twing. Leaves variable, oblong, obovate or panduriform. Flowers in axillary racemes; perianth greenish-white with purplish-brown limb. Capsule oblong or subglobose. FIs. &Frts.\ November. Ulus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1858.1852 {A. lanceolata). Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. & Archana Godbole in N.P. Singh et al, op. cit.). CULTIVATED SPECIES: Following twining species of Aristolochia are found cultivated in gardens for their attractive flowers. 669 Aristolochia brasiliensis Mart & Zucc, Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1:77.1824. 'Popal-veF. A native of Brazil, with purplish-yellow, large, up to 18 cm long, very attractive flowers. Aristolochia fimbriata Cham, in Linnaeea 7: 210, t. 6. 1832. A twiner with large greenish-white pretty flowers with fimbriate perianth at mouth. Aristolochia gibbosa Duch. in Ann. Sc. Nat. 4, 2; 53. 1854. Found planted in garden. Aristolochia littoralis Paroch. in Anal. Soc. Cient. Argent. 5: 155. 1878. A native of Brazil, with ashy-grey or white flowers.
133. PIPERACEAE la. Anther cells distinct; fruits comparatively large, up to 0.5 cm across 2. PIPER lb. Anther cells confluent or indistinct; fruits minute 1. PEPEROMIA 1. PEPEROMIA Ruiz. & Pavon la. Leaves 3-5 nerved, sub-fleshy, elliptic, obovate or suborbicular 2. P. wighticina lb. Leaves 5-7 nerved, broadly cordate-ovate 1. P. pelliicicla
1. Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth in Humb., Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 64. 1815; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 21.1967 (Repr.); Archana Godbole & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:817. 2001. Piperpelhtcidtim L., Sp. PI. 30. 1753. Herbs, erect or diffuse, glabrous, pellucid, 8-20 cm high, full of watery sap. Leaves 1- 2.5 cm across, alternate or opposite Flowers minute, in 2-4 cm long spikes. Fruits globose. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Distrib.: A native of S. America, well naturalised and found in moist shady places in cultivated fields and gardens, near dams. Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Singh 108972, Cherian 63543; Near Bhushi dam, Lonawala, Maval, Reddi 99005.
2. Peperomia wightiana Miq. in Hook., Lond. J. Bot. 5: 548.1846; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 21.1967(Repr.); Archana Godbole & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 817. 2001.
670 Herbs, succulent, epiphytic or terrestrial; stems 8-20 cm long, rooting at nodes. Leaves alternate or opposite, 1-4 x 1-2.5 cm, subfleshy. Flowers in slender, erect, 3-9 cm long spikes. Fruits minute, globose. FIs. & Frts.: October. Ulus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1924. 1853. Distrib.: Rare. Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Rajni near Saltar, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 101055. Note: Rare. Found epiphytic on Memecylon umbellatiim, hanging down from its branches. 2. PIPER L. la. Branchlets grey-hirsute; leaves subcordate at base 1. P. Iwokeri lb. Branchlets glabrous; leaves acute or rounded at base 2 2a. Leaves usually acute at base; spikes pubescent; fruits yellow when ripe 3. P. trichostachyon 2b. Leaves usually rounded at base; spikes glabrous; fruits red when ripe 2. P. iiigntin
1. Piper hookeri Miq. in Hook., Lond. J. Hot. 4: 437.1845; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 19.1967 (Repr.); Archana Godbole & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 818.2001. Shrubs, evergreen, climbing, up to 1 m high; branchlets, petioles and leaves beneath grey-hirsute. Leaves 10-14x4-7 cm, elliptic or elliptic lanceolate, acutely acuminate, thin- coriaceous. Flowers in slender spikes; male spikes 7-15 cm long; female spikes shorter. Berries globose, c 5 mm across. FIs. & Frts.: March - September. Distrib.: Occasional, climbing on tree trunks and rocks in semi-evergreen forests in ghats. Khed, Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Hill base, Warak village, Mulshi, Rao 87487; Jambulana forest, facing Atran, Ambavane Mulshi, Reddy 99261 & 97826; Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 72150.
2. Piper nignim L., Sp. PI. 28.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 19.1967(Repr.); Archana Godbole & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 818. 2001. ‘'Kali Miri, Miri, MirveV.
671 Shrubs, evergreen, climbing, up to 1.5 m high, glabrous; stems rooting at nodes. Leaves 10-18x4-8 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, oblique. Flowers in leaf-opposed spikes. Berries c 6 mm across, globose. FIs. & Frts.: November - February. Ilhis.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1935. 853 {P. thoicum Roxb.). Distrib.: Occasional as undergrowth and as climbing on tree trunks and rocks, in semi evergreen forests in higher ghats and more in ravines. Khed, Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Behind Hanuman Talao, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 180609; Katepani forest, Ambavane, Muslhi, Reddi 95813; Meroli forest, Khandala, Maval, Jain 2285, Mahajan 17175 and Jadhav 180777.
3. Piper trichostachyon (Miq.) C.B. Clarke in DC., Prodr. 16(1): 242.1869; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 19.1967 (Repr.); Archana Godbole & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 819. 2001. Muldera trichostachyon Miq. in Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 5: 556.1846. 'JangliMiri'. Shrubs, evergreen, trailing or climbing. Leaves 8-15 x 3-5 cm, elliptic, elliptic- lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers greenish-yellow, in leaf- opposed, lax pendulous spikes. Berries c 8 mm across, globose. FIs. & Frts.: September - May. Ilhis.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1944.1858 {Muldera trichostachya). Distrib.: Fairly common in higher ghats in semi evergreen forests. Junnar, Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Bhor, Velve. Selected Specimens: Shirgaon forests, near Hirdoshi, Bhor, Jadhav 175941; Khandala, Maval, Jadhav 172464, Rao 83427. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Peperomia sandersii C. DC. in DC., Prodr. 16(1): 400. 1869. A stemless herb, native of Brazil, seldom grown in gardens for its showy, peltate glossy bluish, banded foliage. Piper betle L., Sp. PI. 28. 753. 'Nag-vel 'Pan-vel\ A climbing, shade loving herb with clinging roots. Cultivated in farms for its edible, broadly ovate leaves. Piper longum L., Sp. PI. 29. 1753. Pimpli . A scandent shrub with cordate leaves and compact, erect 3-5 cm long spikes. Cultivated occasionally forits highly, medicinally usefulfruits. 672 134. MYRISTICACEAE KNEMA Lour. Knema attenuata (Wall, ex Hook./ & Thoms.) Warb., Monogr. Myrist. 590. 1897; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 821, f. p. 820. 2001. Myristica attenuata Wall, ex Hook. / & Thoms., FI. Ind. 157.1855 & in Hook. /, FI. Brit India 5: 110.1886; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 24.1967(Repr.). "Anjeri, Jangli Jayphal, Rakt-mara, Rakt-rociar'. Trees, evergreen, c 10 m tall. Leaves 12-30 x 4-10 cm, elliptic-oblong, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, shining above, glaucous beneath; petioles up to 3 cm long. Flowers brownish-pubescent, in axillary, pedunculate umbels. Drupes c 5 x 4 cm, ovoid, yellowish-brown with rufus-red tomentum or subglabrous. Seeds ovoid. FIs. & Frts.: October - May. Illus.: A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in ghats in semi evergreen to moist deciduous forest. Khed, Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens'. Katepani forests, Ambavane, Mulshi, Redcii 96027 & 96025; Sakarpathar hill slope, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 97780; Rai junle, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhan 81749.
135. LAURACEAE la. Parasitic, leafless, twining herbs 3. CASSYTHA 1 b. Trees or shrubs 2 2a. Leaves 3-nerved at or above base 3 2b. Leaves penninerved 5 3a. Anthers 2 celled; fruits completely enclosed in perianth-tube 5. CRYPTOCARYA 3b. Anthers 4 celled; fruits resting on disciform perianth 4 4a. Flowers unisexual, in small, heads or clustered umbels 7. NEOLITSEA 4b. Flowers bisexual or polygamous in panicles 4. CINNAMOMUM 5a. Flowers bisexual, in panicles 6 5b. Flowers unisexual, in fascicles or umbels 7 6a. Perianth deciduous; fhiits ellipsoid or ovoid-oblong 2. BEILSCHMIEDIA 6b. Perianth persistent and reflexed in fhiit; fruits globose 8. PERSEA 7b. Inflorescence (involucral) bractswith 4-6 whorls 6. LITSEA
673 7a. Inflorescence (involucral) bracts not whorled 1. ACTINODAPHNE 1. ACTINODAPHNE Nees Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3; 31.1832; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 231. 1967 (Rev, ed.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 823. 2001. A. hookeri Meissn. in DC., Prodr. 15(1): 218.1864; T. Cooke. FI. Bombay 3: 31.1967 (Repr.). 'Malva, Pisa Photo: PI. 29.C Trees, evergreen, 5-15 m tall. Leaves appear in whorls, 8-24 x 3-8 cm, elliptic- lanceolate, acutely acuminate, coriaceous, thinly tomentose beneath, younger ones densely silky hairy. Flowers yellow, male in clusters; female in umbels; pedicels hairy; perianth densely hairy. Berries c 1 cm long, ellipsoid, partially covered by cupular perianth. FIs. & Frts. \ December - June. Illits.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1941. 1852. Distrib.: Fairly common in higher ghats in semi evergreen forests. Ambegaon Khed, Junnar, Maval, Mulshi, Bhor, Velhe. Selected Specimens'. Rayareshwar hill top, Bhor, Jadhav 175972; Ghusalgaon forest on way to Ambavane, Muslhi, Jadhav 174207, 193102; Biroba Rai, Junnar, Jadhav 180766; Khandala, Maval, Ryan 1833. 2. BEILSCHMIEDIA Nees Beilschmiedia dalzellii (Meissn.) Kosterm. in Reinwardtia 6: 282.1962; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 230. 1967 (Rev. ed.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 825. 2001. B. fogifolia Bedd. var. dalzellii Meissn. in DC., Prodr. 15(1): 64.1864; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 27.1967(Repr.). 'Kajiiri, Kasuri \ Trees, evergreen, medium to large sized, 10-15 m tall. Leaves 8-18 x 3-7.5 cm, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabros, at the end of branches. Flowers yellowish or brownish, small inconspicuous, in axillary panicles; peduncles red, hairy. Berries 2-3.5 x 1-1.8 cm, ellipsoid or ovoid-oblong. FIs. & Frts.: February - September. Distrib. '. Very rare. In ravines and on hill slopes in higher ghats in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests. Maval. Selected Specimens: Ravine above Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 101152; Sakarpathar hill slope, facing Tiger's leap, Lonavala, Maval. Reddi 97786, 101170. 3. CASSYTHA L. Cassytha filiformis L., Sp. PI 35.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 35.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:825.2001. 'Amarvel 674 Herbs, climbing, leafless, parasitic; stems very long, wiry, green, slender, twining and matting together. Flowers white, sessile, in lateral, lax spikes; bracteoles half the length of perianth. Drupes c 5 mm across, globose, enclosed in perianth tube. Fls.\ September. lllus. -. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 607. 1982. Distrib.: Rare. Found once on Euphorbia tiriicalli. Khed. Selected Specimens: Padorwadi, Khed, Janardhan 78073. 4. CINNAMOMUM Schaeff la. Panicles longer than leaves; fhaiting perianth 0.8 cm in diam.; berries 1-1.5 cm long 2. C. venim lb. Panicles shorter than leaves; fruiting perianthl.5 cm in diam.; berries c 2.5 cm long 1. C. nitidum
1. Cinnamomum nitidum (Roxb.) Hook., Exot. FI. 2: t. 176.1825; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 826. 2001. Laiinis uitida Roxb., FI. Ind. 2: 300. 1832 (Carey ed.). Cinnamomum macrocarpiim Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 5: 133.1886; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 28.1967 (Repr.). Trees, 10-15 m tall, evergreen. Leaves 23 x 6.5-8 cm, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, coriaceous. Flowers in axillary panicles. Berries globose-oblong. Selected Specimens: Jambulana Jungle, facing Atran, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 97831. Though the specimens are in vegetative condition, well matche with the specimens of this species from other area. Note: Only 3 trees were seen in vegetative condition in Mulshi area.
2. Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl. in Prir. Rostlin. 2: 36, 37-44, t. 7.1825; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 826, f p. 827. 2001. C. zeylanicum Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 568. 1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 28.1967(Repr.). "Dalchini, Tamalpatra'. Trees, small sized, 3-6 m tall, evergreen. Leaves 8-20 x 4-7 cm, broadly-ovate, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acute glabrous, shining, 3-nerved from base. Flowers in lax, silky, pubescent panicles; panicles larger than leaves. Berries ovoid-oblong, dark purple. FIs. & Frts.: February - May. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, tt. 123 & 134.1839, A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit. 675 Distrib.: Occasional. In semi-evergreen forests in ghats and in ravines.
Selected Specimens'. Lonavala, Maval, B h i w a s.n.', Rai jungle, Bhimashankar, Khed,
Janardhonanl8647.
Note: Thick, smooth bark and leaves are aromatic and pungent and used as spices.
5. CRYPTOCARYA R. Br.
Cryptocarya bourdillonii Gamble in Kew Bull. 1925; 127. 1925 & FI. Madras 2:
853.1957 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 828. 2001.
C. m g h t i a n a sensu Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 5: 120.1886 p.p.nonThw. 1861; T. Cooke FI.
Bombay 3: 26.1967 (Repr.).
Trees, large sized, branchlets and inflorescence rusty-pubescent. Leaves reaching up to
23 X 10 cm, ovate or elliptic-oblong glaucous beneath. Flowers 3-4 mm long, yellow in large spreading panicles. Fruits c 1.3 cm long, oblongoid, black.
Frts.: M arch.
Illtis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1839.1852 (C. floribiinda).
Note: Included based on the specimen, Bhimashankar Puri 12651, w hich is unfortunately missing and the description is therefore from Janardhanan 1966, in ed.
6. LITSEA L am ., nom. cons.
la. Perianth segments inconspicuous or absent 4. L. qiiinqneflora lb. Perianth segments 6, conspicuous 2
2a. Leaves glaucous beneath; filaments glabrous 2. L. josephii
2b. Leaves pubescent or tomentose beneath; filaments
Hairy/villous 3
3a. Umbels solitary, simple; berries globose 1. L. ghatica
3b. Umbels 5-6 fid; berries ellipsoid 3. L. monopetala
1. Litsea ghatica Saldanha, FI. Karnataka 1: 67, £ 5.1984; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 829. 2001. 'KalaMalva\
Shrubs, 2-3 m tall; bark black; branchlets tomentose. Leaves crowded towards the end o f branches, 7-20 x 3-8 cm, broadly obovate or oblanceolate abruptly acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, glabrous above, pubescent beneath; petioles rusty-tomentose. Flowers in solitary, lateral and axillary, tomentose umbellate heads. Berries c l cm across, globose.
FIs. & Frts.: October - December.
Illus.: Saldanha, op. cit.
676 D is trib .: Rare in ghat forests and ravines. Khed, Maval.
Selected Specimens: Shindoli hill, Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhan 70193; above Bhushi lake,
Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 9 8 6 6 9 , Narayana s.n.
Note: All the above specimens were identified as L. deccanensis, now corrected as L.
ghatica.
2. Litsea josephii S.M. Ahneida, FI. Savantwadi 1: 364.1990; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh
et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 831. 2001. L. stocksii (Meissn.) H oo k./, FI. Brit. India 5;
176.1886; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 33.1967 (Repr.). ^Kiikkar, Paviithi \ Photo: PL 27.E
Trees, 5-10 m tall, evergreen. Leaves 10-21 x 3.5-7 cm, elliptic or elliptic-oblong,
glabrous and shining above, glaucous beneath. Flowers in heads; heads umbellate or
racemose, axillary or from old scars; bracts concave, pubescent; perianth hairy. Berries
cl.5 X 0.8 cm, ellipsoid, dark reddish-purple when ripe, seated on cupular perianth-tube
base.
FIs. & Frts.: September - May.
Distrib.: Rare in higher ghats in semi-evergreen forests. Khed, Mulshi.
Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 175873, 177989 & 193152,
Janardhanan 1662>1\ Gusalgaon forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99175.
3. Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers., Syn. PI. 2: 4.1807; Londhe in Singh et al. FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 831. 2001. Tetranthera monopetala Roxb., PI. Corom. 2: 26, t. 148.
1798. Litsea polysntha Juss. in A nn. M u s. H ist. N at. Paris 6: 211. 1805.
Trees; young parts and leaves beneath villous, pubescent. Leaves opposite (not
alternate), 3-7 x 2-4 cm, elliptic or broadly-obovate, rounded at apex. Flowers in umbels.
Umbels subcorymbose on short peduncles.
Note: This is included based on Londhe, in Singh, et al.op. cit. and the only one specimen
in BSI which is checked at Central Nation Herbarium (CNH), Kolkata.
Selected Specimens: On hill slopes 26 km from Pune, P u ri 3801.
4. Litsea quinqueflora (Dennst.) C.R. Zurres in Nicolson et al.. Interpret. Van Rheede’s
Hort. Mai. 158.1988; A.J.G.H. Kosterman in Dassanayake, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 9.
1995. Darwinia quinqueflora Dennst., Schlussel Hort. Mai. In Allg. Deutsche Gartn. Mag.
2(2): 12, 20, 31, 1818. Litsea tomentosa Heyne ex H oo k./, FI. Brit. India 5: 157.1886; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 32.1967 (Repr.).L. deccanensis Gamble, FI. Madras 1235. 1925 [2:
677 864. 1957 (Repr.)]; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 829, f.
830. 2001. -Kala Malva, Kurak'.
Small trees or shrubs, 2-6 m tall; branchlets and leaves beneath softly dense grey-
tomentose. Leaves crowded to the end of branches, 8-23 x 3-8 cm, elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate. Flowers in solitary, pedunculate, few flowered umbellate heads. Berries 0.8-1
cm across, globose, black.
FIs. & Frts.: September - April.
Illiis.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1834.1852 {Tetranthera tomentosa R oxb.).
D is trib .: Occasional in higher ghats in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests.
Ambegaon, Junnar, Maval, Mulshi.
Selected Specimens: Darya ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 175831; Ahupe, Ambegaon, Ryan 1749;
Kahndala, Maval, Gammie 15473.
7. NEOLITSEA (Benth) Merr., nom. cons.
Neolitsea cassia (L.) Kosterm. in J. Sci. Res. Indonesia 1: 85.1952; A.N. Londhe in N.P.
Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 832. 2001. Lawns cassia L., Sp. PI. 361. 1753.
Litsea zeylanica Nees in Amoen. Bot. Bonn. Fasc. 1: 58, t. 5.1823; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay
3; 34.1967 (Repr.). ^ K h a ro ti\
Trees, up to 10 m tall, evergreen, bark grey smooth. Leaves 9-15 x 3-5 cm, elliptic or
elliptic-oblong, 3-nerved, shiny above, glaucous beneath, acuminate. Flowers clustered in
umbels. Berries 1 cm long, oblong.
FIs. & Frts.: April - June.
Ulus.'. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1839 & 1854.1852 {L. zeylanica).
D is trib .: Scarce in higher ghats in Sacred groves only. Khed, Junnar.
Selected Specimens: Rai jungle, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 193151, P u ri 12655;
Janardhanan 76586; Biroba Rai, Otur range, Junnar, Jadhav 180764.
8. PERSEA M ill.
Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. in Reinwardtia 6: 193.1962; Santapau in Rec. Bot.
Surv. India 16(1): 231. 1967 (Rev. ed.). Machiliis macrantha Neesin W all, PI. Asiat. Rar.
2; 70. 1831; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 29. 1967 (Repr.). 'Gidum, Pisara, Pishia\
Trees, medium to large sized, 10-15 m tall, evergreen. Leaves 8-16 x 4-7 cm (incl. c 2
cm long petiole), elliptic, ovate or elliptic-oblong, glabrous and shining above, glaucous
beneath. Flowers in stout panicles near the apex o f branches, longer than leaves. Berries c
1.3 cm across, globose, dotted, ultimate black.
FIs. &Frts.: January - June.
678 llliis . : K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 611. 1982.
D is trib .: Rare in semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests in higher ghats. Maval,
M u lsh i.
Selected Specimens'. Amrutanjan hill, Khandala, Jadhav 172464; Vishaghar, near
Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 97871; Lonavala, Maval, G.A. Gammie 16240. CULTIVATED SPECIES;
Persea americana M ill., Gard, Diet. Rd. 8.1768.
A small sized tree with large thick leaves and greenish-yellow panicles. At a time cultivated in gardens, probably for its ovoid, edible fruits.
136. PROTEACEAE CULTIVATED SPECIES:
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br., Port. Nov. 24. 1830.
Very tall trees, up to 18 m high, with usually unbranched straight bole, fern like, dissected, shiny leaves. Flowers orange-yellow, in showy racemes.
Usually found planted in gardens, parks and along roadsides.
Mecadamia ternifolia F. Muell. in Trans. Phil. Inst. Viet. 2: 72. 1858.
Trees, c 10 m tall, with oblong-elliptic, shiny leaves in whorls of three, towards the apex o f branches forming very dense foliage. Flowers ivory-white, in racemes. Fruits globose, c 2.5 cm across, dehiscing, with globose, smooth seeds.
At a time found planted in gardens probably for ornamental purposes.
137. THYMELEACEAE
GNIDIA L.
Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg. in Bot. Jahab. Syst. 19: 265.1894; A.N. Londhe in N.P.
Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2;-836. 2001. Lasiosiphon glaucous Fresen. in Flora
21; 603. 1838. L. eriocephalus (Meissn.) Decne. in Jacq. Voy. Ind. Bot. 4(3): 148.1844; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 36.1967 (Repr.). 'Datpadi, Rametha’. Photo: PI. 27.F
Shrubs, small to large sized or very small trees, 1.5-4.5 m tall. Leaves 5-10 x 1-2.5 cm, narrowly elliptic or elliptic-oblong. Flowers yellow, in dense, woolly, c 4 cm across heads.
Fruits enclosed in perianth.
FIs. & Frts.: November - April.
Illu s .: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1859.1852; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et at., op. cit.
679 D is trib .: Common in open situations as well as outskirts of the forests in ghats and on bases o f the hills.
Selected Specimens'. Chilhewadi, Junnar, Jadhav 180729; Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav
180607; Lonavala, Maval, Jadhav 174209; Ambegaon Deo Rai, Velhe, Jadhav 175954.
Note-. Fruits are said to be eaten by crows.
138. ELAEAGNACEAE
ELAEAGNUS L.
Elaeagnus conferta Roxb., FI. Ind. 1: 460.1820; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l, FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 836. 2001. E. la tifo lia L., Sp. PI. 121.1753 p .p .; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 37.1967 (Repr.). "Ambal, Ambeli, Ambgiil, Am bgidi'.
Shrubs, evergreen, scandent, armed; young shoots scurfy with brownish shining scales.
Leaves up to 8 cm long, elliptic, green above, silvery white, shining beneath. Flowers fasciculate. Nuts 1.5-2 x 0.8 cm, ellipsoid ribbed, shining.
FIs. & Frts.: January - M a y .
Illiis .: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1856. 1852.
D istrib.-. Frequent at the edges o f the ghat forests running over trees.
Selected Specimens: Biroba Rai, Otur range, Junnar, Jadhav 180775; Lonavala, Maval,
Jadhav 174210.
139. LORANTHACEAE la. Flowers with bracts & bracteoles; a pair o f bracteoles
present within bracts 4. MACROSOLEN lb. Flowers with only bracts; bracteoles absent 2
2a. Bracts forming a large, 2-3 cm long, campanulate
involucre 7. TOLYPANTHES
2b. Bracts solitary, not forming an involucre except in
Dendrophthoe trigona forming a small cup below the ovary 3
3a. Corolla 4-cleft 4
3b. Corolla 5-cleft 5
4a. Petals free; fruits ovoid 3. HELIXANTHERA
4b. Petals fused; fruits pyriform 5. SCURRULA
5a. Corolla lobes longer than tube, spirally coiled 2. HELICANTHES
5b. Corolla lobes shorter than tube, not spirally coiled 6
680 6a. Leaves less than 5 cm long, cuneate at base; flowers
irregular 6. TAXILLUS
6b. Leaves more than 5 cm (7-17 cm) long, not cuneate
at base; flowers regular 1. DENDROPHTHOE
1. DENDROPHTHOE M a rt,
la. Flowers 3-4 cm long without bracteoles or
invo lucral cup 1. D. fa lc a ta
lb. Flowers c 2 cm long, with the bracts and bracteoles
forming a shallow, oblique cup 2. D. trig o na
Dendrophthoe falcata (L ./ ) Etting in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss. Math. Naturw.
Cl. 32: 52, 58, t. 13, f 14.1872; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot.
2: 838. 2001. Lorauthus falcatiis L. / , Suppl. 211. 1781. L. longiflortis Desr. in Lam.,
Encycl. 3: 498.1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 42.l967(Repr.yBandgur. Photo: PI. 27.D
Stem parasite, bushy, perennials; branches dichotomous, woody. Leaves 4-14 x 2-6 cm,
broad, elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, subsessile, with usually reddish
midrib. Flowers in axillary racemes; corolla tube falcate red; lobes linear, reflexed, green
or yellowish. Berries ovoid-oblong, pinkish or reddish, edible.
FIs. & Frts.: September - May.
Ulus. -. K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 616. 1982.
D is trib .: Common on trees like Mango, Term inalia sp., D a lb e rg ia sp., etc.
Selected Specimens: V e lh e , Jadhav 170807; Khanapur, Haveli, A n sa ri 88046; Vandra,
Khed, Janardhanan 76143.
2. Dendrophthoe trigona (Wight & Am .) Danser ex Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16
(1); 163.1953; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 840. 2001.
Loranthus trigonus Wight & Am., Prodr. 386. 1834; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 43.
1967(Repr.). ^B andgul’.
Stem parasites, robust, woody; branchlets triangular. Leaves large, 5-15 cm long,
orbicular-ovate or elliptic, thickly coriaceous, opposite or 3 in whorls. Flowers in axillary
or lateral short racemes; corolla-tube half pinkish-red and half greenish, dilated below the
middle, straight; lobes greenish. Berries ellipsoid, reddish.
FIs. & Frts.: D ecem ber - A p ril.
Illu s . : Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 416, f 477. 1911.
681 D is trib .: Occasional. On trees like F icus spp., Terminalia cremilata, etc. in higher ghat forests.
Selected Specimens: Dhak Killa range, Junnar, H em adri 104437; Dongerwadi, Ambavane
M u lsh i, R eddi 97635, Ambavane forest, Mulshi, R eddi 97679.
2. HELICANTHES Danser
Helicanthes elastica (Desr.) Danser in Verb. Konink. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam 29(6):
55.1933; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 235. 1967 (Rev. ed.); A.N. Londhe in
N.P. Singh et at., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:841. 2001. Loanthus elasticus Desr. in Lam.,
Encycl. 3: 599.1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 41.1967 (Repr.). Photo: PL 2 8 .E
Stem parasites, woody; branches terete, pendulous with much swollen joints. Leaves opposite, 5-10 X 2-4 cm long, elliptic, obtuse, coriaceous, glaucous beneath. Flowers 2-3 cm long, sessile, in fascicles at nodes; calyx cup red, corolla-tube white below and green above; stamens red. Berries globose, green to red.
FIs. & Frts.: October - January.
Ilhis.-. K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 617. 1982.
D is trib .: Scarce in higher ghats usually on Memecylon umbellatum &Xantolis tomentosa trees towards forest edges.
Selected Specimens'. Kotak Mai, Vandra, Khed, Janardhanan 76161; Bhimashankar,
Choura hill, Janardhanan 81719; Maluste forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93218.
3. HELIXANTHERA Lour.
la. Flowers c 0.5 cm long 2. H. wallichicma
lb. Flowers 1-2 cm long 1. F. obtusata
1. Helixanthera obtusata (Schult.) Danser in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz 3, 10; 317.1929;
Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 236. 1967 (Rev. ed.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:842. 2001. Loranthus obtusatus Schult., Syst. 7(2):
1650.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 39.1967 (Repr.). Photo: PI. 2 8 .F
Stem parasites, stout. Leaves broadly ovate or elliptic, coriaceous. Flowers red at base and apex, green in between, 1-2 cm long, in axillary, many flowered racemes; racemes solitary or 2-3 together. Berries ovoid, truncate at apex.
Note: Santapau, op. cit. included it in the Flora o f Khandala, based on Hallberg.
682 2. Helixanthera wallichiana (Schult.) Danser in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz 3, 10: 317. 1929;
A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 842. 2001. L o n in th iis wallichiamis Schult., Syst. Veg. 7; 100.1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 39.1967 (Repr.).
Woody stem parasite. Leaves elliptic ovate, coriaceous.Flowers red.
FIs. & Frts.: March-July.
Illus.-. Wight, Ic. T. 143.1839 ( Loranthiis wallichinus).
Distrib.-.Occasional stem parasite in forests. Included based on A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l., op.cit.
4. MACROSOLEN (Blume,) Reich.
Macrosolen capitellatus (Wight & Arn.) Danser in Blumea 2: 36.1936; A.N. Londhe in
N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 843. 2001. Loranthiis capitellatus W ig h t &
Am., Prodr. 382. 1834; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 44.1967 (Repr.).
'B a n d g itl ’.Photo: PI. 28.B
Stem parasite, undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves 5-11 x 2-4 cm, ovate-lanceolate or ovate, long acuminate at apex and decurrent in to petiole at base. Flowers whitish-pink, 2-4 together in umbels on short peduncles in opposite leaf-axils. Berries c 6 mm long, globose- ovoid.
FIs. & Frts.: April - May.
Illu s . -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 304.1840 {Loranthiis capitellatus).
D is trib .: Rare on Terminalia crenulata&Magnifera indica trees in Maval.
Selected Specimens-. Kune forest, Maval, Ryan 1864; Sakar Pathar, Lonavala, Maval,
Gammie 15202.
5. SCURULLA L.
Scurulla parasitica L., Sp. PI. 110.1753; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l, FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:843. 2001. Scurulla philippensis (Cham. & Schlecht.) G. Don, Gen.
Hist. 3: 442. 1834. Loranthiis scurnila (L.) L., Sp. PI. (ed. 2), 472.1762; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 40.1967 (Repr.). "B ito o n g li’.
Stem parasites, shrubby; branches terete, much lenticellate; young parts rusty tomentose. Leaves 3-12 x 2-5, broadly elliptic or ovate, rusty-tomentose beneath. Flowers rusty-tomentose, greenish-yellow, 1.5-2 cm long, slender, in axillary fascicles. Berris pyriform, tomentose.
FIs. & Frts. -. September - December.
Ulus.-. K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 618. 1982.
683 D is trib .: Occasional on trees like Palas, Asana, Avala, Pimpal, etc. in outskirts of the
forests in ghats. Khed, Mulshi, Purandhar, Maval.
Selected Specimens: Kotri forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93379; Bhovargiri, Khed,
Janardhanan 7 0208.
6. TAXILLUS van Tiegh.
Taxillus cuneatus (Roth) Danser in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz 3, 10: 354.1929; A.N. Londhe
in N.P. Singh et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:844, f p.845. 2001. Loranthus cuneatus
Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 193.1821; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 42. 1967 (Repr.).
Bcmdgid: Jalandar .
Stem parasite, shrubby or bushy; branches lenticellate, 0.5-1 m long. Leaves 2.4- 4 x 1 -
3.3 cm, obovate, cuneate. Flowers green; 2-3 cm long, 2-5 in axillary, pedunculate fascicles; stigma dark red. Berries 5-10 mm long ovoid-oblong.
FIs. & Frts.: September - May.
U lus.: A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh, et al., op. cit.
D istrib.-. Common along with Viscum angulatum on trees like species o f Flacourtia, Kydia,
Olea,Eujenia, etc.
Selected Specimens: Ralegaon hill range, Junanr, H en ia dri 107307; Sitabai dara, Donje,
A n sa ri 104705; Sakarpathar, Maval, Gammie 15193 & 16330.
N ote: Obovate-cuneate leaves distinguish it from other Loranthaceae members.
7. TOLYPANTHUS B lum e
Tylopanthus iagenifer (Wight) van Tiegh. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 42: 249.1895
{"lageniferus'y, Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 237. 1967 (Rev. ed.); A.N.
Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:846. 2001. Loranthus lagenifenis
Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 306.1840; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 44.1967 (Repr.).
"B a n dg u r.
Stem parasites, shrubby and woody, branches with large lenticels. Leaves 3-11 x 2-7.5 cm, ovate or sometimes elliptic and suborbicular, glabrous. Flowers 2.5-3 cm long, in
fascicles in common involucre on naked branches; involucre campanulate, reddish; corolla
tube reddish.
FIs. &Frts.: June - November.
U lus.: W ig h t, op. cz7.
D is trib .: Occasional in ghat forests on trees like G arcinia sp., Olea sp., X an to lis sp., etc.
Selected Specimens: Wagjoi forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 94368; Saltar forest,
Ambavane Mulshi, R eddi 99068; Khandala, Maval, Garade s.n.
684 Note: Easily distinguishable from other Loranthaceae members due to its red, large (c 2 x
2 cm) involucre.
140. VISCACEAE
VISCUM L.
la. Branches leafy (rarely leafless in V. capitellatiiin)',
berries oblong or ovoid-oblong 2
lb. Branches leafless; berries globose 3
2a. Leaves exceeding 3 cm long, obliquely ovate or falcate 4. V. monoiciim
2b. Leaves 0.5-2.5 cm long, obovate-spathulate or suborbicular 3. V. capitellatiim
3a. Intemodes flattened, nodes contracted 2. V. articiilatum
3b. Intemodes terete or 4-angled, neither swollen nor contracted LV. angulatiim
1. Viscum angulatum Heyne ex DC., Prodr. 4; 283. 830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 47.
1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 238. 1967 (Rev. ed.); A.N. Londhe
inN.P. Singh et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:847. 2001. 'Jaliindar .
Stem parasites, pendulus, leafless, yellowish; intemodes angular. Flowers green,
slender, c 1 cm long, in fascicles at nodes. Berries 1 -2 mm across, globose or ovoid.
FIs. & Frts.: M a y - October.
Ilhts.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1017. 1845.
D is trib .: Common throughout on trees iikeAtyan, Karap, Hirda, aliv, etc.
Selected Specimens: Ghusalgaon, near Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav 174208; Biroba Deorai,
Kopare-Mandve, Junnar, Jadhav 180769.
2. Viscum articulatum Burm. / , FI. Ind. 311.1768; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 47.1967
(Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 847. 2001. V.
nepalense Spreng., Syst. Cur. Post. 4(2): 47.1827; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1):
238. 1967 (Rev. ed.).
la. Fmits echinate or warty var. thelocarpum
lb. Fmits smooth, not echinate var. articulatum
var. articulatum
Stem parasites, shmbby, pendulous, di- or tri-chotomously branched; subsequent
branches articulate; intemodes distinctly flattened, narrow at base, broader at apex. Leaves
685 scaly, minute, early caducous. Flowers minute in fascicles at nodes. Berries c 4 mm across,
globose.
FIs. & Frts.: February - A p ril.
Illu s .: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 423, f. 482. 1911.
D is trib .: Scarce. Haveli.
Selected Specimens: Katraj ghat, Haveli, P u ri 120.
var. thelocarpum (Danser) Seshagiri Rao in J. Ind. Bot. Soc. 36: 133,1957. V. nepaiilense
var. thelocarpum Danser in Blumea 4: 289, 1941.
FIs. & Frts.; August - March.
D istrib.-. Occasional on trees like Ain, Dhcmada, etc. in Khed, Mulshi, Maval.
Selected Specimens: Shamboo reserved forest, Bibi, Khed, Janardhan 66107 & 72478;
Paud, Mulshi, Jain 8254; Khandala, over bridge Maval, Rolla 77700.
3. Viscum'capitellatum Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 37:18. 1819; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 47.
1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:849. 2001.
Stem parasites, shrubby, dwarf; branches 5-10 cm long. Leaves 0.6-2 x 0.6-1 cm,
obovate-spathulate or suborbicular, cuneate at base, fleshy, somewhat concave. Flowers
sessile, 3-4 together. Berries c 5 mm long, ovoid-oblong.
FIs. & F rts .: March - April.
D is trib .: Very rare, Haveli & Maval [Khandala (Santapau, 1967.)].
Selected Specimens: Katraj ghat, Haveli, Gammie 15218.
Note: An interesting stem parasite on other stem parasites like L orantlm s sp. It form s a
clump on stems o f host. Attachment point is a prominent swelling like cancer.
4. Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 4:273. 1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 46.
1967 (Repr.); Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 239. 1967 (Rev. ed.); A.N. Londhe
in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:849. 2001.
Stem parasites, herbaceous, pendulous, leafy. Leaves obliquely ovate or lanceolate,
falcate. Flowers minute, greenish in axillary fascicles.
FIs. & Frts.: February - M a y .
Note: Santapau, op. cit. reported it from Khandala based on his observations without
collection.
686 Selected Specimens'. Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhanan 76569.
2. POLYPLEURUM (Tayl. ex Tul.)Warming
Polupleurum stylosum (Wight) Hall in Kew Bull. 26: 131. 1971; C.R. Jadhav in N.P.
Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 812. 2001. Dicraeia stylosa Wight, Icon. PL Ind.
Orient, t . 1917, f. 2. 1852. Podostemon stylosum (Wight) Benth. ex H ook./., FI. Brit. India
5: 64. 1886.
Herbs, submerged with a habit of sea-weeds {Fiicus)-, thallus broad, freely branched, creeping or floating from an attached base. Secondary shoots, marginal with solitary, zygomorphic, naked flowers, with scaly bracts and involucre o f imbricate leaves. Capsules
6-ribbed, many seeded.
FIs. & Frts.: October-November.
Illits .: W ig h t, op. cit.
D is trib . : Rare. Attached to rocks in river Bhima, associated with Cladopus hookeriamis.
Khed.
Selected Specimens: Wadi of Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhanan 76569-A; in river near
Amboli on way to Darya ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 176834.
3. ZEYLANIDIUM (Tul.) Engl, la. Thallus filiform, partly appressed to rocks; leaves
exceeding 4 cm long 2. Z. siibulatiim lb. Thallus crustaceous, rarely ribbon like, entirely
appressed to rocks; leaves not exceeding 4 cm long 1. Z. lichenoides
1. Zelanidium lichenoides (Kurz) Engl., Nat. Pflanzenfam. 18a: 61.1928 (2 nd ed.); Subr.,
Aquat. Ang. 49.1962; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:813.
2001. Hydrobriumlichenoides Kurz in J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 42(2): 103.1873; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 14.1967 (Repr.). Podostemon microcarpum Wedd. in DC., Prodr. 17:76. 1873.
Herbs, tiny, aquatic, with flabelliform thallus. Leaves up to 3 cm long, linear with spathaceous base. Flowers solitary, zygomorphic naked; stamens 1-2, monoadalphus with
1-2 staminodes. Capsules ellipsoid, 2-valved. Seeds very minute, numerous.
FIs. & Frts.: September - October.
D istrib.-. Rare. On rocks along shallow water margins of Mina river, associated with
Dalzellia ceyulanica. Jurmar.
Selected Specimens'. Between Inglun & Bhivade Khurd, Jvmnar, H em adri 104461, 107397.
Note: During dry season, dried thallus leaves lichen-like, white imprint on exposed rocks.
667 BALANOPHORA J R & J.G. Forst la. Inflorescence with both male and female flowers 1. B. abbreviate lb. Inflorescence with either male or female flowers only 2. B. fiingosa ssp. Im lic a
1. Balanophora abbreviata Blume, Enum. PI. Jar. 1: 87.1827; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 851. 2001. Acroblastiim ambavanense Reddi in Willdenowia
5(3): 389-393. 1969.
Root parasites, leafless, fleshy, with tuberous root-stock. Scapes many, cylindrical, 10-
20 cm high with 2-6 spathaceous scales, creamy-yellow turning brownish-purple. Flowers monoecious on the same scape in ellipsoid-ovoid heads, 1.4-3 x 1-2 cm; spadices 7 mm long, pyriform.
FIs. & Frts.: October. lU iis.'. R eddi, o;?. c77.
D is trib . : Rare on roots of Pimpal, Kai-\’aiui & Karavi. Junnar & Mulshi.
2. Balanophora fungosa Forst. & Forst. /! ssp. indica (Am.) B. Hans., Densk. Botanik
Ark. 28: 100, ff 20, 21.1972; Moorthy in N.P. Singh et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 851.
2001. Langsdorfjia imlica Arn, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 2: 37. 1838. Balanophora indica (A m .)
Wall, ex G riff in Trans. Lima. Soc. London 20: 95. 846; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 52.
1967(Repr.).
Root parasites with tuberous rhizome, pale brown. Leaves scaly. Flowers in heads; heads o f male flowers dull red to dark brown; heads of female flowers velvety, purplish to dark brown, densely covered with minute flowers. Fmits minute, cmstaceous.
FIs. & F rts .: October - November.
Illu s .: K.M . Matthew, IIIus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 623. 1982.
D is trib . -. On roots of Carissa carandas. Khandala (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
143. EUPHORBIACEAE la. Flowers arranged in cyathia consisting calyx like
involucre; perianth absent 11. EUPHORBIA lb. Flowers not arranged in cyathia; perianth present 2
2a. Twiners or climbers, with stinging hairs 22. TRAGIA
2b. Plants not as above 3
3a. Male flowers solitary or in axillary fascicles 4
688 3b. Male flowers in axillary spikes, racemes, corymbose
cymes or panicles 12
4a. Herbs or shrubs 5
4b. Trees 7
5a. Plants dioecious; pistillodes present in male flowers;
capsules white on ripening 13. FLUEGGEA
5b. Plants monoecious; pistillodes absent in male
flowers; capsules not white on ripening
6a. Disk glandular; fruits without accrescent tepals 20. PHYLLANTHUS
6b. Disk absent; fruits with accrescent tepals 4. BREYNIA
7a. Plants dioecious; leaves peltate; anthers 4-celled 18. MACARANGA
7b. Plants monoecious; leaves not peltate; anthers
2-celled
8a. Petals present 9
8b. Petals absent 10
9a. Stamens 5; ovary with 2 ovules per cell; fruit a drupe 5. BRIDELIA
9b. Stamens 10-14; ovary with 1 ovule per cell; fhiit a
capsule 9. DIMORPHOCALYX
10a. Fruit a drupe 11
10b. Fruit a capsule 15. GLOCHIDION
1 la. Styles 3, recurved; fhiits ellipsoid, not angular 21. PUTRANJIVA
1 lb. Styles absent; fhaits obovoid, 3-angled 10. DRYPETES
12a. Herbs or undershrubs 13
12b. Shrubs or trees 15
13a. Petals present 14
13b. Petals absent 1. A C A L Y P H A
14a. Inflorescence axillary; stamens erect in bud 6. CHROZOPHORA
14b. Inflorescence terminal or in bifurcation o f stems;
stamens incurved in bud 8. C R O T O N
15a. Petals present 16
15b. Petals absent 18
16a. Trees 14. GIVOTIA
16b. Herbs, unershrubs or shrubs 17
17a. Leaves small, up to5 cm long, lanceolate or
689 elliptic-lanceolate; flowers in racemes 8. C R O T O N
17b. Leaves large 9-18 cm long, broadly ovate; flowers
in corymbose cymes 17. JATROPHA
18a. Stamens 2-4 19
18b. Stamens many 20
19a. Leaves 5-12 cm long; petioles eglandular; disk present;
Suit a drupe 2. ANTIDESMA
19b. Leaves 12-25 cm long; petioles with 2 prominent glands
at apex; disk absent; fruit a capsule 12. FALCONERIA
20a. Plants dioecious 21
20b. Plants monoecious 23
21a. Filaments connate into bundles or repeatedly
branching 16. HOMONOIA
21b. Filaments free 22
22a. Plants evergreen; ovary lobed, glandular;
fruit a capsule 19. MALLOTUS
22b. Plants deciduous; ovary unlobed, eglandular;
fruit a drupe 23. TREWIA
23a. Shrubs; capsules obovoid, less than 1.5 cm across 3. BALIOSPERMUM
23b. Trees; capsules globose, 2-2.5 cm across 7. CLEIDION
1. ACALYPHA L. la. Spikes elongate, more than 2.5 cm long 3. A. indica lb. Spikes less than 2.5 cm long 2
2a. Bracts o f female flowers fimbriate 2. A. ciliata
2b. Bracts 3-lobed or with gland tipped hairs, not fmibriate 3
3a. Bracts 3-lobed; capsules hispid 1. A. brachystachya
3b. Bracts not lobed, bordered with gland-tipped hairs;
capsules glabrous or nearly so 4. A. malabarica
1. Acaiypha brachystachya Homem., Cat. Hort. Hafn. Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol.992.
1809; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 108.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 855. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. in India 124.2007.
Herbs, armual, erect, 15-35 cm high. Leaves long petioled, ovate-cordate, base cordate at base acute-acuminate at apex, crenate-serrate along margins, sparsely hairy on both the
690 surfaces. Spikes androgynous, axillary, sessile up to 1.2 cm long. Male flowers on apex o f spikes; female flowers 2-3 per bract. Bracts with 3 strap like lobes. Capsules concealed by bracts. Seeds reddish-brown, ovoid.
Fh. & Frts.: August - September.
Illits.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 624. 1982 & FI. Tamilnadu
Carnatic 3(2): 1407, pi. 103b. 1983.
Distrib.: Very rare. As an undergrowth on slopes along ravines. Junnar, Purandhar
(Santapau, 1958).
Selected Specimens'. Malvandara forest, near Bhivade, Junnar, H e m a d r i 118011.
2. Acalypha ciliata Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 162. 1775; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 109.
1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 855. 2001; N.P.
Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 125.2007.
Herbs, annual, erect, 30-60 cm high; branches pubescent, striate. Leaves glandular, ovate-lanceolate, rounded-cuneate, crenate-serrate. Flowers in androgynous spikes: female flowers crowded at base; bracts covering female flowers with several fimbriate hispid tooths; male flowers at the top of the spike with fme, slender pedicels. Capsule concealed by bracts, glabrous, twisted after dehiscence.
FIs. & Frts.: August - December.
Illus. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 537. 1988.
Distrib.: Common along roadsides, cultivated fields, on hill slopes and tops in grasses.
Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Pune J a d h a v 180670; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Rolla
83569; Sinhagad hill range, Haveli, Ansari 99815.
3. Acalypha indica L., Sp. PI. 1003.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 108.1967 (Repr.);
A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al. FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 856. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T.
Chakrab., Euphorb. India 125.2007. "Khokali’.
Herbs, annual, erect 40-50 cm high. Leaves ovate-rhomboid, cuneate, acute-subobtuse, crenate-serrate. Flowers in axillary androgynous spikes; males few, minute, towards the end of spikes; female several at the base of spikes; bracts concealing the capsule.
Infruitescence up to 6 cm long. Capsule hispid.
FIs. & Frts.: June - November.
Ilhis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 877.1844-1845.
Distrib.: Common as a weed in cultivated fields, gardens, etc.
691 Note: Leaves are said to be ssed externally for scabies and eczema.
Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Pune, J a d h a v 180669; Parvati hill, Pune, Subramanian
64517.
4. Acalypha malabarica Muell.-Arg. in Linneae 34: 42. 1865-1866; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 109. 1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot.2;
856, f. p.857. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 125.2007.
'Khapar-kimti '.
Herbs, annual, erect, 15-40 cm high. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, subacute at apex. Flowers in axillary androgynous spikes: males few, minute, towards the end of spikes; females several at the base o f spikes; bracts concealing the capsule. Capsule nearly glabrous.
FIs. & Frts.: August - December.
Illus.-. A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh, et ai, op. cit.
Distrib. -. Less common in eastern parts of the district in open situations. In hedges, along road sides, on human inhabited hill tops, etc. Daund, Indapur, Shirur Purandhar, Haveli,
Khed, Junnar.
Selected Specimens'. Daund, Jain 6148; Kondapuri, Shirur, J a n a r d h a n 98841; Katraj,
H a v e li, M a h a j a n 20539.
Note-. T. Cooke, op. cit. considered this species under the group with bracts not concealing the capsules. But in most of the specimens in herbarium bracts are seen concealing the capsule. It is endemic to India.
2. ANTIDESMA L. la. Leaves pubescent or tomentose; stamens 4-7; ovary
pubescent 2. A. ghaesembilla lb. Leaves glabrous; stamens 2; ovary glabrous 1. A. a c i d u m
1. Antidesma acidum Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 30.1788; T. Chakrab. & M. Gang, in J. Econ.
Taxon. Bot. 24: 8, f 1. 2000; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:
859. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 303.2007. A. diandnim (R o xb.)
Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 369. 1821; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 90. 1967(Repr.).
Large shrubs; young parts usually glabrous. Leaves obovate-elliptic. Flowers greenish- yellow, minute, in terminal racemes. Drupes purplish-red, slightly compressed with terminal styles.
692 FIs. & Frts.: June - August.
Note: It is reported by Santapau in FI. Khandala after Blatter’s collection. In BSI herbarium, there is only one sheet collected by R.K. Bhide (871) on 30-08-1902 from
Khandala to Khopoli. I have not seen this species from anywhere in Pune district.
2. Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 189, t. 39, f. 5.1788 {sphalm.
Ghesaembilla); T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 89.1967 (Repr.); T. Chakrab. & M. Gang, in J.
Econ. Taxon. Bot. 24:17. f. 5. 2000; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra,
Dicot. 2: 859. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 305.2007.
Small, deciduous trees; branchlets pubescent or fulvous tomentose. Flowers sessile, in slender paniculate spikes. Fruits subglobose, reddish-purple.
FIs. & Frts.: April - September.
Note: It is included based on A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh, et al, op. cit., w hich is probably based on a few old specimens in herbarium. But, these specimens were collected from
College garden, Pune, indicating the introduction of the species in Pune. Hence, occurrence o f this species in wild, in the district is doubtfiil.
3. BALIOSPERMUM Blume
Baliospermutn solanifolium (J. Burm.) C.R. Suresh in Nicolson et al. Interpr van
Rheede’s Hort Malab. 106.1988; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 199.2007.
Croton solanifoliiis J. Burm., FI. Malab. 6.1769. Jatropha montana Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 563.
1805. B a l i o s p e r m u m axillare Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 604. 1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay
3: 106.1967 (Repr.). Baliospermum montamim (W illd.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2):
1125.1866; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh etal, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 862.2001.
'Danti, J a m a l g o t a \
Undershrubs, stout, monoecious. Leaves variable, upper smaller, lanceolate, lower large, ovate, 3-5 lobed with 2 glands at base, sinuate-toothed. Flowers in axillary, androgynous racemes or in condensed panicles. Fruits c 1 cm long, obovoid, pale yellow, hairy. Seeds ellipsoid, smooth, mottled.
FIs. & Frts.: September - April.
Ulus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1885.1852 {Baliospermum polyandnim W ig h t).
Distrib.: Semi-evergreen forests. Junnar.
Selected Specimens: Jurmar, Talbot 4799.
Note-. Some times grown probably for its roots and seeds which are said to be useful in
Ayurvedic medicines.
693 4. B R EYN IA J.R.& J.G.A. Forst, nom. cons.
Breynia retusa (Deimst.) Alston in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. (Peradeniya) 11: 204.1929; T.
Chakrab. & M . Gang, in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 20: 505, f. 3 A-E.1996; A.N. Londhe in N.P.
Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 863. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb.
India 340.2007. Phyllanthus retusus Dennst., Schluss. Hort. Malab. 31. 1818. Breynia patens (Roxb.) Rolfe in J. Bot. 11; 359.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 79.1967 (Repr.).
"Kangli, Retitnd '.
Shrubs, 1-2 m tall; branches zig-zag, quadrangular. Leaves up to 4 x 2 cm, elliptic, elliptic-oblong or suborbicular, obtuse or retuse; glabrous, glaucous beneath. Flowers 1-3 in axillary fascicles: male flowers greenish turning yellow at maturity; female flowers greenish. Fruits depressed globose, at the base of persistent enlarged coloured calyx, orange-red when ripe. Seeds 3-quetrous.
FIs. & Frts.; A p ril - September.
Illus. : K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 628. 1982.
Distrib.: Commonly found in outskirts o f the forests, on rocky hill slopes, occasionally in undergrowth o f deciduous forests.
Selected Specimens: Forests on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, J a d h a v 193109(live plant, introduced & growing in BSI Camous Garden); Arvi, Haveh, Ansari 99970; Hill slopes near Bhushi village, Lonavala, Maval, R ed d i 97947; Tuljadevi caves, Junnar, H e m a d r i
99564.
5. BRIDELIA Willd. la. Scandent shrubs; flowers monoecious 2. B. stipularis lb. Erect shrubs to small trees; flowers dioecious 1. B. retusa
1. Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss., Euphorb. Gen. Tent. 109, t. 7, f 22. 1824; Talbot, For. FI.
Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 435, f 488.1911; T. Chakrab. et al. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 26(2):
320. 2002; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 319.2007. Cliitia retusa L., Sp. PI.
1042. 1753( as 'Cluytia'). C. s q u a m o s a Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 2: 54.1786. Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 48.1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 68.1967 (Repr.); A.N.
Londhe in N.P. Singh, et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 865. 2001. Bridelia squamosa
(Lam.) Gehrm. in Eng. Bot. Jahrb. 41, Beibl. 95:30.1908; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh, et al., op. cit. f. p .867. 'Aasana, Ashind, Katak, Kutaki ’ .
Shrubs or trees, up to 12 m high, spinouswhen young; branchlets rusty pubescent.
Leaves 5-18 x 38 cm, ovate, elliptic or broadly oblong. Flowers greenish-yellow or
694 whitish, in axillary or subterminal spikes. Drupes c 0.8 cm across subglobose, with enlarged perianth at base, purplish-black and fleshy when ripe.
FIs. & Frts.: April - December.
Ulus.'. Santapau in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 50; 308, f. 2.1952; A.N. Londhe in N.P.
Singh, et ai, op. cit.
Distrib.: Common in deciduous forests in ghats; sometimes seen in scrub jungles.
Selected Specimens'. Malshej ghat, Junnar, J a d h a v 172771; Dharmandap, Hirdoshi, Bhor,
J a d h a v 175930; Anjanavale Deorai, Junnar, J a d h a v 175838; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari
87741.
Note: Bridelia retiisa&B. squamosa, in most of the floras, have been treated as distinct species, based on position of inflorescence. However, recently T. Chakraborty et al., op. cit. have merged these two ill-distinct species and the same is followed here. Timber is o f good quality and used for houses, agricultural implements, etc. Fruits are said to be edible.
2. Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 597. 1826; T. Cooke FI. Bombay 3:
68. 1967(Repr.); T. Chakrab. et al. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 26: 2, 324. 2002; N.P. Balakr.
& T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 320.2007. Cliitia stipularis L., Mant. PI. 127. 1767(as
"Cluytia). Bridelia scandens (Roxb.) Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 979. 1806; A.N. Londhe in N.P.
Singh, et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 866. 2001. 'Chikana'.
Straggler, scandent shrubs or woody climbers, spinous when young; younger branches brownish hairy. Leaves elliptic-oblong or obovate, margins shallowly crenate. Flowers monoecious in small, dense, axillary clusters or long spikes subtended by stipular hairy bracts. Drupes ellipsoid-oblong, seated on slightly enlarged calyx, black and juicy.
FIs. & Frts.: October - April.
Distrib.: Rare in thick ghat forests. Mulshi.
Selected Specimens: Forests on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, J a d h a v 193105.
6. C H R O Z O P H O R A A .L . Juss.
la. Prostrate or suberect herbs; leaves eglandular at base;
sepals o f fem ale flow ers linear 1. C. prostrata
lb. Erect herbs; leaves glandular at base; sepals o f female
flowers triangular 2. C. rottleri
695 1. Chrozophora prostrata Dalzell in Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 233.1861; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 105.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 866. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 166.2007.
Herbs, softly stellate hairy all over. Leaves broadly ovate-oblong or orbicular. Flowers yellowish, in few-flowered axillary and terminal racemes. Capsules c 6 mm across, trilobed-globose, densely woolly.
FIs. & Frts.: January - June.
Distrib.: Frequent in waste places, dried up water reservoirs, along road sides, etc.
Selected Specimens: Aptale Junnar, H e m a d r i 94377; Lonavala lake, Maval, Reddi 9 7701.
2. Chrozophora rottleri (Gies.) A. Juss., Euphorb. Gen. Tent. 28.1824; N.P. Balakr. in
BuU. Bot. Surv. India 15: 4.1973; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra,
Dicot. 2: 868. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 167.2007. Croton rottleri
Gies., Croton Monogr. 54. 1807. Chrozophora plicata Voigt, Hort. Sub. Calc. 156. 1846 n o n A. Juss. 1824; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 104.1967 (Repr.). 'Swyavarti'.
Herbs or undershrubs, 30-60 cm high, diffuse; branched, densely hispid or stellate- tomentose. Leaves highly variable, cauline, ovate-orbicular to oblong, stellately hairy on both the sides. Flowers greenish-yellow, in racemes. Capsule subglobose, stellately tomentose.
FIs. & Frts.: January - June.
Ulus. -. K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 630. 1982.
Distrib.; Common throughout in waste places, rubbish, in cultivated fields, dried up pools, etc.
Selected Specimens'. BSI Campus, J a d h a v 180664; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 18032.
7. CLEIDIO N Blume
Cleidion javanicum Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 613. 1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
116.1967 (Repr.); Airy Shaw in Kew Bull. 36: 279, f 3 D.1981;N.P. Balakr. & T.
Chakrab., Euphorb. India 134.2007. C. spiciflonimaiict n o n (Burm. /.) Merr., Interpr.
Rumph. Herb. Amboini 322. 1917; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra,
Dicot. 2: 868. 2001. 'Pouti, Ra d k u r e \
Trees, evergreen, 10-12 m tall, branched at top. Leaves 10-20 x 4-6 cm, elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, subentire. Male flowers in axillary racemes; female ones solitary on peduncles nearly double the length o f petioles. Capsules 2 lobed, each lobe c 1 cm across.
696 FIs. & Frts.: October - June.
Illus.: Bedd., FI. Sylv. t. 272. 1872 (C. spiciflontm).
Distrib.: Very rare in semi-evergreen forests on hill slopes and in valleys. Khed, Maval.
Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, R y a n 1773; Sakarpather hill slope facing
Tiger’s leap. Maval. R e ddi 97s779.
8. CROTON L.
la. Large shrubs; leaves glaucous or with silvery scales beneath;
capsules with reddish-brown stellate hairs and scales 2. C zeylanicus
lb. Erect herbs; leaves neither glaucous nor Silvery
beneath; capsules with warty outgrowths 1. C. bonplandianiis
1. Croton bonplandianus Baill. in Adansonia 4; 339.1863-4; T. Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.
in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 34: 31.(1992)1997; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:870. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 212.2007. C
sparsifloriis Morong in Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 7: 221. 1893.
Herbs, c 30 cm high, perennial, branched, hispid.Leaves 2-5 cm long, lanceolate,
crenate-serrate. Flowers greenish-yellow in terminal paniculate racemes; male flowers
towards top; female ones at base. Capsule c 0.5 cm long, oblong, triangular, stellate-hairy.
FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year.
Illus.-. K.M . Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 545. 1988.
Distrib.'. Common in waste lands, along roadsides in open situations.
Selected Specimens'. Pimpali, Baramati, J a d h a v 170837; Yerwada bridge, Pune, W a d h a w a
64307.
2. Croton zeylanicus Muell.-Arg. in Liimaea 34: 107.1865; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et
al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 871. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India
2 1 6 .2 0 0 7 . C. reticulatuss Heyne in Wall, ex Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 581.1866,
non Willd. 1805; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 96.1967 (Repr.).
Shrubs, 2-3 m tall; branchlets and petioles covered with ferruginous scales. Leaves 10-
1 8 x 3 -6 cm, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate with 2 stipular glands at base, glabrous above,
clothed with silvery scales below. Flowers in racemes: male flowers white. Capsules
ovoid-oblong, 3-lobed.
FIs. & Frts.'. October - April.
Illus. : T. Chakrab. & Balakr. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 34: 79, f. 16 (1992) 1997.
697 Distrib.: Rare in ravines. Khed, Maval, Mulshi.
Selected Specimens: Rai Jungle, Bhimashankar, Khed, J a n a r d h c m 81750; Ravine above
Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 101151; Katepani forest, Ambavane, Mulshi.
9. DIMORPHOCALYX Thw.
Dimorphocalyx glabellus Thw. var. lawianus (Hook. / ) T. Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr. in
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.( PI. Sci.) 100: 296, f. 4. 1990; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab.,
Euphorb. India 205.2007. D. lawianus H oo k./, FI. Brit. India 5: 404.1887; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 101.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:
872. 2001. Trigonostemon lawianus sec. Muell.-Arg.in Liinnaea 34; 212. 1865 & in DC.,
Prodr. 15(2): 1105. 1866 p.p. (non Croton lawianus Nirnrno 1839).
'Raivnl'.
Trees, 3-8 m high, branching from the base; bracnhes lenticellate. Leaves 5-15 x 3-6.5 cm, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, repand-dentate along margins. Flowers dioecious, creamy- white or white: males usually solitary on old wood; females solitary or 2-3 together.
Capsules c 1 cm across, depressed globose.
FIs. & Frts.: October - June.
Illiis.: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind, 2: 475, f 506. 1911 {Dimorphocalyx lawianus) .
Distrib. : Scarce in under storey o f dense semi-evergreen forests especially in Dev-raies.
Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, J a d h a v 177984, 193155; Janardhanan 69280;
Katepani forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, R e ddi 96029.
Note: It is endemic to Western ghats.
10. DRYPETES Vahl
Drypetes venusta (Wight) Pax & Hoffm. in Eng. Pflanzenr. iv. 147. xv; 268.1922; T.
Chakrab. et al. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 21: 277.1997; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 873. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 334.2007.
Astylis venusta Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient. 6: t. 1992. 1853. Hemicyclia venusta T h w . in
Kew J. Bot. 7: 272. 1855; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 87. 1967 (Repr.).
Evergreen trees, c 8 m tall; branches drooping. Leaves 7-12 x 3-5 cm elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, entire and recurved along margins. Flowers dioecious, in axillary clusters or solitary (female). Fruits c 2 x 1 cm, pubescent, long stalked.
FIs. & Frts.: N ovem ber - A p ril.
Illus.: W ig h t, op. cit.
Distrib.: Very rare in dense forests. Khed, Maval.
698 Selected Specimens: Sakarpathar hill slopes facing Tiger's leap, Lonawala, Maval, Reddi
97781.
Note: It is endemic to Western Ghats.
11. EUPHORBIA L
la. Plants geophytic; stem normally not developed
above the ground level; leaves in rosettes at the ground 6. E. fiisiformis
lb. Plants not geophytic; stem developed above the ground level;
Leaves distributed alog stems & branches 2
2a. Shrubs or small trees, succulent; leaves early caducous 3
2b. Herbs, not succulent; leaves persistant 5
3a. Plants unarmed 20. E. tinicalli
3b. Plants spiny 4
4a. Branches spirally twisted; capsules acutely keeled 13. E. nenfolia
4b. Branches straight; capsules obtusely keeled 1. E. anticorum
5a. Stipules present, interpetiolar; involucral glands with
petaloid limbs though often small 6
5b. Stipules absent, if present never interpetiolar;
involucral glands without petaloid limbs 17
6a. Limbs of the glands indistinct or the same size as the glands 7
6b. Limbs o f the glands distinct, little to much larger
than the glands 11
7a. Plants prostrate; only branches or tip o f branchesdecumbent;
cyathia 1 -3 together 8
7b. Plants erect, decumbent or ascending;
cyathia more than 3 in glomerule 10
8a. Stems & branches hispidly pubescent, pinkish-grey; capsule
remaining within involucre even after the maturity \9. E. thymifolia
8b. Stems, branches & leaves green, purplish-green or
blakish-green; capsule protruding from the involucre 9
9a. Stems, branches & leaves blakish or purplish-green;
capsules acutely keeled, hairy only on keels 15. E. prostrata
9b. Stems, branches & leaves green to glaucous-green; capsules
obtusely keeled, glabrous to sparsely hairy all over S.E. heyneana
699 10a. Intemodes ribbed; leaves often with pink or purple patch
in the middle; seeds 3-4 furrowed 9. E. h i m
10b. Intemodes terete, not ribbed; leaves without such patch
seeds smooth or 1-2 fiirrowed 10. E. indica
1 la. Floral leaves imbricate and concealing the cyathia 12
1 lb. Floral leaves neither imbricate nor concealing the cyathia 14
12a. Plants glabrous; limbs o f glands almost entire 16. E. pycnostegia
12b. Plants hairy; limbs o f glands laciniate or sinuate 13
13a. Root-stock woody; hmbs o f glands glabrous 12. E. laciniata
13b. Root-stock wiry; limbs o f glands hairy 4. E. elegans
14a. Stems prostrate (less than 10 cm long ) 2. E. coccinea
14b. Stems decumbent, ascending or erect (more than 10 cm long) 15
15a. Decumbent herbs; capsules acutely keeled,
hairy only along margins 18. E. sehastinei
15b. Erect herbs; capsules obtusely keeled,
glabrous to hairy all over 16
16a. Plants unbranchrd or once dichotomously branched;
leaves 2.5-5 cm long 11. £ . katrajensis
16b. Plants much branchrd; leaves 0.5- 2.5 cm long 5. E. erythroclada
17a. Leaves usually o f 3 types, stem leaves, ray leaves & floral
leaves; cyathia always arranged in pseudoumbels 18
17b. Leaves o f 2 types; cyathia arranged in
branched cymes 7. E. heterophylla
18a. Floral leaves broad & short, almost orbicular,
different from lower leaves 19
18b. A ll leaves almost equal in shape & size 2).E. dracunculoides
19a. Stem dark brown; stem leaves lanceolate;
ray leaves (bracts) free at base; glands with entire apex 17. E. rothiana
19b. Stem green; stem leaves linear; ray leaves (bracts)
cormate at base; glands with undulate apex 14. E. perbracteata
1. Euphorbia antiquorum L., Sp. PL 450.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 57.1967
(Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 876. 2001; Binojk. &
N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 274.2007.
700 Much branched, large shrubs; branches jointed, 3-5-winged; stipular spines in pairs.
Leaves long, obovate-oblong, early deciduous. Cyathia in lax cymes. Stamens red; style bifid at apex. Fruits 3-gonous with compressed cocci.
FIs. & Frts.; November - January.
Illiis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 897. 1844-45.
Distrib.: Frequent on steep hill slopes, especially on basaltic outcrops. Purandhar; Mulshi;
Malshej ghat, Junnar; Varandha ghat, Bhor.
2. Euphorbia coccinea Heyne ex Roth, Nov. Sp. PI. 228.1821; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
62.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 877. 2001;
Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 253.2007.
Herbs, prostrate, annual, 10-20 cm long; stems filiform, purple, villous. Leaves 5-8 x 2-
4 mm, obovate more or less hairy above, densely white pilose beneath. Involucres in axils o f terminal orbicular leaves. Flowers rosy-purple. Capsules minute, white-woolly.
FIs. & Frts.: July - December.
Distrib. '. Very rare on hill tops. Daund, Purandhar, Khed.
Selected Specimens'. Dive Ghat top, Purandhar, Rolla 86571 & 86586; Patas tank area,
Daund, Rolla 90545; Kharpudi hill, Khed, J a n a r d h a n 71822.
Endem ic.
3. Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam., Encycl. 2; 428.1788; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 59.
I967(Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 878. 2001;
Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 266.2007.
Herbs, annual, erect, c 30 cm high, dichotomously branched above. Leaves 2.5-5 x 0.3-
0.4 cm, sessile, glabrous. Floral leaves broader and short. Involucres yellow, campanulate.
Capsules c 3 mm across m globose, yellowish.
FIs. & Frts.: January.
Illiis.: Mahesh. Illus. FI. Delhi f 192.1966; Shukla in Mudgal, et al. FI. Madhya Pradesh
2: 548, f 90. 1997.
Distrib.: Very rare. Daund. Only one record from the district.
Selected Specimens: D aund, Bhi d e 1348.
701 4. Euphorbia elegans Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3; 794.1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 61.1967
(Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:878. 2001; Binojk. &
N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 254.2007.
Herbs, erect, annual. Leaves up to 1.5 x 1 cm, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, finely serrate.
Flowers pinkish-white, in hairy involucres. Involucres turbinate. Capsules hairy.
FIs. & Frts.: October.
Ilhts.-. K.M . Matthew, Fur, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 551. 1988.
Distrib. : Rare. Only one record from Purandhar. Also reported from Khandala based on
authority o f Blatter & Hallberg but without specimens.
Selected Specimens'. Purandhar, A u s a h 32654.
Note: Endemic to India.
5. Euphorbia erythroclada Boiss. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 25.1862; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay
3: 63.1967 (Repr.); Billore in Indian For. 95: 576.1969; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai,
FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 878. 2001; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T.
Chakrab., Euphorb. India 255.2007.
Herbs, erect, annual, c 30 cm high, reddish tinged. Leaves in distant opposite pairs,
obliquely-oblong or obovate or elliptic-oblong, serrulate along margins. Involucres
turbinate, solitary, axillary, red. Perianth white. Capsules depressed, red.
FIs. & Frts: September.
Illus. : B illo re , op. cit. 577, f. 1-5.
Distrib.: Occasional or scarce. Purandhar, Mulshi.
Selected Specimens: Purandhar, Bhide s.n.\ Ravine below Maluste on way to Mangaon,
Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 101110.
Endem ic.
6. Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal 62.1825; Santapau in
Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 3.1955; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot.
2: 880. f. p.871. 2001; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb.
India 279.2007. E. acaulis Roxb., FI. Ind. 2: 472.1824; T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 52.1967
(R ep r.). 'Shirad\
la. Leaves obovate, obtuse to rounded at apex; cyathial pedicels
short, up to 5 mm long; seeds globose var. khandallensis
702 lb. Leaves oblanceolate, acute to acuminate at apex;
cyathial pedicels usually long, up to 4.5 cm long;
seeds ovoid or oblongoid once dichotomous vax.fusiformis
var. fusiformis
Stems reduced to a stout cylindric underground rootstock, 15-20 cm long. Leaves all radical, obovate-oblanceolate, decurrent at base, obtuse or acute at apex at apex, fleshy, sometimes pink tinged or with red spots. Flowers pinkish, on long, pedunculate cymes from rootstock crown when leafless. Seeds ovoid, smooth.
FIs. & Frts.: March - May.
Illus.'. A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit.
Distrib.: On exposed hill slopes. Haveli, Junnar.
Selected Specimens: Ralegaon hill range, Junnar, H e m a d r i 107269.
Note: It was collected from Katraj ghat, Haveli in vegetative condition and was planted in pot. Survived for 2 years, but not flowered.
var. khandalensis (Blatter & Hallburg) Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T.
Chakrab., Euphorb. India 280.2007. Euphorbia khandalensis Blatter & Hallburg in J. Ind.
Bot. Soc. 2:48, f.3.1921; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 242. 1967 (Rev. ed.);
A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 881. 2001.
Stem reduced to a stout cylindric under ground rootstock. Leaves all radical. Involucres reddish, sometimes green. Inflorescence purphsh. Seeds perfectly spherical or globose.
FIs. & Frts.: January - May.
Distrib.: Khandala (Santapau op. cit.)\ HaveH.
Selected Specimens: Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 97507 (veg.) - Flowered in April, when planted.
Endem ic.
7. Euphorbia heterophylla L., Sp. PI. 453. 1753; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr.
& T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 278.2007. E. genictdata Ortega, Nov. Rar. PI. Matr. Decad.
18. 1797; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 66.1958; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 880. 2001. "Chikkali
Herbs, erect, annual, 25-50 cm high; stem hollow. Leaves broadly elliptic. Cyathia many in dense terminal clustered cymes. Capsule ovoid globose, 3-lobed.
FIs. & Frts.: August - October.
703 Distrib.: Common throughout especially in cultivated fields.
Selected Specimens'. Kalewadi, Pune, Jain 756; Law College hill, Pune, M a h a j a n 476.
Note: Native of Tropical America but very well naturahsed. It is very good fodder plant
in green condition.
8. Euphorbia heyneana Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 791.1826; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P.
Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 255.2007; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI.
Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 880. 2001. E. microphylla Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 229. 1821
non Lam. 1788; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 65.1967 (Repr.). E. bombaiensis Santapau in
Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 17. (1954)1955. ^Goncihcm'.
Herbs, prostrate, annual, 10-20 cm long, glabrous. Leaves 1-3 mm long, obliquely oblong or rounded, minute, trigonous, globose, keeled.
F/s. & Frts.: April - December.
Illiis.: K.M . Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 553. 1988.
Distrib. : Common in cultivated fields, gardens, on hill slopes, etc.
Selected Specimens: Pet village, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93347; Chakan, Khed, Rolla
39599; Sinhagad hill slopes, Haveli, Puri s.n.
9. Euphorbia hirta L., Sp. PI. 454.1753; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI.
Maharashtra, Dciot. 2; 880. 2001; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab.,
Euphorb. India 256.2007. E. piltdifera auct. pi. non L.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3;
64.1967 (Repr.). ' G o n d h a n .
Herbs, erect, perennial, 10-30 cm high, hairy. Leaves up to 3.5 x 1.5 cm, elliptic.
Cyathia many minute, in axillary fascicled cymes. Capsules minute, globose, hairy.
FIs. & Frts.: July - December.
Ulus.: Mahesh. Illus. FI. Delhi f. 193. 1966.
Distrib.: Very common along roadsides, in cultivated fields.
Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Singh \Q65^5, Jadhav 1 80666-A .
10. Euphorbia indica Lam., Encycl. 2: 423. 1788; V.S. Raju &P.N. Rao in Indian J. Bot
2; 205. 1979; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India
25 7 .2 0 0 7 . E. parvijloraaiict. no n L.1759; Roxb. FI. Ind.2; 473.1832; Santapau in Bull. Bot.
Soc. Bengal 8; 13.1954; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 883.
704 2001. E. hypericifolia L . var. parviflora Prain, Beng. PI. 2: 924. 1903; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 63.1967 (Repr.).
Herbs, erect, aiuiual; stem stouter, purplish, glabrous, 15-40 cm high. Leaves up to 3 x
1.5 cm, elliptic-oblong. Cyathia many in axillary and terminal, peduncled cymes.
Involucres with white or rarely pinkish-red pataloid limbs. Capsules minute, subglobose, hairy.
FIs. & Frts.; July - February.
Distrib.: Common throughout in and around cultivated fields.
Selected Specimens’. BSI Campus, J a d h a v 180666; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 97577.
11. Euphorbia katrajensis Gage in Kew Bull. 1914: 236.1914; Santapau in Bull. Bot.
Soc. Bengal 8: 14 1954; A.N. Londhe inN.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 881.
2001; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 258.2007.
Herbs, erect, annual, 30-60 cm high. Leaves 2.5-5 x 0.4-0.7 cm, oblong-elongate, serrate along margins. Cyathia axillary, solitary, petaloid, pinkish-white. Capsules 2-3 mm across. Seeds broadly ovoid-tetragonal.
FIs. & Frts.: September - November.
Distrib. -. Rare. Along the well exposed rocky hill slopes amongst grasses in dry deciduous forests.
Note: Strictly Endemic to Maharashtra, Pune Dist. (N.P. Balakr. in K.M. Matthew &
Sivadasan, 1998). Katraj, Pune is Type locality.
Selected Specimens: Sitabai dara from Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 99980; Katraj Hill, Haveli,
Kanitkar s.n. \ Sh e v a d e s.«.(Type material).
12. Euphorbia laciniata Panigr. in Kew Bull. 30: 531.1975; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 881. 2001; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T.
Chakrab., Euphorb. India 258.2007. E. fimbriata Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 227. 1821 n o n Scop.1788 nec Boiss.1862; Santapau in Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 12. 1954. E. cristata sensu H ook./, FI. Brit. India 5: 247.1887 p.p.quoad syn. non Heyne ex Roth, 1821.
Herbs, erect, diffuse; stems weak, 15-30 cm high, clothed with white hairs. Leaves 1-
1.5 cm long, ovate, finely serrate along margins. Involucre densely white villous; involucral glands-4; limbs whitish-pink, laciniate, clothed with long hairs. Cyathia solitary.
Capsules globose, villous.
FIs. & Frts.: October - January.
705 Illus. : Panigr. & Mitra in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 20: 167, f. 1-9 (1978) 1979.
Distrib.: Occasional on rocky hill slopes.
Note: Endemic to Maharashtra, Karnataka & Tamilnadu (Balakr. in K.M. Matthew &
Shivadasan, 1998).
Selected Specimens: Shivneri hill, Junnar, H e m a d r i 104336; Along Katraj-Shihagad Rd.,
H aveli, Ansari 8 8 0 0 1 , R y a n 268.
13. Eu^horbianerifolia L., Sp. PI. 451. 1753, p.p.\ T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
59.1967(Repr.); Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India
2 7 6 .2 0 0 7 . E. ligularia Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Lin. Soc. 14; 285. 1825; Roxb., FI.
Ind. 3: 465.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Pres. India 3: 58.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 882. 2001.
'Kcindi-Sabar, Sabar, Sabarkandi '.
Shrubs, succulent. Leaves obovate-oblong. Involucres red or pale yellow, 3-nate, forming small, cymes. Capsules 3-lobed, glabrous.
FIs. & Frts.: N ovem ber - A p ril.
Illus. -. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 433, f. 485. 1911 (£. ligularia).
Distrib.: Frequent on hill slopes in dry regions.
Selected Specimens: Sinhagad, Haveli, Rolla 67772; Khandala hills, Maval, Mukh e r j e e
52243; Bakadevi Ran, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 69606.
14. Euphorbia perbracteata Gage in Kew Bull. 1914: 238. 1914; Santapau in Bull. Bot.
Soc. Bengal 8: 10.1954; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 884.
2001; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 270.2007.
Herbs, erect, armual, 20-40 cm high. Leaves c 4 x 0.2 cm, linear, sessile. Cyathia umbellate; bracts foliaceous, broadly ovate. Involucre campanulate. Capsules c 0.5 cm long 3-lobed, glabrous.
FIs. & Frts.: December - April.
Distrib.: Scarce in rice fields. Maval.
Selected Specimens: Pune-Bombay Road, Maval, Jain 11858; Rice fields, Maval,
Kanitkar s.n.
Note: Endemic to India.
706 15. Euphorbia prostrata Ait. in Hort. Kew ed. 1, 2: 139. 1789; Airy Shaw in Kew Bull.
26(2): 266.1972; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 884. 2001;
Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 259.2007.
' G o n d h a n ' .
Herbs, prostrate, annual; stems c 20 cm long, with a line of hairs on the upper side.
Leaves minute, obhque. Cyathia 1-3, axillary, on short glabrous peduncles. Involucres campanulate, thinly pubescent, 5-lobed. Capsules acutely 3-angled, hairy on angles. Seeds quadrangular, reddish brown, transversely rugose.
FIs. & Frts.: Almost throughout the year.
Ilhts.-. Mahesh. Illus. FI. Delhi f. 194. 1966.
Distrib.; Common as a weed in cultivated fields and gardens. Junnar.
Selected Specimens: Forest R.H. near Hivare, Junnar, H e m a d r i 107027; in Kukadi river bed, Junnar, Ansari 8 1956.
Note: Closely resembles E. heyneana, but differing in the ciliate keel of the cocci. A native o f W . Africa and Mauritius, naturalised throughout.
16. Euphorbia pycnostegia Boiss., Cent. Euphorb. 9. 1860; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 60.
1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 884. 2001;
Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 259.2007.
la. Cocci keeled, capsules glabrous; seeds tuberculate var. pycnostegia lb. Cocci not keeled, capsules hairy; seeds not tuberculate var. zornioides
var. pycnostegia
Herbs, erect, elegant, dichotomously branched, annual, up to 40 cm high. Leaves 1.5-3
X 1-1.3 cm, oblong, entire to finely serrulate along margins. Involucres turbinate; lobes fimbriate, white, 2 large and 2 small limbs. Seeds with sinuous furrows or flattened tubercles, obtusely 4-angled.
FIs. & Frts.: September December.
Distrib.: Infrequent on open grassy hill slopes in ghat.
Selected Specimens: Dhak hill range, Junnar, H e m a d r i 107492; Kamshet, Maval, Puri
9103; Sinhagad, Haveli Patil 6099; Suvela machi, Rajgad, J a d h a v s.n.: Purandhar,
R a g h a v a n 117159.
It is endemic to Gujarat, Maharashtra & Karnataka.
707 var. zornioides (Boiss.) Santapau in Bull. Bot. Soc. Bengal 8: 11. 1954; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3; 60. 1954 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2;
886. 2001; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India
2 6 0 .2 0 0 7 . E. zornioides Boiss. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 19. 1862.
Herbs, erect, c 40 cm high, glabrous, branches, sometimes woody at base. Leaves 1-3 x
0.6-1.3 cm, ovate-oblong. Involucres with pinkish or white limbs. Seeds smooth, non- tuberculate.
FIs. & Frts.: September - January.
Distrib.: Occasional on open rocky plateaus.
Selected Specimens: Purandhar, R a g h a v c m 117159; Ralegaon hill range, Junnar, H e m a d r i
107314.
Note: Endemic to India.
17. Euphorbia rothiana Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 796.1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
59.1967 (Repr.); Binojk. &. N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India
2 7 0 .2 0 0 7 . E. laeta Heyne ex Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 230.1821 non Aiton 1789; A.N. Londhe in
N.P. Singhe/fl/., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 882. 2001. 'Dudhi'.
Herbs, erect, branched, annual, up to 1 m tall; stem cylindric, reddish-brwon tinged, densely leafy. Leaves 3-8 cm long, lanceolate. Flowers solitary, axillary, in umbellate crowns; bracts orbicular or broadly triangular-ovate, free. Capsules glabrous, 2-fid at base.
Seeds oblong.
FIs. & Frts.: September - December.
Ulus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1864. 1852 (E. laeta).
Distrib.: Occasional on high hill slopes.
Selected Specimens: Rayreshwar hill slopes, Bhor, J a d h a v 175981; Bhivade, Durga Killa,
Junnar, H e m a d r i 104228.
Note: Endemic to India.
18. Euphorbia sebastinei Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in Rheedea 3: 26, f. 27. 1993; A.N.
Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 885. 2001; Binojk. & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 260.2007.
Herbs, annual; stems with a thick rootstock. Leaves 5-10 x 3-5 nvm, crowded towards apex, oblong to elliptic-oblong, pubescent on both surfaces. Cyathia terminal solitary or
708 rarely 2; limbs o f glands white or pink. Capsules ovoid, acutely keeled, hairy on keels.
Seeds oblong, obtusely tetragonous.
FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year.
Illiis.: Binoj Kumar & Balakr., op. cit.
Distrib. -. Rare in moist gravely soil, at an altitude of 200-850 m. Pune (Binojk. & N.P,
Balakr. op. cit.).
Note-. Endemic to Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra & Uttar Pradesh.
19. Euphorbia thymifolia L., Sp. PI. 454. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 64. 1967
(Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 885. 2001; Binojk. &
N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 261.2007.
Herbs, prostrate, annual, pubescent. Leaves small 4-6 x 2-4 mm, obliquely oblong oi ovate, glabrous above, appressedly hairy beneath. Involucres axillary, hairy. Capsules ovoid, densely hairy. Seeds obtusely quadrangular, transversely rugose.
FIs. & Frts.: January - September. llhis.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 562. 1988.
Distrib. -. Frequent in moist places. Bhor, Haveli, Mulshi.
Selected Specimens: Kondhanpur, Haveli, Ansari 87792; Near Bhor dam, Bhor, Jain 551 &
572.
20. Euphorbia tirucalli L., Sp. PI. 452.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 66.1967 (Repr.);
A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 885. 2001; Binojk. & N.P.
Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 277.2007. ^Sher.
Shrubs or small trees with terete succulent, dichotomously branched branches with m ilky latex. Leaves deciduous, linear-oblong at the end o f branches. Cyathia in peduncled cymes.
FIs. & Frts. -. August - September. (A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al.op. cit.).
Illus.-. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 435, f 487. 1911.
Distrib.: Common, cultivated as well as naturalised in dryer parts o f the dist. A native ol
Tropical Africa, usually grown as hedge plant around houses as well as cultivated fields in rural areas.
Note-. Green branches are hung in houses in villages which work as an insect repellent.
12. FALCONERIA Royle
709 Flaconeria insignis Royie, Illus. Himal. Mts 354, t. 84a or 98, f. 2. 1839; Esser in Blumea
44; 162, f. 2. 1999; N.P. Balakx. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 335.2007. Sapiiim insigiie
(Royle) Kurz, For. FI. Brit. Burma 2; 412. 1877; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 622. 1906 [3:
121. 1967 (Repr.)] non Trim. 1885. Flaconeria malabarica Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t.
1866. 1852. Sapitim insigne Benth. var. malabaricitm (Wight) Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 5;
472.1888; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 902. 2001.
" H u m , Kirkiiid, Sirad'.
Trees, 3-5 m high, deciduous, with milky latex. Leaves clustered at the ends of branches, up to 30 cm long, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong-Ianceolate. Flowers monoecious, in unisexual, robust, terminal, pendulous spikes (up to 30 cm in fruiting). Capsules c 8 m m across, globose-ovoid.
FIs. & Frts.: January - April.
Illus.: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 92, f. 513. 1911 (S apium insigne).
Distrib.: Frequent along streams on hill slopes in deciduous forests.
Selected Specimens: Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 9 6 1 5 2 , G a m m i e 16281; Bhivade, Junnar,
H e m a d r i 104509 & 98165.
13. FLUEGGEA W illd la. Plants armed (with arestate branchlets); leaves less than
2.5 cm long; female flowersl-3 per glomerule; capsules white 1. F. leucopynis lb. Plants unarmed; leaves 2.5-7 cm long;
female flowers 3-10 per glomerule; capsules grey 2. F. virosa
1. Fluggea leucopynis Willd., Sp. PI. 4; 757.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 77.1967
(Repr.); N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 342.2007. Sectirinega leucopynis
(W illd.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 451.1866; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 903. 2001. 'Pandhar-phalW.
Rigid, bushy shrubs with straggling branches, 1-1.5 m tall; branchlets angular, slender, leafy, ending in sharp thorns. Leaves up to 2 x 1 cm, obovate, sometimes obcordate.
Flowers white. Fruits c 4 mm across, globose, white when ripe.
FIs.: More or less throughout the year.
Frts.: June-August.
Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1875.1852.
Distrib. -. Occasional along road sides and hill slopes in open scrubs.
Selected Specimens: Shivaneri hill, Juimar, H e m a d r i 9 4308.
710 Note: Ripe fhiits are edible but of inferior quality.
2. Fluggea virosa (Roxb. ex W illd.) Vogt, Hort. Suburb. Calcatta 152. 1845; N.P. Balakr.
& T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 342.2007. Phylkmthus virosiis Roxb. ex Willd., Sp. PI. 4:
578. \^05.Flitggea microcarpa Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 580. 1825; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 77. 1967(Repr.). Secitriengci virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Baill. in Adansonia 6:
34.1866; Londhe in Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 903. 2001.
'Kamiiti, Nilumbi, Poti '.
Shrubs, up to 3 m high, spreading, unarmed. Leaves 1.5-4.5 x 1-2 cm, elliptic or
obovate. Flowers greenish-yellow. Capsules c 4 mm across, globose, ripens white. Seeds
rounded on back, minutely punctate.
FIs. & Frts.: April - October.
Illiis.: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind. 2; 455, f 497. 1911; K.M. Matthew, Illus.
FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic t. 655. 1982.
Distrib. : Occasional along road sides in hilly regions.
Note: This plant was seen in marshy area along the margin o f Saltar Lake in Mulshi taluka,
but unfortunately, 1 could not collect it.
14. GIVOTIA G r if f
Givotia rottleriformis Griff in Calc. J. Nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 388. 1844; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 99. 1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2:
886. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 232.2007.
Shrubs or small trees; young parts fulvous tomentose. Leaves up to 18 cm across more or less as long as broad or slightly longer, broadly ovate, thick, stellate wooly pubescent beneath, petiole 5-15 cm long. Panicles lax, subterminal or axillary, pendulous. Flowers
dioecious. Drupes subglobose.
FIs. & Frts. : M a y .
Illus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1889. 1852.
Distrib.: Scarce in scrub jungles. Khed, Haveli, Muslhi.
Selected Specimens: Bowdhan, Mulshi, M a h a j a n 16655; Khed, Puri 3758; Manchar, Khed,
Rajgiirav 6249; Katraj, Haveli, Bhiwa s.n.&Gammie 15211.
16. GLOCHIDION J.R. & J.G.A. Forst., nom. cons.
la. Inflorescence supra-axillary and or pedunculate 2
lb. Inflorescence axillary and sessile 3
2a. Capsules glabrous, obscurely lobed 4. G. zeylanicum
711 2b. Capsules hoary, distinctly lobed 3. G. Icmceolarium
3a. Leaves sparely pilose on major nerves beneath;
female calyx cupular, campanulate or obconic
with 4-6 irregular lobes 2. G. hohenackeri
3b. Leaves glabrous; female calyx not as above,
comprising of 5(6), more or less free sepals . . . l.G. ellipticiim
1.Glochidoin ellipticum Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient. 5(2): t. 1906.1852; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 75.1967 (Repr.); T. Chakrab. & Gang, in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19(1): 199, f 12,
E-H.1995; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 887. 2001, p.p., excl. syn.-, N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 348.2007. ' B h o m a \
Shrubs or trees. Leaves up to 10 x 4 cm oblong, elliptic or oblong-elliptic or lanceolate- elliptic or subfalcate or obovate. Flowers unisexual; male flowers greenish-yellow with capillary pedicels; female flowers few, sessile-pedicellate in clusters. Capsules depressed,
(3-) 4{-6) -locular, puberulous to glabrous (dark brown, coppery, reddish-brown or black w hen dry).
FIs.: February - April.
Illiis.: W ig h t, op. cit. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 640.1982; T.
Clarkab. & Gang., op. cit.
Distrih.: In semi-evergreen forests in ghats.
Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, Chibber 67; Bhimashankar, Khed, J a d h a v 177963;
Ghusalgaon on way to Ambavane from Lonavala, J a d h a v 174204.
2. Glochidion hohenackeri (Muell.-Arg.) Bedd., For. Man. Bot. 193.1873; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 75.1967 (Repr.); T. Chakrab. & Gang, in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19(1): 208. f 1,
F-K. 1995; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 349.2007. Phyllanthus hohenackeri
Muell.-Arg. in Flora 48: 373. 1865 & in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 288.1866. ' B h o m a \
Shrubs or small trees, 3-4 m high; branchlets brown or black. Leaves up to 11 x 4.5 cm, elliptic, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Male flowers greenish-yellow, on capillary pedicels; female flowers few, sessile, in axillary clusters. Capsules c 8 mm across, depressed- globose, deeply lobed.
FIs. & Frts.: December - April.
Illus.-. T. Chakrab. & Gang., op. cit.
Distrib.: In semi-evergreen forests in ghats.
712 Selected Specimens: Maluste forest, Ambavane, Mulshi R ed d i 95959; Lonavala, Maval,
R.S. R a o 33044; Shirgaon forest Bhor, J a d h a v 175942.
Note: A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh, et ai, 2001 cited this species as synonymous to G. ellipticiim. However, Cahkr. & Gangop. op. cit. have given this as a distinct species in their
revision on genus Glochidion. Further, they have cited above specimens {Reddi) in their
exiccata. It is endemic to Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamil Nadu (Balakr. in K.M .
Matthew & Shivadasan, 1998).
3. Glochidion lanceolarium (Roxb.) Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc. 153: 1845; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 73.1967 (Repr.); T. Chakrab. & Gang, in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19(1): 214, f 11,
A-D.1995; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 889. 2001; N.P.
Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 351.2007. Bradleia lanceolaria Roxb., FI. Ind.
3:697. 1832. " B h o m a ' .
Shrubs or small trees, evergreen; branches angular. Leaves 3.5-6.5 x 2-3 cm, elliptic- oblong or elliptic-lanceolate. Flowers axillary: males many; females few; ovary hairy.
Capsules depressed-orbicular, hairy towards apex.
FIs. & Frts.: January - June. llhis.: T. Chakrab. & Gang., op. cit.
Distrib.: Rare, Maval.
Selected Specimens: Vadgaon, Maval, Woodrow s.n. (Acc. No. 8450); Lohagad, Maval,
G a m m i e 16206.
4. Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss., Tent. Euph. Gen. 107, t. 3. 1824; T.
Chakrab. & Gang, in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 19(1): 227.1995; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 890. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India
3 5 3 .2 0 0 7 . Briedelia zeylanica Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 128. t. 109. 1791. G. zeylanicum var. nitidum Hook./., FI. Brit. India 5: 310. 1887; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 73.1967(Repr.).
Shrubs or trees; branches drying black. Leaves oblong to elliptic, shinmg above, base oblique or rounded. Male and female flowers clustered together in umbels, supra-axillary.
Capsules depressed-subglobose unlobed or obscurely lobed, blackish when dry.
FIs. & Frts.: September - June.
Illus.: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 445, f 492. 1911.
Distrib.: Pune (A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh, et al. op. cit.).
16. HOMONOIA Lour.
713 la. Leaves linear-oblong, 5-8 times longer than broad 2. H. riparia lb. Leaves obovate, 2-3 times longer than broad 1. H. retiisa
1. Hotnomoia retusa (Wight) Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34: 200. 1865; T. C ooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 119.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:
890. 2001; Susila & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 137.2007.
Adelici retusa Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1869. 1852.
Shrubs, 1 m tall. Leaves sessile or subsessile, coriaceous cuneate at base, glabrous above, glandular beneath. Flowers dioecious, in short, axillary spikes. Capsule c 3 m m across, globose, hairy.
Distrib.: Rare in rocky river beds. Khed, Pune.
Selected Specimens: Mula river. Khadaki. without collector’s name and number.
Note: It is endemic to India.
2, Homonoia riparia Lour., FI. Cochinch. 637. 1790; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 118.1967
(Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 890. 2001; Susila &
N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 137.2007.
^Shernf. Photo: PL 28.C
Shrubs, evergreen, 1-2 m tall; young parts pubescent. Leaves closely arranged, 6-12 cm long, glabrous above and clothed beneath with scattered and numerous minute orbicular scales. Flowers dioecious, sessile, in axillary bracteate spikes; ovary pubescent. Capsules c
4 mm across, globose, tomentose.
FIs. & Frts.: K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 641. 1982.
Distrib.: Frequent in rocky river beds in higher altitudes.
Selected Specimens-. Chilhewadi dam area, Junnar, J a d h a v 18 0 7 0 1; Panshet, V eih e,
D e s h m u k h 54328; Mula river, Muslhi, Rolla 87341.
17. JATROPHA L.
Jatropha nana Dalzell in Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 229. 1861; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 94. 1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot.
892. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 227.2007.
’Kirkundi’. Photo: PL 28.D
Undershrubs or shrubs, 30-60 cm high, glabrous; roots woody. Leaves 9-18 x 5-14 in broadly ovate, entire or 3-lobed from above middle; petiole 1.5-2.5 cm long. Flowers
714 whitish, in few flowered terminal, paniculate cymes. Capsules 0.8-1.2 cm long obovoid- oblong, flattened at top, obscurely 6-lobed.
FIs. &Frts. \ M a y - J u ly .
Distrib.: Scarce on hill tops and top-borders. Haveli, Mulshi, Shirur, Khed.
Selected Specimens: Katraj ghat, Haveli Fiiri 2368; Chatarshrungi hill, Garacle 458;
Ghodnadi, Shirur, SBR 7756; Bawdhan hill, Mulshi, Va savada 5076; Peth ghat top, Khed,
J c m a r d h a n 71979.
Note: It is endemic to Maharashtra and found growing in shade of planted Gliricidia on
Pachegaon-Parvati hill. Four plants were collected from Parvati hill around Pune and were planted in BSI garden. For only 2 years, they could survive but without flowering. Once again, two plants were brought from the same locality and introduced in BSI gardens, now they are growing well and flowering regularly.
18. MACARANGA Thou.
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2): 1010.1866; A.N. Londhe in
N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 892, f p.893. 2001; Susila & N.P. Balakr. in
N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 142.2007. Osyrispeltata Roxb., FI. Ind. ed. 2,
3: 755. 1832. Macaranga roxhurghii Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient. 5. 23. 1852 & 6: t. 1949, f 4. 1853. M. tomentosa W ig h t, op. cit. f 1; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 117.1967 (Repr.).
Small to medium sized, trees, deciduous. Leaves up to 23 x 18 cm, deltoid-ovate or orbicular-ovate, peltate, acuminate at apex. Flowers greenish-yellow, minute in dense sessile heads arranged in much branched, axillary, rusty-tomentose panicles. Ovary densely glandular. Capsules 5-7 mm across, globose, hairy and glandular, echinate when young.
FIs. & Frts.: February - June.
Ulus.: W ig h t, op. cit.; K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 644.1982; A.N.
Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, op.cit.
Distrib.: Occasional in higher ghats in semi-evergreen forests. Common on hill slopes in disturbed vegetation.
Selected Specimens: Ghusalgaon, Maval, J a d h a v 174225; Bovargiri, Khed, J a n a r d h a n
6 9102.
Note: A fast growing tree and can be used for plantation. Its largr leaves are used for making plates. These plates are of some what inferior quality than that made from Butea
sp. (Palas). s 19. MALLOTUS Lour.
715 la. Trees; leaves alternate 2. M. philippensis lb. Shrubs; leaves opposite • 2
2a. Capsules echinate with short, stout, conical spines 3. M resinosus
var. stenanthus
2b. Capsules densely clothed with long slender, villous
filam ents M. aureo-piinctatus
1. Mallotus aureo-punctatus (Dalzell) Muell.-Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2); 973.1866; A.N.
Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 894. 2001; Susila & N.P. Balakr. in
N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 145.2007. Rottlera aureo-pimctata Dalzell in
Hook. J. Bot. & Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 122. 1851. Mallotus lami Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34;
194. 1865; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 115.1967 (Repr.).
Shrubs or small trees, 4-5 m tall; young parts pubescent. Leaves 10-18 cm long, lanceolate, dentate along margins, long acuminate, at apex, glabrous, reddish-glandular beneath. Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. Capsule globose-ovoid, echinate/ spiny.
FIs. & Frts. \ November - July.
Distrih.: Scarce in ravines. Maval, Khed.
Selected Specimens'. Vanaspati valley, Bhimashankar, Khed, J a d h a v 175875; Kandala,
Mav&X Ansari 32859 & 32860; Sakarpather hill slope facing Tiger’s leap, Lonavala, Maval,
Reddi 97782.
Note: Endemic to Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala & Tamilnadu.
2. Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Muell.-Arg. in Linnaea 34; 196.1865; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3; 113.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2;
894. 2001; Susila & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 150.2007.
Crotonphilippense Lam., Encycl. 2; 206. 1876. 'Kunkti, Shendri ’ .
Trees, small to medium sized; branches and leaves with brownish stellate tomentum.
Leaves up to 15 cm long on c 5 cm long petioles, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
Flowers greenish-yellow, in reddish pubescent, terminal spikes. Capsules c 1.3 cm across,
3-lobed, with bright red powdery granules. Seeds black.
FIs. & Frts.; November- March.
Ilhis. -. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 483, f. 509. 1911.
Distrib.; Fairly common in moist deciduous and semi-evergreen forests in ghats.
716 Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, J a d h a v 177971 ScTalbot 5031; Near Ambavane,
M u lsh i, J a d h a v 174224 Battery hill, Khandala, Maval, R.S. R a o 69745.
3. Mallotus resinosus (Blanco) Merr. var. stenanthus (Muell.-arg.) Susila & N.P. Balakr. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 151.2007.M stenanthus Muell.-Arg. in
Linnaea 34: 191. 1865; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 114.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P.
Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 895. 2001. "Telya'.
Shrubs, evergreen, c 2.5 m tall; young parts with yellow glands. Leaves 5-12 x 2.5-4 cm; ovate or lanceolate, yellow-glandular beneath, entire or dentate along margins, acuminate at apex. Flowers yellow in short racemes. Capsules c 1 cm across, 3-lobed, echinate.
FIs. & Frts.: December - May.
Ilhis.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: 573. 1988 (M stenanthus).
Distrib.: Occasional as an undergrowth o f semi-evergreen forests or Rai jungles in higher ghats, associated with Garcinia sp. Bhor, Khed, Maval, Mulshi.
Endem ic.
Selected Specimens: Chowra hill, Bhimashankar, Khed, J a d h a v 175871, 177987 &
193150, Talbot 5012; Katepani forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99337.
20. PHYLLANTHUS L.
la. Shrubs or small trees; Ihiits more or less fleshy,
drupes or berries 2
lb. Herbs, sometimes suffruticose; Ihiits dry dehiscent capsular 3
2a. Scandent or straggling shrubs; stamens 5;
fhiit a berry, 3.5-10 mm in diam. 5. P. reticidatkXj^
2b. Small trees; stamens 3; fruit a drupe, 2-3 cm in diam.
with 3 bony 2-valved cocci 2. P. emblica
3a. Stipules peltate 4
3b. Stipules not peltate 6
4a. Stipules subsagitate; anthers didymous or reniform,
transverselly dehiscent 8. P. simplex
4b. Stipules lanceolate or ovate; anthers erect, vertically
dehiscent 5
5a. Leaves obovate-cuneate; disk o f female flowers
6-lobed; capsules smooth 4. P. maderaspatensis
717 54b. Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate; disk of female
flowers annular; capsules echinate 7. P. iirinaria
6a. Seeds with irregular ribs on back 1. P. debilis
6b. Seeds with parallel ribs on back 7
7a. Branches and leaves hispidly hairy; style distinct 6. P. scabrifoUus
7b. Branches and leaves glabrous; style minute 3. P. fratermis
1, Phylianthus debilis Klein ex Willd., Sp. PI. 4. 582. 1805; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 84.
1967 (Repr.); T. Chakab. & N.P. Balakr. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot, Add. Ser. 9: 94. 1992;
A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 898. 2001; M. Gangop., et al. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 386.2007. P. niniri var. debilis (K le in ex
W illd.) M ull.- Arg. in DC., Prodr. 15(2); 407. 1966.
Herbs, erect, annual, c 0.5 m high. Leaves 0.8-1.4 x 0.5-0.8 cm, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate, acute at both the ends. Flowers greenish, axillary, solitary or in fascicles.
Capsules c 2 mm across, depressed-globose, green.
FIs. & Frts.: August - September.
Distrib.: Rare on lower hill slopes. Junnar, Khed.
Selected Specimens: Shivaneri hill, eastern slope, Junnar, H e m a d r i 89992.
2. Phylianthus emblica L., Sp. PI. 982.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 81.1967 (Repr.);
M. Gangop., et al. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 369.2007. Em b l i c a officinalis Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 122, t. 108.1790; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 873. 2001.
"Avala, Avalkanthi ’ .
Trees, small sized, deciduous. Leaves pinnate; leaflets subsessile, distichous linear.
Flowers greenish-yellow, in axillary fascicles. Fruits 2-3 cm across, fleshy, globose, yellow .
FIs. & Frts.: February - October. llliis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1896.1852; Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2:
442, £491. 1911.
Distrib.: Common in mixed deciduous forests.
Note: Grown for its greenish-yellow, edible and medicinally useful fruits. Fruit is one of the three constituents o f very popular Ayurvedic product "Triphala Churn. 'Avala Churn \
718 ‘Av a l a T e a ’, ‘Av a l a pickle' are some o f the products made from the fruits. Fruits are also pickled.
Selected Specimens: Top of Rasacha Mai, Gadad, Khed, Ja n a r d h a n 76266.
3. Phyllanthus fraternus Webster in Contr. Gray Herb. 176: 53.1955 & in J. Arnold.
Arbor. 38: 309. 1957; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 898.
2001; M. Gangop., et al. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 387.2007. P. niniriaiict. pliir. nonL. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 84.1954 (Repr.).
'Bhui-Avala\
Herbs, erect, armual, 15-30 cm high. Leaves 0.5-1.5 x 0.3-0.8 cm, distichous, oblong.
Flowers whitish or yellowish, axillary. Capsules c 2 mm across depressed-globose. Seeds trigonous, yellowish-brown.
FIs. & Frts.: July - December.
Illus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1894. 1852.
Distrib.: Common throughout in cultivated fields.
Selected Specimens'. Hivare, Jutmar, J a d h a v 175818-A; Haveli, Ansari 101502 & K a n o d i a
65771.
4. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L., Sp. PI. 982. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 82. 1967
(Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 900. 2001; M.
G angop., etal. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 378.2007. 'Kanocha'.
Herbs, annual, erect, 20-35 cm high, much branched, glabrous. Leaves 1-3 cm long, obovate-cuneate, scattered. Flowers minute, whitish, axillary, usually, solitary or in few- flowered clusters. Capsules c 3 mm across, depressed-globose. Seeds trigonous, brown.
FIs. & Frts.: July - October.
Illus.: A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al.op. cit.
Distrib.: Common in cultivated fields and on lower hill slopes.
Selected Specimens: Hivre Budruk., Jurmar, J a d h a v 175818; Daund, Jain 9565; Haveli,
Ansari 99867.
5. PhyUanthus reticulatus Poir in Lam., Encycl. 5: 298.1804; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
81.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 900. 2001;
M . Gangop., et al. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 382.2007. Kirganelia reticulata (Poir.) Bail., Etude Gen. Euphorb. 613. 1858. "Amunya, Nilumbi ’ .
719 Shrubs, scandent or straggling, 1-2.5 m high, branches drooping. Leaves very variable
in shape and size, up to 3 x 1.5 cm, elliptic, obovate, orbicular or elliptic-oblong, glaucous beneath. Flowers greenish-yellow: males 2-few, fasciculate; female solitary. Berries 4-8 mm across, globose, green when young, dark purple to black when ripe, shining, fleshy.
FIs. & Frts.: March - October.
Illus.-. Wight, Icon. PL Ind. Orient, t. 1899. 1852.
Distrib. : Common throughout along streams, along road sides in hedges, etc.
Note: Ripe fruits said to be edible. Tender leaves eaten for curing dysentery.
Selected Specimens: Near Khubi phata, on way to Malshej ghat, Junnar, J a d h a v 172781;
Chilhewadi, Junnar, J a d h a v 180702 & 180736-A.
6. Phyllanthus scabrifolius H oo k./, FI. Brit. India 5: 299.1887; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
84.1967 (Repr.); A.N. Londhe inN.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2:901. 2001; M.
Gangop., et al. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 380.2007.
Herbs, annual, erect, branched, 15-25 cm; young parts stellate hairy; stem winged wings scabrid. Leaves 1-2 x 0.8-1.2 cm, elliptic or obovate. Flowers greenish, axillary,
solitary or clustered. Capsules depressed-globose.
FIs. & Frts.: September - October.
Distrib.: Rare on gravelly hill slopes. Haveli.
Selected Specimens: Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 101502; Khadaki, R.G. Gavalekar s.n.
Note: Endemic to India. (Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra).S
7. Phyllanthus urinaria L., Sp. PI. 982.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 83.1967 (Repr.);
A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 901. 2001; M. Gangop., et al. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 389.2007.
Herbs, annual, erect, 10-20 cm high. Leaves 0.5-1.5 x 0.2-0.5 cm, closely arranged, obovate or oblong-obovate. Female flowers minute, yellowish, axillary, solitary. Capsules c 2 mm across, globose. Seeds grayish-brown, prominently transversely ridged.
FIs. & Frts.: July - September.
Ulus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t, 1895, f 4. 1852 {P. laprocarpiis).
Distrib.: Frequent amidst grasses on hill slopes. Maval, Muslhi, Purandhar.
Selected Specimens: H ill slopes near Bhusi, Lonawala, Maval, Reddi 98659; Wagjoi forest,
Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 9 9125.
720 8. Phyilanthus simplex Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 29. 1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 83.1967
(Repr.); M . Gangop., et al. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 380.2007.P. virgatiisaiict. non G. Forst. 1786: T. Chakab. & N.P. Balakr. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot, Add.
Set. 9: 98. 1992; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 902. 2001.
Herbs, perennial, erect or diffiise, up to 30 cm high. Leaves 1.5-2.5 x 0.2-0.4 cm,
linear-oblong, acute at apex. Flowers greenish-yellow, minute, axillary. Capsules globose, on filiform 4-8 mm long pedicels.
FIs. & Frts.; September - October. lUus. : Mahesh. Illus. FI. Delhi f. 199.1966.
Distrib.: Frequent on hill slopes in shady places. Junnar, Haveli.
Selected Specimens: Ucchil near Khangaon on way to Darya ghat, Junnar, J a d h a v 172794;
Bhivade, Khurd, Junnar, H e m a d r i 107520-X, 118014; Khadakvasala, Pune, R a g h a v a n
64270.
21. PUTRANJIVA Wall.
Putranjiva roxburghii Wall., Tent. FI. Nep. 61. 1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 86.1967
(Repr.); N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 335.2007. Drypetes roxhurghii (W a ll.)
Hurusawa in J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, Ser II, Sect 3 Bot. 6: 337.1954; T. Chakrab. et al. in
J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 21. 271. 1997; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra,
Dicot. 2; 872. 2001. 'Piitravanti '.
Trees, evergreen, 8-10 m tall. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, entire or serrulate- weavy along margins. Flowers dioecious, axillary: males clustered; females 1-3. Drupes ellipsoid, tomentose, whitish when ripe. Stone hard, apiculate.
FIs. & Frts.: March - July.
Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1876. 1852.
Distrib.: Occasional in open deciduous forests on hill slopes. Maval, Muslhi.
Selected Specimens: Wagjoi forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Red d i 96193; BSI Campus, Singh
110697 ScCherian 6353S.
Note: Native o f tropical India & Ceylon. Grown as avenue or garden tree in Pune city.
22. TRAGIA L.
la. Leaves palmately 3-partite 3. T. plukenetti
lb. Leaves unlobed 2
2a. Leaves cordate at base 2. T. mo n t a n a
var. dioica
2b. Leaves acute at base 1. T. involucrata
721 1. Tragia involucrata L., Sp. PI. 980.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 119.1967 (Repr.), p.p.-, A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 904. 2001; N.P. Balakr.
& T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 181.2007. 'Khaj-Kolti, Kolti'.
Herbs, perennial, twining, hispid with scattered stinging hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, serrate, hairy. Flowers in terminal, axillary or leaf opposed, hairy racemes. Capsules 3-lobed, hispid. Seeds globose, smooth.
FIs. & Frts.: November - December.
Illiis.'. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 659. 1982.
Distrib.-. Khandala, Maval (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
2. Tragia montana (Thw.) Muell.-Arg. [in Linnaea 34: 183. 1865 & in DC., Prodr. 15(2):
944. 1866; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 182.2007. T. involucrata L. var. m o n t a n a Thw., Enum. PI. Zeyl. 270. 1861. T. muelleriana Pax K. Hoffm., op. at. 80.
1919, excl. var. unicoloi-.] var. dioica T. Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr. var. nov. in N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb.
India 182.2007. T. involucrata sensu T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 621. 1906 [3: 119. 1967
(R epr.)]/?./>. non L. 1753.7'. muelleriana Pax & K. Hoffm. var. »;;/co/t»r (Muell.-Arg.) Pax
& K. Hoffm. in Engl. Pflanzenr. 68: 81. 1935; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 905. 2001. 'Kolti, Kulvat\
Herbs, twining on small shrubs, perennial; stems and branches stinging hairy. Leaves
5-12 x 2-8 cm, elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, hairy, serrate. Inflorescence with unisexual flowers. Flowers in 3-5 cm long, leaf-opposed racemes: males in upper part; females in lower part. Capsules c 8 mm across with 3 bivalved cocci, in hispid calyx.
FIs. & Frts.: August - March.
Distrib. -. Occasional under the shade o f semi-evergreen forests as well as along hedges in waste places.
Selected Specimens-. Shirgaon forest, on way to Mahad from Hirdoshi, Bhor, J a d h a v
175957; Thangaon, Velhe, M a h a j a n 32079; Dhak forest, Junnar, H e m a d r i 108225.
Note-. It is endemic to Gujarat & Maharashtra (Balakr. in K.M. Matthew & Sivadasan,
1998).
3. Tragia plukenetti R. Smith in Kew Bull. 37: 688. 1983; A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et
al., FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 905. 2001; N.P. Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 111 182.2007. T. cannabina L ./, Suppl. PI. 415. 1782, nom. illegit.', T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3;
120.1967 (Repr.).
Herbs, twining, perennial, covered througliout with stinging hairs. Leaves palmately 3- partite; lobes linear-lanceolate dentate, hispid with stinging hairs. Flowers in racemes.
Capsules 7-8 mm across, 3-lobed. Seeds globose.
FIs. & Frts.: June - August.
Illus. -. K.M . Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 582. 1988.
Distrib.: Rare Junnar, Pune city.
Selected Specimens-. Junnar, Kanitkar 172; Dhayari, near Khadakvasla, Pune, Kanitkar s.It.; Khadaki, Pune, Garacle 824.
23. TREW IA L
Trewia nudiflora L., Sp. PI. 1193. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 111.1967 (Repr.); A.N.
Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 905. 2001; Susila & N.P. Balakr. in
N.P. Balakr, & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 155.2007. T. policarpa Benth. in Benth. &
H ook./, Gen. PI. 3:318. 1880; H ook./, op. cit. 424. 1887.
la. Female flowers 1-3 together; style glabrous;
drupes globose, indehiscent var. mtdiflora lb. Female flowers in racemes, more than 3; style
papillose all over; fruits ovoid, dehiscent var. polycarpa
var. nudiflora '•Petari\
Trees, small to medium sized, deciduous; bole whitish. Leaves 10-25 x 5-18 cm, ovate or broadly ovate, cordate at base, acuminate at apex, usually entire, rarely dentate along margins. Flowers dioecious. Drupes 1.5-3 cm across.
Distrib.: Rare in moist deciduous forests.Khandala[(Santapau, 1967 (Rev. ed.)]. var. polycarpa (Benth.) Susila & N.P. Balakr. in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 22: 351, f. 2. 1998;
Susila & N.P. Balakr. in N.P, Balakr. & T. Chakrab., Euphorb. India 155.2007. T. policarpa Benth. in Benth. & H o o k./, Gen. PI. 3: 318. 1880; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
112.1967 (Repr,).7>evwrt polycarpa Benth,in Benth, & Hook/ , Gen, PI .3: 318,1880; A.N.
Londhe in N.P. Singh et ai, FI, Maharashtra, Dciot.2: 905. 2001.
Endem ic.
Distrib,; Rare in moist deciduous forests. Included after A.N. Londhe in N.P. Singh et at.,
FI. Maharashtra, Dciot. 2: 905. 2001.
723 CULTIVATED SPECIES:
Acalypha hispida B urm ./, FI. Ind. 303, t.61, 1768. 'Copper leaf, Redhot-Cat-Tail'.
Evergreen shrubs with broadly ovate, coarse toothed leaves and dense, drooping, cylindric, catkin like spikes. Native of New Guinea, usually grown as foliage plants in borders and along roads in gardens.
Acalypha wilkesianaMuel.-Arg. in DC.Prodr. 15(2): 817.1886.
Evergreen shrubs with coarsely dentate, ovate, showy bronze coloured leaves. A native of Fisi Islands, grown in gardens.Varieties with leaves variousely mottled with shades o f red and purple are also commonly cultivated in gardens for their ornamental foliage.
Codiacum variegatum (L.) Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 606.1826. 'Croton'.
Erect, evergreen shrubs, 1-2.5 m high, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, shiny, simple or lobed, leathery leaves variegated with red or yellow. Native
from Jawa to Austrelia and Molucca Islands, commonly grown in gardens.
Euphorbia heterophylla L., Sp. PI. 453.1753. 'Mexican Fire Plant’.
Much branched herbs, 0.5-1 m high, with very variable, ovate to linear, or fiddle
shaped leaves, upper ones showy and red at base or blotched with red and white. Native o f
N. America, grown in gardens.
Euphorbia m illi Desmoul. in Bull. Hist. Nat. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux 1: 27-30, pi. 1.1826.
Thick, woody and spiny stemmed, cactus like undershrubs; stems 0.6-1 m long. Leaves
few, obovate-spathulate. Cyathia in dichotomous cymes, each with broadly ovate, c 1.5 cm across, petaloid, bright red 2 bracts. Native of Madagascar, grown as an ornamental in gardens.
Euphorbia pulcherrim a W illd. ex Klotzsch in Otto & Dietr. Allg. Gaertn. 2; 27.1834.
" Poinsettia'.
Evergreen erect shrubs, 0.5-2.5 m high, with ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, etire-sinuate
toothed or lobed leaves. Upper leaves very attractive, showy, bright red or yellowish- white
coloured. Native of Cent. America, commonly found grown in gardens.
Excoecaria cochinchinensisLour., FI. Cochinch. 2; 612.1790. ^Laila-MajmC.
Handsome undershrubs, c 1.5 m high with simple elliptic leaves and small flowers in
racemes.Rarely grown in gardens.
Hevea brazilensisMuel.-Arg. in DC.Prodr. 15(2); 817. 1886.
Evergreen trees, small sized, with broadly elliptic, very thick, shiny foliage. Native of
N. Brazil, particularly o f Amezon region, grown around bunglows in coumpounds.
724 Jatropha curcas L., Sp. PL 1006.1753. "Mogali Erand\
Erect shrubs, 1.5-2.5 m high, with hollow stems, ovate-cordate, anglar or 3-5-lobed
leaves, greenish yellow flowers and ellipsoid capsules. Occasionly seen growing along the
bunds o f cultivated fields.
Note-. I have seen leaves crushed and rubbed on vehicle-glasses in rainy season, works
as wiper. Rain water does not affect transparency o f glass and hence it becomes very easy
to drivers o f the vehicles to see outside without any obstacles in rainy season.
Jatropha glanduliferaRoxb., FI. Ind. 3: 688. 1832. 'Jangli errand. U n d e r bibi’.
Small evergreen trees, 3-5 m high, with dichotomously branched trunk, palmatly, 3-5-
lobed leaves, greenish flowers in glandular corymbose cymes and ellipsoid-oblong
capsules.Grown in gardens as foliage plant.
Note: It is found grown in cultivated fields particularly of lasson ghass ( M e d i c a g o
scitiva) and said that in its presence, field rats do not or very less affect the crop plants.
Jatropha gossipifolia L., Sp. PI. 10061753. "Mogli erand'.
Shrubs with palmatly 3-5-lobed leaves, clothed with numerous fascicled and branched
gland-tipped bristles. Male flowers red and female flowers green.Native of Brazil,
occasionally grown in gardens.
Jatropha integerrim a Jacq., Strip. Sel. Amer. 256.1763.
Shrubs, 1-2 m high, with fiddle shaped leaves and bright crimson, thick, pedunculate
corymbose cymes with crimson flowers. Grown in gardens.
Jatropha podagarica Hook.in Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 4376.1848.
Xerophytic shrubs 1-1.5 m high, with succulent stems enlarged in to a bottle shape at
base, palmately 5-lobed leaves and wholely orange red, thick, corymbose cymes with small
orange red flowers and green capsules. A showy plant, grown in gardens.
M anihot esculenta Crantz in Inst. Res. Herb. 1: 67. 1766. 'Bitter Kasava, Tapioca".
Herbaceous shrubs, 1-2.5 m high, with fleshy, elongated, tuberous roots and deeply 3-
7-parted leaves, paniculate flowers and 6-winged, angular, globose capsules. Native of
Brazil, grown in gardens as an ornamental plant.
M anihot dulcis Pax.
Similar to M. esculanta, but differing in smaller roots, 3-13-parted leaves and capsules
neither winged nor angled. Tapioca’ and other food products are manufactured from roots.
Native o f Brazil, grown in gardens.
Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.)Poir.in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 19:390, t.l9. 1812.
''Red Bird Cactus, Vilayatisher’.
725 Succulent evergreen shrubs, 0.5-1.5 m high with ovate-lanceolate leaves.Native o f S.
Africa, grown in gardens particularly in borders.
Phyllanthus acidus (L.) K. Skeels in U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. PI. Industry Bull.
148:17.1909, "Gooseberry Tree,Raiavali\
Deciduous trees, up to 4 m high, with 5-8 cm long leaves, distichosely arranged on latrai branches, resembling pinnate leaves; panicles of minute and reddish flowers and 1.5-
2 cm across, angled, depressed-globose berries. Native of Malaya Island & Madagascar, grown in gardens.
Ricinus communis L., Sp.Pl. 1007. 1753. 'Castor-oil Plant, Erand'.
Shnibs or small trees with hollow stem, large, peltate, palmately lobed leaves, erect SO
SO cm long panicles and 1.5-2.5 cm, spiny capsules, dehising in 3, 2-valved cocci.
Variously marked, shiny seeds yield castor oil. Grown in cultivated fields. Varieties with red leaves, panicles and fruits are occasionly seen growing in fields and gardens.
144. ULMACEAE
la. Leaves pinnately veined, deciduous; stamens twice
the number of tepals; fruit a winged samara 2. HOLOPTELEA
1 b. Leaves palmately veined, persistant; stamens as
many as tepals; fruit a wingless drupe 2
2a. Leaves scabrid or tomentose beneath; male tepals
valvate; drupes 2-angled 3. TREMA
2b. Leaves glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath, male
tepals imbricate; drupes 3-5-angled 1. CELTIS
1. C E L T IS L
1. Celtis timmorensis Spanoghe in Linnaea 15: 343.1841; P. Venkanna & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:910. 2001. Celtis c i n n a m o m e a Lin d l. ex
Planch, in Ann. Sci. Nat. 3, 10: 303. 1848; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 128.I967(Repr.).
"Lo k h a n d V .
Trees, 8-18 m tall; bark reddish; tender parts pubescent; branches with dense lenticels.
Leaves alternate, 7-12 x 3-7, ovate, acuminate, entire or somewhat serrate along margins in upper half, subcoriaceous, almost glabrous, 3-nerved from base; younger leaves pinkish- red. Flowers pentamerous, polygamous, in paniculate cymes. Drupes 0.8 cm long ovoid, beaked, angular.
FIs. &Frts. : Feb.-June.
726 Ulus.-. Talbot, For FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind. 2: 498, f. 514. 1911.
Distrib.: Occasional in ravines and on hill slopes in open forests.
Selected Specimens: Veer jungle, near Bhimashankar, Khed, J a d h a v 175885; Sakhar
Pathar hill slope, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 97775; Wagjoi forest, on way to Nandgaon,
M u lsh i, Reddi 95900, 94179; Khandala, Maval, Rolla 78851, 77686, 69744.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES:
Celtis philippensis Blanco var. wightii (Planch.) E. Soepadmo in FI. Males Ser I, 8(2): 62
(1 9 7 7 ).
There are a few specimens of Celtis philippensis Blanco var. wightii (Palanch.) E.
Soepadmo in BSI herbarium identified as Celtis wightii Planch., collected from Khandala.
However, the specimens are in vegetative condition and I could not confirm it, therefore the occurrence o f this species is doubtful in Pune district.
2. HOLOPTELEA Planch.
Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch, in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser III. 10:259.1848; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 128.1967(Repr.); P. Venkanna & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al.,
FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:911. 201. Ulmiis integrifolia Roxb., PL Cor. 1: 56, t. 78. 1795 et in W illd., Sp. PI. 1: 1326. 1797. ^Papdi, Wavli
Large sized, deciduous, glabrous trees, 15-20 m tall; bark grey. Leaves alternate, simple, 6-12 x 4-6 cm, elliptic, glabrous, entire, rarely serrate in seedlings. Flowers brownish, minute, male and bisexual mixed, in fascicles from the axils o f fallen leaf scars, fruit a samara, c 2.5 cm across, orbicular, dry, winged with reticulated veined, membranous wings; seeds flat.
FIs. &Frts.\ Jan.-April.
Illus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1968. 1853.
Distrib.: Very common along roadsides and in deciduous forests, as well as in and around
Pune city.
Selected Specimens: Khandala, near Shigroba temple, Maval, Jain 5; Katraj ghat, Haveli,
Puri 60; Kukadi river bank, on way to Khamgaon, Junnar, H e m a d r i 9 809 L
3. TREM A Lour. la. Leaves scabrid on both the surfaces, equal at base 2. T. politoria lb. Leaves whitish tomentose or pubescent beneath, unequal
at base 2
2a. Lower surface o f the leaves with long, erect unicellular as
well as short multicellular glandular hairs; drupes globose 1. T. orientalis
727 2b. Lower surface o f the leaves with only long erect,
unicellular hairs; drupes ovoid 3. T. tomentosa
1. Trem a orientalis (L.) Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 61. 1856; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 129.1967
(Repr.); P. Venkanna & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al, F I Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 911, f p. 912. 2001. Celtis orientalis L., Sp. PI. 1044. 1753. ‘Go/, Kariyel, K h a r a v a d a .
Small trees, 3-6 m high, with spreading and ultimately drooping branches. Leaves simple, 6-12 X 2-4.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, scabrid above, white shiny- tomentose beneath. Flowers greenish, minute, in axillary, lax cymes. Drupes 0.3-0.5 cm across, globose.
FIs. <& Frts.: Sept.-November.
Illus.-. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind. 2: 500, f. 515. 1911; P. Venkanna & P.V.
Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit.
Distrib.: Infrequent on hill slopes in mixed forests. Maval, Mulshi, Khed, Junnar,
Purandhar.
Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 180605; Opposite Khandala Road,
Lonavala, Maval, J a d h a v 174203; Malvand dara, Bhivade, Jurmar, H e m a d r i 107549;
Dingarwadi forest, Mulshi, Reddi 93382; Saltar forest, Mulshi, Red d i 93481; Sinhagad,
H a v e li, Ansari 87362, 101706, Patil (R.M.) 4782; Khandala, Maval, Puri 8992, Rolla,
7885, Jain 2739.
2. Trem a politoria Planch, in Ann. Sci. 3, 10: 326.1848; P.G. Diwakar & S.G. Pradhan in
J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 5: 504.1984; P. Venkanna & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al, FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 913, f p. 914. 2001.
Large shrub with reddish-brown bark; twigs scabrid hairy, spreading. Leaves alternate
5-8 x 1.5-3 cm, ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate at apex, rounded or cordate at base, serrulate along margins scabrid on both the surfaces. Flowers small, unisexual in axillary cymes, pentamerous. Drupes ovoid.
FIs. &Frts.: Feb.-March.
Illus.: P. Venkanna & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al, op. cit.
Distrib.: Very rarely found between ridges o f Patar hill, along the dried stream.
Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Rolla 87242.
Note: Earlier the specimen was identified as T r e m a orientalis, but n ow it corrected as T. politoria. Leaves are so scabrid and can be used as sand paper.
728 3. Trem a tomentosa (Roxb.) Hara, FI. East. Himal. 2: 19. 1971; Khanna in Mudgal et ai,
FI. Madhya Pradesh 2: 603. 1997. Celtis tomentosa Roxb., FI. Ind. 2: 66. 1832. T r e m a ainboinensis Roxb., FI. Ind. 2: 66. 1832. Trema amboinensis aiict. non W illd . (Celtis amboinensis) 1806: Blume, Mus. Bot. 2: 61. 1856: H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 5: 484.1888; P.
Venkanna & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 911. 2001.
Small trees, with branches velvety-pubescent. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate at apex,
serrulate along margins, silky-tomentose beneath. Cymes more than 2.5 cm long. Drupes ovoid.
FIs. & Frts.: Jan.-June.
Distrib.: Rare in deciduous forests. Pune (P. Venkaima & P.V. Prasanna in N.P. Singh et al., op. cit.).
145. URTICACEAE
la. Plants with stinging hairs 2
lb. Plants without stinging hairs 3
2a. Flowers in interrupted racemes; ovary oblique 5. LAPORTEA
2b. Flowers in heads; ovary straight 4. GIRARDINIA
3a. Stigma penicillate
3b. Stigma fihform (not penicillate)
4a. Leaves opposite 5
4b. Leaves alternate 6
5a. Flowers in heads 6. LECANTHUS
5b. Flowers in cymes 8. P IL E A
6a. Stipules present 7
6b. Stipules absent 7. PARIETARIA
7a. Stipules 2-fid 2. DEBREGEASIA
7b. Stipules simple 3. ELATOSTEMA
8a. Leaves entire along margins; female perianth often
beaked; stigma jointed, deciduous 9. POUZOLZIA
8b. Leaves serrate, serrulate or crenate along margins; female
perianth not beaked; stigma persistant 1. B O E H M E R IA
1. BOEHM ERIA Jacq.
Boehmeria macrophylla Homem., Hort. Bot. Hofii. 2: 890.1815; C.R. Jadhav in N.P.
Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 915, f. p. 916. 2001. B. scabrella (Roxb.) Gaud.
729 in Bot. Freyc Voy. 500. 1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 135.1958 (Repr. B. platyphylla var. scabrella Wedd., Monogr. Urtic. 265. 1856.
Undershrubs or shrubs, perennial, erect, suffruticose, c 1 m high, hairy. Leaves
opposite 5-18 X 3-12 cm, rounded or cordate, acuminate, serrate, sparsely pubescent;
petiole up to 7 cm long. Flowers greenish, minute, clustered in spikes up to 15 cm long,
often paniculate. Achenes c 1 mm long, ovoid-ellipsoid.
Fls.&Frts.: Sept.-Feb.
Illiis. : C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et ciL, op. cit.
Disthb.: Common on slopes of hills in ghat forests under the shade of the trees,
sometimes in open forests.
Selected Specimens'. Bhimashankar, Khed, J a d h a v 177993; Malshey ghat, Junnar,
J a d h a v 172768; Khandala, Maval, G a m m i e 15555; Chaura hill Bhimashankar, V a savada
8587, Janardhanan 81725; Ravine above. Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98797;
Tamhini Mulshi, D e s h m u k h 27795.
2. DEBREGEASIA Gaud
Debregeasia longifolia (Burm ./ ) Wedd. in Dc., Prodr. 16(1): 235.1869; Santapau in
Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 255. 1967 (Rev. ed.); C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 918. 2001, Urtica longifolia Burm. /, FI, Ind, 197. 1768.
Debregeasia velutina Gaud., Bot. Bomite Voy. t. 90.1844-46; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
139.1967(Repr.).
Shrubs or small trees, 3-8 m tall; branches rough. Leaves 5-19 x 2-6 cm, acuminate at
apex, rounded or narrowed at base, serrate along margins, rugose above, white soft
tomentose beneath; petioles 1-5 cm long. Flowers in compact heads, arranged in lateral
dichotomous cymes or branched spikes; stamens exserted, greenish. Fruits c. 8 mm
across, yellow when ripe.
FIs. & Frts.: October-February.
Illus.: Conocephalus niveus Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient. 6:7, t. 1959.1853.
Distribution: Bhor, Varandha Ghat.
3. ELATOSTEM A Forst.
Elatostema cuneatum Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2091, f 3. 1853 ('cuneata'): T .
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 134.1967(Repr.); C.R. Jadhav m N.P. Singh et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 919. 2001.
730 Small, annlual, delicate, erect herbs, 5-15 cm high, often rooting near base, leaves alternate, distichous, 1-3 x 0.8-1.5 cm, hatchet-shaped or elliptic or obovate, falcate- cuneate at base, sparsely hairy. Female flowers in solitary, axillary, sessile heads.
FIs. & Frts.: July-Aug.
Illus.'. W ig h t, op. at.
Distrib. : Rare on old walls in Khandala [Santapau, 1967(Rev. ed.)].
4. GIRARDINIA Gaud.
Girardinia diVersifoIia (Link) Friis in Kew Bull. 36: 45. 1981; C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 920. 2001. Urtica diversifolia Link, Enum. Hort. Berol.
Alt. 2: 385. 18l22. Girdinia zeylanica Decne. in Jacq. Bot. Voy. Bon. 152. 1844; T. Cooke,
FI. Bombay 3; 132.1967(Repr.). "Aagya, Motha-kluijoti'. Photo; PI. 29.B
Herbs perennial, erect, 0.5-1 m high, monoecious, stout or robust. Leaves 5 -1 5 x 6 -
12, broadly ovate or suborbicular, falcately dentate, 3-5 lobed or not, appressed stinging
hairy; stipules foliaceous, ovate. Flowers green, male in lower axills, female in upper
axills. Inflorescence stout with dense, slender stinging hairs. Achenes obliquely ovate,
compressed.
FIs. &Frts. \ Sept.-Dee.
Illus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 687.1843 {Urtica heteropliylla W illd .).
Distrib.: Occasional on hill top in higher ghats. Some times growing amongst bushes.
Selected Specimens'. Purandhar, R a g h a v a n 117165; Korai Killa, Ambavane, Reddi
9 3 3 1 4 , G a m m i e 15984; Dhak Killa, Junnar, J a d h a v (photograph).
5. LAPORTEA Gaud. {nom. cons.)
Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew in Gard. Bull. Singapore 21: 200.1965; C.R. Jadhav in
N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 920. 2001. Urtica interrupta L., Sp. PI. 985.
1753. Fleurya interrupta (L.) Gaud, in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 497. 1826; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 131.1967(Repr.). 'Aagya'.
Herbs, aimual, erect, with scattered stinging hairs. Leaves 3-9 x 2-6 cm, broadly ovate to ovate vairy at base from subcordate to truncate or cuneate, acuminate at apex, crenate, hispid. Flowers white in cymose clusters, aggregated in axillary interrupted spikes or panicles. Achenes obovoid, compressed.
FIs. &Frts.: Sept.-Oct.
Illus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1975.1853 [Fleurya interrupta (L.) Gaud.].
Distrib.: Occasional on old walls rocky crevices in ghats.
731 Selected Specimens: Malshej ghat, Junnar, J a d h a v 172766; Khandala, Maval, G a m m i e
15350.
6. LECANTHUS W edd.
Lecanthus peduncularis (Wall, ex Royle) Wedd. in DC., Prodr. 16(1): 164.1869;
Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 254. 1967 (Rev. ed.); C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 921, f. p. 922. 2001. Procris peduncularis W a ll, ex
Royle, Illus. Himal. T. 83, f. 2. 1839. Lecanthus wallichii Wedd. in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.
Ser. 4, 1: 187. 1854; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 133.1967(Repr.). L. wightii W ed d., op. cit.; T. Cooke, op. cit. F ' g - 3 1
Herbs variable in height, from slender, weak stemmed 4 cm high to stout stemmed, up to 20 cm high, somewhat secculent. Leaves opposite in unequal pairs, 3-9 cm long, obliquely ovate to ovate-lanceolate, subentire to toothed-serrate along margins, hairy.
Flowers in pedunculate heads; receptacles flat or turbinate.
FIs. & Frts.: Aug.-Oct.
Illus.'. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1985.1853 (Elatostenima ovate); C.R. Jadhav in
N.P. Singh et al, op. cit.
Distrib.; Occasional in rocky-crevices amongst mosses.
Selected Specimens: Malshej ghat, Junnar, J a d h a v 172768-A; Bhimashankar, Khed, Jain
8444; Khandala, Maval, G a m m i e 15362; Sinhagad, Haveli, Kulkarni s.n. 7. PARIETARIA L
Parietaria debilis Forst./ , Prodr. 73. 1786; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 140.1967(Repr.);
C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et cd., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 921. 2001.
Herbs straggling, slender, 15-50 cm high, diffuse, flaccid, pubescent. Leaves highly variable in shape and size, 1-4 x 1-2.5 cm, ovate or suborbicular, obtuse at apex; petiole
filiform. Flowers in axillary cymes, polygamous. Achenes enclosed in perianth, ovoid.
FIs. & Frts.: Sept.
Illus.: Wedd., Monogr. Urtic. 514, t. 17, f 21-25. 1856.
Distrib.: Lenyadri hill, Junnar, T. C o o k e s.n.; Ganesh caves, Junnar, T. Cooke, s.n.
8. PILEA Lindl.
Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. in Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 5(2): 296.1851; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 160.1967(Repr.); C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:
923, f. p. 924. 2001.
Herbs delicate. Prostrate or decumbent-ascending, 4-15 cm long fleshy or subsucculent. Leaves minute, spathulate. Flowers minute, in axillary umbellate clusters.
732 FIs. &Frts.: A ug .-D ec.
Illus.: C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al. , op. cit.
Selected Specimens: BSI compound, Pune, Nisal 108997.
Note: A South American plant, commonly found in moist, shady places.
9. POUZOLZIA Gaud.
Pourolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn., PI. Jav. Rar. 67. 1838; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India
16(1); 255. 1967 (Rev. ed.); C.R. Jadhav in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:
926. 2001. Parietaria zeylanica L., Sp. PI. 1052. 1753. Pouzotria indica (L.) Gaud, in
Freyc. Voy. Bot. 503. 1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 137.1967(Repr.).
Herbs, perennial, erect or prostrate. Leaves opposite or alternate, 3-5 cm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute to acuminate, entire, appressed pubescent, reducing in size from base to apex. Flowers greenish-white or white in axillary, androgynous clusters.
Achenes ovoid shining black, 2-winged.
FIs. & Frts.: A ug .-O ct.
Illus.: W ig h t, Icon. PI. Ind. O rient, t. 1980, f. 1. & t. 2100, f. 4 0 .1 8 5 3 {P. indica).
Distrib.: Occasional under the shrubs like Carrisa cougesta in lower ghats.
Selected Specimens: Malshej ghat, iunnar Jadhav 172770; Pokhari ghat end, Khed, Puri
7390; H ill slopes near Bhushi village, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 9 8656. CULTIVATED SPECIES:
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud., Voy. Uranie 12:499.1830.
Shrubs, 1-1.5 m high, with 10-15 cm long , broadly ovate, toothed leaves with silvery white lower surface.
Native o f M alay Islands, China & Japan, grown in gardens as an ornamental plant.
Laportea schotnburgkii Bull., Cat. 7, 1875.
Herbs with large, showy, variegated leaves with purple venation.
Native of Polynesia, grown in Gardens for its ornamental leaves.
146. CANNABACEAE
CULTIVATED SPECIES:
Cannabis sativa L., Sp. PI. 1027. 1753. ^Ganja\
Erect, aromatic, dioecious herbs, 0.5-2 m tall, with 1-11-partite, palmatinerved leaves. M ale flowers in terminal paniculate cymes and female ones solitary leaf-axils.
Occasionally found planted or as an escape near habitations.
733 The plant is highly narcotic and G a n j a is obtained from the leaves. Other products like B h a n g and C h a r a s are also said to be obtained from the plant.
147. MORACEAE la. Flowers enclosed within a hollow, closed receptacle called
syconia 2. FICUS lb. Flowers exposed 2
2a. Leaves 2.5-7 cm long; flowers dioecious perianth present
in both male and female flowers; fruits enclosed in
enlarged perianth 3. STREBLUS
2b. Leaves 8-15 cm long or more; flowers monoecious, perianth
absent in female flowers; fruits not enclosed in perianth 1. ANTIARIS
1. ANTIARIS Lesch, nom. Cons.
Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 16: 478, t. 22.1810;
Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:928. 2001; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 156.1967(Repr.). Ipo toxicaria Pers., Syn. 2: 566. 1807.
■ T a r a r '.
Trees with trunk often buttressed. Leaves alternate, elliptic-oblong, glabrous, entire or serrulate, shining above. Male receptacles 3-4 together, tomentose, female receptacle solitary, enclosed in involucres o f bracts. Fruits red, velvety.
FIs. & Frts.: O ct.-Feb.
Illus.: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 530, f 534. 1911.
Distrib.: Rare in Khandala (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
Note: I have not seen this tree in Khandala, probably might have cut down during road widenmg, as it was reported near main road by Santapau in his FI. Khandala.
2. FICUS L. la. Receptacles distinctly pedunculate 2 lb. Receptacles sessile or subsessile 7
2a. Scandent or straggling shrubs 3
2b. Erect shrubs or trees 4
3a. Leaves variable, polymorphous, equilateral, entire or
3-many lobed; receptacles elongate pyriform or ellipsoid,
1-2 cm long 6. F. heterophylla
734 3b. Leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, inequilateral, entire,
never lobed; receptacles globose, up to 1 cm across 14. F. tinctoria
4a. Leaves scabrid above, hispid or tomentose beneath;
receptacles hispid or tomentose
4b. Leaves (mature) glabrous; receptacles glabrous or
pubescent
5a. Leaves opposite, decussate 7. F. hispida
5b. Leaves alternate, crowded about the end o f branches 5. F experata
6a. Leaves abruptly and narrowly acuminate at apex; receptacles
0.8-2.0 cm across, in axillary pairs 9. F. u e n ’osa
6b. Leaves obtuse or acute at apex; receptacles 3-4 cm across,
in clusters on branches and trunks 10. F. rac e m o s a
7a. Leaves caudate-acuminate at apex
7b. Leaves otherwise at apex 12
8a. Leaf acumen longer, 1/3 to V2 as long as lam ina 11. F. religiosa
8b. L e a f acum en shorter, less than 1/3 as long as lam ina
9a. Leaves distinctly cordate at base 2. F. aniotticnui
9b. Leaves rounded, truncate or narrowed at base 10
10a. Male perianth o f 4-5 sepals 15. F. virens
10b. Male perianth o f 3 sepals 11
1 la. Basal bracts round; receptacles globular, not depressed at
apex, c 1.2 cm across, whitish with dark spots when young,
nearly black when ripe 12. F. nimphii
1 lb. Basal bracts ovate; receptacles obovoid, somewhat
depressed at apex, c 6 mm across, greenish-yellow with
dots when ripe 13. F . talbotii
12a. Young leaves and receptacles tomentose or puberulous 13
12b. Young leaves and receptacles always glabrous 14
13a. Leaves obtuse at apex 3. F. benghalensis
13b. Leaves shortly acuminate at apex 4. F. dnipacea var. pubescens
14a. Leaves 5-10 cm long with petiole under 1.5 cm long;
receptacles 7-12 mm across, depressed globose 8. F. microcarpa
14b. Leaves 8-15 cm long with 3.5-5 cm long petiole; receptacle
12-15 mm across globose to pyriform I F. amplissima
735 1. Ficus amplissima J.E. Sm. in Rees, Cyclop. 14. N. 68.1810; Lakshmin. & P.
Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 933. 2001. F. tsiela Roxb. ex
Buch.-Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 15:149.1826; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 150.1967(Repr.).
'Pimpri, Pipri'.
Large spreading trees, deciduous, up to 15m tall; bark smooth, whitish or grayish, all parts glabrous. Leaves spiral, 8-15 cm long, broadly ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtuse-cuspidate at apex. Receptacles sessile, 1-1.5 cm across, globose, crowded to the end o f branches, pink purplish when ripe.
FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles) : Dec.-May.
Ilhis.-. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f. 526. 1911 {F. tsiela); C o m e r in
Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 3: f. 9. 1981.
Distrib.: Occasional in deciduous and semi evergreen forests. Sometimes found planted along road sides. Khed, Mulshi, Purandhar, Shirur, Bhor, Velhe.
Selected Specimens-. Shivaneri hill, Junnar, J a d h a v 180783; Khandala, Maval, J a d h a v
172472, G a n i m i e 15503; Sinhagad, Haveli, Bhide 200; Wagjoi forest, Ambavane,
M ulshi, Reddi 100989, 97655; Bhovargiri, Khed, JanardhaiumllOlO, 70115.
2. Ficus arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 3: 287. 1867; T. Cooke,
FI. Bombay 3; 149.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 933. 2001. Urostigma arnottiana Miq. in London J. Bot. 6: 564.
1847. 'Payir.Pair.
Shrubs or small sized deciduous; bark grayish-white. Leaves 8-22 x 6-15 cm, broadly ovate, caudate-acuminate at apex, cordate at base, subcoriaceous, glabrous. Receptacles
in axillary pairs or clustered on tubercles, depressed globose, smooth with grayish dots, red to purple when ripe.
FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles): Jan.-April
Ulus.-. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f 524.1911; Comer in Dassan. & Fosb.,
Rev. Hanb. FI. Ceylon 3: f. 10. 1981.
Distrib. -. Frequent in ravine slopes or in hilly deciduous forests in ghats amidst rocky boulders and along streams.
Note'. It looks like Ficus religiosa. Whitish or grayish dots on receptacles is good diagnostic character.
736 Selected Specimens: Along Katraj-Sinhagad forest path, Haveli, Ansari 88029; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, H e m a d r i 9 8 0 3 7 , Ansari 83727; Dimbha, Ambegaon, Puri 8484; Purandhar h ill, Jain 4165; Velhe, M a h a j a n 32154.
3. Ficus benghalensis L„ Sp. PI. 1059.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 145.1967(Repr.);
Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:934.2001. Wad\
Trees with spreading branches and numerous aerial roots; young parts puberulous.
Leaves 10-25 cm long, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse at apex, subcordate or rounded at base, coriaceous, softly pubescent beneath. Receptacles 1.5-2 cm in diam., axillary, solitary or paired, sessile, reddish when ripe.
FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles) : March-Sept.
Illiis.: King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 1: t. 13.1887; Talbot, For. FI. Bombay
Pres. & Sind 2: f. 518. 1911.
Distrib.: Commonly planted along road sides and occasionally found in outskirts o f the forests.
Selected Specimens: Kuruli, Khed, Janardhanan 71802; Mulshi, Reddi 100974.
4. Ficus drupacea Thunb. var. pubescens (Roth) Comer in Gard. Bull. Singapore 17:
1381. 1960 et in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 3; 247, f 11.1981; Lakshmin.
& P. Vebkaima in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 935. 2001. F. mysorensis
Heyne ex Roth var. pubecsnes Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 1: 508.1817; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 145.1967(Repr.). 'Burli-Wad\
Medium sized trees with arial roots around the trunks; younger parts densely grayish rufous-tomentose. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, 10-18, 6-10 cm long, elliptic or elliptic- oblong, shortly acuminate at apex, truncate-cordate at base; younger ones densely tomentose beneath, glabrous when mature. Receptacles 1-2 cm across, sessile, in axillary pairs, hispid, yellow to orange red or ripening.
FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles): March-June.
Illus.: C o m er, op. cit.\ Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f. 519.1911 {F. mysorensis var. pubescens).
Distrib.: Rare in semievergreen forests. Also occasionally planted road sides.
Selected Specimens: Karli, Maval, G a m m i e 16229, 15113; Katepani forest, Mulshi,
R e d d i 97645, 96035; Lonavala, Maval, R e ddi 97966.
Ill 5. Ficus exasperata Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 197, 402.1806; Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh era/,, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:936. 2001. F. aspenima Roxb., FI. Ind. 3: 554.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 153.1967(Repr.). 'Kharmati . Photo: PL 29.D Shrubs to small trees, 5-8 m tall; young parts scabrous; bark white, smooth. Leaves crowded towards end o f the branches, highly variable in shape and size, ovate, elliptic, oblong-lanceolate or obovate, lobed or unlobed, serrate or crenate, scabrid, hispid. Receptacles 1.5-2 cm in diam.. globose, axillary, solitary, hispid, yellow or purple on ripe, dotted. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles): March-Aug. lllits.: Comer in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Hand. FI. Ceylon 3: f. 25.1981; Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f. 529.191 1 {F. asperrima). Distrib. : Frequent in hilly deciduous forests. Selected Specimens: Forest above Bhusi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Jadhav 193101; Reddi 97980, Saltar forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93461; Sakar Pathar, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 77707, 96131, Gammie 16248; Shindoli hill, Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhanan 70195; Durga fort, Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 89925; Thangaon, Velhe, Mahajan 32112.
6. Ficus heterophylla L./ , Suppl. 432.1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 152.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 937. 2001. ‘■Datir. Shrubs with polymorphous, distichous leaves. Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or ovate-orbicular, entire or 3-many lobed, coarsely toothed or repand-dentate, scabrid. Receptacles solitary, axillary, pyriform, orange to dark red when ripe. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles): April-June Illiis.: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f 528. 1911. Distrib.: Occasional along streams and river banks. Selected Specimens'. Rajgad, Bhor, Jadhav ; Mutha river bank, Deccan, Pune City, Talbot 4753; Bhima-Koregaon, Shirur, Talbot s.n.; Sangam, Pune, Paranjape s.n.
1. Ficus hispida L / , Suppl. 442. 1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 154.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 937. 2001. ‘Bhui-Umbar, Kala-Umbar .
738 Large shrubs or small trees, 3-10 m tall; bark-grey, smooth, all parts hispid- pubecsnet. Leaves 10-20 x 5-10 cm opposite, membraneous, ovate, oblong or obovate toothed or entire, hispid. Receptacles axillary paired or fascicled, 1.5-3 cm across, turbinate or obovoid, hispid, yellowish when ripe. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles); April-Aug. Illiis.-. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f. 530. 1911. Distrib. : Occasional along streams and rivers in moist, soil, in and around ghats. Note: Receptacles starts near from base o f stem. Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, Jadhav 172471; Ambavane forests, Mulshi, Reddi 95961, 93312; Thangaon, Velhe, Mahajan 32093; Khandala, Maval, Rolla 77678; Durgacha Mai, near Gadad, Khed, Janardluman 76318, Chilhewadi, along Mandvi river hank, Jadhav 180742.
8. Ficus niicrocarpa L. / , Suppl. 442.1781; Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna inN.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:937. 2001. F. retiisa sensu King in Ann. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 1: 50, tt. 61, 62. 1887 }wn L. 1767; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 146. 1967(Repr.). 'Nandnik'. Photo: PI. 29.A Large evergreen trees, 10-12 m tall or more, with a few slender aerial roots. Leaves 5-9 cm long, elliptic-ovate or elliptic-obovate, shortly blunt acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, coriaceous, glabrous or puberulous. Receptacles axillary, paired, c 1 cm across, sessile, depressed-globose, pinkish-purple or black or ripening. FIs. &Frts. (Receptacles): Oct.-April. lUits. -. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f 520.1911 {F. retiisa). Distrib.: Rare in deciduous forests. Commonly found planted a shade tree around villages and as avenue tree along road sides. Note: Aerial roots short and usually not seen touching the soil or ground. Selected Specimens: Wagjoi forests, Nandgan, Mulshi, Reddi 97656; Khandala, Maval, Puri 9116; Narayangaon-Junnar Rd., Junnar, Hemadri 106959.
9. Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 1; 513.1817; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 147.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 939. 2001. Photo; PI. 29.F Large trees, without aerial roots; trunk cylindric, up to 20 m high with dark brown, smooth bark. Leaves 5-10 cm long, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, narrowly acuminate at
739 apex, entire & undulate along margins, thinly coriaceous, shining. Receptacles 0.8-1.5 cm across, depressed globose, in axillary, pedunculate pairs, puberulous. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles): Jan.-April. Ulus.'. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2; f. 522. 1911. Distrib.: Rare in dense semievergreen forests in ghats. Selected Specimens: On way to Forest Rest House, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 177987; Sinhagad, Haveli, Jain 362; Wagjoi forest, Nandgaon, Mulshi, Reddi 99367; Bhimashankar, Khed, Talbot 5011. Note: Lakshminarasimhan & P. Venkanna have not considered the occurrence o f this species in Pune district, in spite o f the above specimens in BSI herbarium.
10. Ficus racemosa L., Sp. PI. 1060. 1753; Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 939. 2001. F. glomerata Roxb., PI. Corom. 2: 13, t. 1. 23. 1798; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 154.1967(Repr.). "Umbar. Photo: Pi. 29.E Small to medium sized evergreen trees, 5-15 m tall, with grayish-white, rough bark. Leaves 5-12 cm long, ovate-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, blunty acute at apex, subcoriaceous, shining, glabrous at maturity. Receptacles c 3 cm across, pyriform, in large clusters on trunks and main branches, green, tomentose when young, ripening red. FIs. &Frts. (Receptacles): Almost whole year (Feb.-Sept.). Illiis.: Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f. 531.1911 {F. geomerata). Distrib.: Common near villages, along streams and rivers. Note: Commonly leaves are found with some falls on upper surface. Selected Specimens: Purandhar, Jain 778; Khandala, Maval, Rolla 69726, 69750; Bhimashankar, Khed, Puri 12604, Janardhanan 69275.
11. Ficus religiosa L., Sp. PI. 1059.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 149.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 940. 2001. "Pimpal’. Small to large sized, deciduous trees, 10-20 m high; all parts glabrous. Leaves alternate, 8-16 cm long and slightly less broad, broadly ovate or ovate-rhomboid, with 1- 5 cm long acumen, rounded, truncate or cordate at base, entire and undulate along margins, shining. Receptacles c 1 cm across, depressed-globose, in axillary, pairs, sessile, pink or purple when ripe. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles): Feb.-Aug.
740 Illus.-. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f. 523. 1911. Distrib.: Common near villages and temples, along streams and rivers.
12. Ficus rumphii Blume, Bijdr. FI. Ned. Ind. 437. 1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 148.1967(Repr.); Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 514.1911; Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 940. 2001. 'Ashta-Pair . Moderate sized deciduous trees, all parts glabrous. Leaves 8-15 cm long, ovate, with 1.5-2 cm long acumen, broadly truncate at base, entire and undulate along margins. Receptacles c 1 cm across, globular, smooth, in axillary pairs or from old leaf-scars, whitish with dark spots when young, blackish when ripe. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles): May-June. Uhis.\ Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 640.1840 {F. cordifolia Roxb., FI. Ind. 3: 548. 1832 non Blume 1825). Distrib. -. Pune (Talbot, op. cit.).
13. Ficus talbotii King in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 1: 51, t. 63.1887 & in Hook. /, FI. Brit. India 5: 512. 1888; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 147.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 941. 2001. 'Pimper . Trees, large, with all parts glabrous; bark grey, smooth. Leaves alternate, 8-10 cm long, shortly-acuminate, shining, subcoriaceous; petiole slender, 2-3 cm long. Receptacles small, c 0.6 cm across, in axillary pairs, sessile, obovoid, greenish-yellow and dotted when ripe. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles) : March-May. Ulus. -. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f. 521. 1911. Distrib.-. Rare in wet deciduous to semi-evergreen forests. Mulshi. Selected Specimens-. On way side to Saltar from Ambavane near Masgaon forests, Mulshi, Reddi 96089.
14. Ficus tinctoria F o rst./ ssp. parasitica (W illd.) Comer in Gard. Bull. Singapore 17; 1476. 1960, Ibid. 21: 75. 1965 et in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Hnadb. FI. Ceylon 3: 276, f 26. 1981; Lakshmin. & P. Vebkaima in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 942. 2001. F. parasitica Koen. ex W illd., Mem. Acad. Roy. Soc. Hist. (Berlin) 2: 102, t. 3.
741 1798; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 144.1967(Repr.). F. gibbosa Blume var. parasitica King, Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 1: 6, t. 2. 1887; T. Cooke, op. cit. 'Datir, Datring\ Large shrubs or trees, erect, epiphytic or straggling with numerous aerial roots, epiphytic when young. Leaves alternate, 5-12 cm long, elliptic-lanceolate or subrhomboid, more or less hispid on both surfaces, scabrid beneath, shining attenuate at base, at apex, recurved along margins. Receptacles 0.5-0.8 cm across, depressed-globose, solitary or paired or fascicled, with slender peduncle, orange yellow when ripe. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles) : April-May. Ilhis.: King, op. cit.; Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: f 517. 1911 (F. gibbosa var. parasitica). Distrib.: Occasional in deciduous forests. Note: Sometimes found epiphytic on palm trees and thus can be seen in Sambhaji Park in Pune city. Selected Specimens: Durga Killa, Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 104378; Khandala, Maval, Raghavan 85125; Rolla 78903; Sakar Pathar, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 97777; Vahgaon hill, Khed, Janardhanan 76458; Top o f Vazirgad, Purandhar, Rolla 88644; Tiskari forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 96118; Kotri forest, starting point o f Mula river, Mulshi, Reddi 93363.
15. Ficus virens Ait., Hort. Kew 3: 451.1789; Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2; 943. 2001. F. infectoria Roxb., FI. Ind. 3: 551.1832 non Willd. 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 151.1967(Repr.). "Arnba-Pipri, Pipli, Pimper’. Deciduous trees, 8-12 m tall, with aerial roots; with grey, scaly bark; all parts glabrous. Leaves membranous, 8-12 cm long, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, rounded to slightly cordate at base, distinctly undulate along margins, axillary, paired, 1-1.5 cm across, globose, white to cream coloured on ripening. FIs. &Frts. (Receptacles): December-June.. lllus. -. Talbot, For. FI. Bommbay Pres. & Sind 2: f 526.1911 (F. infectoria). Distrib.: Occasional on h ill slopes in ravines in ghats. Selected Specimens: Durga Killa, Bhivade, Jurmar, Hemadri 104381, 104379; Saltar forest, Mulshi, Reddi 97602; Khanpur, Haveli, Ansari 88055; Tiskari, Mulshi, Reddi 101035; Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93423. 3. STREBLUS Lour.
742 Streblus asper Lour., FI. Cochinch. 2:615. 1790; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 141. 1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al., FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 944.2001. 'Khan’citi'.Poi'. Small evergreen trees; profusely branched, 4-5 m high. Leaves elliptic, obovate or rhomboid, acute, irregularly toothed in upper half, cuneate at base, scabrid. Male flowers in globose, pedunculate heads, female flowers solitary, perianth campanulate. Drupes yellow, 1-seeded, enclosed in enlarged perianth. FIs. & Frts.: Feb.-May. Illus.-. Talbot, For. FI. Bombay Pres. & Sind 2: 502. F. 516. 1991. Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. & P. Vebkanna in N.P. Singh et al.,op. cit.). CULTIVATED SPECIES: Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Encycl. 3: 210.1789 {'heterophylla). ^ Jack fruit, Plumas'. Evergreen trees with elliptic or obovate shiny leaves and large, cylindric or subglobose, receptacular fruits with much enlarged, fleshy massive syncarps (up to 50 x 30 cm or more). Yellow pulp o f the fruit is edible. Seeds are T. Cooked. Cultivated around houses and bungalows. Broussonetia pepyrifera Vent., Tabl. Regn. Veg. 3: 547. 1799. 'Paper-mulheny . Fast growing very tall trees, with large, obliquely, broadly ovate, lobed or unlobed, scabrid leaves with entire or toothed margins. Fruiting spike globular, fleshy red and shining when ripe. Found planted in gardens. Ficus benghalensis var. krishnae (C. DC.) Comer in Gard. Bull. Singapore 21; 14.1965 and in Dassan & Fosb., Rev. Hand. FI. Ceylon 3: 253. 1981. Trees with ovate-lanceolate leaves, leaves forming a pouch at base. Ficus benjamina L., Mant.Pl. 129.1767; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 156.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin.& Venkanna in Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot.2: 934. 2001. Evergreen trees with smooth grey bark; aerial roots few or absent. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate, acute to acuminate at apex, rounded or subcordate at base.Receptacles sessile, axillary, paired, yellow to red on ripening. FIs. & Frts. (Receptacles): March-May. Ulus.: Comer in Dassan. &Fosb., Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 3: f 15. 1981. Distrib.: Mostly found planted along road sides, rare along streams in deciduous forests. Selected Specimens: Sakarpathar, Lonavala, Maval, Gammie 15164.
743 Ficus carica L., Sp. PI. 1059. 1753. 'Anjir . Small deciduous trees with ovate-cordate. Usually 3-5 lobed leaves and 3-5 cm across, pyriform receptacles, purplish when ripe. Cultivated on large scales in Purandhar taluka as a cash crop fo its edible figs. Figs are sold fresh or as a dry fruits. Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Horn., Hort. Bot. Hatn. Suppl. 7. 1819. 'Indian rubber tree'. Small evergreen trees with leathery deep glossy green or variegated elliptic or elliptic-oblong leaves. A native o f Himalaya, Assam and Malaya, found grown in gardens & bunglow yards as an ornamental tree. Morus alba L., Sp. PI. 486. 1753. 'Tiiti'. Small, deciduous, monoecious trees, with ovate-cordate, toothed, lobed or unlobed, membranous leaves. Fruits small cylindric, bright purple or blackish when ripe. Cultivated in gardens for its fruits, also in farms for its leaves to feed silkworms. Morus macroura Miq., PI. Jungh. 42. 1851. Small, deciduous trees with ovate-cordate leaves and long cylindric yellowish-white, sweet fruits. A native o f tropical and subtropical Himalaya, cultivated in gardens.
148. CASUARINACEAE CULTIVATED SPECIES: Casuarina equisetifolia L., Amoen. Acad. 4: 143. 1759. 'Suru. Trees, evergreen, dioecious, 10-15 m tall, with straight columnar trunks and drooping branches. Leaves reduced to small, whorled scales on green terete cladodes. Flowers dioecious. Male spikes cylindric; female spikes ovoid, cone-like, woody. Nutlets thin compressed. Commonly planted near houses and forest nurseries.
149. SALIC ACE AE SALIX L. Salix tetrasperma Roxb., PI. Cor. T. 97.1798; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 162.1967 (Repr.); P. Venkanna & M.J. Kothari in N.P. Singh et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2:950.2001. ' Waliinj \ ?hoio Shrubs or small trees, with drooping branches, young parts glabrous or silvery- tomentose. Leaves 5-10 cm long, elliptic-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, glaucous beneath.
744 Flowers in axillary or terminal, hairy catkins. Male flowers sessile, female ones shortly pedicelalte. Capsules c 0.3 cm long, ovoid. FIs. & Frts: November-December. ///iis,; Wight, Ic.t. 1954.1853. Distrib. : Rare in moist-deciduous forests. Selected specimen: Saltar forest, Maval, Jadhav 193145-A.
150. CERATOPHYLLACEAE CERATOPHYLLUM L. Ceratophyllum demersum L., Sp. PI. 992.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 165. 1967 (Repr.); C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. & Wetland PI. India 210.1996; P. Venkanna & M.J. Kothari in N.P. Singh et al, FI. Maharashtra, Dicot. 2: 951. 2001. Aquatic, submerged herbs, much branched; stem 20-60 cm long; without roots. Leaves 4-9 in whorls, 1-3 cm long, dichotomously forked, with filiform , toothed segments. Flowers unisexual, axillary, solitary, sessile, perianth greenish-white. Nutlets c 5 mm long, ellipsoid or ovoid, laterally compressed. FIs. & Frts.: November-April. Illus.: Subr., Aquat. Angio. 52, f 36. 1962; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib. : Usually found growing in association with Hydrilla verticillata in shallow pods, lakes and tanks.
MONOCOTS 151. HYDROCHARITACEAE la. Plants with branched stem; leaves cauline, throughout the stem 2 lb. Plants stemless or with only stolons; leaves radical 3 2a. Leaves whorled; male flowers solitary; stamens-3 2. HYDRILLA 2b. Leaves alternate; male flowers several; stamens-2 3. NECHAMANDRA 3a. Leaves with distinct petiole, linear-lanceolate or broadly-ovate to suborbicular; spathes winged 4. OTTELIA 3b. Leaves sessile or without a distinct petiole, narrow, linear; spathes not winged 4 4a. Peduncle o f female flowers spirally coiled; perianth 1-seriate 5. VALLISNERIA 745 4b. Peduncle o f female flowers not spirally coiled; perianth 2-seriate 1. BLYXA
1. BLYXA Noronha ex Thouars la. Plants monoecious;flowers bisexual; stamens 3 1. B. aubertii lb. Plants dioecious; flowers unisexual; stamens 9 2. B. ockindra
1. Blyxa aubertii Rich, in Mem. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Natl. France 1811(2):19(-22,77, t.4)1814; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 59. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a!., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 1. 1996;C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 216, f 223 d -f 1996(as var. "aubertii'). B. oryzetonim (Decne.) H ook./, FI. Brit. India 5: 661. 1888. Herbs, small, aquatic, tufted, acaulescent, scapigerous. Leaves 10-20 cm long, linear, numerous, radical, sheathing at base. Flowers solitary, in tubular spathe, bisexual; Perianth segments linear, outer whorl green, inner whorl white with yellowish twisted ends. Capsules 5-8 cm long, linear, compressed, enclosed in spathe. Seeds ellipsoid, tubercled. FI. & Frts.: August-November. Ulus.: Subr. op. cit. f 40; C. D. K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Submerged in shallow, stagnant water pools. Found associated with Limnophila indica, Nymphoides indicum, etc. Junnar. Selected Specimens: Durga talao near Durga Killa, Junnar Hemadri 117917; Pipalwadi plateau, Juimar, Hemadri 117866.
2. Blyxa octandra (Roxb.) Planch, ex Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. 332. 1864; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 60.1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 2. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 218, f 224 d -f 1996; R. Cuba & M.S. Mandal in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addit. Ser. 24:39, 2005. Vallisneria octandra Roxb., PI. Coromandel 2; 34, t. 165. 1802. Blyxa roxburghii Rich, in Mem. Cl. Sci. Math. Inst. Natl. France 1811(2): 23(-24,77, t.5).1814, nom. suprfl.& illegit; H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 5: 660. 1888; T. Cooke, FI.. Bombay3: 172. 1967(Repr.). Herbs, aquatic, dioecious, acaulescent, stoloniferous. Leaves radical, up to 30 cm long, linear, narrowed towards base. Flowers minute, white, unisexual, on 8-15 cm long, spongy pedicels. Male spathes with 5-0 flowers. Female spathes with solitary flower. Capsules 1.5- 5 cm long, linear. Seeds tuberculate. FIs. &Frts.: June-December.
746 Ulus.-. Subr. op. cit. f. 41; K. M. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 684. 1982; C. D. K. Cook, op. cit.; R. Cuba & M.S. Mondal, op. cit. Distrib. : Uncommon. Submerged in fringes or towards edges o f tanks, ditches, etc. Khed, Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens'. Near Bhushi dam, Lonavala, Maval, redid 97961; Near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98733; Chakan, Khed, Janardhanan 87193. 2. HYDRILLA Rich. Hydrilla verticillata ( L ./) Royle, 111. Bot. Himal. t. 376. 1839; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 170.1967 (Repr.); Subr., Aquat. Ang. 55. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 3. 1996. Serpiciila verticillata L ./ , Suppl. 416. 1781. Herbs, aquatic, submerged, perennial, caulescent; stems slender. Leaves 1-2 cm long, linear-oblong, whorled, sessile. Flowers minute, white, solitary, unisexual; male shortly pedicellate; female flowers sessile, in cylindric bifid, membraneous spathe. Fruits subulate. Seeds minute. FIs. & Frts.: August-December. Illus. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 686. 1982. Distrib.-. Common in fresh water ponds, tanks, lakes and rivers, usually forming dense masses. Selected Specimens'. Pashan tank, Pune, Jadhav 180653-A; Kochala talao on Chakan- Alandi Road, Khed, Janardhanan 78290, 81623; BSI Compound, Pune, Cherian 63572. 3. NECHAMANDRA Planch. Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb. ex Wight) Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. 332. 1864; Subr. Aquat. Ang. 56, f. 38.1962; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 219, f. 226. 1996. Vallineria alternifolia Roxb. ex Wight, Bot. Misc. 2:344.1831. Lagarosiphon alternifolia (Roxb. ex Wight) Druce in Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 4:630.1917(1916); O.P. Misra &S.K.Srivastava in N.P.Singher al., FI. Madhya Pradesh 3; 4, f 1. 2001. Nechamandra roxburghii Planch, in Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., Ill, 11:78.1849. Lagarosiphon roxburghii (Planch.) Benth. in Benth. & Hook. / , Gen. PI. 3:451.1883; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:170.1967(Repr.) Herbs, aquatic, submerged, dioecious; stem slender, free floating above. Leaves 2-3 cm long, linear-lanceolate, sessile, membranous, often twisted. Flowers axillary, sessile spathes; female flowers solitary in tubular spathe. Fruits an urticle, ovoid, enclosed in spathe. FIs. & Frts.: September-December(-February).
lAl Ilhis. -. Subr., op. cit. \ C.D. K. Cooke, op. cit.\ O.P. Misra & S.K.Srivastava in N.P.Singhe? al., op. cit. Distrib.: Submerged in stagnant, fresh water bodies like ponds, tanks, lakes, dams, etc. Sometimes found in running water along the river edges. Junnar, Maval. Selected Specimens: Mavand dara, Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 107447; Near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 100954; Khandala, Maval, Jadhav 172460. 4. OTTELIA Pers. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 400. 1805; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 173.1967 (Repr.); Subr., Aquat. Ang. 61.1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 4:1996. Stratiates alismoides L., Sp. PI. 535. 1753. Herbs, succulent, annual, submerged or partially floating in fresh water; roots tufted, fibrous. Basal leaves narrow, oblong, tapering in to short petiole, upper or floating leaves larger, up to 20 cm long or across, ovate or orbicular, cordate, variously petioled. Flowers solitary, bisexual sessile within a long-pedunculate, tubular spathe; spathe with 5-6, undulate, unequal wings or margins; sepals small, linear-oblong green; petals white with yellow base, c 2.5 cm broad, somewhat orbicular. Fruits enclosed in spathe, ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts.; December-April. Illiis. : Subr., op. cit. f 43. Distrib. -. Occasional. Submerged in flowing streams or lakes and ponds. Selected Specimens: Pava-mal near Koliya, Khed, Janardhanan 76406; Atkarwadi, Haveli, Ansari 101771.
5.VALLISNERIA L. Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara in J. Jap. Bot. 49; 136. 1974; O.P. Misra & S.K.Srivastava in N.P.Singhe/ a l, FI. Madhya Pradesh 3; 6. 2001. Physkitm natans Lour., FI. Cochinch. 2: 662. 1790. V. spiralis aitct. non L., 1753: T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 171.1967 (Repr.); Subr., Aquat. Ang. 57. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 5. 1996. Herbs, annual, submerged, tufted, diecious. Leaves radical, linear, strap-shaped, sheathing at base. Male flowers many in small spathe, with single whorl o f Perianth; female flowers solitary in tubular spathe. Fruits linear, included in spathe. Seeds many embedded in a gelatinous mass. FIs. & Frts.: December-April.
748 Illus.-. Subr., op. cit. 151, f. 39; K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 689. 1982. Distrib.: Common in ponds, ditches & tanks. Note: Female flowers is carried to the surface o f the water by the uncoiling o f the long filiform spiral scape for fertilization, which after fertilization again coils close and brings the ovary down to ripen under water. Selected Specimens: Pashan lake, Pune, Jadhav 180653; Talegaon, Maval, RoUa 85275; BSI garden, Pune.
152. BURMANNIACEAE BURMANNIA L. Burmannia pusilla (Wall, ex Miers.) Thwaites, Enum. PL Zeyl. 325. 1864; P.K. Hajra in Nayard et a i, Fasc. FI. India 19: 13. 1988; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 6. 1996. Tripteraiithus pusilla Wall, ex Miers. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 18: 537. 1841. Biirmania coelestis D. Don vav. pusilla (Wall, ex Miers) Trim., Handb. FI. Ceylon 4: 131.1898; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 174.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, slender, erect, annual, unbranded, -10 cm high. Leaves scale-like. Scales 1-2 mm long, lanceolate. Flowers beautiful, blue or violet, solitary, bisexual; Perianth biseriate, tubular at base, each series, narrowly winged, 3-lobed at apex; ovary inferior; fruit capsular, more or less 3-winged. FIs. & Frts.: September-November. Distrib.-. Scarce in moist and marshy places, along streams in higher ghats, usually associated with spcies o f Exacum&Utricularia. Bhor, Velhe, Maval, Mulshi, Khed. Selected Specimens: Toma h ill base, towards Jadhavwadi forest, Velhe, Jadhav 170823-A; Flanuman Talao, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81819; Rajani, near Satar, Mulshi, Reddi 101061.
153. ORCHIDACEAE la. Plants terrestrial 2 lb. Plants epiphytic or lithophytic 11 2a. Labellum spurred or distinctly saccate at base 3 2b. Labellum neither spurred nor distinctly saccate at base 9 3a. Labellum spurred at base 4 3b. Labellum saccate at base ^
749 4a. Labellum 2-spurred 18. SATYRIUM 4b. Labellum I-spurred 5 5a. Spur cylindric 6 5b. Spur short, globose, ellipsoid, scrotiform or conical 7 6a. Bracts foliaceous; flowers c 5 cm across 13. PECTEILIS 6b. Bracts not foliaceous; flowers 2-3 cm across 8. HEBENARIA 7a. Inflorescence lateral, on a separate leafless short 7. EULOPHIA 7b. Inflorescence terminal, on a central leafy shoot 14. PERISTYLUS 8a. Inflorescence lateral; pollinia waxy 7. EULOPHIA 8b. Inflorescence terminal; pollinia not waxy 21. ZEUXINE 9a. Leaf solitary, broadly cordate or orbicular, mostly appear after flowering; pollinia powdery, never waxy ll.NERVILIA 9b. Leaves 2-5, not as above, present throught the plant life; pollinia waxy 10 10a. Labellum inferior, pectinate; column long, winged in upper part 9. LIPARIS 10b. Labellum superior, not as above; column very short, wingless 10. MALAXIS 1 la. Plants with distinct pseudo bulbs 12 1 lb. Plants without pseudobulbs 17 12a. Pseudobulbs flattened, discoid, rounded 13 12b. Pseudobulbs elongated, ovoid or conical 14 13a. Pseudobulbs with distinct reticulate sheaths; flowers orange or deep brownish-red; sepals united forming a tube at base 17. PORPAX 13b. Pseudobulbs without reticulate sheaths; flowers greenish- yellow or white; sepals completely free 6. ERIA 14a. Pseudobulbs with only a single node 15 14b. Pseudobulbs with 2-more nodes 16 15a. Flowers in umbels on scapes rising from base o f pseudobulbs 3, BULBOPHYLLUM 15b. Flowers in racemes, rising from the top o f a pseudobulb 15. PHOLIDOTA 16a. Plants lithophytic; labellum with 5-7 mm long spur; pollinia 8 19. THUNIA -Y 16b. Plants epiphytic; labellum without spur; pollinia 4 5. DENE^BIUM
750 17a. Leaves equitant, ensiform; pollinia 4 12. OBERONIA 17b. Leaves not as above; pollinia 2 18 18a. Labellum spurred 19 18b. Labellum not spurred 4. COTTONIA 19a. Spur distant from the base o f labellum 20 19b. Spur at the base o f labellum 21 20a. Leaves with shortly pointed praemorse apex; spur saccate; column with an indistinct or without foot 17. RHYNCOSTYLIS 20b. Leaves bilobed at apex, lobes unequal or subequal, rounded or subacute; spur conical; column with a distinct foot 2.AERIDES 21a. Leaf-apex irregularly toothed with 2-3 sharp teeth 20.VANDA 21b. Leaf-apex bilobed, lobes unequal or subequal, rounded or subacute l.ACAMPE 1. ACAMPE Lindl. Acampe praemorsa (Roxb.) Blatter & McCann, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 495.1932; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 233, t. 54.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 11. 1996. Epidendnim praemorsum Roxb., PI. Cor. 1: 34, t. 43. 1795. Acampe niglitiana Lindl., Fol. Orchid. Acampe 2. 1853; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 209.1967 (Repr.). Vanda mghtiana Lindl. ex Wight, Ic. 5(1); 9, t. 1670, 1851. Epiphytes, erect stems c 1.5 cm thick, clothed with woody sheaths. Leaves 10-25 x 2-3 cm, thick, channeled, oblong, emarginate with 2 unequal rounded lobes. Inflorescence 1.5- 6 cm long, compact, in corymbose racemes. Flowers yellow with dark brownish-red transverse bands on sepals and petals. Capsules up to 7 cm long, longitudinally ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: May - June (July). Illus.-. Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit.', K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 718. 1982. Distrib.-. Very rare in wild. Indapur (Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit.). Luxuriently growing in BSI garden. Selected Specimens: Only four specimens in BSI, collected two each from college garden, Pune and Ganeshkhind Botanic Garden, Pune by L.D. Garade and H.P. Paranjape respectively. 2. AERIDES Lour. la. Lateral lobes o f labellum larger than mid-lobe 4. A. odoratiim lb. Lateral lobes o f labellum minute or smaller than mid-lobe 2
751 2a. Stems very short; flowers greenish-white; spur large ventricose, saccate, at the base o f lip/ labellum 2. A. dalzelliana 2b. Stems long; flowers pink, rosy-pink or rose-purple; spur narrow, linear, distant from the base o f lip/ labellum 3 3a. Sepals and petals spotted; spur c 0.5 cm long 3. A. maciilosum 3b. Sepals and petals not spotted; spur c 1 cm long 1. A. crispum
1. Aerides crispum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 239. 1833; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 203. 1967(Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 122.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al.. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 12. 1996. Photo: PI. 31.A Epiphytes, perennial; stems stout, woody, sheathed. Leaves c 15 x 2.5 cm, dense, thick, coriaceous, oblong, rounded oblique at apex. Flowers rosy-pink, c 3 cm across, in 10-30 cm long panicles, fragrant; lip c 2.8 cm long, somewhat crenulate; spur c 1 cm long, inflexed, obtuse. Capsules c 3 cm long, angular. FIs. & Frts.: May - Aug. Ulus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1677.1851 {A. lindleyana). Distrib.: Rare in ghats in semi-evergreen forests on trees like, Memecylon iimbellatiim, Olea dioica etc. Junnar, Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Velhe. Note: Its very attractive, conspicuous, fragrant flowers may be the cause for its scarcity. Selected Specimens'. Rai Jungle, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 76653-A & 78099; Ghat near Toma, Velhe, Jadhav 170826; Rajini near Saltar, Ambavane, Mushi, reddi 101063.
2. Aerides dalzelliana (Santapau) Gray, in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23(4): 158.1972; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 12. 1996. Sarcochilus dalzelliana Santapau, in Kew Bull. 1949: 498. 1949. 5. viridiflonis T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 697. 1907 [3: 201. 1967 (Repr.) non Hook. / . 1890]. Gastrochilus dalzelliamis (Santapau) Santapau & Kapadia, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 59(3): 842, f. 52. 1962. Herbs, epiphytic, 8-12 cm high, stemless or with very short stem. Leaves mostly two with a small one in between, up to 8 x 2 cm, linear-oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, unequally bilobed at apex. Flowrs greenish white, in corymbose, umbellate racemes at apex o f peduncle. Lip fleshy, white; spur c 3 cm long, conical. Capsules c 4 cm long. FIs.: May - June. Frts.: June onwards. Ulus.-. Santapau & Kapadia op. cit.
752 Distrib. : Rare. On trees o f Ficiis spp., Memecylon iimbellatum, etc. in semi-evergreen forests. Bhor, Khed, Maval. Selected Specimens-. Hirdoshi, Bhor, Jains.n:, on way to Vandra, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jauordhonan 76655.
3. Aerides maculosum Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. t. 58. 1845; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 203.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 120, t. 30.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 13. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic; stems sheathed. Leaves 5-25 x 1-3 cm, oblong or linear-oblong, channeled. Flowers pink, 2-5 cm across, in 15-25 cm long racemes; lip finely crisped along margins; spur c 5 mm long, curved. Capsules 2-4 cm long, ribbed. Fls.\ M ay-June; Fr/5.: June onwards. Ulus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib. -. Common in deciduous and semi-evergreen forests, on.4/7z, Gela, Ainha, Kan’cmd. etc. Jurmar, Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Bhor, Purandhar. Note: Leaves usually mottled with purple. It can be seen growing well in BSI garden. Selected Specimens-. Hirdoshi road, Bhor, Jain 978; Jabhulna forest, facing Atran, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99292; Bhivade Khurd, Durga Killa, Junnar, Hemadri 89927.
4. Aerides odoratum Lour., FI. Conchinch. 525. 525. 1790; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 204.1967(Repr.) (as excluded species); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 13. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic, c 20 cm high. Leaves flat, keeled, linear-oblong unequally bifid at apex. Flowers white with pink spots, fragrant, in supra axillary, deflexed racemes; spur large decurved. FIs. & Frts.: May-June. llltis.-. Bose & Bhatt., Orchid. India 59. 1980. Distrib.-. Doubtful in wild in Pune, probably grown in gardens. Included here based on Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. 3. BULBOPHYLLUM Du Petit-Thou., nom. cons. la. Pseudobulbs crowded, with 2 or more leaves, leafless when flowering; flowers umbellate 1. B. fmbriatiim lb. Pseudobulbs scattered, with 1 leaf when flowering; flowers in racemes 2. B. neilgherrense
753 1. Bulbophyllum fimbriatum (Lindl.) Reichb./ , in Walp. Ann. 6: 260.1861; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 14. 1996. Cirrhopetalwn fimbriatum Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. Misc. 24: 72. 1839; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 188.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia Orch. Bombay 198, t. 48. 1966. 'Umbrella orchid'. Photo: PI. 31.B Herbs, epiphytic, rhizomatus; pseudobulbs c 2 cm long, conical-ovoid, yellow, in groups, leafless when flowering. Leaves usually 2, 5-10 cm long, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers c 2 cm long, in umbels on erect scapes from base o f pseudobulbs; sepals and petals greenish to yellow with purple fimbrae/ cilia; labellum reddish-brown, fleshy. Capsules c 1 cm long. Leaves : June - November. FIs.-. March-April. llliis.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. (Cirrhopetahim fimbriatum). Distrib.: Rare. In open deciduous forests. Purandhar (Santapau & Kapadia, op.cit.).
2. Bulbophyllum neilgherrense Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1650. 1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 189. 1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 195, t. 47. 1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 14. 1996. Photo: PL 31.C Herbs, epiphytic or lithophytic; rhizome creeping with pseudobulbs; pseudobulbs 2-3 x 1.5-2 cm, ovoid or conical-ovoid, yellowish-green, fleshy angular, with one fleshy leaf at top. Flowers brownish-yellow, or dull yellow, c 1.5 cm long, in racemes from base o f bulb. FIs. & Frts. : October-December. lllus.: Joseph, in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 22: 93, f 74a-74b. 1982. Distrib.: Probably cultivated. But included here as wild species based on Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. However, 3 specimens collected from college garden, Pune by L.D. Garade s.n. are there in BSI herbarium. 4. COTTONIA Wight Cottonia peduncularis (Lindl.) Reichb. / , in Cat. Orchid. Schiller 52. 1857; Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 26(1): 267. 1967 (3'^‘* Rev. ed.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 17. 1996. Vanda peduncularis Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 216. 1833. Cottonia macrostachya Wight, Icon. PL Ind. Orient, t. 755.1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 206.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, epiphytic; stems up to 20 cm long. Leaves 6.5 x 1.5 cm, linear-oblong, keeled, unequally bilobed at apex. Flowers greenish-yellow or brownish yellow with a touch o f
754 pink or purple, in corymbose-umbellate racemes on top o f peduncles; petals slightly falcate with incurved apices; labellum purplish-yellow, fleshy; spur minute, conical, with reddish- pink patch inside. FIs. & Frts.: April - May. Illiis. : Wight, op. cit. Distrib.: Very rare. Seen only once on Vitex negundo L. in full bloom in Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.). 5. DENDROBIUM Swartz, nom. cons. la. Inflorescence terminal or both terminal and lateral 2 lb. Inflorescence distinctly lateral only 7 2a. Stems copiously branched, 30-90 cm long 4. D. herhaceiim 2b. Stems simple, usually unbranched, 1-25 cm long 3a. Stems usually tufted forming small, ovoid pseudobulbs, 1-5 (-6) cm long; petals not broader than dorsal sepal 3b. Stems with elongate pseudobulbs, 10-30 cm long; petals much broader than dorsal sepals 4a. Leaves thin, membranous; peduncles 4-5 cm long, filiform ; mid-lobe o f lip truncate or retuse or rounded 4b. Leaves fleshy; peduncles short and stout; mid-lobe o f lip acute 9. D. pegamtm 5a. Peduncles straight; lip pink with deep purple veins 6. D. microbiilboji 5b. Peduncles zigzag; lip yellowish-green with pink veins 7. D. namim 6a. Flowers 2.5-4 cm across, white or pinkish-white 2. D. barbahiltim 6b. Flowers 1.5-1.8 cm across, creamish-yellow or buff coloured 8. D. ovatiim 7a. Flowers c 2 cm across; labellum subpanduriform, minutely fimbriate along entire margin 5. D. macrostachyum 7b. Flowers 3 -5 cm across; labellum otherwise 8a. Lip sessile, distinctly 3-lobed, pale yellow within 1. D. aqiiem 8b. Lip shortly clawed, obscurely 3-lobed, deep yellow at its base 3. D. crepidatum
755 1. Dendrobium aqueum Lindl, in Bot. Reg. Misc. 6, t. 54. 1843; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 187.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 99, t. 24.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma eta i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 19. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic, perennial, pendulous. Fseudobulbs up to 40 cm long, stout, gradually thickened upwards, narrowed at both the ends, yellowish. Leaves 8-12 x 2-3.5 cm, lanceolate falling just after flowering. Flowers pale watery green with labellum yellowish inside, c 3.5 cm long, 1-3 from upper nodes; perianth creamy-white; labellum obovate- obcordate, undulate; spur small. Capsules 2.5-3.5 cm long, obovoid. Fls.\ Sept.-Oct.; Frts. : December onwards. Ilbis.'. Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Scarce. In ghats in semi-evergreen forests. Khed; Junnar. Selected Specimens: Bhivade Khurd, Durga Killa, Junnar, Hemadri 104522 & 89935; Pune-Bhimashankar Road (73'^'* mile point), Janardhcman 81717.
2. Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orch. 84.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 184.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 93, t. 22.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 19. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic; pseudobulbs up to 40 cm long, swollen at base, tapering at apex; leafless when flowering, but with truncate somewhat tubular, stipule like structure throughout the stem. Leaves up to 10 cm long, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers pinkish or pinkish-white, in racemes, 2-3 cm across; lip 2-3 cm long. Capsules c 2 cm long, greenish-purple. FIs. & Frts. ; Feb. - April; Frts. : March - June. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib. : Common in ghats, in outskirts o f the semi-evergreen forest. Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Haveli, Purandhar, Bhor. Selected Specimens: Lonavala, Maval, Jadhav 174202; Kune village, Rolla, 77848; Top o f Nagphani mal (3300 ft.), Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 69217; Sinhagad, Haveli, Rolla 67785. It can be seen growing well and flowering in BSI garden.
3. Dendrobium crepidatum Lindl., in Paxt. FI. Card. 1: 63, £ 45.1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 185.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 101.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 20. 1996.
756 Herbs, epiphytic, with thick, tufted greenish-yellow, fleshy, 15-20 cm long pseudobulbs. Leaves 5-10 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, membranous. Flowers white, tipped with pink, from upper swollen nodes; corolla-lobes spreading, wavy; lip c 1.8 cm long. Capsules c 2 cm long, terminated by remains o f column & mentum. FIs. & Frts.: March - May. Illus. : T.A. Rao, Cons. Willd. Orch. Kodagu, W. Gahts 120, PI. 11, ff. 30, 31 & 18. 1998. Distrib.: Scarce. Khed, Maval. Selected specmens: Harami hill, Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhanan 76570; Lanauli, Lonavala, Maval, Gammie 16241.
4. Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. 28: 69.1840; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 184.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 82, t. 17.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 21. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic, usually erect, rarely pendulous, much branched, tufted, usually leafless during flowering stems up to 50 cm long, yellow, shining. Leaves 6-10 cm long, lanceolate. Flowers small, greenish-white or creamy-white, c 6 mm across, in few flowered racemes; lip/ labellum obscurely constricted and gland dotted. Capsules green, linear- fusiform. FIs. & Frts.: Sept. - Oct.; Frts.: Nov. onwards. Illus.'. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1648.1851{£). ramosissimiim); Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.-. Occasional or scarce. In ghats at the outskirts or periphery o f semi-evergreen forests or in open situations. Khed, Junnar. Selected Specimens'. Bhimashankar, Khed, Vasavada 8588; Janardhanan 81796; Bhivade, Durga Killa, Junnar, Hemadri 94361.
5. Dendrobium macrostachyum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 78. 1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 185.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 96, t. 23.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 22. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic, tufted; pseudobulbs slender, unbranched, up to 45 cm long, drooping, leafless during flowering. Leaves 5-7 cm long, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers mildly sweet scented, solitary or in pairs or rarely 3 on naked stem; perianth yellowish tinged with pink; lip broadly subpanduriform, minutely fimbricate. Capsules c 2.5 cm long, oblong with rim at apex.
757 FIs. & Frts.; May - June. Illus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1647.1851; Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. In ghats on Mangifera indica, Termincilia cliebiila, etc. Junnar. Selected Specimens: Bhivade Khurd, Durga Killa, ]uxmar Hemadri 94362 & 104521.
6. Dendrobium microbulbon A. Rich., in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, 15; 19, t. 8. 1841; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 183.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 87, t. 19. 1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 22. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic, very small, pseudobulbs 1.2x1 cm, conical, crowded, mave-brown, covered with fibrous network, leafless during flowering. Leaves small, 2-6 cm long, oblong, lanceolate. Flowers small, 0.8-1 cm across, white, with falcate sepals and suborbicular, pink lip. Capsules c 0.5 cm long, ellipsoid, smooth. FIs. & Frts.; Feb. - May. lUiis.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1643. 1853 (D. hiimile); Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib. -. Common in ghats, Khed, Maval, Mulshi, Purandhar, Bhor. Selected Specimens: Chaura hill top, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 193147, Janardhanan 69200; Gulsalgaon forest, on way to Ambavane from Lonavala, Jadhav 174229; Vazirgad, Purandhar, Rolla 86548;
7. Dendrobium nanum H o o k./ in Hook. Ic. PI. 19: t. 1853. 1889 & in FI. Brit. India 5: 717. 1890. D. mabelae Gammie in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 16: 567.1905 & 35: 262. 1931; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 183.1967 (Repr.); Santapau, FI. Purandhar 125. 1958. Epiphytic, 1-4 cm tall. Leaf 2-4.5 cm, oblong, obtuse, sessile, sheathed at base. Flowers whitish- green. Infloresecnece l-3cm. Capsule 2.5 x 0.7 cm, ribbed. FIs.: Sept. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 710. 1982. Distrib.: Very rare. Purandhar (Santapau, op. cit.). Note: Very similar to D. microbulbon Rich, in general features but can be differentiated only in flowering condition by having yellowish-green lip as against pink with dark red lines in D. microbulbon.
8. Dendrobium ovatum (W illd.) Kranzl. in Engl. Pfianzenr. 45: 71. 1910; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 91, t. 21. 1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra,
758 Monocot. 23. 1996. Cymbidiiim ovatiim Willd., Sp. PI. 4: 101. 1805. Dendrobium chlorops Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. 44.1844; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 184.1967(Repr.). Photo: PI. 31.D Herbs, epiphytic, tufted, pseudobulbs 15-30 cm long, slender, brownish, leafless in flowering. Leaves 5-10 cm long, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, membranous. Flowers creamy- yellow, 1.5-1.8 cm across, in 5-10 cm long terminal and lateral racemes. Capsules purplish, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: Dec. - March. Illiis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 910.1844-45, non Lindl.1830 {D. barbatuliim); Santapau & Kapadia; op. cit. Distrib. : Occasional in open deciduous forests in ghats. Bhor, Velhe, Maval. Selected Specimen: Forests on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav 193124; Khandala, MavalJadhav 172463. Note: It can be seen growing well in BSI garden at Mundhwa, Pune.
9. Dendrobium peguanuni Lindl., in J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 3: 19.1859; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 84, t. 18.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 24. 1996. D. microbiilbon Blatter & McCann, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 262, f 7.1931, non A. Rich. 1845. Pseudobulbs 1-5x1 cm, oblong-ovoid, stout with 2-4 nodes, greenish or yellowish- green. Leaves coriaceous, sessile obtuse. Flowers pale greenish, tinged with pink or purple, c 1 cm across, in terminal racemes. Capsules dark brown, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: October-March. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Note: It very much resembles D. microbulbon A. Rich, and somewhat difficult to differentiate. It was collected from Hirdoshi forest in Bhor in veg. condition with broader, coriaceous leaves. It was planted in garden but did not flower. 6. ERIA Lindl., nom. cons. la. Flowers solitary on slender scapes 4. E. reticosa lb. Flowers in racemes or spikes 2 2a. Plants exceeding 10 cm high; inflorescence tomentose; sepals and petals yellow 3. E. pubescence 2b. Plants less than 10 cm high; inflorescence not tomentose; sepals and petals greenish-yellow 3
759 3a. Sepals gland tipped hairy along margins; lip pandurate 1. E. dalzellii 3b. Sepals eciliate along margins; lip ovate-lanceolate 2. E. microchilos
1. Eria dalzellii (Hook, ex Dalzell) Lindl., in J. Linn. Soc. London (Bot.) 3: 47.1859; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 193.1948 (Repr.); Santapau &Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 15L t. 35.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 25. 1996. Dendrobiiim dalzellii Hook, ex Dalzell in Hook. Kew J. Bot. 4: 292. 1852. Photo: PL 32.A&E Herbs, small, epiphytic; pseudobulbs small, c 1 cm in diam., discod, flattened at base. Leaves 1-3 when flowering, up to 7 cm long, oblanceolate, mucronate. Flowers greenish- yellow, minute, c 6 mm across, in erect secund longer than leaves, bracteate. Capsules 3-4 mm long, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: July - Sept. Ulus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrih.: Rare. Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Forests on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav 193123; Saltar, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99086; Ambavane R.H. Compound, Mulshi, Reddi 99205.
2. Eria microchilos (Dalzell) Lindl., in J. Linn. Soc. London (Bot.) 3; 47.1859; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 194.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 154, t. 36.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 26. 1996. Dendrobiiim microchilos Dalzell, in Hook. J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 345. 1851. Eria dalzellii sensu H ook./, FI. Brit. India 5: 789.1890,/>./?., non Lindl. 1858. Herbs, small, slender, epiphytic; pseudobulbs up to 1 cm in diam., discoid, pale green. Leaves 2 or 3, sessile oblong-oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, tapering to base. Flowers in erect racemes; sepals and petals narrowly lanceolate, acuminate. Capsules minute, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: July-Sept. Illiis.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrih.: Common in ghat areas on tree trunks in moist deciduous to semievergreen forests. Khed, Maval.
760 3. Eria pubescens (Hook.) Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. 11: t. 904.1825; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 26. 1996. Demlrobiiim pubescens Hook., Exot. FI. 2: t. 124. 1824. Eria flava Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 65. 1830; Mukherjee in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 14; 97. 1972. Herbs, epiphytic, with stout rhizomes; pseudobulbs laterally compressed, stem like. Leaves 3-5, up to 20 cm long, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate. Flowers greenish-yellow, in erect, stout racemes from the base o f pseudobulbs. Capsules cylindric. FIs. & Frts.: April - May. Note-. Not seen any specimen either in herbarium or in field. For Pune, it is based on Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit.
4. Eria reticosa Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1637. 1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 193. 1967(Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 146, t. 34.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 27. 1996. E. mpestris Blatter & McCann, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 270, f. 6. 1931. Photo: PL 32.B Herbs, small, epiphytic or lithophytic; pseudobulbs 8-15 mm across, discoid, button like, enclosed in reticulate sheath. Shoots 1 or 2 from base o f pseudobulbs. Leaves 2, lanceolate. Flowers white, large, strongly scented, with large purplish bract, on 2-4 cm long purplish scape. Fruits solitary. FIs.; June - July; Frts. : Aug. - Sept. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional on vertical surface o f exposed rocks along with mosses on h ill tops in Junnar& Maval. Selected Specimen: Dhak Killa, Junnar, Hemadri 107464. 7. EULOPHIA R. Br. ex Lindl., nom. cons. la. Leaves appearing with the flowers, broadly oblong-elliptic; flowers deep yellow with a few brown spots; lip minutely saccate \. E. ochreata lb. Leaves appearing much before flowers, narrowly oblong-lanceolate; flowers pale maroon suffused with yellow; lip with distinct 4-6 mm long spur 2. E. ramentacea
761 1. Eulophia ochreata Lindl., in J. Linn. Soc. London (Bot.) 3: 24.1859; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 196.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 109. t. 27.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a!., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 29. 1996. Herbs, c 1 m tall, perennial, rhizomatus; pseudobulbs c 4 x 3 cm, ovoid-conical, yellowish, brown tinged at base. Shoot arising from base o f pseudobulbs. Leaves 8-30 x 3- 6 cm, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous. Flowers yellowish-green with purplish or brownish spots on perianth, c 1 cm across, in dense racemes towards the apex o f scape. Capsules 5 x 1 cm obovoid, 6-ribbed or angular. FIs. & Frts.: June - Sept. Illiis.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Infrequent on hill slopes in shady areas in ghats. Purandhar, Haveli, Maval, Junnar. Selected specimens: Tiskari forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Recldi 99302; Sinhagad hill, Haveli, Ansari 87371; Malvand dara, Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 118030.
2. Eulophia ramentacea Lindl. ex Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1666.1852; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 113, t. 28.1996; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 31. 1996. E. pratensis Lindl., in J. Linn. Soc. London (Bot.) 3: 25.1859; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 197.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, c 50-60 cm tall, perennial. Pseudobulbs shortly pyramidal. Leaves 15-30 cm long, oblong-lanceolate. Flowers yellowish-maroon, c 3 cm across, in stout, erect, up to 35 cm long racemes, with persistant bracts; spur 4-6 mm long, incurved, conical with broad mouth. Capsules c 3 cm long, drooping, greenish-purple. FIs. & Frts.: December-Febryary. Ilhis.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common among short grasses, in moist soil or along margin o f streams. Selected Specimens: Mundhwa, Pune, Jadhav 172485; Near temple, Ambavane, Midshi Reddi 97857; Khandala, Maval, Rollas.n. Note: Leaves appear before the flowers and usually wither at the time o f flowering. 8. HABENARIA Willd. la. Petals bifid or 2-partite 2 lb. Petals entire 6 2a. Stems leafy upwards or in the middle part 3 2b. Stems leafy near the base 5
762 3a. Sepals with long, filiform tips 13. H. stenopetala 3b. Sepals without filiform tips 4a. Petal-segments subequal or lower slightly shorter; lateral lobes o f labellum at acute angle to the mid-lobe; spur distinctly clavate at apex 4. H. foliosa 4b. Petal-segments very unequal, lower segments less than or rarely up to half as long as upper ones; lateral iobes o f labellum reflexed at right angle to the midlobe; spur scarcely clavate 3. H. digitata 5a. Leaves 1 or rarely 2, opposite, broadly ovate to sub-orbicular, almost flat on ground; anthers tricuspidate at tip 5. H. grdndifloriformis 5b. Leaves few, linear-oblong or lanceolate-erect, not flat on ground; anthers rounded at tip 12. H. rariflora 6a. Side lobes o f labellum broad, mid-lobe narrower 6b. Lobes o f labellum linear or filiform 7a. Leaves radical, more or less spreading on ground; lateral sepals c 0.5 cm long; spur c 3 cm long 11.//. plantaginea 7b. Leaves not as above; lateral sepals 1-1.5cm long; spur very long, reaching up to 13 cm long 8. H. longicorniculata 8a. Stems leafy upwards 8b. Stems with radical leaves or leaves clustered to the base
or middle part o f the stem 10 9a. Flowers pure white, in terminal spikes; lateral sepals very gibbous with many arched nerves; spur 3-6 cm long 1. H. commelinifolia 9b. Flowers creamy-white or greenish-white becoming greenish-yellow, in secund or subsecund; lateral sepals not as above; spur c 1 cm long 6. H. heyneana 10a. Leaves 2, rarely 3, flat on ground 2. H. crassifolia 10b. Leaves 3 or more, clustered to the middle or at the base o f stem, not flat on ground 11 1 la. Leaves whitish or yellowish along margins; flowers yellow 9.H. marginata 11b. Leaves not as above; flowers green 12 12a. Mid-lobe o f labellum mflexed meeting dorsal sepals and petals at apex enclosing column; spur straight 10. H. ovalifolia
763 12b. Mid-lobe o f labellum straight; spur incurved 7. H. hollandiana
1. Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wall, ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 325. 1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 224.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 25, t. 4, f. 11-12.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 34. 1996. Orchis commelinifolia Roxb., FI. Ind. 3: 415. 1832. Herbs, erect, c 50 cm high, with 1-2 ellipsoid tubers. Leaves cauline, distichous, up to 15 cm long, oblong to oblong lanceolate, flat. Flowers white, in erect c 15 cm long spikes. Sepals beaked; lateral sepals very gibbous; labellum divided into 3 long, filiform segments; spur 3-5.5 cm long, incurved, green. Capsules fusiform, ribbed, very long beaked. FIs. & Frts.: Aug. - Sept. Illiis.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Very rare. Purandhar, Junnar. Selected Specimens: Anjanavale sacred grove, Junnar, Jadhav 176843-A. Purandhar hills, Bhides. n. Note: Out o f two plants seen, collected inflorescence o f only one plant for record after 1907 by Bhide R.K. from the district.
2. Habenaria crassifolia A. Rich., in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, 15: 72, t. 36.1841; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 227.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 22, t. 32.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 35. 1996. Herbs, erect, 20-40 cm tall; tubers 2, 2-4 cm long, obovoid. Leaves 2, appressed to ground, opposite, similar, sometimes 3, 7-10 x 3.5-7 cm, broadly ovate, or suborbicular, acute at apex. Flowers white, c 8 mm across or long, in erect, long, stout racemes, bracteate; spur up to 1.3 cm long, green. Capsules 1.5 cm long, ribbed, beaked. FIs. & Frts.: July - Aug. Ulus.; Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Infrequent on higher h ill slopes in open areas; Purandhar; Haveli; Junnar. Selected Specimens: Shivaneri h ill top, Junnar, Ansari 88723; on way to Kedamath temple, Purandhar hill, Rolla 88668; Sinhagad, Haveh, Ansari 87821.
3. Habenaria digitata Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 307. 1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 220.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 10, t. 3, f. 7-8.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 35. 1996.
764 Herbs, erect; stems up to 60 cm high, leafy; tubers 1-2, ovoid. Leaves alternate, pentastichous, 5-10 cm long, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, sheathing at base. Flowers green, fading to whitish-green, c 2.5 cm long, in c 10 cm long spikes; bracts foliaceous, ovate-lanceolate. Petal segments filiform . Capsules ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: July - Oct. Ilhis. '. Santapau & Kapadia, op.cit. Distrib. : Fairly common in grassy h ill slopes in moist soils and sometimes in shady places. Purandhar, Bhor, Maval, Jurmar. Selected Specimens: Anjanawale sacred groove, Junnar, Jadhav 175842-A; H ill slopes near Bhushi village, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98649; Ambavade, Bhor, 5127. Note: Lateral lobes o f labellum reflexed at right angles to the mid-lobe correlating with the foliaceous bracts, it forms the key characters o f this species.
4. Habenaria foliosa A. Rich., in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, 15: 71, t. 3A.1841; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 36. 1996. H. digitata Lindl. var. foliosa (A. Rich.) H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 135.1890; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 220.1967(Repr.). H. gihsonii H ook./, var. foliosa (A. Rich.) Santapau & Kapadia in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 56. 194, t. 2, f 6. 1959 & Orch. Bombay 14, t. 2, f 6. 1966. Photo PI. la la. Flowers foul-scented during day time; dorsal sepal slightly broader than long, broadly obovate var. foetida lb. Flowers scentless; dorsal sepal longer than broad, ovate-oblong, elliptic or broadly ovate 2 2a. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, 10-12x9 mm; lateral sepal 18-20 mm long var. gibsonii 2b. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or elliptic, 6-7 x 3-5 mm; lateral sepals 8-9 mm long var. foliosa
var. foliosa Photo: PL 32.D Herbs, small, 15-30 cm high. Leaves 5 x 2.5 cm. Flowers white, much smaller, delicate, in dense racemes; segment o f petals and labellum linear; spur distinctly inflated in lower portion. Capsule ellipsoid, beaked. FIs.; July.
765 Note: Very rare on the hills about Khadakvasla, near Pune (T. Cooke, op. cit). Afterwards no collection from the study area.
var. foetida (Blatter & McCann) Bennet, in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5: 452. 1984. H. gibsoiii H ook./ war. foetida Blatter & McCann, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 36: 16. 1932. Photo: PI. 32.F Herbs, up to 40 cm high, with cylindric tubers. Leaves 4-7 cm long, ovate or oblong- lanceolate. Flowers white, in lax racemes; bracts ovate-lanceolate, longer than flowers; petals 2-partite; labellum with 3 linear lobes. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Distrib.: Occasional, in dense undergrowth in forests on sloping ground. Khandala, Lonavla, Bhimashankar & Punandhar (Santapau 1966). Selected Specimens'. Following two specimens were collected from Junnar by Hemadri and identified as H. foliosa var. gibsonii,hu\. theseare confirmed now as H. foliosa var. foetida. Malvand dara, near Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 107427; Dhak forest, Junnar, Hemadri 107458-X.
var. gibsonii (H oo k./) Bennet, in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 5: 452. 1984. H. gihsonii H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 135.1890; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 12, t. 2, f 3-4. 1966. Herbs, erect, 15-40 cm high, with fleshy tubers. Leaves 5-8, elliptic-ovate or lanceolate. Flowers pale greenish, many in 6-20 cm long secund or subsecund; labellum c 8 mm long, 3 partite, lateral segments smaller than middle ones; spur c 1.5 cm long, thickened in lower half Capsules c 1.2 x 0.5 cm, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: July - October. Illus.: August-September.. Distrib.-. Occasional. Khed; Lonavala, Khandala, Maval (Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit.). Selected Specimen: 13^'^ mile point, Pune-Bhimashankar Road, Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 81741.
5. Habenaria grandifloriform is Blatter & McCann, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36: 17. 1932 emend Santapau & Kapadia, Ibid. 56: 195.1959 & Orch. Bombay 17, t. 1, f 2-2, 1966: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 38. 1996. H. grandiflora Lindl. ex Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 267.1861 non Torr. Beck. 1823; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 221.1967 (Repr.). Photo: PL 32.C
766 Herbs, erect, 10-22 cm tall; tubers 1-2; 2-3 x 1 cm, globose or ellipsoid. Leaves usually 1, occasionally 2, radical, opposite flat on ground, 3-8 x 2.5-6 cm, broadly ovate-cordate or suborbicular. Flowers white, in 1-4 flowered lax racemes, bracteate. Upper segments o f petals ovate-triangular, lower ones filiform ; labellum linearly 3-lobed; spur up to 2.5 cm long, green at tip. Capsules 2-3 cm long, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: June - November. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Very common on open hill tops and rocky plateaux among grasses. Selected Specimens: Sinhagad h ill top, Haveli, Jadhavs.n.; Purandhar hill, Jain 4191; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 88720.
6. Habenaria heyneana Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 320. 1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 225.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 32, t. 5, f 15-16.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 38. 1996. H. suhpiihens A. Rich, in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, 15: 75, t. 4C.1841; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay, op. cit. 'Tooth-brush Orchid’. Herbs, erect, small up to 25 cm high; tubers 1-2; stems lealy. Leaves 2-5 x 1-2 cm, narrowly ovate or lanceolate, sheathing. Flowers creamy-white or greenish-white, turning yellowish with age, few in secund or subsecund; bracts up to 2.5 cm long, cucullate, exceeding the flowers; labellum thick, c 0.5 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: July - October. Illiis.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Common on hills and plateaux among grasses. Purandhar, Haveli, Maval, Khed, Junnar, Velhe. Selected Specimens: Purandhar, Bhide 1029, Rolla 88667; Plateau above Bhusi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98681; Durga Killa plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 117895.
7. Habenaria hollandiana Santapau, FI. Purandhar 126.1958; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 40.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 39. 1966. H. affinis Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1707.1852, non D. Don, 1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 225.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, erect; stems, 30-60 cm high, with several sheaths at base; tubers 2, c 3 cm long. Leaves 3-6, near the middle o f the stem. FIs. & Frts.: November - December. Illtis.: Wight, op. cit.
767 Distrib. : Very rare. Purandhar, (T. Cooke, op. cit ). Note: Only once collected by Woodrow, later, nobody could collect it from the district.
8. Habenaria longicorniculata J. Graham, Cat. Bombay PI. 202.1839; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 29, t. 1, f. 1-1. 1965. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 39. 1966. H. longecalcarata A. Rich., in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, 15; 71, t. 3B. 1841; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 223.1967 (Repr.). 'Lende-Vakchavada . Herbs, erect, 0.5 to 1 m high; tubers ovoid. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, varying in size. Flowers pure white, sweet scented, few, in short, lax racemes; bracts very prominent, up to 2.5 cm long, convolute around the pedicels; labellum c 2 cm long, 3 lobed; spur up to 13 cm long, greenish. Capsules oblong, erect, up to 3.5 x 0.7 cm. FIs. & Frts.: July - October. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 925.1845 (//. longecalcarata). Distrib.: Occasional amidst grasses on h ill slopes in ghat area. Haveli, Junnar, Maval, Mulshi, Purandhar. Selected Specimens: Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 97598; Katraj ghat, Haveli, (A.S.J Rao 77950; Bhusi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 100904; Malvan dara, Junnar, Hemadri 118021.
9. Habenaria marginata Coleb. in Hook., Exot. FI. 2, 17: t. 136.1824; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 226.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 33, t. 5, f. 17.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 39. 1966. Photo: PL 33.A Herbs, erect, 15-35 cm high; tubers 1-2, obovoid. Leaves few, in lower part o f stem, up to 12 X 3 cm, oblong-elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, whitish yellow on margins. Flowers greenish-yellow, many in cylindric spikes; bracts 1-1.5 cm long; dorsal sepal greenish, cucullate, petals yellow, appressed to dorsal sepal; spur c 8 mm long, fusiform. Capsules c 1 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Frequent among low grasses in moist soils, along bunds o f cultivated fields, on bouldary h ill slopes, etc. Haveli; Khed; Maval; Mulshi. Selected Specimens: NDA hills, Khadakvasla, Haveli Raghavan 64285; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 104590; Shamboo hill, Khed, Janardhanan 76772; Darya Ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 175831-A.
768 10. Habenaria ovalifolia Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1708.1851; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 37, t. 5, f. 18.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 41. 1996. H. luillbergi. Blatter & McCann, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36: 24. 1932. Herbs, 20-90 cm high; tubers irregularly ellipsoid. Leaves 4-6, 5-15 cm long, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, clustered in middle part o f stem. Flowers dull green, in lax, many flowered racemes; lateral sepals spreading; petals entire; lip 3-lobed, with subulate lateral lobes and ovate-lanceolate & mid-lobe; spur slender, slightly longer than ovary. Capsules c 1.5 cm long, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: August - September. Illiis. : Wight, op. cit., Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib. : Very rare in forest clearings. Note: Only one specimen was collected by Santapau from Meroli Plateau. Khandala, Maval.
11. Habeanria planataginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 323. 1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 224.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 28, t. 6, f 25.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 42. 1996. Herbs, 15-40 cm high; tubers 2, unequal. Leaves radical, prostrate on ground, 4-12 x 1.5-3.3 cm, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic. Flowers white, in lax few to many flowered racemes on long scape; bracts ovate-lanceolate; labellum rhomboid, 3-lobed;.spur c 3 cm long, greenish. Capsules fusiform, turgid. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. IIIns.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1710. 1851, Distrib. : Scarce in open, sloping ground, sometimes as an undergrowth or in shade o f trees. Junnar, Khed, Maval. Selected Specimens: Near Nagphani Mai, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81809; near Nigdale, Bhimashankar Rd., Jaanrdhanan 81881.
12. Habenaria rariflora A. Rich, in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, 15: 70, t. 2D. 1841; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 221.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia Orch. Bombay 15, t. 3, f 9-10.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 43. 1996. H. rariflora var. latifolia Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 36: 17. 1932. Photo: PI. 33.B
769 Herbs, 10-22 cm tall; tubers 1.5-2.5 x 1 cm. Leaves 2-4, radical to subradical, 3-10 x 1- 3 cm, lanceolate, acute. Flowers white, in 1-4 flowered racemes. Labellum c 1 cm long, 3- lobed, midlobe shorter than lateral ones. Spur up to 4 cm long. Capsules c 2.5 cm long, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: July - Sept. Illiis.: Santapau & Kapadia op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common in wet rocky crevices, associated with mosses. Rarely found growing on ground. Haveli, Junnar, Maval, Mulshi, Purandhar. Selected Specimens: On way to fort, Ambavane, Mulshi, Redid 98650; Varirgad, Purandhar Rolla 88656; Sinhagad hill, Haveli, Aiisari 97553; Tulja devi caves, Junnar, Hemadri 99576.
13. Habenaria stenopetala Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 319. 1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 219.1967 (Repr.), excl. syn. H. modesta Dalzell; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 9. 1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 44. 1996. Herbs, c 30 cm tall. Leaves 7-10 x 1-1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, sheathing. Flowers greenish-brown, in many flowered, c 10 cm long, lax racemes; sepals and petals greenish; labellum brow n. FIs. & Frts.; October - November. Illiis. : Blatter & McCann, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 36: 14, t. 1, 1932. Distrib. '. Very rare. Only one specimen seen from Lonawala, Maval, Clubber 18. 9. LIPARIS Rich., nom. cons. Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 26. 1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 180.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia Orch.Bombay 181, t. 42.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 45. 1996. Ophrys nervosa Thunb., FI. Jap. 27. 1784. Liparis ner\>osa var. dalzellii (Hook. / ) T. Cook, FI. Bombay 2: 679. 1907 [3: 181. 1967 (Repr.)]. Photo: PL 33.C Herbs, c 30 cm high, with whitish pseudobulbs; stems erect, somewhat swollen at base, c 15 cm long, with 2 sheaths at base. Leaves 2, sessile, sheathing 10-15 x 3-4.5 cm, elliptic, plicate. Flowers small, greenish-yellow or yellow, tinged with pink or purple on lip, in c 15 cm long, terminal racemes, with angular, striate rachis. Capsules c 1 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: July - August. Ilhts.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.; Scarce. In the shade o f trees at outskirts o f the forests. Mulshi.
770 Selected Specimens: Nine km away from Lonawala on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99294. 10. M ALAXIS Soland. ex Swartz. Malaxis rheedii Swartz, in Kongl., Vet. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 235. 1800; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 47. 1996. Microstylis versicolor Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 21. 1830, non Wight 1844-45; T. Cooke, Fi. Bombay 3: 179.1967 (Repr.). Mcdaxis versicolor (Lindl.) Abeywickr., in Ceylon J. Sci. (Biol. Sci.) 2: 147.1959; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 141, t. 33. 1966. Herbs, lithophytic or terrestrial, erect, 20-40 cm tall; stems fleshy, covered with sheaths at base. Leaves 3-5, c 15 x 10 cm, broadly elliptic or lanceolate. Flowers small, yellow, resupinate, in terminal, 15-25 cm long spike like raceme; labellum superior due to resupination, purple, reniform, pectinate except in middle at apex. Capsule c 1 cm long, obovoid, brown, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: July - September. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in shady places in riverbeds, by the side o f flow streams mside the forests. Occasional on plateaus. Junnar, Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens-. Malvanadra, Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 107432; Tiskari forest, Ambaavne, Mulshi, Reddi 99309; Ravine above Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Reddi 98695. 11. NERVILIA Commer. ex Gaud., nom. cons. la. Leaf-blades lying more or less flat on ground; flowers solitary 2. N. infimdihulifolia lb. Leaf-blades not lying flat on ground; flowers 2-many in racemes 2 2a. Leaves glabrous; labellum 3-lobed 1. N. aragona 2b. Leaves hairy; labellum entire or shallowly 3-lobed 3. N. plicata
1. Nervilia aragoana Gaud., in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 422, t. 35. 1829; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 134. 1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 48. 1996. Pogonia carinata (Roxb.) Lindl., Gen. Sp. 211.1967 (Repr.). Nervilia carinata (Roxb.) Schltr., in Bot. Jahrb. 45: 406.1911; Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 268. 1967 (Rev. ed.). Small herbs with white tubers and one leaf Leaf erect, petiolate; petiole 8-15 cm long, greenish-purple; lamina cordate, broadly-ovate to orbicular. Flowers green, drooping, in
771 few flowered racemes; labellum c 2 cm long, with 3 central prominent, yellowish-green nerves. Fruits winged. FIs.: May-June. Illiis. : Joseph, in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 22:21, f. lO(a-d). 1982. Distrib. : Rare on slopes in undergrowth o f forests. Purandhar & Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.y, Junnar. Selected Specimens'. Anjanavale sacred grove, Junnar, Jadhav 175842.
2. Nervilia infundibulifolia Blatter & McCann, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 35; 725, t. 3.1932; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 127, t. 31.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, Fl. Maharashtra, Monocot. 48. 1996. N. halbergii Blatter & McCann, op. cit. 726. Herbs, small; tubers white, subglobose. Leaf 1, petiolate, c 8 cm across, broadly ovate, cordate at base, caudate at apex, glabrous. Flowers green, few, drooping, in c 2 cm across, erect, 10-15 cm long, racemes; labellum c 2 cm long, rhomboid. Capsules ellipsoid, maroon coloured. Fls.\ May-June. Ulus. '. Blatter & McCann, op. cit. Distrib. -. Very rare. On slopes in undergrowth o f forests amidst Can’ia bushes. Maval. Selected Specimens: Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 100922.
3. Nervilia piicata (Andr.) Schltr., in Eng. Bot. Jahrb. 45: 403. 1911; Santapau & Kapadia, Och. Bombay 137.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, Fl. Maharashtra, Monocot. 50, f 49. 1996. Arethiisa piicata Andr., Bot. Repis. t. 321. 1802. Pogonia piicata (Andr.) Lindl, Gen. Sp. Orchid. 415. 1840; T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 211.1967 (Repr.). Nerviliadiscolor (Blume) Schltr., op. cit.-, Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. 131. 'Dukar-kand Herbs, with globose white tubers. Leaf solitary, c 10 cm across, broadly ovate-cordate to suborbicular, pale green to greenish-purple. Flowers c 2 cm long, at apex o f 8-12 cm long scape; sepals and petals brown-mave, linear, spreading; labellum c 2 x 1 cm, shallowly 3-lobed, somewhat saccate at base. Caspules fusiform, winged along ribs. FIs. &Frts.-. May-June. Illus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1758. 1851; Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. 133, t. 32. Distrib.-. Bhimashankar (Santapau & Kapadia op. cit.)-, Khandala (based on 2 specimens in 5 5 /without collector’s name and number). 12. OBERONIA Lindl., nom. cons.
Ill Oberonia recurva Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. Misc. No. 8.1839; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 178.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 60.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 52. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic, pendulous, up to 11 cm long. Leaves distichous, 2-5 x 0.5-1 cm, lanceolate, laterally much compressed with overlapping sheaths at base, fleshy, leathery. Flowers orange yellow to brick-red, minute, 1-2 mm long, in terminal, subcylindric racemes longer than leaves. Capsule small, ellipsoid, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.; December - May. Illits. : Jayaweera in Dassan. & Fosb. Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 2: 25, f. 8. 1981. Distrib.: Fairly common in higher ghats, epiphytic in open situations particularly on Xerompis sp. Carissa sp. Khed; Maval; Mulshi; Puamdhar. Selected Specimens: Bhovargiri jungle, Khed, Janardhanan 70121; Rai jungle, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 78086; Ambavane, Mulshi, Rolla 87426. 13. PECTEILIS Rafm Pecteilis gigantea (J.E. Sm.) Rafm., FI. Tell. 2:3 8.1837; Joseph & Rao, in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 23: 166 (1981) 1983; Lakshmi, in Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 53. 1996. Orchis gigantea J.E. Sm., Exot. Bot. 2: 79, t. 100. 1805. Platanthera susannae aiict. pi. non (L.) Lindl., 1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 217.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 42, t. 7. 1966. 'Wagchora ’. Herbs, up to 1 m tall, erect, stout, with 2 ovoid or ellipsoid tubers. Leaves 10-15x3- 7.5 cm, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, glabrous. Flowers pure white to creamy- white, larger, c 8 cm in diam., fragrant, in 2-6 flowered terminal racemes, with large cucullate bracts; sepals spreading, dorsal broadly rhomboid; petals linear, fleshy labellum white, 3-lobed, lateral lobes fimbriately dissected into filiform segments, midlobe linear. Spur c 10 cm long, slender. Capsules ellipsoid, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ulus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. On hills in shady places. Khed; Maval; Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Vaghya, near Hanuman Talao, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81826; Sakarpather plateau near Bhushi, Reddi 98781; near Temple, Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav s.n. Note: The most beautiful, much fragrant and large orchid, now becoming rare and scarce in the district. A few plants were noticed on hills near temple at Ambavane. Two plants
773 were collected & introduced in BSI campus garden. It can be seen nicely growing in BSI garden at 7 Koregaon Road, Pune. 14. PERISTYLUS Bl., nom. cons. la. Spur much shorter than the lateral sepals, saccate, globose; labellum entire or obscurely 3-lobed 2. P. plantagineus lb. Spur as long as or longer than lateral sepals, linear, subclavate; labellum distinctly 3-lobed 2 2a. Lateral sepals linear; lateral lobes o f labellum twice as long as mid-lobe and at right angle to it 1. P. densus 2b. Lateral sepals broad; lobes o f labellum subequal, lateral ones at acute angle to mid-lobe 3. P. stocksii
1. Peristylus densus (Lindl.) Santapau & Kapadia, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 57. 128. 160; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 55. 1996. Coeloglossum densitm Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 302. 1835. Herbs, 15-30 cm high, with one tuber. Leaves 4-10 x 1-2.5 cm, variously lanceolate, sessile, grouped on lower 1/3 part o f stem, sheathing. Flowers yellowish-white to greenish- yellow, small, in 10-20 cm long spikes; dorsal sepals concave; labellum fleshy; spur c 6 cm long. Capsule c 1 cm long, narrowly conical. FIs. & Frts.; September - October. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia op. cit. Distrib. : Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al.,op. cit.). Note: Specimen is not seen. Description is from above references.
2. Peristylus plantagineus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 300.1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 216.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 51, t. 10, A-B. 1966. Herbs, 30-90 cm high, erect, perennial with 2 tubers. Leaves 12-15 x 3-5.5 cm, elliptic- lanceolate or lanceolate, clustered about the middle o f robust stem. Flowers minute, pinkish-brown, in compact, many flowered, 10-20 cm long, erect spikes, labellum white. FIs. &Frts.\ August - October. Illus.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 921.1844-1845; Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional in shady places amidst bushes, along paths in forest clearings. Maval; Mulshi.
774 Selected Specimens: Tiskari forest, Amabvane, Mulshi, Reddi 101038; near R.H., Amabavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99361.
3. Peristylus stocksii (Hook. /.) Kranzl., Orchid. Gen. Sp. 1: 513.1891; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 215.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 48, t. 9, C-D.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 58. 1996. Habenaria stocksii H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 158. 1890. Herbs, up to 35 cm high, erect. Leaves cauline, 5-10 x 2-4 cm, lanceolate or oblong, sheathing clustered or scattered above the base. Flowers greenish, in terminal spikes; lip c 3 mm long, clawed; spur c 0.5 cm long. Capsules conical, angular. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Illiis.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrih.: Rare, in shady undergrowth o f Memecylon umbellatum as well as amidst bushes on hills. Selected Specimens'. Near Nagphani, Bhimshankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81811; Tiskari forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99374; Lonavala Maval, Reddi 98685. 15. PHOLIDOTA Lindl. ex Hook. Pholidota pallida Lindl. in Edw. Bot. Reg. Subt. 1777. 1836; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 59. 1996. P. imbricata Lindl., Bot. Reg. t. 1213.1828, non 1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 190.1967 (Repr.) Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 175, t. 40. 1966. Herbs, epiphytic, pendulous, with creeping rhizomes. Pseudobulbs ovoid-conical, in clusters. Leaf solitary, arising from top o f pseudobulbs, up to 20 x 6 cm, oblanceolate, coriaceous. Flowers pink, in pendulous racemes, arranged in two rows, bracteate. Caspules pale brown, shining. FIs. & Frts.: June - May. Note: It is doubtful in wild condition in Pune District. However, 2 specimens are there in BSl collected from College garden, Pune by L.D. Garade 623, besides one specimen collected by Miss Mudaliar from Pune without any specific locality and date. 16. PORPAX Lindl. Porpax reticulata Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. Misc. 31; 66. 1845; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 192. 1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 157. 1966. P. papillosa Blatter & McCaim, in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 268, f. 4. 1931. ^Button Orchid ’ .
775 Herbs, very small, epiphytic, with small button like pseudobulbs; pseudobulbs c 1-1.5 cm across, discod, fah, in groups, covered with reticulately nerved very thin sheath. Leaves 2, deciduous, c 5 x 1 cm, sessile, obovate, leafless when flowering. Flowers deep reddish- brown, solitary, arising from base o f pseudobulbs; labellum panduriform. Capsules c 1 cm long, ribbed, greenish. Fh. & Frts.\ June-October. ///(«. : Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1737.1852 (Aggeianthtis marchantioides). Distrib.: On the branches o f trees. Khandala & Lonavala (Santapau op. cit.). 17. RHYNCHOSTYLIS Blume Rynchostylis') Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume, Bijdr. 286, t. 49. 1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 202. 1967 (Repr.); Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India (FI. Khandala, 266. 1967 (Rev. ed.); Lakshmi in Sharma et ai, FI. Bombay 211. 1966. Epidendnim retusiim L., Sp. PI. 953. 1753. 'Fox-tail orchid'. Photo: PI. 33.D Herbs, epiphytic, non-pseudobulbous; stems stout, leafy, 8-20 cm long with dried up sheaths and branched stout roots. Leaves 12-30 x 1.5-2.5 cm, strap shaped, coriaceous, recurved, sharply pointed, truncate, obliquely praemorse or bluntly and unequally 2-lobed at apex. Flowers pinkish, dotted with deeper coloured spots, in axillary dense cylindric, drooping racemes longer than leaves; labellum dark pink or purplish; spur saccate, c 0.5 cm long. Caspules c 2 cm long ridged, stipitate. FIs.; May - June. Frts.; July onwards. Illus. : Wight, Ic. tt. 1745-46. 1851 (Saccolabiiim rheedii). Distrib.-. Rare. Khandala, Maval (Santapau, op. cit.). Selected Specimens: Pune, Paranjape s.n. Note: It can be seen growing well in BSI garden at Pune. 18. SATYRIUM Swartz, nom. cons. Satyrium nepalense D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal. 26. 1825; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 61. 1996. Herbs, leafy, tuberous, terrestrial with sheathed stems. Leaves 2-3, fleshy, elliptic or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers pink or rarely white, c 1 cm across, in terminal spikes. Distrib.: Very rare. Purandhar (Santapau, 1958). Note: Santapau, 1958, has mentioned it in FI. Purandhar based on only one specimen collected from Purandhar and identified by Blatter in December, 1917. Further, he also mentioned that, it was too poor for identification. Afetrwards, he did not mention in his
776 Orchiadceae o f Bombay. And so far, no body could collect it afterwards from Pune and particularly from Purandhar. 19. THUNIA Reichb./ Thunia venosa Rolfe, in Orchid. Rev. 13: 206. 1905; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 195.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 184, t. 43.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 62. 1996. Herbs, epiphytic, pendulous; stems 30-45 cm long, leafy, covered with numerous foliaceous sheaths below. Leaves 8-15 x 1.8-3 cm, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, alternate, distichous, sessile. Flowers white, very handsome, in compact, terminal, drooping racemes; bracts large, 3.8 x 2.5 cm across, whitish-green, deciduous; labellum with red streaks inside and hairy. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Ulus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Di.strib.: Scarce. On trees at the outskirts o f the forests. Khandala, Maval (T. Cooke, op. cit.); Mulshi. Selected Specimen: Base o f the fort facing Pet, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99020. 20. VANDA W. Jones ex R. Br. la. Flowers small, 1-1.5 cm across, pale yellow; capsules up to 3 cm long 2. V. testocea lb. Flowers large, c 4.5 cm across, greenish-yellow tessellated with brown; capsules more than 3 cm long 1. V. tessellata
1. Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook, ex G. Don, in Loud. Hort. Brit. 372.1838; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 220, t. 51.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 62. 1996. Epidendnim tessellatum Roxb., PI. Cor. 1: 34, t. 42. 1795. Vanda roxbiirghii R. Br., in Edw. Bot. Reg. 6: t. 506.1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 208.1967 (Repr.). Photo: PI. 34.A Undershrubs, epiphytic; stems stout, somewhat woody. Leaves 10-15x1-2 cm, linear- oblong, recurved, keeled, praemorse, with 2 unequal, rounded lobes and an acute interposed one. Flowers fragrant, attractive, in axillary 15-20 cm long, zigzag, erect racemes; sepals and petals yellow, tessellated with brown lines and with white margins; labellum c 1.5 cm long, bluish dotted with purple; spur c 0.5 cm long, conical, obtuse. Capsules c 8 cm long, acutely ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: March - June.
in Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare along with Aerides sp. Collected once from Bhor and planted in garden. Can be seen growing well in BSI garden on trees like Milingtonia hortensis, Aegle marmelos, Polylthia sp., etc.
2. Vanda testacea (Lindl.) R eichb./, in Card. Chron. 2: 166.1877; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 219.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 63. 1996. Aerides testaceum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 238. 1833. Vanda pai'viflora Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. Misc. 30: 45.1844; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 207.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, epiphytic; stems 8-12 cm long, leafy, covered with sheaths o f fallen leaves. Leaves 5-12 x 0.6-1 cm, linear-oblong, coriaceous, 2-3 toothed at apex. Flowers creamy yellow, with white, purple or pinkish lip, in few flowered erect racemes; lip small with narrowly infiindibuliform spur. Capsules c 2 cm long, fusiform acutely angular. FIs. & Frts.: May - July. Illus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 1669.1851 (K pannflora). Distrib.: Maval (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Specimen is not available. 21. ZEUXINE Lindl. {"Zeuxina’), nom. cons. Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr., in Feddes Repert. 1:77. 1911; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 167, t. 38.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra., Monocot. 64. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 279, f 289 a-d. 1996. Orchis strateumatica L., Sp. PI. 943. 1753. Zeuxine sulcata (Roxb.) Lindl. in Royle, 111. Bot. Himal. 1:368. 1839; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 213.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, 15-30 cm high, erect, terrestrial, rhizomatus. Leaves 2-6 cm long, linear to linear-lanceolate, sessile, alternate, acute. Flowers greenish-white or white with purplish- yellow lip, in terminal dense spikes with ovate-lanceolate hyaline bracts. Capsules broadly ovoid, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.: January - March. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit.-, C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in moist soil amidst Cryptocorine sp., and Cyperaceae members. Haveli, Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Lonavala, Maval, Rolla 33043; Paud, Mulshi, Kamamthy 78359; Pashan, Pune, Gammie s.n. CULTIVATED SPECIES:
778 Following species were found growing occasionally either in gardens or in various nurseries, either for showy flowers or for the study purpose.
Coelogyne nitida (Wall, ex D. Don) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 40. 1830. Cymbidium nitidiim Wall, ex D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal. 35. 1825. Epipytic orchid with up to 6 cm long pseudobulbs and long petioled leaves. Flowers white, in 10-20 cm long pendulus inflorescence. Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) Fischer in Gamble, FI. Madras 1416. 1928 [3: 991. 1957 (Repr.)]. D. pierardi Roxb. in Hook., Exot. FI. t. 9. 1822; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 187. 1967(Repr.). Epiphytic herbs with pendulus, 60-90 cm long, slender stems with 2.5-5 cm across single or paired flowers from nodes having pale rosy mave sepals and petals and purple straked yellow lip. It is a native o f Sikkim & Bengal. Dendrobium densiflonim Wall, ex Lindl. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1; 34, t. 40. 1830. 30-40 cm high herbs with subterminal leaves and white or yellow, c 5 cm across flowers in decurved racemes. Dendrobium farm eri Paxt. in Bot. Mag 15: 241. 1849. Epiphytic herbs with clavate, angular stems, subterminal leaves and c 5 cm across, rosy tinged, straw-yellow coloured flowers. It is a native o f Tropical Eastern Himalaya, Assam and Burma. Dendrobium fim briatum Hook., Exot. FI. 1; t. 71. 1823. Epiphytic herbs with c 1 m long pendulous stems, oblong-lanceolate leaves and 5-7 cm across, orange-yellow flowers with deeply fringed labellum. Dendrobium formosum Roxb. ex Lindl. in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 1: 34, t. 39. 1830. Epiphytic herbs with cylindric erect stems, ovate-oblong leaves and 3-4 cm across, white flowers with orange blotched lip, in terminal and subterminal racemes. It is native o f tropical Himalaya, Assam, Khasia hills and Burma. Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl. in J. Liim. Soc. 3: 8. 1859. Epiphytic herbs with terete stems and 5-10 cm across, purple blotched golden yellow flowers in pendulous racemes. Following 5 species were included and described as wild occurring species in Pune District by P. Lakshminarasimhan (1996). However, these are found as cultivated only.
779 Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Swartz., in Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 2, 6: 73.1799; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 199.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 206.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 17. 1996. Epiciendnim aloifolium L., Sp. PL 953. 1753. Herbs, epiphytic, tufted with vermiform roots. Pseudobulbs c 5 cm long, always covered with leaf bases. Leaves 30-50 cm long, oblong, coriaceous, rounded notched at apex. Flowers yellowish-red or yellow, mottled with brownish purple, in pendulous, long racemes; labellum saccate, up to 1.8 cm long. Capsules c 6 cm long, turgid, ovoid or ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts.: April - Aug, Ilhis.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: tt. 721 & 977b. 1982. Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit.). Doubtful in wild. But introduced and growing well in BSI garden, Pune. Diplocentrum recurvum Lindl., in Edw. Bot. Reg. 18: sub t. 1522.1832; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 24. 1996. Herbs, small, epiphytic; stems c 10 cm long, stout. Leaves 8 x 0.8 cm, linear. Flowers small c 0.8 cm across, in axillary racemes. FIs. & Frts.: May - July. Illus. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 719. 1982. Note: Probably cultivated, as there is one specimen in BSI, collected from College garden, Pune by L.D. Garade 257. Flickingeria macraei (Lindl.) Seid. in Dansk., Bot. Ark. 34: 39.1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 31. 1996. Dendrobiutn macraei Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. 75. 1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 182.1967 (Repr.); Santapau & Kapadia Orch. Bombay 79, t. 16. 1966. Epiphyte, perennial; stems creeping, branched; braches smooth shining, yellow, with terminal, fiisiform pseudobulbs. Leaf solitary, 5-10 cm long, very thick, elliptic or oblong, obtuse to subretuse, persistant. Flowers white, tinged with pink, usually solitary, from leaf axils. Capsules oblong, yellow. F/.; June. Illus.: Santapau & Kapadia, op. cit. Distrib.-. Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al.,op. cit.). Selected Specimens'.CoUege garden Putie, L.D. Garade 285-A. Note-. Probably cultivated. 780 Loxoma maculata (Dalzell) Garay, in Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harv. Univ. 23; 184.1972; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 45. 1996. Micropera maculata Dalzell in J. Bot. (Hooker), 3: 281. 1851. Sarcochiliis maaikitiis (Dalzell) Pfitz., Vergl. Morph. Orch. 15.1881; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 201.1967(Repr.). Gastrochilus maculatiis (Dalzell) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 661.1891; Santapau & Kapadia, Orch. Bombay 227. 1966. Herbs, epiphytic, almost stemless. Leaves 2-3, sheathing, narrowly oblong, tapering and plicate to base, emarginate with unequal lobes, often mottled with purple. Flowers yellow or yellow racemes. FIs.: May. Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al.,op. cit.). Note-. I have neither collected nor seen the specimen. Phaius tancarvilleae (Banks ex L" Her.) Blume. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 2; 177. 1856 {''tanker-villii')\ Lakshmi. in Sharma et al., FI. Mah., Monocot. 58. 1996. Limnodonmtancarvilleae Banks ex L' Her.. Sert. Angl. 23. 1789. Large terrestrial herbs, with ovoid pseudobulbs; stems stout, leafy. Leaves 40-50 x 12 cm, oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Flowers large, attractive, purplish-yellow or purplish- white, in many flowered, long pedunculate racemes, arising from side o f the pseudobulbs. Note: Doubtful as wild in Pune District. It had been grown in Ganeshkhind Botanic Garden. Two specimens are there in BSI, collected by the then superintendent o f Ganeshkhind Garden, Pune, without numbers and date.
154. ZINGIBERACEAE la. Anther-connectives produced into a narrow appendage or crest folding around style 5. ZINGIBER lb. Anther-connectives not or obscurely produced, if crested then never folding around style 2 2a. Anthers spurred at base 1. CURCUMA 2b. Anthers not spurred at base 3 3a. Anther-connectives produced above into a petaloid crest 4. KAEMPFERIA 3b. Anther-connectives not crested 4 4a. Corolla-tube long exerted from bracts; filament & connectives narrow; stigma subglobose 2. HEDYCHIUM
781 4b. Corolla-tube not as above; filaments complicate; connectives broad; stigma turbinate 3. HITCHENIA
1. CURCUMA L. la. Spikes central to the tuft o f leaves, appearing after the appearance o f leaves, autumnal 2 lb. Spikes lateral, separate fi-om leafy shoot 3 2a. Corolla purplish, lobes ovate to ovate-lanceolate, tube white; sessile tubers present 4. C. purpurea 2b. Corolla yellow, lobes obovate; sessile tubers absent 3. C. pseiidomoiitaiui 3a. Rhizomes white inside; spike vernal; coma bracts pink; labellum bifid 2. C. neilgherrensis 3b. Rhizomes whitish-pale yellow inside; spike aestival; coma bracts purple; labellum emarginated 1. C. angiistifolici
1. Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. in Asiat. Res. 11: n 338, t. 3.1810 & FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 31.1820; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 72. 1996. Herbs with globose, rootstock; tubers many, oblong at the end o f fibres. Leaves 15-30 X 5-7 cm lanceolate; petiole 30-45 cm long. Spikes 7.5-15 x 5 cm; peduncle 15-30 cm long. Flowers pale yellow. Distrib. : Rare. Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit.).
2. Curcuma neilgherrensis Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2006. 1853; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 235. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 76. 1996; M. Sabu, Zingiberaceae & Costaceae S. India 169, f 41. 2006.C. angustifolia Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 274. 1861, non Roxb. 1810. 'Ishidandi’. Photo PI. la Herbs, small, 15-40 cm high; rootstock small, white inside; root fibres numerous, slender. Leaves shortly petiolate, 15-25 x 4-8 cm, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. Flowers bright yellow, in dense, up to 10 cm long veranal spikes; flowering bracts 2.5-3.5 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, pale yellowish-green; calyx 3-toothed, splitting down on one side; corolla-tube 1.5 cm long; corolla-lobes oblong; labellum ovate or suborbiculav, darker than lobes (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
782 ' FIs. & Frts.: June-October. lllus.: Wight, op. cit.; K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: tt. 727 & 978a. 1982; M. Sabu, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in higher ghats along pleaus. Junnar, Maval, Haveli (Sinhagad, T. Cooke, op. cit.). Selected Specimens'. Forest on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav 193113.
3. Curcuma pseudomontana J. Graham, Cat. PI. Bombay 210.1839; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 236.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 76. 1996; M. Sabu, Zingiberaceae & Costaceae S. India 175, f. 44. 2006.C. montami Baker in H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 214.1890 p.p., non Rose. 1828. ‘Ishidandi, Kachora, Shindalvan, Ran-Halad'. Photo: PI. 34.B Herbs, erect, 0.3-0.8 m high. Rootstock tuberous, with many, long fibrous roots bearing ovoid, ellipsoid, subglobose or ellipsoid fusiform at their ends. Tubers aromatic, initially whitish inside, turning yellow with age. Leaves up to 40 x 15 cm, oblong-Ianceolate. Scapes 10-15 cm long excluding 10-12 cm long stalk. Flowers 1-3 per bract, bright yellow, c 4 cm long narrow tube. FIs. & Frts.: June-October. Illus.: Santapau in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51; opp. Page 136, £ 2.1952; M. Sabu, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in higher ghats in undergrowth o f forests, in bushes or in exposed situations. Note: Very attractive when in bloom with dark yellow flowers, pale-green lower fertile bracts with pinkish tips and generally purplish or white upper sterile bracts. Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, Jain 2280; Vaghecha Dara near Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 76660.
4. Curcuma purpurea Blatter in J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng. (N.S.) 26: 358.1931; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1); 274. 1967 (Rev. ed.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 76. 1996. Herbs, with thick root fibres; sessile tubers c 4 x 1 cm, faintly aromatic. Leaves c 20 x 8 cm, acuminate, plaited; petioles c 15 cm long, deeply furrowed & winged. Lower bracts short and broader; calyx tubular, 3-lobed at apex; corolla 4.3 cm long tube 3 cm long.
783 white, side-lobes purplish; staminodes and hp almost o f equal length; ovary densely soft- bristly upwards. FIs.: June-July. Distrib.: Khandala (Blatter op. cit.Sc Santapau, op. cit.). Note: Specimens are not seen. Descriptn is from Santapau, op. cit. 2. HEDYCHIUM Koen. Hedychium coronarium Koen. in Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 73.1783; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 234.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 79. 1996; M. Sabu, Zingiberaceae & Costaceae S. India 196, f. 50, 2006. Herbs, with perennials tuberous rootstock; stems leafy, 1-1.5 m high, erect; rootstock stout, horizontal. Leaves sessile, 20-35 cm long, lanceolate, glabrous above, glabrous to sparsely pubescent beneath. Flowers white, fragrant, in dense terminal spike; bracts imbricate. Capsules globose, 3-valved. FIs. &Frts.: August-September. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; tt. 730 & 978-b. 1982; M. Sabu, op. cit. Distrib.-. Occasional. A few plants were seen on Sinhagad hill top as well as on plateau above Bhushi lake, Lonavala. Lonavala (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Selected Specimen: Ganeshkhind Garden, Kirki, Pune, Jcivlekar s.n. 3. HITCHENIA Wall Hitchenia caulina (J. Graham) Baker in H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 224.1890; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 233.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 79, f p.81. 1996; Curcuma caulina J. Graham, Cat. PI. Bombay 210. 1839. 'Arrowrootplant, Chavar . Photo: PI. 34.C&D Herbs, annual; stems leafy, c 1 m high; rhizome with many ellipsoid tubers hanging to the fibres; tubers white inside. Leaves large, 30-50 cm long, oblong-lanceolate with sheathing petiole. Flowers yellow or white, in terminal spikes; bracts all united by their backs and edges; corolla tube c 4 cm long, slender, 3-lobed, lobes subequal; lip orbicular, 2-lobed. FIs. &Frts.: August-October. Illtis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, op. cit. Distrib.: Scarce. Purandhar [Santapau, 1958); Khandala (T. Cooke, op. cit., Santapau, 1967(Rev. ed.)], Sinhagad.
784 Selected Specimens: Sinhagad, Haveli, Jadhav s. n. 2 live plants were collected and were planted in BSI garden. 4. KAEMPFERIA L. Kaempferia scaposa L., Sp. PI. 2.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 231.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 82.1996; M. Sabu, Zingiberaceae & Costaceae S. India 219, f. 58. 2006. Herbs, robust, perennial, up to 0.5 m tall; rootstock tuberous. Leaves plenty, 20-30 cm long, oblong-lanceolate, with long channeled petiole. Spikes 8-20 cm long, terminal on up to 40 cm Ing peduncle. Flowers white, showy paired in green bracts; corolla 3-lobed, 3-4 cm across the lobes, tube 8-12 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: July-September. Illiis.-. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2030.1853; M. Sabu, op. cit. Disthb.; Occasional in open plateaux, along streams andon bunds of paddy fields in ghats. Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Plateau above Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98677, Valvan dam, Reddi 9860; stream near launch point, Mulshi, Reddi 99304. 5. ZINGIBER Boehm., nom. cons. la. Flowers yellow or orange yellow 2. Z. diwakariamim lb. Flowers white with purple spots on labellum 1. Z. nimmonii
1. Zingiber nimmonii(J. Graham)Dalzell in Hook., Kew J. Bot. 4: 341. 1852 {'nimmoi’)\ Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 273. 1861; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 734.1907; M.Sabu, Zingiberaceae & Costaceae o f S. India, 237,f63. 2006.Zingiber cerntmm Dalzell in Hook., Kew J. Bot. 4: 342. 1852; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 240.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 83. 1996. "Sindanuval Herbs, erect, 1-2 m high; stems leafy. Leaves up to 30-50 x 7-11 cm, lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, glabrous, above and beneath; petiole long, sheathing at base. Inflorescence directly rising on rhizome, lateral. Spikes up to 7 cm long, just above soils, with short peduncle. Flowers white, labellum light yellow with purple spots. Fruits trigonus or triangular, whitish or yellowish, turning to deep red at maturity. Seeds red, with white, membranous aril. Petiole long, sheathing at base. FIs. &Frts.: August-October.
785 llhis.: Ramamoorthy in C.J. Saldanha & Nicolson, FI. Hassan Dist. 763, f. 113, B-Ba. 1976. Distrib.: Occasional by the side o f flowing streams in dense forests, under the shade o f the trees in higher ghats. Not seen in open ground. Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimen: Forest near Masgaon, Mulshi, Reddi 98687. Notes-. Santapau described the leaves largest up to 50 x 11.5 cm, bracts at first whitish or yellowish, at length exposed part reddish or red, the unexposed parts remain whitish.
2. Zingiber diwakarianumR.Kr. Ind. Jor. For. 34(2): 245. 2011. Zingiber neesanum (J. Graham) Ramamoorthy in C.J. Saldanha & Nicolson, FI. Hassan Dist. 769.1976; Lakshmin. m B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 85, f p. 84. 1996; M. Sabu, Zingiberaceae & Costaceae S. India 235, f 61. 2Q06.Alpinia neesana J. Graham, Cat. PI. Bombay 207. 1839. Zingiber macrostaclmim Dalzell in Hook., Kew J. Bot. 4; 342.1852; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 241.1967 (Repr.). Photo: Pi. 35.B&D Herbs, erect 0.5-1.5 (-2) m high; roots with perennial, yellowish, aromatic, fusiform tubers at ends or slightly before the ends; stem leafy, covered with leaf-sheaths. Leaves distichous, shortly petiolate, 15-30 x 4-7 cm oblong-lanceolate, glabrous on both sides. Spike lateral, dense, 15-40 cm long, cylindric with orange-red, showy slightly recurved bracts; peduncles reaching up to 1 m high. Flowers yellow or orange-yellow, 2-3 per bracts. Capsules 1.3-1.5 cm long, obovoid, orange-red to deep red when mature. Seeds rose-red or dark purple with white aril. FIs. & Frts.: June-October. llltis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, op. cit.\ M. Sabu, op. cit. Distrib.'. Fairly common on hill slopes in higher ghats. Junnar, Khed, Haveli, Maval, Mulshi, Purandhar. Selected Specimens: Forest on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav 193115; H ill slopes near Bhushi village, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 95979; Sinhagad hill, Haveli, Ansari 87379, 97552; Sherewadi, Khed, Janardhanan 72446; Ganesh caves, Junnar, Hemadri 99746. Note: Two live plants from Sinhagad were brought and planted in BSI garden, in 2004. Now growing & blooming well. Tuber is aromatic and said to be medicinal. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 35: 213. 1977. Stout herbs, perennial, 1-2 m tall, with tuberous, aromatic roots, c 30 cm long, oblong- lanceolate, cuspidate leaves and pink flowers in 15-30 cm long panicles.
786 Planted in botanic garden, probably collected from outside Pune region. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, 1996 considered it as wild species in Pune probably based on single herbarium specimen without name and number and collected from the then college botanic garden, Pune. This, its occurrence in wild becomes doubtful in Pune district. Catimbium speciosum (Wendl.) Holtt. inGard. Bull. Singapore 13: 152. 1950. 'Nag-damani, Piine-Champa . Herbs, 2-3 m tall, with large 30-60 cm long, oblong-lanceolate leaves, white flowers tinged with rose or purple, arranged in a 15-30 cm long panicles. A very handsome plant, native o f Eastern Himalaya, Burma, Malay Island and Peninsula, grown in gardens. Curcuma longa L., Sp. PI. 2. 1753 pro max parte. "Halad '. Herbs, 0.5-1 m tall, with oblong-lanceolate, large leaves. Cultivated in farms for the turmeric( halad), obtained from its sessile tubers. Globba schomburghii Hook, f Bot. Mag. 103; pi. 6298. 1876. Kaemferia rotunda L., Sp. PI. 03. 1753. "Bhtd-champa\ A stemless plant, with a tuberous rootstock, thick root-fibres bearing oblong tubers, few oblong leaves, mottled reddish-purple beneath and sweetly fragrant, whitish or purplish flowers in spikes, appearing in April before the leaves. Grown in gardens as an ornamental plant. Zingiber officinale Rose, in Trans. Linn. Soc. 8: 348. 1807. 'Ale, Sunth, Ginger . Herbs, 0.8-1.2 m tall, with lanceolate leaves and slender stem. A native o f Tropical Asia, cultivated for its tubers known as Ginger or Siinth when in dried form. 155. COSTACEAE The genus Costus, along with three other genera from the family Zingiberaceae were transferred to the family Costaceae (Nakai, 1941). The Costaceae differs from Zingiberaceae in the spiral arrangement o f leaves and the absence o f essential oils. This is followed recently by M. Sabu (2006) in Zingiberaceae & Costaceae o f South India. This is followed here. COSTUS L. Costus speciosus (Koen.) J.E. Smith, in Trans. Lmn. Soc. 1; 249.1800, T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 243.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 70. 1996; M. Sabu, Zingiberaceae & Costaceae S. India 259, f. 70. im^.Banksea speciosa Koen. in Retz., Obs. Bot. 3; 75. 1783. 'Kosht, Pewa\ Photo: PI. 35.C
787 Herbs, erect, tuberous; stems 1-2 m high, somewhat woody at base. Leaves spiral, up to
25 X 7 cm, subsessile, oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, usually cuspidate, glabrous and shiny above silky-pubescent beneath; sheaths coriaceous. Spikes solitary, terminal, up to 15 cm long, dense with many flowers. Flowers white; bracts bright red; bracteoles solitary; calyx deltoid-ovate, cuspidate; corolla-lobes ovate-dorsal shorter; lip suborbicular, white, with yellow centre & crisped margins. Capsules 1.5-1.7 cm across, globosely-trigonous, red seeds black with white aril. FIs. &Frts.: August-December (-February). Illiis.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 726. 1982. Distrib.-. Occasional in higher ghats along the streams, sometimes in undergrowth o f semievergreen forests towards the edges. Selected Specimens'. Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav s.n.; Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhanan 70170. Note: It can be seen well growing in BSI garden.
156. MARANTACEAE STACHYPHRYNIUM K. Schum., nom. cons. Stachyphrynium spicatum (Roxb.) K. Schum. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 48: 46. 1902; Santapau in Rec. Bot. India 16(1): 277. 1967 (Rev. ed.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 87. 1996. Phryniiim spicatum Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1:5. 1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 246. 1967 (Repr.). Herbs, perennial, non tuberous, with creeping rootstock. Leaves 2-4, 30-45 cm long, oblong, caudate acuminate at apex, rounded at base; petioles much longer than blade, slender. Flowers white in small spikes, c 2 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: June-October. Distrib: In the undergrowth o f dense forest at Meroli, Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.). Note-. Santapau wrote as very abundant in large patches in almost pure formation. Now it seems rare there and also not seen elsewhere.
157. MUSACEAE la. Plants stoloniferous 2. MUSA lb. Plants not stoloniferous 1. ENSETE 1. ENSETE Horan.
788 Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesm. in Kew Bull. 1947: 100. 1948; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 88. 1996. Musa superba Roxb., PI. Cor. T. 223. 1811; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 247.1967(Repr.). 'Kaiidar, Rankel Herbs, tree-like, with pseudostem, 1.5-3 m high, much broadened (reaching sometimes up to 1 m in diam.) at base, narrowed below the leaves. Leaves 1-3 x 0.5-0.8 m, oblong. Spikes compact terminal, stout, finally drooping. Flowers compactly arranged in two horizontal rows in spathaceous bracts, lower female and upper male. Fruits oblong, almost dry when ripe. Seeds numerous, brown or black. FIs. & Frts.: July-November. lUus. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, tt. 2017-18. 1853 {Musa superba). Distrib. : A very common member o f scree vegetation along steep rocks on hill slopes or ravine slopes in grassy places or more or less in dense forests. Selected Specimens: Jambhulna forest, facing Atran, Mulshi, Reddis.n., Bhiwade, Junnar, Hemadri 104540. Note: Two live smaller plants were collected from Sinhagad, Haveli and were introduced in BSI garden. They are growing well, but without flowering. Medicinal Uses: The Central, inner, tender, cylindric white portion o f the pseudostem is edible and said to be very effective on urinary troubles or disorders. Ripe fruits are eaten by local people as well as by wild animals like monkey. The whole inflorescence, when very young is commonly eaten as a vegetable by the local people. 2. MUSA L. Musa rosacea Jacq., Hort. Schoenb. 4; 22, t. 445. 1804; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 247. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 89. 1996. ^Jangli-Keli. Herbs, tree-like, c 1.5 m high, stoloniferous; roots perennial. Pseudostem slender, cylindric. Leaves narrowly oblong, mid-rib often flushed with red beneath; petioles erect to spreading. Flowers in short spikes, initially erect, latter on drooping; bracts dark rosy or pink, oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, only lowest 4-5 fertile, each bearing 3-4 flowers. Fruits 2-4 in clusters, linear-oblong, not edible. Distrib.: Rare in higher ghats in almost inaccessible places on the sides o f precipitous rocks, in ghats,Khed. An attractive plant, often planted in gardens as an ornamental plant. Selected Specimens: Andhari, near Vandra, Khed, Janardhanan 76033; Rasacha Mai, near Gaded, Khed, Khed, Janardhanan 76306. CULTIVATED SPECIES:
789 Musa paradisiaca L., Sp. PI. 1043. 1753. "Banana, Keli Herbs, like unbranched tree, 3-6 m high with cylindric pseudostem and large erect or spreading oblong leaves, pendulous, stout recurved spikes and greenish to yellow cylindric fruits in bunches. A native o f uncertain country but probably o f Asiatic origin. Cultivated in farms and yards commonly for its edible fruits. Due to its economic importance, it has become a cash crop.
158. HELICONIACEAE CULTIVATED SPECIES: Heliconia angustifolia Hook., Bot. Mag. T. 4475. 1849. A native o f Brazil, found planted in parks and gardens as an ornamental plant. Heliconia bihai L., Mant. 2: 211. 1767. Flowers enclosed in a large up to 15 cm long, very attractive red or orange bracts. A native o f West Indies, found introduced in gardens as an ornamental plant.
159. STRELITZIACEAE CULTIVATED SPECIES: Ravenala madagascariensis J.F. Gmel., Syst. 567. 1791. 'Traveller ’s Palm'. An elegant small tree, 5-10 m tall with true stout columner, unbranched stem and erect spreading large leaves somewhat like banana leaves but oppositely arranged in one plane only. A native o f Madagascar, grown in gardens as an ornamental plant.
160. CANNACEAE CULTIVATED SPECIES: Canna flaccida Sahsb., Icon. Stirp. Rar. T. 2. 1791. 'Kardal \ Herbs, with creeping rhizomes, 1.5-2 m high, erect stems, ovate-lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate leaves and c 10 cm long, yellow, showy flowers, having bright yellow staminodes, in simple lax racemes, produced throughout the year. Cultivated in gardens. Canna indica L., Sp. PI. 1. 1753. Kardal . Herbs with creeping rhizomes, 1-1.5 m tall stem, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong leaves; scarlet or yellow, 5-6 cm long, showy, paired flowers in 15-20 cm long panicles, produced throughout the year.
790 161. AMARYLLIDACEAE la. Leaves bifarious; filaments united by a membranous 2. PANCRATIUM lb. Leaves radical; filaments free at base I. CRINUM 1. CRINUM L la. Perianth funnel-shaped 3. C latifolium lb. Perianth salver-shaped 2 2a. Perianth lobes lanceolate 1. C. amoeniim 2b. Perianth lobes linear 3 3a. Leaves 12-15 cm wide, fait; umbels 15-20 flowered 2. C. asiaticiim 3b. Leaves 2-2.5 cm wide, concave deeply channeled down; umbels 6-12 flowered 4. C. vivipanm
1. Crinum amoenum Roxb. ex Ker.-Gawl. in J. Sci. Arts. London 3: 106.1817; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a/.,FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 93, f. p.92. 1996. Bulbs 5-7 cm in diam., globose. Leaves 45-60 x 2.5-3.5 cm, ensiform. Scapes 30-60 cm long, slender. Flowers in 6-12 flowered umbels; Perianth white, tube green. FIs. & Frts.; July-November. Distrib.-. Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cil, op. cit., without flowering & fruiting). Note: Probably this is cultivated species in Pune and not found in wild. A few specimens are there in BSI, collected from Furgussan College garden, Pune.
2. Criaum asiaticum L., Sp. PI. 292.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 256.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 94. 1996. "Pan Kand\ Herbs, 0.7-1 m high, with large, perennial, tunicated bulbs. Leaves very long and broad, c 1 m x 15 cm. Scapes c 40 cm long. Flowers few, white, 14-18 cm long white tinged with pink; Perianth lobes linear-lanceolate, equaling tube. Fruit 3-4 cm in diam., oboovid-subglobose, long beaked. FIs. &Frts.: May-June. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, tt. 2021-2022. 1853 (C. toxicarium Roxb.); K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilandu Carnatic 2: t. 732. 1982. Distrib.: Rare and occasionally found on hill slopes o f Bhivade-Dhak hills in Juimar. Selected Specimens: Bhivade Khurd-Dhak Killa, Junnar, Hemadri 104501; BSI Garden, Pune, Singh 106560; Nandgaon village, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99363.
791 Note: Sometimes grown in gardens for its large and attractive flowers.
3. Crinum latifolium L., Sp. PI. 291.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 258.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 95. 1996. 'Madlnikaud Photo: PL 36.E Herbs, large, 0.5-0.9 m high; bulbs 12-15 cm across, globose or subglobose. Leaves numerous, 30-90 cm long, broadly oblong, lorate. Flowers white, tinged with pink, fragrant in terminal umbel on stalk almost as long as leaves. Perianth infiindibuliform, tube 7-10 cm long, curved, lobes up to 9 cm long. Fruits c 4 cm across. FIs. & Frts.: May-August. Illus.-. Wight, Icon. tt. 219. 220. 1841; K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 732. 1982. Distrib.: Occasional. On steep slopes at the foot o f Beharn's Plateau (Santapau. op. dt.)\ Lonavala (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Note: Showy and attractive plant, worth to introduce in gardens (Santapau, op. cit.). Only one plant was seen, but was not collected. However, photograph was taken.
4. Crinum viviparum (Lam.) R. Ansari & V.J. Nair in J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 11: 205. (1987) 1988; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma te al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 96. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 43, f. 25.1996. Amaryllis vivipara Lam., Encycl. 1: 123. 1783. Crinum defixiim Ker.-Gawl. in J. Sci. Arts. London 3; 105.1817; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 257.1967 (Repr.). 'Pan Kand\ Photo: PI. 36.F Herbs, aquatic, c 1 m high, with large tunicated bulb; bulbs c 7.5 cm in diam., ovoid, clothed with leaf bases. Leaves 0.5-0.7 m x 4-5 cm. Flowers white, 12-15 cm long, sessile to subsessile, in simple umbel on cylindric scape shorter than or as long as leaves; Perianth lobes 4-6 cm long, linear, tube longer than lobes. Fruits 3-4 cm in diam., subglobose, long beaked. FIs. & Frts.: September-October. Illus.: Lakshmin. & B.D. Sharma, FI. Nasik Dist. 561, f. 32.1991 {Crinum defixum); C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common along the margins o f the rivers and in streams. Note: The seeds show viviparous germination when infrutescens float on water at maturity.
792 Selected Specimens-. In (Kanindi?) river bed on way to Rajgad, Jadhavs.ii. ; Kukadi river near Hivare, Junnar, Hemadri 107004; Bhima river bed near Shelgaon, Khed, Janardhanan 72831 7 78264. Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 97858. 2. PANCRATIUM L. la. Perianth tube short, 2.0-2.5 cm long 2. P. sanctae-mariae lb. Perianth tube longer, 7-12 cm long 1. P. pai-vum
1. Pancratium parvum Dalzell in Kew. J. Bot. 2: 144.1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 260.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a/.,FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 99, f. p.98. 1996. Herbs with globose bulbs; bulbs c 5 cm across, with long cylindric neck. Leaves 15-20 cm long, linear to linear-lanceolate, attenuate at base. Scape 15-30 cm long. Flowers white, 2-4 in terminal umbel; pedicels 1.5-2 cm long; spathe single occasionally deeply bifid; Perianth tube 7-12 cm long, dialated above; lobes c 2.5 cm long, linear. Staminal cup funnel-shaped, c 1 cm long, 12-toothed. FIs. & Frts.: June-July. Ulus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. Purandhar (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Khadaki, Pune, Talbot .v./!.(Poor specimen). Note: The above description is from T. Cooke, op. cit.
2. Pancratium sanctae-mariae Blatter & Hallberg in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 2: 52, f 5. 1922; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1); 279. 1967 (Rev. ed.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 99. 1996. "Pacharkanda'. Herbs, small, with perennial tunicated bulb; bulbs 3.5-6 cm in diam. Leaves 15-40 x 1- 2.5 cm, lanceolate or linear-oblong. Scapes 10-15 cm long. Flowers white, about 5 in simple terminal umbel; Perianth tube 2-2.5 cm long, lobes almost equaling the tueb or up to half smaller to that o f tube, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Capsule c 1 cm long, obovoid, triangular, with short stalk. FIs. & Frts.: May-June. Illus.: Blatter & Hallberg, op. cit. Distrib.: Very rare and scarce in open plateau or under the shade o f the trees in ghats. Khandala (Blatter & Hallberg, op. cit.); Junnar.
793 Note: Inflorescence is ephemeral and flowering said to be lasting for 2-3 days only. It blooms immediate after the first shower o f monsoon or even during the pre-monson. Khandala is the Type locality o f this species. Selected Specimen: Durga Killa plateau, Junnar, Hemadh 89954. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Eucharis grandiflora Planch. & Linden in FI. de Serres 1,9: 255. 1853-54. 'Amawn Lily'. Herbs, bulbous, perennial, with 15-25 cm long and 8-10 cm broad elliptic to ovate, thick leaves, c 50 cm long scape with few flowers in umbels. Flowers bright white, c 10 cm across, with yellowish-green staminal-cup. A native o f Colymbia, planted in gardens due to its dark blackish-green foliage and very attractive large, bright white, fragrant flowers. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw., Syn. PI. Suce. 73. 1812.
Shrub, perennial, with c 1.5 m long large, thick fleshy basal leaves. Scape with 3-5 m long, stout, columner stalk, terminal panicle with whorls o f horizontal branches; branches with foliaceous bracts. Flowers sessile, yellowish-green, 3-4 cm across, pendulus. Note: Numerous bulbils producing individual young plants produced on scape. A very attractive plant, found planted in gardens. Zephyranthes ajax Spr., Gartenflora 48; 649. 1899,; Baily, Man. Cult. PI. 254. 1949.
A bulbous herb, hybrid between Z c itr in e Baker and Z C a n d id a (Lindl.) Herb., with pale yellow flowers on erect, 15-20 cm long stalk. Found in gardens. Zephyranthes carinata Herb, in Bot. Mag. 52: t. 2594. 1825. Perennial herbs, 15-20 cm tall, with subglobose bulbs, linear leaves and solitary pink or red flowers with 5-7 cm long perianth on scape. A native o f Mexico, cultivated in gardens for its June-July flowering. Zephyranthes flava G. Nichols., Illus. Diet. Gard. 4: 239. 1887. Perennial, bulbous herbs, with linear leaves and dark yellow, solitary flowers. Cultivated or as an escape in gardens. Zephyranthes rosea Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 10: t. 821. 1824. Perennial herbs with globose bulbs and rose coloured flowers. Cultivated in gardens. 162. HYPOXIDACEAE la. Leaves flat, narrow; perianth on exposed ovary; fruits dehiscent 2. HYPOXIS
794 lb. Leaves plicate, comparatively broad; perianth from ovary hidden in leaf bases; fruit indehiscent 1. CURCULIGO
1. CURCULIGO Gaertn. Curculigo orchioides Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 63, t. 13.1788; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 255. 1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. inB.D. Sharma etal., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 102. 1996. ' Kali-Miisali'. Herbs, erect, small, 15-30 cm, stemless, with deep perennial, cylindrical root-stock. Leaves 10-40 x 1-4 cm, linear lanceolate, plicate, sheathing at abse. Flowers dark yellow, in small raceme; perianth 0.7-1.3 cm long, more or less pilose. Capsules indehiscent, hidden in the leaf sheaths. FIs. & Frts.: June-October, Ilhis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2043 A, f 1.1853 (C. malabarica); Dixit & Shrivastava in Singh et al., FI. Madhya Pradesh 3: 108, f 11. 2001. Distrib.: Common on rocky & garvelly h ill slopes under the shade o f trees in deciduous forests or sometimes in open conditions, appearing after the first few showers o f monsoon. Note: One o f the first monsoon plant coming in flowering. The root-stock is said to be o f medicinal value. Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, Wadhwa\09930; Thalai, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 72242; H ill slopes near Bhushi village, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 97936. 2. HYPOXIS L Hypoxis aurea Lour., FI. Cochinch. 200. 1790; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 254.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 102. 1996. Small herbs, stemless, tuberous, 20-25 cm high, dioecious; with perennial root-stock. Leaves grass-like, 5-15 cm long, linear, keeled. Scapes few, fiUform, hidden in the leaf sheath, 1-2 flowered. Flowers yellow, c 1 cm long; perianth lobes 0.5-0.8 cm long. Capsule 0.7-1 cm long, oblong or clavate-oblong. FIs. &Frts.: June-September. Illus.: Dixit & Srivastava in Singh et a l, FI. Madhya Pradesh 3: 109, f 12. 2001. Distrib.: Common on open plateaux, h ill slopes and tops, among grasses and on rocky plains at foot hills. Selected Specimens: Khubi phata on way to Malshej ghat Junnar, Jadhav 172761; Mangni hill, near Khamgaon, Junnar, Hemadri 99524; Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 72249, 72278; Bhushi, Maval, Reddi 97962.
795 Note: Differentiated from Ciirailigo orchioides, by having narrower grass like leaves and more or less pubescent-pilose flowers. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Molineria capitulata (Lour.) Herb., Amaryllid. 84. 1837. Curciiligo recnrvata Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew. Ed. 2, 2: 253.1811; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 255.1967 (Repr.). Herbs with elongate rhizome, large 60-90 x 7-15 cm, lanceolate, plicate leaves and yellow flowers, in 5-10 cm across heads, produced in July-August. Ocacsionally grown in gardens.
163. AGAVACEAE CULTIVATED SPECIES: Agave americana L., Sp. PI. 323. 1753. "Vilayati Ghaypat'. Perennial undershrubs with short stout stem and lax, rosette, oblong-lanceolate, c 1-1.5 m long leaves with recurved prickles along margins and terminal stout straight spine. Flowers yellowish-green in 5-10 m tall panicle on stout scape. Cultivated as an ornamental or naturalized. Agave cantula Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 2: 167. 1824. ^Ghaypat, Guial '. Perennial, stout, scapingerous undershrubs with short woody stem, spinescent-dentate, up to 0.8 m long leaves in rosette and greenish flowers in terminal umbels on 3-4 m tall scape. Introduced probably from Central America, now well naturalized. Fibre extracted from leaves and used for ropes in some areas o f the dist. Agave ingens Berger, Hort. Mort. 12: 360. 1912. Large undershrubs with, large up to 2 x 0.3 m, lanceolate, elegantly upcurved leaves and large panicles. Found cultivated and naturalized in Khandala area. Polyanthes tuberosa L., Sp. PI. 316. 1753. "Gulchabu, GtilChadi, Nisgigand Tuberous, perennial herbs, with 0.6-1 m tall stem, narrowly oblong mostly radical glabrous, somewhat fleshy leaves and bright white, very fragrant, bracteate flowers in erect, terminal spikes. Cultivated on large scale in farms for fragrant flowers. Yucca gloriosa L „ Sp. PI. 319. 1753. Tucca’ . Robust plant, with short, woody stem and with 0.6-0.7 m long leaves crowded at its top and creamy-white flowers, in large 1 to 2 m long panicles. A native o f West Indies, found planted in gardens and parks as an ornamental plant.
796 164. TACCACEAE TACCA J.R. & J.G.A. Forst., nom. cons. Tacca ieontopetaloides (L.) Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 704.1891; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 108. 1996. Leontice Ieontopetaloides L., Sp. PI. 313. 1753. Tacca pinnatifida J.R. & J.G. Forster, Char. Gen. PI. 69. t. 35.1775; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 262.1967 (Repr.). "Deo-kanda\ Herbs, perennial, c 1 m high; root-stocks tuberous, c 20 cm in diam., globose. Leaves c 0.8 m across, 3-partite, each segment irregularly, pinnatifid, glabrous; petiole c 0.4 m long, grooved. Flowers greenish, c 1.3 cm long, broadly companualte, drooping; perianth lobes margined with purple; bracts many, 2.5-3 cm long. Berries c 2.5 cm long, ovoid, ribbed. FIs. & Frts.; August-September. Him. -. Lakshmin. & B.D. Sharma, FI. Nasik Dist. ff. 33 & 34. 1991. Distrib.: Rare on rocky hill slopes and forest undergrowth in ghats. Khed, Juimar. Selected Specimens'. Anjanavale Deorai, Junnar, Jadhav 176846-A; Kuruli h ill top, Khed, Janardhanan 72558; Bhogad, Pune Siibramanian 64942.
165. DIOSCOREACEAE DIOSCOREA L.
la. Stems twining to the right 2 lb. Stems twining to the left 6 2a. Male spikes produced on special leafless branches 3 2b. Male spikes produced on leafy branches or near end o f Branchesin axils o f gradually diminishing leaves 5. D. oppositifolia 3a. Plants armed 4 3b. Plants unarmed 5 4a. Stems winged or angled; capsules broader than long 1. D. alata 4b. Stems terete; capsules slightly longer than broad or as long as broad 8. D. wallichii 5a. Leaves cordate at abse; amle spikes on special flowering and leafless branches 2. D. belophylla 5b. Leaves obtuse or rounded at base; male spikes produced among leaves, not on special branches 3. D. bulbifera 6a. Leaves simple 3. D. bulbifera 6b. Leaves compound, 3-5 foliolate
797 7a. Fertile stamens 6; female spikes distant 4. D. hispida 7b. Fertile stamens 3; staminodes 3; female spikes not distant 8 8a. Stem tomentose; leaves white-tomentose beneath; flowers sessile, fragrant 6. D. tomentosa 8b. Stem glabrous; leaves glabrous or nearly so when old; flowers pedicellate, not fragrant 7. D. pentaphylla
1. Dioscorea aJata L., Sp. PI. 1033.1753; Santapau in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49: 634, t. 3. 1951; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 109. 1996. D. globosa Roxb., FI. Ind. (Ed. Carey) 3: 797. 1832. D. alata var. globosa (Roxb.) Prain, Bengal PI. 2: 1067.1903 [803. 1963 (Repr.)]; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 267.1967(Repr.). Climbers, glabrous; stems twining to right usually winged or sometimes acutely angled. Bulbils numerous. Leaves usually opposite, ocacsioanlly altemte, up to 15 x 12 cm, broadly ovate, cuspidately acuminate, hastate or subcordate at abse. Capsules c 2.5 x 3.5 cm, braoder than long o f two semicircular flat lobes, retuse at apex. FIs. & Frts.; August. Ilhis.; Santapau, op. cit. Distrib.: Usually cultivated for its tubers as vegetable. But also found as an escape in wild in Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.). Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Pune, Raghavan 87188, Cherian 68211.
2. Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Haines, For. FI. Chota Nagpur 530. 1910; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 109, f. p. 110. 1996. 'Aanvi\ Climbing shrubs; stem purplish, unarmed, twining to right, bearing 1-3 tubers at base; bulbils axillary. Leaves opposite and alternate, peltate, variable in size and shape, up to 15
X 8 cm, sagittate-ovate or upper cordate-ovate. Male flowers in lax, branched spikes; female flowers in solitary, short spike. Capsule up to 3 x 3.5 cm, suborbicular. Seeds with orbicular wings. FIs. & Frts.: September-February. llltts. : Lakhsmi. in Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.; Occasional on h ill slopes in higher ghats in mixed forests. Selected Specimens: Dharmandap, Hirdoshi, Bhor, Jadhav 175928; Hills near Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhanan 69168, 70139, 70189.
798 Note: Tubers are said to be very long, 0.45 to 1.5 m long and eaten by locals after cooking like potato particularly on Mahashivaratri.
3. Dioscorea bulbifera L., Sp. PI. 1033. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 265.1967 (Repr.); Santapau in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49; 628.1951; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra. Monocot. 111. 1996. 'Chava, Kadii-Kand, Karanda. Photo PI. la Climbing herbs with solitary tubers; tubers globose or pyriform; stems with warty bulbils. Leaves simple, alternate, up to 13.5 x 11.5 cm or more, broadly ovate-cordate or suborbicular, acuminate, cuspidate or caudate, glabrous. Male spikes pendulous, greenish- yellow, axillary, fascicled; female spikes solitary, almost twice as long as male spikes or more. Capsules c 2.5 cm long, quadrately oblong, slightly widened upwards, straw coloured when ripe, wings rounded at both the ends. FIs. & Frts. : September-November. Jlliis.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 878. 1845. Distrib.'.Fairly common in hilly areas in forests. Selected Specimens-. Near Jalwade on way to Nane ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 175853; Katraj ghat, Aaveli, Ansari 47780; Kadus, Khed, Janardhanan 78217.
4. Dioscorea hispida Dennst., Schluess. Hort. Malab. 15. 1818; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 102. 1996. D. daemona non Roxb., 1892; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 264.1967 (Repr.). Biennial herbs, with lobed tubers and twining stem, more or less prickly. Leaves alternate, trifoliolate; leaflets broadly cuneate-obovate, lateral leaflets very oblique, villous when young, glandular beneath; common petiole prickly. Male spikes cylindric, clustered and arranged in racemes; rachis o f the raceme and peduncles o f the spiks pubescent or villous. Female spikes solitary. Capsules 4-5 x 2.3-3 cm, quadrately oblong-obovoid, truncate-rounded at the ends. FIs. & Frts.: July-October. Illus. : Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 811.1844 {D. daemona). Distrib.: Rare on slopes in hills and vallies. Haveli. Selected Specimens: Sinhagad, haveli, Garade s.n.; Sitabai Dara from Donje side, Haveli, Ansari 101762.
799 5. Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Sp. PI. 1033.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 266.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 112. 1996. 'Tambala. Photo: PI. 36.D Climbing herbs with many, cylindric tubers; stems slender, not bulbiferous. Leaves simple, usually opposite, or subopposite or alternate, c 13 x 7 cm, elliptic-obovate or ovate. Spikes axillary. Capsules suborbicular or often broader than long, truncate or obtuse at apex, narrowed at base into a short stipe. FIs. & Frts.: July-October. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 813. 1844. Distrib.: Occasional, straggling over shrubs and fences. Note: Tubers are said to be edible. Selected Specimens: Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 102380, 94344, 104516; Near Hirdoshi, Bhor, Vasavada 17020; Katepani forest, Mulshi, Reddi 97839; Purandhar, top of Vajirgad, Rolla 88650.
6. Dioscorea tomentosa Koen. ex Spr., PI. Pugill. 92. 1815; Santapau in J. Bombay Nat.
Hist. Soc. 49. 630. 1951; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma e t a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 113. 1996. Climbers with stem prickly at base. Leaves trifolio late, middle largest leaflet up to 15 x 5 cm elliptic-ovate, lateral smaller and unequal sided. Male flowers in paniculate raceme, female in simple spikes. Capsules c 2.5 cm long, oblong, wings pubescent. Note: There is one specimen in herbarium (BSI) collected from Pune without collector’s name, date and collection number. No precise locality has been given.
7. Dioscorea pentaphylla L., Sp. PI. 1032.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 264.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 113. 1996. D. jacquemontii H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 289. 1892. ‘Chava, Shendvel, Tambolver \
la. Stems prickly at base var. pentaphylla
Ib. Stems prickly at nodes, usually with 2 prickles \& t . jacquem ontii
var. pentaphylla Photo: PL 36.A Extensive climbers; tubers solitary, simple; stem twining to left, greenish purple; bulbils globose-ellipsoid, axillary. Leaves alternate, 3-5 (rarely-7) folio late, rarely simple,
800 pubecsnet or glabrous. Flowers whitish to greenish-white. Male flowers fragrant in spikete slender racemes at branch-ends or in terminal panicles. Female flower in 1-3, axillary, pendulous spikes. Capsules c 2 cm long, quadrately oblong rounded at abse, retuse at apex; wings semi-elliptlcon. FIs. & Frts.: July-October. Illiis. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 814. 1844. Distrib.: Fairly common in ghats. Note-. Inflorescence particularly when in buds T. Cooked and eaten as vegetable locally. Sometimes available in local markets. Tubers are said to be repeatedly boiled, washed and then eaten. Selected Specimens: Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172770-A; Kuruli, Khed, Janardhanan 72526; Ambavane, Mulshi, Puri 5673; Paud, Jain 8264; Malvand Dara, Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 107413; Bhimashankar, Puri 8456; Ambavade, Bhor, Jain 5132.
var. jacquemontii Prain & Burkill in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calcutta 14; 1167.1936; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 113. 1996. FIs. iSc Frts. : August-Sept. Distrib.: Khandala, Purandhar. Selected Specimens: Khanadala, Bhide 847, Gammie 15469; Purandhar, Bhide s.n.
8. Dioscorea wallichii H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 295.1892; Santapau in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49; 633, t. 1.1951; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 114. 1996. Climbers with large tubers; tubers 0.5-1 m long; stems stout, prickly towards base, without bulbils. Leaves 10-15 cm across, suborbicular, broadly cordate, the sinus occasionally very broad, acuminate at apex; petiole as long as or longer than lamina. Flowers white or brown, in different spikes. Female flowers in decurved spikes. Capsule 2.5-3.5 cm long; wings truncate at base and apex, rounded along margins. FIs. & Frts.: October-December. llhis.: Santapau, op. cit. Distrib.: Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.). Note: I could see and collect the live plant from Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary, Tansa (Thane District), unfortunately outside the study area.
801 166. LILIACEAE la. Leaves very thick, fleshy, mucilaginous, usually erect, with spiny margins 1. ALOE lb. Leaves not as above 2a. Leaves reduced to spinascent scales; cladodes present; firuit a berry 2. ASPARAGUS 2b. Leaves well developed; cladodes absent; fruit a loculicidal capsule 3a. Leaves tendrillar or tendril-like tips at apex; flowers showy, large with Perianth 5-8 cm long 7. GLORIOSA 3b. Leaves without tendril or tendril-like tips at apex; flowers not showy, much smaller 4 4a. Rootstock bulbous or cormous 5 4b. Rootstock neither bulbous nor cormous 5a. Leaves cauline; flowers solitary or a few, corymbose; plants with solid corms 8. IPHIGENIA 5b. Leaves radical; flowers racemose; plants with tunicated bulbs 6a. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or obovate, somewhat fleshy and often blotched with black; seeds subglobose 9. SCILLA 6b. Leaves narrowly linear to linear, neither fleshy nor blotched; seeds flattened 7 7a. Perianth cylindric, 6-lobed 5. DIPCADI 7b. Perianth campanulate, 6-partite 6. DRIMIA 8a. Leaves tubular, terete or suberect; capsule triquetrous 3. ASPHODELUS 8b. Leaves flat; capsules 3-winged 4. CHLOROPHYTUM
1. ALOE L. Aloe vera (L.) Burm./, FI. Ind. 83. 1768; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 283.1967(Repr.). A. petfoliata var. vera L., Sp. PI. 320.1753; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 115. 1996. A. barbadensis Mill., Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. n. 2. 1768 (16"’ April). 'Korphad’. Photo: PI. 37.B Herbs almost acaulescent or with subterranean stem, producing rosette of leaves from ground. Leaves crowded, erect 25-50 x 2-8 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowly from base
802 to apex, thick, succulent, glaucous-green, with distant homey prickles on margins. Flowers with dull-red or reddish-yellow cylindric perianth, in 15-30 cm long erect, simple raceme. FIs. & Frts.: September-May. Illm. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 740. 1982. Distrib.: Infrequent along the stream and river banks, hedges and other waste places. Note: A very good medicinal plant. Fresh leaf juice is used for skin diseases, also appHed on bumts for cooling effect as well as for early and better heeling. It is commonly used various ointments. 2. ASPARAGUS L. la. Pedicels jointed at or below the middle 2. A. laevissimiis lb. Pedicels jointed above the middle 2 2a. Cladodes flattened; usually falcate spines up to 4 mm long 1. a . gonoclados 2b. Cladodes slender, subterete, triqutetrous; spines more than 4 mm long 3. a . racemosiis
1. Asparagus gonoclados Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 627.1875; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 271.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 117, f p.118. 1996. Undershrubs, subscandent, much branched; branchlets curved, strongly angular; spines short. Cladodes in clusters of 2-6, 1-2 x 0.1-0.2 cm, falcate-ascending, narrowed at both the ends, spinous-pointed at tip. Flowers white, in 2-6 cm long, lax racemes. Berries c 0.4 cm in diam., globose or didymous. FIs. & Frts.: January-April. Ulus.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma, et a i, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasionaly found in wild, often found growing in gardens.
2.Asperagus laevissimus Steud. ex Baker in J. Lirm. Soc. Bot. 14: 623.1875; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 270.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 117. 1996. Undershrubs, subscandent, with terete, polished stem and striate branches. Leaves with stout, conical, rigid, deflexed c 8 mm long spinous spurs at their bases. Cladodes 3-6-nate, spreading or ascending, short 0.6-0.8 cm long, acuminate, more or less 3-quetrous, glabrous. Flowers white, in short dense racemes. Berries c 6 mm across, globose.
803 FIs. & Frts.: July-August. Ilhis.: Kamble & Pradhan, FI. Akola Dt.222, ffl -8.1988. Distrib.: Occasional on hills & in ghats. Selected Specimen: Katraj ghat, Haveli, Patil & Puri 5664; near Khed, Vasavada 2732.
3. Asperagus racemosus Willd., Sp. PI. 2: 152.1799; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 117. 1996. la. Racemes terminated by cladodes var.javanictis lb. Racemes terminated by flowers var. racemosus var. racemosus Undershrubs, scandent much branched, armed; stem woody, glabrous. Leaves c 0.5 cm long, linear-subulate with stout conical-spinous, suberect or subcurved spur at base. Cladodes 2-6 nate, slender, spinous tipped. Flowers white, small, in 5-15 cm long racemes. Berries 4-5 mm long, globose, ripening red. FIs. & Frts.: June-October. IIIus.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 741. 1982. Distrib.: Frequent among bushesin lower hill slopesin ghats and in plains. Selected Specimen: Baramati, Mahajan 25128. var. javanica (Kunth) Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 14: 624. 1875; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 270. 1958. Asparagus javanica Kunth, Enum. PI. 5: 100. 1850. A. jaccjuemontii Baker, op. cit.\ T. Cooke, op. cit. 269. Scandent, armed, exceedingly branched undershrubs with tuberous root-stock. FIs. & Frts.: June-October. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 119, f. 120. 1996. Distrib.: Occasional in higher ghats on hill slopes and plateaus, climbing over bushes or in under grown of forests. Purandhar, Haveli, Maval, Khed, Junnar. Selected Specimens: Kamble, 104845; Bhimashankar, P»n 2253. 3. ASPHODELUS L. Asphodelus tenuifolius Cavan, in Anal. Cienc. Nat. 3: 46, t. 27, f 2.1801; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 279.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 119. 1996.
804 Annual herb with fleshy roots 15-30 cm long, terete, radical leaves. Flowers white, distant in lax, bracteate racemes. Capsule c 3 mm across, globose with trigonous seeds. Fls.\ February. Distrih.: Khadaki, Pune (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Cultivated in gardens. 4. CHLOROPHYTUM Ker.-Gawl. la. Tubers present at root ends I. C.tuberosclu)S> ^ lb. Tubers absent at root ends 2 2a. Racemes with remotely scattered flowers solitary or in pairs 3 2b. Racemes with densely arranged flowers 4 3a. Leaves narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate, 3-7 mm broad; scapes slender, naked; seeds angular 5. C. laxtim 3b. Leaves lanceolate, 1.5-7 cm broad; scapes thick& stout. Often branched; seeds orbicular 6. C nimmonii 4a. Leaves linear or lorate or ensiform, not petiolate or hardly contracted into a petiole 5 4b. Leaves oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, petiolate 6 5a. Flowers in alternate cluster, each with 3 flowers in racemes; bracts linear; filaments glabrous 2. C. borivilianum 5b. Flowers solitary or mostly paired in lax racemes 7. C. bhanichae 6a. Leaves oblanceolate, margins recurved; scapes covered with scaly bracts forming a terminal cone or coma before flowering 4. C. glaucum 6b. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate; margins not recurved; bracts not as above 3. C. glaucoides
1. Chlorophytum bhanichae Ansari, Raghavan & Hemadri in Indian For. 96: 304, f. l- 10.1970; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 125. 1996. Photo: PL 37.A Herbs, perennial with fleshy, cylindrical, non-tuberous, long roots. Leaves 15-40 x 1.5- 3 cm, linear-lanceolate, lorate or ensiform, subcoriaceous scapes 1 or rarely 2, 30-60 cm long, terminal, naked, generally branched, rarely simple. Flowers white, 1.5-2 cm across, clustered; from axils of bracts; bracts 0.5-3 cm long, ovate-lanceolate; Perianth segments
805 oblong-lanceolate, outer narrower than inner capsules 7-12 mm across, obcordate. Seeds discoid. FIs. & Frts.: May-August. Illus.; Ansari, Raghavan & Hemadri, op. cit. Distrib.; Occasional or rare among grasses on hill slopes in ghats. Juimar. Selected Specimens'. Sinhagad, Haveli, Jadhavs.n.; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 88712 B- F ( Isotype); Shivaneri hill, Hemadri 94310(Paratype); Range hill, Pune, Stibramanian 64992 (Paratype). Note: Two live plants in vegetative were collected from Sinhagad, Haveli and were introduced in BSI Campus Garden. Subsequently, in May-June, those were blooming nicely. It is worth to introduce this species in gardens as a gracious looking, ornamental plant for its profuse flowers with mild fragrance.
2. Chiorophytum borivilianum Santapau & Fernand, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. See. 52; 898.1955; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cd., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 125. 1996. Photo: PI. 37.C Rhizomatus herb. Flowrs c 2.5 cm across, in clusters of 3 with purplish bracts. Illus.: Santapau & Fernand, op.cit., facing p. 897. Distrib.: Rare in moist hillslopes. Note: I have not collected it. However, a photograph from other source is given. Endemic to North Western Ghats.
3. Chiorophytum glaucoides Blatter in J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. (N.S.) 26: 361.1930; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 127, f 126. Herbs with hard rootstock. Leaves 30-40 cm long. Raceme simple, 15-20 cm long, clothed with leafy scales. Flowers white, 8-10 mm across. Capsule globose-emarginate, triangular. FIs. & Frts.: August-September. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Selected Specimens: Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 88748-A.
4. Chiorophytum glaucum Dalzell in Hook. Kew J. Bot. 2: 142.1850; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 280.1967 (Repr.); Lakhsmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 127, f 128. 1996. 'Dhapa. Photo: PL 38.B
806 Herbs, annual, up to 1 m high, with numerous cylindric roots. Leaves 30-40 x 3-5 cm, lanceolate, glabrous, glaucous. Scapes 15-90 cm tall, unbranched. Flowers white, in dense, terminal 15-30 cm long racemes; bracts lanceolate-acuminate, persistent, forming a terminal coma before flowering. Capsules 0.6-1.2 cm across, depressed-globose, emarginated. Seeds orbicular, compressed. FIs. & Frts.; August-October(-December). Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common in higher ghats on open grassy slopes, during August to September in Monsoon. Selected Specimens-. Nagphanimad, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81813, Bakadevi ran, Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 81870; Durga Killa, Jurmar, Hemadri 104239.
5. Chlorophytum laxuiti R. Br., Prodr. 277. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 282.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 127. 1996. Herbs, aimual, small, 10-25 cm high, glabrous, spreading; fibrous with oblong tubers at ends. Leaves 15-25 x 0.3-0.7 cm, narrowly linear, subdistichous spreading. Scapes 1-4, 5- 15 cm long, shorter than leaves, very slender, flexuosus, drooping. Flowers small, 1-2 per bract, in lax slender racemes. Capsules 0.5-1 cm long, broadly obcordate. Seeds c 3 mm across black, angular, papillose. FIs. & Frts.: July-October. Ilhis. -. Phalangium parviflorum (Dalzell) Wight, Icon. t. 2039. 1853. Distrib.: Fairly common in gravelly and rocky hill slopes in dry and open situations. Selected Specimens: Law College hills, Pune, Jadhav 174251; from Mahalunga to Chakan, Khed, Janardhanan 76727; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 88778, Hemadri 194545.
6. Chlorophytum nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell in Hook. Kew J. Bot. 2: 142.180; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot 129. 1996. Anthericum nimmonii J. Graham, Cat. Bombay PI. 220. 1839. Chlorophytum orchidastnim sensti Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 15: 325.1876 p.p.,non Lindl.1874; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 282.1967(Repr.). Herbs, up to 0.7 m high. Scape stout, thick, often branched, up to 50 cm long.Flowers white, c 1.5 cm across. Fruits depressed-globose, distinctly tri-Iobed. FIs. & Frts.: July-August. Distrib.: Occasional. On grassy slopes in ghats.
807 Note: It was reported as new record for Maharashtra by Santapau from Khandala. I could not collect it from study area, but could see it growing in BSI garden, which was introduced from Karnataka.
7. Chlorophytum tuberosum (Roxb.) Baker in J. Bot. 15: 332.1876; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 281.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 129. 1996. Anthericum tuberosum Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 2: 149. 1824. Herbs, annual; roots-fibres tuberous. Leaves sessile, 15-30 x 1.2-2.5 cm, linear- lanceolate or ensiform, membranous, wavy along margins, falcately recurved, crowded at abse. Scapes shorter or longer than leaves. Flowers white, mostly in pairs in simple on shortly branches racemes. Capsules c 1 cm long, obovoid or subglobose, emarginated, shining. Seeds c 3 mm in diam., black. FIs. & Frts.; July-October. lUiis. -. K.M. Matthew, Illus., FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 742. 1982. Distrib.: Occasional on gravelly and rocky hill slopes, sometimes on grassy slopes in open conditions. Junnar; Khandala (Maval). Selected Specimen: Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 88748. 5. DIPCADI Medik. la. Pedicels stout 2. D. iirsulae lb. Pedicels fihform 1. D. montamim
1. Dipcadi montanum (Dalzell) Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 11: 398. 1871; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 278.1967 (Repr.); Deb. & Dasgupta in Fasc. FI. India 7: 6, f. 11-16.1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 131. 1996. Uropetalum montanum Dalzell in Hook. Kew J. Bot. 2: 142. 1850. Herb with perennial tunicated bulbs; bulbs 1-3 cm long, ovoid. Leaves 10-20 cm long, linear, shorter or equaling the flowering scape; scapes 10-80 cm long. Flowers in racemes, greenish with white margins of the Perianth or buff-orange red; Perianth 0.8-1.5 cm long with spreading lobes. Capsules c 1 x 1.3 cm, obovoid, trilobed. Seeds broadly elliptic to orbicular, black. FIs. & Frts.: June-August. Illus.: Deb and Dasgupta, op. cit. Distrib.: On hill slopes and in plains around Junnar on gravelly and rocky areas. Selected Specimens: Shivaneri hill, Jurmar, Ansari 88785, Hemadri 88790, 107100.
808 2. Dipcadi ursulae Blatter in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32: 735.1928; Deb & Dasgupta, Ibid. 75: 63, f. 7. 1978 & Fasc. FI. India 7: 10. 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 133, f. p. 132. 1996.
la. Scapes 15-20 cm long; flowers with stalked ovary var. ursulae lb. Scapes 30-70 cm long; flowers with sessile ovary var. longiracemosae var. ursulae Herbs scapigerous, 15-30 cm long, bulbs 1-2 cm long, globose to ovoid. Leaves few 15-30 X 0.4-0.7 cm linear, plicate. Flowers in racemes, white, cream or orange, greenish- outside; Perianth tubular, outer lobes recurved at middle and inner lobes shorter recurved at tips. Capsules obovoid-oblong, straw coloured. Seeds compressed, black. FIs. & Frts.: June-August. lllus.'. Deb. & Dasgupta, op. dt. \ Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Endangered. On gravelly, grassy hill tops. Junnar. Selected Specimens: Shivneri hills, Junnar, Ansari 88729, Hemadri 10709; Mangni hill, Junnar, Hemadri 99527. var. longiracemosae Deb. & Dasgupta in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 72: 823, t. 2 (1975) 1976 & 75: 66. 1978 & Fasc. FI. India 7: 11. 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 133. 1996. Herbs, 0.7-1 m tall; bulb 30-66 x 0.5-1.5 cm. Perianth white. Seeds 0.35-0.4 x 0.4 cm, orbicular, ovate or elliptlcon. FIs. &Frts.\ July-August. lllus.: Deb & Dasgupta, op. cit. Distrib.: Pune (Deb & Dasgupta, op. cit.).
6. DRIMIA Jacq. ex Willd. la. Pedicels 1-3.5 cm long; racemes lax 2. D. indica lb. Pedicels shorter, 0.4-0.8 cm long; racemes dense 2a. Perianth lobes longer 0.8-0.9 cm long; filaments longer than anthers 3. D. razii 2b. Perianth lobes shorter; filaments shorter than anthers 1. D. conges ta
809 1. Drimia congesta (Wight) Ansari «& Raghavan in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 77: 174. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 134. 1996. Urginea congesta Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2064.1853 (fig. on left side); Deb & Dasgupta in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 16: 121, £ 3 (1974) 1977 & Fasc. FI. India 7: 16, f. 34-38. 1981. Herbs; bulbs c 5 x 4 cm, ovoid. Leaves 12-15 cm long. Scapes 10-60 cm long, slender. Racemes 5-7 cm long, 10-14 flowered, ascending. Flowers white or purple, 0.5-0.7 x 0.2- 0.3 cm. Capsules 0.8-1.0 x 0.6-0.8 cm subglobose, trilobed loculicidal, 9-12-seeded. Seeds 6-7 X 5-6 mm, ellipsoid, compressed, deep brown, shining broadly winged. FIs. & Frts.: April-May. Ulus.-. Wight, op. cit. \ Deb & Dasgupta, op. cit. Distrib.: Pune. Specimens not found. Note: Endangered.
2. Drimia razii Ansari in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 78: 572, ff. 1-8, 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 137. 1996. Herbs, scapigerous, bulbous; bulbs 5-7 x 3-4 cm ovoid or subglobose. Leaves 20-35 x 0.2-0.3 cm, narrowly linearm fleshy. Scapes c 15 cm long, slender. Flowers dull brownish, in dense racemes; bracts spurred; Perianth lobes reflexed. Capsules 8-10 mm long, ovoid or elliptic-ovoid. FIs. & Frts.: March-April. Illiis.: Ansari, op. cit. Distrib.: On exposed rocky areas and gravelly slopes on top of the ghat. Dive ghat, Pune. Note: A strictly endemic to Pune District, critically endangered species, not collected after type collection. Selected Specimens: Dive ghat, Ansari 104878-B-C (Isotype).
3. Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jossep in J.S. Afr. Bot. 43: 272.1977; Lakhsmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharshtra, Monocot. 134. 1996. Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. PI. 4: 333. 1843; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 277. 1967 (Repr.); Deb & Dasgupta, Fasc. FI. India 7: 17, f 39-46. 1981. Herbs; bulbs 5-8 cm long, ovoid, with a long neck. Leaves 15-30 cm long, linear, lanceolate, ensiform, flat. Scapes 0.3-1 m high, erect, purplish-brown. Flowers reddish green, 1-2 cm long. Capsules 1-2 cm long, ellipsoid.
810 FIs. & Frts.: May-June. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 617 {Urginia indica). 1988. Distrib.: Occasional on rocky open hill slopes. Selected Specimens: Shivaneri fort, Junnar, Ansari 88737 & 88738. 7. GLORIOSA L Gloriosa superba L., Sp. PI. 305.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 274.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 137. 1996. 'Buch-Nag, Kal-lawi, Khadya-Nag'. Photo: PL 35.A Herbs, scandent or climbing, with tuberous roots; tubers large, cylindric, simple or branched, c 25 cm long. Leaves up to 15 x 4 cm, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, scattered, opposite or whorled. Flowers large, showy, subaxillary, solitary or sub-corymbose; perianth orange-yellow in lower half, red in upper half, scattred with age; segments linear- lanceolate, much undulate along margins. Capsules 4.5-6 cm long, oblong. Seeds many brown, warty. FIs. & Frts.: August-November. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2047. 1853. Distrib.: Occasional on hill slopes & tops in open situation, often climbing among bushes and hedges. Selected Specimens: On way to Khubiphata, towards Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172778-A; Peth ghat top, Khed, Janardhanan 71956; Tuljadevi cave, Junnar, Hemadri 99555. Note: Tubers are said to be poisonous in large dose. 8. IPHIGENIA Kunth. la. Perianth purple; segments linear subulate 1.1, indica lb. Perianth white or pink; segments elliptic or oblanceolate 2 2a. Flowers bright pink; perianth-lobes broadly elliptic 3.1, stellata 2b. Flowers white or with purplish tinge (pale purple); perianth lobes oblanceolate 2. /. pallida
1. Iphigenia indica (L.) A. Gray apiid Kunth, Enum. PI. 4: 213.1843; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 275.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 139. 1996. Melanthiiim indicum L., Mant. 226. 1771. Photo: PL 36.C
811 Herbs, erect, glabrous, 10-35 cm high with ovoid, tunicated, 1-1.5 cm across corms. Leaves few, sessile, grass like. Flowers dark purple, solitary, axillary or extra-axillary or in terminal racemes; perianth segments, spreading or reflexed, clawed. Capsules 1-2 cm long, oblong-ellipsoid or slightly obovoid, 3-valved. FIs. & Frts.: June-October. Illiis.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 744. 1982. Distrib.: Occasional among grasses on hill slopes in moist places in gravelly, well drained soil. Elegant looking plant when in bloom. Selected Specimens: Mangni hill, Khamgaon, Junnar, hemadri 99518-x; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 88686, Hemadri 99656; Sambarkhand, South of Rai Jungle, Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 81783.
2. Iphigenia pallida Baker in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 17: 451.1879; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 275.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 139, f p.l38. 1996. Photo: PI. 36.B Herbs, annual, glabrous, 10-20 cm high; corm c 1.3 cm across, ovoid or subglobose. Leaves 7-12 cm long, linear. Flowers 1-4 white or pale purple, corymbose. Capsules 1-1.5 cm long, obovoid, 3-valved, grooved, glabrus. Seeds many, subglobose. FIs. & Frts.: June-August. Illiis.: Lakhsmin. in B.D. Sharma et cd. ,op. cit. Distrib.-. Occasional in moist, grassy lower hill slopes. Selected Specimens: Kuruli hill, Khed, Janardhanan 71824-A, 39590; Belsar near Nirgude, Junnar, Ansari 88767.
3. Iphigenia stellata Blatter in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32; 734. 1928 emend Ansari & Rolla in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 15: 120, f 1. l-7b. 1972; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 140. 1996. Herbs, erect, 10-15 cm high, with subglobose corms. Leaves 6-12 cm long linear to linear-lanceolate. Flowers dark pink, 2-few in short racemes. Capsule c 1 cm long, subglobose to oboovid, grooved, green when young. Seeds brownish-black. FIs. & Frts.: June-September. Illus.: Ansari & Rolla Rao, op. cit. Distrib.: Vuhierable, in plains and in open grasslands. Selected Specimens: Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 101915. 812 9. SCILLA L. la. Pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, stout; bracts paired; bulbs tunicated 2. S. viirdis lb. Pedicels 0.4-1 cm long, filiform; bracts bifid; bulbs imbricated 1. S. hyacinthina
1. Scilla hyacinthina (Roth) Me Bride in Contrib. Gray. Herb. 2, 56: 14.1918; Deb. & Dasgupta, in Fasc. FI. India 7: 14, f. 28-23.1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharshtra, Monocot. 140. 1996. Ledboiiria hyacinthine Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 195. 1821. Scilla indica (Wight) Baker in Sound. Reflig. Bot. 3. App. 12. 1870; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 276.1967 (Repr.). Scapigerous herbs, small, 10-20 cm hidh, with 2-5 cm across, subglobose bulbs. Leaves radical, variable, 4-8 x 2-3.5 cm, oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, usually mottled with red-purple spots above, somewhat fleshy. Scapes c 10 cm long. Flowers greenish- purple or liliac-purple in cylindric many flowered racemes; perianth segments c 5 mm long. Capsules c 6 mm in diam., subglobose. FIs. c& Frts.: June-August. ///?«.; K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 745. 1982. Distrib. : Common ephemeral plant, in open grassy areas at foot hills and along road sides in gravelly soil. Usually, it disappears very soon after flowering.
2. Scilla viridis Blatter & Halberg in J. Indian Bot. 2: 52.1921; Deb. & Dasgupta in Fasc., FI. India 7: 15.1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 141. 1996. Herbs, c 50 cm high, bulbous, scapigerous; bulbs c 5 x 4 cm, ovoid to globose, pale green. Scapes c 50 cm long, slender, yellowish-purple. Flowers c 40 in terminal racemes, pinkish, stellate, pedicellate; perianth segments oblong. FIs. & Frts.: September-March. Distrib.-. Khandala. Note-. Endemic to Pune Dist. Possibly extinct. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Allium cepha L., Sp. PI. 300. 1753. ‘‘Kanda, Onion\
813 Perennial herbs with bulbous rootstock, 30-45 cm high, with fistular, subdistichous leaves. Largely cuhivated as cash crop for edible red or white onions. Leaves used as vegetables. Allium sativum L., Sp. PI. 296. 1753. ‘‘Garlic, Lasiin\ Aromatic herbs with bulbous white, rootstock with numrrous clove sand linear, flat aromatic leaves. Widely cultivated for common garlic. Lillium wallichianum Schuhes f var. neilgherrense (Wight) Hara in Univ. Mes. Tokyo 8: 132. 1973. Herbs, c 1 m high, with globose bulbs, lanceolate, glandular leaves and usually 3, white flowers in terminal umbels. Grown in gardens. Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult./in Roem. & Schih., Syst. Veg. 7: 357, f 12 D -E .1829. Scapigerous herbs with very short stem and erect, 50-70 cm long, oblong-lanceolate rigid pale green leaves with bands of dark green colours. Flowers greenish white fascicles of 3-6, in long, erect racemes. Sansevieria rotundifolia Scpigerous herbs like 5'. roxburghiana, differing in having terete, subcylindric, ridged leaves. Occasionly grown in gardens.
167. SMILACACEAE SMILAX L. Smilax zeylanica L., Sp. PI. 1429. 1753; Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 309. 1892; Dixit & Shrivastava in N.P. Singh, FI. Madhya Pradesh 3: 144. 2001. S. macrophylla Roxb., FI. Ind.(Ed. Carey) 3: 793.1832, non Willd.1806; Hook./, op. cit. 310; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:271.1967(Repr.). ^GhotveF. Climbing shrub; stem slender or stout, striate to terete; branches unarmed or with few prickles; branchlets mostly zigzag. Leaves 10-20 x 5-12 cm, elliptic, ovate-oblong or orbicular, cuspidate; petiole 1,5-2 cm long, narrowly sheating at abse. Umbels 1-3 on common peduncle, many flowered, 1-1.5 cm long. Flowers dioecious, small. Berries globose, red, of a size of pea. FIs. & Frts.: October-March. Illtis.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 746. 1982. Distrib.: Conmion in secondary scrub forests, usually on Carrisa sp., Ficus sp., etc.
814 Selected Specimens: Hirdoshi, Bhor, Jadhav 175916; Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 180615, Talvatai sacred groove, Panshet, Jadhav 177948; ForestS on way to Ambavane, Mulshi, Jadhav 193116.
168. PONTEDERIACEAE la. Flowers pedicellate; perianth lobed almost to the base, nearly actinomorphic; anthers unequal (1 large and blue, other 5 small and yellow); petiole not inflated 2. MONOCHORIA lb. Flowers sessile; Perianth distinctly tubular at base, distinctly zygomorphic; anther subequal, dorsifixed; petiole inflated in mature plant 1. EICHHORNIA
1. EICHHORNIA Kunth, nom. cons. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 527. 1883; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 70.1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 145. 1996.C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 329, f. 337. 1996. Pontederia crassipes Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. PI. l;9,t. 4. 1823. Perennial or annual aquatic plant, 30-50 cm high. The juveniles submerged, adults free- floating. Floating leaves broading ovate to orbicular. Spikes up to 15-30 cm long, with lower leaf like and upper scale like spathe. Flowers bluish-purple. FIs. & Frts.: July-November. Ilhis.-. Subr., op. cit.; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: An introduced species known as water hyacinth, commonly found naturalized in various aquatic habitats. It has become troublesome weed in rivers around city. 2. MONOCHORIA K.B. Presl. la. Rootstock short, suberect; leaves broadly ovate or ovate- oblong, obtuse, rounded, truncate or cordate at base 2. M vaginalis lb. Rootstock elongated, creeping; leaves triangular- ovate, usually hastate or rarely cordate at base 1. M hastata
1. Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms in DC., Monogr. Phan. 4: 523. 1883; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 69. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 145. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 330, f. 338-b. 1996. Pontederia hastata L., Sp. PI.
815 288. 1753. Monochoria hastaefolia K.B. Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 128. 1827; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 286.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, rhizomatous, perennial, marshy. Leaves up to 20 cm long, almost equally broad; petioles of floral leaves reaching to 50 cm long, of upper ones shorter. Flowers purplish- blue, in racemes or subumbels. Capsules c 1 cm long, ellipsoid or oblong. FIs. & Frts.: September-December. Illiis. : C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.; At the edges of pools, tanks, canals and ditches.
2. Monochoria vaginalis (Burm./) K.B. Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 128. 1827; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 286. 1967(Repr.); Subr., Aquat. Ang. 69. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 145. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 330, f. 338- c. 1996. Pontederia vaginalis Burm ./, FI. Ind. 80. 1768. Herbs, perennial or annual, amphibious, erect, 10-50 cm high. Leaves up to 15 x 10 cm. Flowers dark blue, in erect racemes which is subtended by leaf-sheath when young, finally deflexed; tapels long, ellipsoid, with brown ribs. FIs. & Frts.: July-September, Illiis.: Subr., op. cit.-, C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.; Common along the margins of ponds, tanks and other marshy places.
169. COMMELINACEAE la. Fertile stamens 3; staminodes 1-4 2 lb. Fertile stamens 6, rarely 5; staminodes absent 3 2a. Cymes solitary, included in a spathe . 1. COMMELINA 2b. Cymes panicled, naked 3. MURDANNIA 3a. Flowers sessile, enclosed in inflated leaf sheaths 4. TONNINGIA 3b. Flowers pedicellate, enclosed in biseriate, falcate, imbricating bracteoles 2. CYANOTIS 1. COMMELINA L. 1 a. All the cells of ovary 1 -ovulate 2 lb. Ovary 3-celled, the 2 anticous cells 2-ovulate, the posticous 1 cell 1-ovulate or obsolete 5 2a. Ovary 2-locular; capsules 2-celled 11. C. suffniticosa 2b. Ovary 3-locular; capsules 3-celled 3
816 3a. Spathes pedunculate; capsules quadrate-oblong 9. C. paleata 3b. Spathes sessile or subsessile; capsules trigonous- obovoid or ellipsoid 4a. Spathes funnel-shaped; capsules 3-valved, trigonous- obovoid or subglobose, c 1 cm long 8. C. maculata 4b. Spathes cucullate; capsules 2-valved, ellipsoid, c 0.4 cm long 4. C. erecta 5a. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 8-10 times longer than broad; capsules 2-celled, seeds appendiculate at both the ends 1. C. attenuata 5b. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 times longer than broad; capsule 3-celled; seeds not appendiculate 6 6a. Posticous cell keeled, dehiscent at length 7 6b. Posticous cell not keeled, indehiscent 10 7a. Spathes funnel-shaped, turbinate or hooded; inflorescence terminal 2. C. benghalensis 7b. Spathes complicate, margins free or connate at base only; inflorescence axillary 8a. Leaves linear or subulate, up to 5 mm wide; spathes sessile 10. C. subulata 8b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, more than 6 mm wide; spathes pedunculate 9a. Leaf sheaths usually 2-3 cm long; spathes cordate at base; seeds reticulate 3. C. diffusa 9b. Leaf sheaths not exceeding 1.5 cm long; spathes rounded at base; seeds smooth 6. C. hasskarlii 10a. Filaments not spirally coiled; capsules with distinct loculii; seeds grayish-black 7. C. kotschyi 10b. Filaments spirally coiled; capsules not as above; seeds orange-brown 5. C. forskalaei
1. Commelina attenuata Koen. ex Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 293.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 149, £ p. 150. 1996.
817 Herbs, 30-70 cm long, ascending, slender, much branched, glabrous or hairy. Leaves sessile, 4-8 cm long, linear or linear-lanceolate; sheath ciliate. Spathes c 4 cm long, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acute to caudate-acuminate, glabrous, base deeply, sagittately cordate with large auricles. Peduncle c 3.5 cm long. Flowers blue, 2 in each axillary bracts. Capsule c 0.7 cm long, subcordate-oblong. Seeds ash coloured. Fh. & Frts.: August. Ilhis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. Distrib.-. Rare near Hadapsar along road side. Selected Specimen: Hadapsar, Pune, Kanodia 65747. Note: There is one more specimen in BSI, Mahajan 8342, collected from Bhosari, Pune and initially was identified as Cominetina attenuata, but later on was determined as C. hasskarlii by R.V. Kammathy.
2. Commelina benghalensis L., Sp. PI. 41.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 291.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 149. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 86, f. 70 a-d. 1996. ^Kean, Kyana . Photo: PI. 38.A Herbs, 0.5-0.8 m long, sub-succulent, decumbent-ascending, diffusely branched. Leaves variable, up to 7 x 4 cm, elliptic-ovate, oblong or sub-orbicular, sub-sessile to shortly petiolate; sheaths pubescent, bearded at mouth. Spathes 2-3 together at the end of branches, terminal or leaf-opposed, funnel-shaped, subsessile, auricled on one side, pubescent. Aerial flowers blue or blue-violet. Cleistogamous flowers white. Capsule 0.5 cm long, oblong. Seeds pitted. Fh. & Frts.: August-October. Illus.'. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2065.1853; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in damp and moist places in ditches and wet fields, river beds and on lower hill slopes, along roadsides. Note: Cleistogamous flowers and fruits abundant. Selected Specimens'. Nimbgaon, near Khandala temple, Khed, Janardhanan 71903, Bibi, Khed, Janardhanan 76776, Rolla 66165; Shivaneri hill, Junnar Hemadri 99672, 118106, Mina river bed, Nirgude, Junnar, Rolla 83603-x; Between Saswad to Purandhar Ansari 32692.
3. Commelina diffusa B urm ./, FI. Ind. 18, t. 7, f 2. 1768; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 151. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PL India 86, f 71 e
818 g.l996. C. nudiflora sensti Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 369.1892, non L. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 290. 1967 (Repr.). Herbs, diffuse, prostrate, spreading, annual; stems reaching c 1 cm long or more, rooting at nodes. Leaves sessile, 3-7 x 1-1.5 cm, ovate-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Spathe c 2.5 cm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, cordate at base with rounded lobes. Cymes 1-3 flowers, peduncle c 4.5 cm long. Flowers dark blue, c 1.2 cm across, exerted, with exterior petal pale blue or white. Capsules c 0.5 cm long, broadly oblong. FIs. & Frts.: September-April. Illits. -. C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional in damp and shady places near water. Selected Specimens: Bhovargiri, along Bhima river beds, Khed, Janardhanan 70203, Bibi, Khed, Janardhanan 81895; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 87857; on way to Ambavane fort top, Mulshi, Reddi 99057.
4. Commelina erecta L., Sp. PL 41.1753; Rolla Rao in M.V.M. Patrika 6; 53.1971; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 151. 1996. C. iindulata R. Br., Prodr. 270. 1810; Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 373. 1892. Herbs, fleshy, erect or suberect perennial; stems reaching usually up to 1 m long rarely up to 2 m long, scandent, not rooted at nodes. Leaves variable 3.5-15 x 1.5-4.5 cm, oblong to broadly lanceolate, pubescent or hispidulous; spathes 2-8, crowded at top of branches, subtended by 2-5 small leaves beside 2 larger leaves, funnel shaped, triangular. Racemes bifid. Flowers c 3 cm across, with white sepals and upper 2 violet or purple petals and lower one smaller, sepaloid. Capsules 0.5-0.7 cm across, spherical or ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts.; August-October. Ilhis.: Rolla Rao & Kammathy in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 59: 61, t. 1 (A & D) 1962 {Commelina kiirzii C.B. Clarke). Distrib.-. Infrequent in undergrowth of forests in ghats, in rocky crevices on slopes of hill and in vallies. Selected Specimens'. Foot of Alandi ghat, Khed, Janardhanna 72791; Foot of Peth ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 72304; Bhimashankar on way from Bus stand to Nagphani, Janardhanna 81817; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Rolla 83570y4«5ar/83749; Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 99939; Sinhagad, Ansari 87377, 101377, 101613, 97559;Purandhar, Rolla, 88639.
819 5. Cotnmelina forsskalaei Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 172. 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 292. 1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 153. 1996. 'Kena, Kenpat'. Herbs trailing, creeping or straggling, diffiisely branched; stems c 1.2 m long, slender. Leaves 2-6.3 x 0.5-1.6 cm, linear or more or less oblong, with undulate margins, glabrous to puberulous; sheaths striate, pubescent and ciliate. Spathes axillary, broadly ovate, complicated or hooded, hairy. Flowers c 1.8 cm across; sky blue, sometimes lower small sessile petal white; filaments spirally coiled. Capsules c 0.5 cm long, with orange-brown seeds. FIs. & Frts.: August-November. Illus.: Mahesh., lllus. FI. Delhi f. 204. 1966. Distrib.: Common in damp, situations near the streams and ditches, as well as a weed in irrigated fields and waste lands. Note-. Not found in higher ghats. Selected Specimens: Khed along Bhima river beds, Janardhanan 72492, 72566; Alandi ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 76756; Narayanagaon, Junnar, Hemadri 106987, 107045; Railway line, Khadaki, Pune, Garade 811; Between Purandhar and Saswad, Ansari 32690; Kondanpuri on way to Shirur, Janardhanan 98803.
6. Commelina hasskarlii C.B. Clarke, Commel. & Cyrt. Beng. 13, t. 3. 1874; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 291.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 153, f 154. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PL India 86, f 71 a-b.l996. ^Kena. Herbs, diffuse, prostrate, spreading, annual; stems much branched, up to 40 cm long. Leaves 2.5-7 x 0.8-1.5 cm, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subacute; spathes 1-2.5 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, cordate at base with rounded lobes, axillary, 1-4 together. Peduncles c 2.5 cm long. Flowers blue, 1-1.4 cm across, in pubescent cymes. Capsules c 0.6 cm long, quadrate, apiculate. Seeds c 0.3 cm long, cylindric, truncate-rounded, brownish-black. FIs. & Frts.: August-November. Illiis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.\ C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common in moist places, swamps, in cultivated fields, river beds and at the outskirts of the forests.
820 Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81743, 81890; Fields near Sherewadi, Khed, Janardhanan 72422; Kukadi river bed, Junnar, Ansari 81966, Hemadri 104323; Chattursingi hill, Pune, Raghavan 64260-A; Saltar forest, Mulshi, Reddi 93478; Arvi, Haveli, ^«5ari 101916.
7. Commelina kotschyi Hassk. in Schwienf. , FI. Aethiop. 207. 1867; Rolla Rao in Blumea 14; 349.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 157, f. p.155. 1996. Herbs, annual, diffuse, slender; stems up to 40 cm long, branched from base. Leaves up to 5 X 1.3 cm, ovate-lanceolate, slightly undulate along margins. Spathes axillary or subterminal, 2-3 in a branch, 1.2-1.5 x 05-0.7 cm, obliquely ovate-triangular, cordate, sparsely hairy. Racemes single, 2-4 flowered. Flowers 0.8-1 cm across; sepals white; petals deep blue, cordate, lower one smaller and sessile. Capsules up to 0.7 x 0.5 cm, compressed. Seeds smooth. FIs. & Frts.: September-October. Ilhis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. Along river and stream beds in foot hills in ghats. Selected Specimens: Foot of Shamboo hill, near Bibi, along stream beds, Khed, Janardhanan & Kammathy 7S222, Rolla 81650; Ganesh Caves, Junnar, Hemadri 83610.
8. Commelina maculata Edgeq. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 20: 89.1846; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 159. 1996. C. obliqita Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal. 45. 1825, non Vahl, 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 293.1967 (Repr.). C. paludosa Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. 1: 2. 1827. Herbs, suberect or ascending, fleshy, up to 1 m long, rooting at nodes. Leaves lanceolate; sheaths setose. Spathes fiiimel-shaped, sparsely hairy, 1-4 together, terminal. Flowers dark blue, in terminal spathes. Capsules c 0.5 cm in diam., subglobose, 3-celled, shortly beaked. FIs. & Frts.: September-October. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2066.1853 (C. polyspatha). Distrib.: Fairly common, in bushes in ghats. Junnar, Purandhar, Mulshi, Maval. Selected Specimens: Durga Killa, Juimar, Hemadri 117890; Malvand dara, Bhivade, Junnar Hemadri 118020; Bhogaon, near Paud, Mulshi, Subramanian 64939; Purandhar, Rolla 88616; Ansari 32627; Ravine above Bhushi lake, Lonawala, Maval, Reddi 98794.
821 9. Commelina paleata Hassk. in Miq., PI. Jungh. 2; 139. 1852; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 294. 1967 (Repr.); Rolla Rao & Kammathy in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 59; 61, t. 1(c). 1962; Lakshmin. inB.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 159, f. p.158. 1996. Herbs, stout, sub-erect or scandent with ascending branches up to 1 m long; roots thick, fleshy & cylindrical. Leaves 5-12-1-4 cm, ovate-lanceolate. Spathes solitary, stalked, in axils of one or two terminal leaves, hairy, broadly cordate when unfolded. Flowers blue. Capsules 6-8 mm long. Seeds black. FIs. &Frts.\ September-October. lllus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. Distrib.: Frequent. On hills slopes in higher ghats. Selected Specimens-. Shivaneri hill slopes, Junnar, Hemadri 94400, Ansari 88745.
10. Commelina subulata Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 23. 1821; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 289. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 159, f. 160. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PL India 87, f 71 c-d.l996. Herbs, slender, annual, small, 10-30 cm high; stem erect, simple or branching. Leaves
2.5-11 X 0.3-0.5 cm, narrowly linear, acuminate, sometimes recurved at tips, hairy on margins. Spathes solitary axillary, c 0.6 mm long, open, recurved, falcate, green or striate with purple, deeply cordate, pubescent along margins. Flowers orange-yellow or orange- purple, 0.5-0.6 cm across, violet when dry. Capsules c 0.3 cm long, ovoid. Seeds compressed, black, puberulous. FIs. & Frts.: August-October. Ulus.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare, in moist alluvial soils in cultivated fields in lower ghats. Purandhar, Khed, Jurmar. Selected Specimens'. Banks of Rotubai Talao, Chakan-Alandi Road, Khed, Janardhanan 76747; Fields near Alandi ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 81617; Arvi naka, haveli, Ansari 101504, 87903, 99857; Tambe-Javalewadi, Junnar, Hemadri 117849.
11. Commelina suffruticosa Blume, Enum. PI. Jav. 1; 3. 1827; Rolla Rao & Kammathy in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 59: 65, t. 1(E). 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 161.1996.
822 Herbs, perennial, stout, erect, 30-90 cm high, tufted. Leaves 10-18 x 2-4 cm long, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, sessile, unequal sided; sheaths up to 5 cm long. Spathes 1 - 2 cm long, shortly pedunculate, broadly ovate. Flowers with white or blue petals, in terminal spathes. Capsules c 0.5 cm across obcordate, flattened. FIs. & Frts.: September. Illtis.: Rolla Rao& Kammathy, op. cit. Distrib.-. Occasional, on hills inside the forests in ghats, Khandala [Santapau,1967(Rev. ed.)]; Mulshi. Selected Specimen: Katepani forests, Ambavane, Mulshi, ReckU 99333. 2. CYANOTIS D. Don, nom. cons. la. Roots tuberous 2 lb. Roots fibrous 3 2a. Filaments and style spirally twisted; lateral stem 60 cm or more long; radical leaves reaching to about 30 x 3 cm 3. C. concanensis 2b. Filaments and style not twisted; lateral stem reaching not more than 30 cm long; radical leaves not exceeding
18 X 1.5 cm 6. C. tuberosa 3a. Herbs floccosely or cottony silky or cobwebby woolly 5. C. fasciculata 3b. Herbs not as above 4a. Capsules glabrous or nearly so 4. C cristata 4b. Capsules hirsute at apex 5a. Annual, hirsute herbs; seeds finely warty; leaves pointed or rounded at base 1. C. arcotensis 5b. Perennial stout, glabrous herbs; leaves broad and semi- amplexicaule at base; seeds obscurely or irregularly pitted 2. C. cerifolia
1. Cyanotis arcotensis Rolla Rao in Blumea 14: 345, f 1.1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma etal.,FI Maharashtra, Monocot. 162. 1996. Herbs, hirsute roots slender; stem 15-30 cm long, erect or slightly decumbent, branched. Leaves sessile 3-10 x 0.4-1 cm, lanceolate to linear, hirsute flowers pinkish, in terminal, scorpioid cymes concealed within the bracteoles. Capsules 3 x 2 mm, 3-celled. Seeds 2 mm long, dark brown. FIs. & Frts.: October. Illus. : Rolla Rao, op. cit.
823 Distrib.: Pune (Rolla Rao, op. cit.).
2. Cyanotis cerifolia Rolla Rao & Kammathy in J. Linn. See. Bot. 59 (379): 306, f. 1-6. 1966; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 163. 1996. Herbs, stout; stems 0.5-2 m high, spreading, rooting at nodes. Leaves sessile 3-8 x 1-3 cm, oblong to lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers bluish-pink in scorpoid cymes. Capsules c 3 mm long, 3-celled, each cells with 2 seeds. Seeds c 1.5 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: August-November. Illus.; Rolla Rao & Kammathy, op. cit. Distrib.: Pune (Rolla Rao & Kammathy, op. cit.).
3. Cyanotis concanensis Hassk., Commel. Ind. 114.1870; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 163. 1996. C. sahyadrica Blatter in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 33: 77, f. 2(3-7). 1929. Herbs, stout & robust perennial; primary stem not exceeding 2 cm long, with pale yellow hairs and radical leaves; secondary stem 40-70 cm long, lateral, erect or suberect. Radical leaves ensiform, hirsute, cauline leaves few, oblong to ensiform. Cymes 1-5 together; bracteoles biseriate, falcate, hairy on margins. Flowers blue or bluish-violet; petals distinct above, jointed below forming tube. Capsules c 0.5 cm long, ellipsoid- subglobose. Seeds oblong. FIs. & Frts.: September-November. Illus.: Blatter, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in higher ghats in undergrowth of forests. Junnar, Khed. Note: Endemic species. It was collected from Bhimashankar and introduced in BSI Campus garden. Growing and blooming nicely. Selected Specimens-, Along footpath from Bus stand to Nagphani, Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 81808; Vir Jungle, near Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 175882-A;Dhak, Killa & Durga Killa, Junnar, Hemadri 107465, 104207 respectively.
4. Cyanotis cristata (L.) D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal. 46. 1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 304. 1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 163. 1996. Tradescantia cristata L., Sp. PI. 42.1753. Herbs, annual, branched, somewhat succulent, 15-40 cm long; stem creeping and rooting below, then ascending. Leaves sessile, 3-7 cm long, ovate-oblong, flat, acute;
824 sheaths membranous, hirsute. Flowers bluish-purple, in Scorpio id, recurved, 1.5-2.5 cm long cymes; bracts leafy, ovate, cordate; bracteoles biseriate, ovate, falcate. Capsules 2-3 mm long, oblong. Seeds c 1 mm long. FIs. & Frts.; July-December. Ilhts.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2082. 1853. Distrib.: Fairly common in cultivated fields and in open situation in foot hills in ghats and along river and stream banks. Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Pune, Singh 108977; Hanuman Talao, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81821; on way to Shamboo forest, Khed, Rolla 66164; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Hernadri 99671, Rolla 835507, Ansari 83717; Sinhagad, Haveli, Vartak 56562; Purandhar fort, Ansari 32674; Ambavane fort top, Mulshi Reddi 99055.
5. Cyanotis fasciculata (Heyne ex Roth) J.A. & J.H. Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Nat. 7; 1152.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 303.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 165. 1996. Tnidescentia fasciculata Heyne ex Roth., Nov. PI. Sp. 189. 1821. la. Leaves and filaments glabrous var. glabrescens lb. Leaves white woolly; filaments bearded var. fasciculata
var. fasciculata Herbs, annual, erect, slender; stems diffusely branched, 0.5-20 cm long. Leaves sessile,
2.5-10 X 0.3-1.8 cm, linear to linear-lanceolate, succulent, greenish or purple tinged, with short sheath, floccose silky, recurved or straight. Cymes scorpioid, axillary and terminal; bracts falcate, longer than cymes. Flowers with white, woolly sepals and pinkish-violet to bluish-violet petals, fused at base forming white tube. Capsules c 3 mm long, broadly- oblong. FIs. & Frts.: June-October. Illus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2086. 1853. Distrib.: Common in open, moist rocky areas. More frequently at lower elevations. Selected Specimens'. Khed, Janardhanan 72488, 72539; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 87901, 97592; Shivaneri, Ansari 88700, RoUa 83582; Tuljadevi caves, Junnar, Hernadri 89998.
825 var. glabrescens C.B. Clarke in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 253. 1881; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 304.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 165, f. p. 164. 1996. Herbs, much branched, annual, suberect, 15-30 cm high. The whole plant (except bracteoles) glabrous or nearly so. Leaves 3-5.5 x 0.5 cm linear, minutely reticulate on both surfaces. Bracteoles woolly. FIs. & Frts.; October. Distrib.: Rare. Bhimashankar, Khed. Selected Specimens: Near Lord Shiva temple, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jcinardhanan 81739; Khandala, Gammie 15462; Ambavane, Mulhi, Reddi 99006.
6. Cyanotis tuberosa (Roxb.) J.A. & J.H. Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 7; 1153.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 302.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 167, f. p. 168. 1996. Tradescantia tuberosa Roxb., PI. Cor. 2: t. 108. 1799 &F1. Ind. 2: 119. 1832. Herbs; roots of fusiform tubers; stem suberect or prostrate and creeping below, hirsute or coarse, perennial; primary stem short, c 1 cm long, with radical leaves with yellowish hairs; secondary stem lateral , up to 0.8 m long, erect or suberect. Leaves sessile, radical and lower cauline, larger 15-20 x 0.5-2.5 cm, linear or ensiform, silky, purplish beneath, upper ones smaller. Cymes terminal and axillary, villous to densely hairy. Flowers bluish- purple or deep blue, c 0.6 cm long, sepals densely villous; anthers bright orange-yellow. Capsules 3-lobular. FIs. & Frts.: June-October (more particularly in September). Distrib.: Fairly common. On grassy hills slopes and tops in ghats in open situations. Selected Specimens'. On way to Khubiphata, towards Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172778; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 89989, Rolla 83513; Ansari 88675; Kharpudi hills, Khed, Janardhanan 71823 & 71877; Bhimashankar, Puri 8425; Katraj ghat, Haveh, Kammathy 71252, Par;/, 5657. Note: Cynotis tuberosa (Roxb.) J.A. & J.H. Schult. var. adscendens (Dalzell) C.B. Clarke in DC. Monogr. Phan. 3: 249. 1881. This variety is reported by T. Cooke in his Flora of Presidency Bombay from hills near Chaturshingi and Bavdhan, Pune. It is more or less glabrous plant, while var. proper is densely villous plant. 3. MURDANIA Royle, nom. cons. la. Roots tuberous; leaves 15-30 cm long, mostly radical 4. M. simplex
826 lb. Roots fibrous; leaves up to 12 cm long, cauline 2a. Cells of the ovary 2-ovulate; cells of capsule usually 2-seeded, rarely one cell with 3 seeds 2. M. muUflora 2b. Cells of the ovary 3-many ovulate; cells of the capsule 1 -3 or more seeded 3 % 3a. Flowers in terminal panicles 4 3b. Flowers solitary or in cymes; cymes axillary, 1 -3 flowered or terminal and paniculate 4a. Sheaths oblique and ciliate at mouth; leaves obtuse or acute at apex 1. M dimorpha 4b. Sheaths straight and not ciliate at mouth; leaves always acute at apex 5. M. spirata 5a. Leaves narrowly linear, acuminate, 1 -2 mm broad; flowers blue in terminal paniculate cymes 3. M. semiteres 5b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 8-12 mm broad; flowers ochre-yellow, in axillary solitary or 1-5 flowered cymes 6. M. versicolor
1. Murdania dimorpha (Dalzell) in Engl. & Prantl., Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a; 173.1930; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cil., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 170. 1996. Aneilema dimorphiim Dalzell in Hook. J. Bot. 3; 138.1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 297.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, annual. Leaves 3-6 cm long, linear-oblong, folded and curved backwards; sheaths ciliate. Flowers small, purple. Capsules c 5 mm long, oblong, mucronate. Illus.: Aneilema paniculate Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2075. 1853. Distrib.-. Khandala (Based on only one specimen examined by Santapau in Sedgwic Herbarium).
2. Murdania nudiflora (L.) Brenan in Kew Bull. 1952: 189. 1952; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 175, f. 174. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 90, f 74 e-h.l996. Commelina nudiflora L., Mant. 177. 1767 (non Sp. PI. 41. 1753). Aneilema nudiflonim (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 271. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 298. 1967 (Repr.), incl. var. compressa (Dalzell) C.B. Clarke, Monogr. Phan. 3: 211. 1881; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 325. 1953.
827 Herbs, annual, 20-30 cm high, erect or creeping and rooting at lower nodes. Leaves up to 10 X 0.8 cm, linear-oblong or lanceolate, strongly ciliate along margins, ciliate lines continue on stems below sheath up to the length almost equal to sheath. Capsules 3-celled, 2 cells each with 2 seeds and one cell with 3 seeds. FIs. & Frts.; September-November. Ilhis.'. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.\ C.D.K. Cook, op. c/7.;Kharma & Ram Saran in Singh, et al., FI. Madhya Pradesh 3: 165, f. 18. 2001. Distrib. -. Common in moist and marshy places. Khandala. Selected Specimens: Sinhagad, Mahar dara, Haveli, Ansari 101582, 87832; Khanapur, Haveli, An.sah 87954, 97579-A; Wagjoi forest, on way to Mangaon, Mulshi, Reddi 99123.
3. Murdania semiteres (Dalzell) Santapau in Poona Agric. Coll. Mag. 41: 284.1951; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 176. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 90, f. 75 e-g.l996. Aneilema semiteres Dalzell in Hook. Kew J. Bot. 3: 138. 1851. A. paniculatum Wall, ex C.B. Clarke in DC., Monogr. Phan. 3: 215. 1881, non Wight, 1853; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 300. 1967 (Repr.). 'Ekc/ui'. Herbs, small, erect, annual, 5-25 cm high; roots fibrous, stem tufted. Leaves very narrowly linear-lanceolate, almost semiterete, finely acuminate, glabrous. Flowers in terminal, few flowered panicles. Capsules c 2.5 mm long, ellipsoid or subglobose. FIs. & Frts.; August-October. lllus.: Dichaespermum jnncoides Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2070.1853; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common in moist and wet places such as cultivated fields, near stagnant water pools or on rocky plains with some wet soil. Associated species are Senecio sp., etc. Note: The whole plant shows variation in colour from dark green to deep purple, so also in flower from blue to deep purplish blue or pinkish. Selected Specimens: Khubiphata, on way to Malshej ghat from Aale, Junnar, Jadhav 172752; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 101628, 87890, Sinhagad, Ansari 101686; near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 99387; Kukadi River bed, Junnar, Ansari 81943; Shivaneri, Hemadri, 104952.
4. Murdania simplex (Vahl) Brenan in Kew Bull. 1952:186.1952; Lakshmi, in Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 176. 1996. Commelina simplex Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 177.
828 1806. Aneilema siniciim Ker.-Gawl. in Edw. Bot. Reg. T. 659.1822; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 299.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, perennial, subscandent, up to 40 cm high; roots with ellipsoid tubers. Leaves mostly radical, linear-lanceolate, cauline few. Flowers purple, 1-3 in cymes on terminal panicles or on lateral peduncles. Capsules subglobose. FIs. & Frts.; Illus.'. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 2075.1853 {Aneilema secimdiim). Distrib.: In marshy open lands.
5. Murdania spirata (L.) Bruek. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a: 173.1930; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 177. 1996. C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 91, f. 76 a-d. 1996. Commelina spirata L., Mant. 176. 1767. Aneilema spiratiim (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 271. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 296.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, annual, erect or diffuse, 15-30 cm high, sometimes rooting at lower nodes. Leaves small, 1-4 in long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, amplexicaule at base and wavy on margins. Flowers in axillary or terminal, dichotomously branched panicles; corolla pink, turning blue or bluish-purple at length. Capsules c 4 mm long, subglobose. Seeds yellowish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: July-October. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 752.1982; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit.\ Kharma & Ram Saran in Singhs/ al., FI. Madhya Pradesh 3: 167, f 19. 2001. Distrib.: Common in wet cultivated fields and along temporary water courses on hill slopes and plateaux. Selected Specimens'. Ralegaon plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 107223; Khandala, Maval, Gammie 15392; Bhimashnakar on way to Nagphani, Jnardhanan 81805; Wagjoi forest, on way to Mangaon, Mulshi, Reddi 99124.
6. Murdania versicolor (Dalzell) Brueck. in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 15a: 173.1930; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 177, f. p. 179. 1996. Aneilema versicolor Dalzell in Hook. J. Bot. 3: 136. 1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 298.1967(Repr.). Herbs, small, aimual, erect, 25-30 cm high, unbranched initially, at length much branched; branches erect, not spreading. Leaves 2-4 cm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong.
829 Flowers pink, axillary or terminal,solitary or 1-5 together in axils. Capsules c 4 mm long, ellipsoid, 3-celled; each with 5-6 or more seeds, 1-seriate. FIs. &Frts. \ September-November. Ulus. -. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit. Distrib. : Very rare. On open plateaux in moist situations, along with species of Cypenis, Ehocaitlon & Ammaninia. Junnar, Khed, Maval. Selected Specimens: Durga Killa plateau, Junnar, Hemodri 107543; On way to Nagphani, Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 81806; St. Xaviers Revine, Khandala, Maval, Ansari 32875; Moist pit at 4/6 mile point from Lonavala to Ambavane, Maval, Reddi 68359. 4. TONNINGIA Neck, ex A.H.L. Juss. la. Capsules 3-homed at apex, with central depression; seeds smooth or obscurely pitted 2. T. cucidlata lb. Capsules simply beaked; seeds pitted 1. T. axillaris
1. Tonningia axillaris (L.) Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 721.1891; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma e/ a!., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 182. 1996. Commelina axillaris L., Sp. PI. 42. 1753. Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D. Don, Prodr. FI. Nepal. 46. 1825; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 305.1967(Repr.); Santapau, FI. Purandhar 135. 1958. Herbs, armual, somewhat fleshy, 15-45 cm high, suberect or prostrate, difftisely branched, leafy, glabrous; branches creeping below or prostrate, often purplish coloured. Leaves sessile, narrowly linear to linear-lanceolate or ensiform, falcate, glabrous. Flowers violet-blue, in axillary fascicles. Capsules oblong. FIs. & Frts.: August-September. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 750. 1982. Distrib.: In moist places in cultivated fields at foot hills. Purandhar (Santapau, op. cit.); Pune (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
2. Tonningia cucullata (Roth.) Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 722.1891; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 182. 1996. Tradescantia cucullata Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 189. 1821. Herbs, annual, fleshy, diffuse, decumbent, or erect; branches 20-60 cm long, stout, many, rooting at nodes. Leaves distichous, 3-7 cm long, linear-lanceolate. Flowers pink- purplish, in axillary fascicles. Capsules c 6 mm long, ellipsoid-oblong, trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: Aknost throughout the year particularly August-November.
830 Distrib.: Common weed in and around cultivated fields, on wet river stream beds and other moist places. Selected Specimens'. Junnar Check Post, Hemadri 99616, Mina river bed, Nirgude, Junnar, Rolla 83602; Near Bus stand, Purandhar, Ansari 32691; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 99855, 87872. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Rheo spathacea (Swartz) Steam in Baileya 5; 198. 1957. Tradescantia spathacea Swartz, Prodr. 57. 1788. Rheo discolor (L.' Herrit) Hance in Walp. Ann. 3; 659. 1853. Perennials, somewhat succulent herbs, with leaves green above and purplish beneath and small white flowers in large spathes. A native of Central America, grown in gardens as an ornamental plant in pot or as borders. Setcreasea purpurea Boom in Acta Bot. Neerl. 4: 167. 1955. "Purple heart plant'. Purplish, fleshy, erect to creeping plant, with lanceolate, purplish leaves and orchid like flowers. A native of Mexico, grown in gardens. Zebrina pendula Schnizl in Bot. Zeit. 7: 870. 1894. Decumbent, branched herbs with ovate-oblong leaves having white strips above and fully purple beneath. A native of Mexico, grown in gardens in pots, sometimes in hanged pots, giving pendulous branches.
170. ARECACEAE la. Leaves bipirmate; leaflets strongly nerved, cuneiform like fish-tail; lower pinnae not spinascent; fruits globose 1. CARYOTA lb. Leaves unipinante; leaflets linear; lower piimae spinescent; fruits ovoid or oblong 2. PHOENIX
I. CARYOTA L. Caryota urens L., Sp. PI. 1189. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 315.1967(Repr.); Blatter, Pahns Brit. India & Ceyl. 339, t. 57 & f. 48. 1978 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 189. 1996. "Bhirli, Bherli-mad\ Tall pahn, 10-15 m high; stem 30-40 cm in diam., annualte, grayish-black. Leaves 5-6 X 3-4 m; leaflets 1.5-2 m long; pinnules 10-20 cm long, broadly cuneiform, upper margin
831 produce tail beyond leaflets; petiole short, stout. Spadix c 3 m long, branched, drooping; spathes 30-50 cm long, tubular. Female flowers between two males. Fruits c 2 cm across, reddish. FIs. <& Frts.: October-June (Almost throughout the year). Ulus. -. Blatter, op. c/Y. Distrib.: Occasional in higher ghats in semi-evergreen forests. It is often introduced into garden. Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar near temple, Khed, Janardhanan 69278, 76601; Dhak forest, Junnar, Hemadri 104444. 2. PHOENIX L. la. Stems 4.5-6 m high; leaves 1-1.5 m long 1. P. robusta lb. Stems 9-15 m high; leaves 2-4 m long 2. P. sylvestris
1. Phoenix robusta (Becc.) Becc. & Hook. / in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 427.1892; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 311.1967 (Repr.); Blatter, Palms. Brit. Ind. & Ceyl. 24. 1978 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 195. 1996. P. humilis var. robusta Becc. in Males. 3; 348, 384. 1890. "Shelii'. Photo: PI. 38.E Palm, 4-6 m high, densely clothed with sheaths of fallen leaves. Leaves 1-1.5 m long; leaflets fasciculate, condupHcate. Spathes keeled, brown woolly on keel. Flowers white. Fruiting peduncles c 60 cm long with brown ripe fhiits. FIs. & Frts.: January-March. Ulus.: Mahabale & Parthasarathy in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 60: 378, t. 7, f 25. 1963. Distrib.: Gregarious on the top of trap hills near Bhorkas, Mulshi (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Nandgaon temple to village Ambavane, Pune, Reddi 95894. Ambavane, Pune, LD.Garade s. n.
2. Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb., FI. Ind. (Ed.Carey) 3: 787.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 311.1967 (Repr.); Blatter, Palms. Brit. Ind. & Ceyl. 3, t. 2. 1978 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 195. 1996. Elate sylvestris L., Sp. PI. 1189. 1753. ^ShindV. Palm, 2-10 m high, with large, thick hemispherical crown. Leaves 3-4 m long; leaflets fascicled, rigid, enciform, spinescent at apex. Flowers numerous, in 60-90 cm long spadices. Fruiting spadix orange-yellow. Fruits numerous, in hanging branches, 2-3 cm long, oblong-ellipsoid, orange-yellow turning reddish brown. Seeds single.
832 FIs. & Frts.; February-May. Ilhis. -. Blatter, op. cit. Dislrib. : Uncommon, usually in open situations in plains, along water courses and stream beds, on the bunds of cultivated fields, etc. Selected Specimens: Inglun, Junnar, Hemadri 104478; Ghonemal, Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 76633. Note: Juice obtained from spadices and trunck is sold fi-esh as ‘Neera. Leaves used for making 'Zhadu . Fruits are edible. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Following species are found planted as ornamental plants in gardens and parks. Areca catechu L., Sp. PI. 1189. 1753. ‘‘Betel-tiiitpalm, Supari'. Slender stemmed graceful palms, 5-8 m tall, with orange-scarlet fleshy fibrous fruits. Hemispheric, stony seed celled 'Supari' is chewed with Betel leaves. Arenga pinnata (Ktze) Merr., Interpr. Rumph. Herb. Amboin 119. 1917. 6-12 m tall, stout palm. Arenga wightii Griff in Calcutta J. Nat. Hist. 4: 475.1845 & Palms Brit. Idnia 167, t. 235, E. 1850. Stout palms, 1-9 m tall, with trunks forming dense culms and terminal, long, pinnatisect leaves. Borassus flabellifer L., Sp. PI. 1187. 1753. 'Tad\ Tall palm trees, 10-15 m tall, with trunk marked with black scars. Leaves large fan shaped, flabelliform. Fruits c 10 cm across, subglobose. Calamous rotang L., Sp. PI. 325. 1753. 'Vet\ Scandent palms, with slender, armed stem and leaves with armed sheaths. When young, it is very gracefiil plant with pinnate leaves and black spines on stems and leaf sheaths. Occasionally grown in gardens. Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wend, in Bot. Zeit. 36; I7L 1878. 'Areca Palm'. Small sized, 2-8 m tall, monoecious, unarmed graceful palm. It can be planted in large pots as well as or ground. Probably a slow growing palm. Cocos nucifera L., Sp. PI. 1188. 1753. "Coconut tree, Naral'. A common ‘coconut tree’. 10-20 m tall. Planted for its fruits. An economic tree. Corypha umbraculifera L., Sp. PI. 1187. 1753. ‘Fan Palm,"Tali'.
833 Tall and stout palm trees, 10-20 m high, with unarmed, annulate trunks and large, orbicular or lunate, flabellately multifid leaves. Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Select. Am. 280, t. 172. 1763. 'African Oil Palm'. Robust palm trees, 5-10 m tall, with terminal crown of pinnate leaves. Stems covered with dried leaf sheaths. A native of Tropical Africa. An important source of Palm oil. Grown in gardens as ornamental palms. Howeia foresteriana Becc., in Malesia 1: 66. 1877. ^Paradise Palm'. Elegant, palm trees, with graceful waxy, deep green, pinnate, leathery leaves. With age, forming a robust trunk of 10-15 m height. Hyophorbe amaricauUs Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3; 309. 1849. Palm trees, growing up to 18m high; stems 40-60 cm in diam. near the base. Hyophorbe verschaffeltii H. Wend., Illust. 13, t. 462, 463. 1866. Licula spinosa Thunb. in Kongl. Vetensk.. Acad. Nya Handl. 3: 287. 1782. Small, 2-3 m tall, stout, densely tufted palm, with orbicular-reniform leaves. Livstona chinensis R. Br., Prodr. 268. 1810. A handsome palm tree, 6-9 m tall, with obscurely annulate trunk and fan-shaped leaves. A native of China and Japan. Livstona rotundifolia Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3; 241. 1836-1850. Palm trees; trunks 12-15 m tall & 1-1.5 m in diam. Leaves large, suborbicular, fan shaped. Martineria caryyotaefolia H.B. & K., Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 305, t. 699. 1815. Palms with spiny stems; stems 5-8 m tall, 10-12 cm in diam. and 2-4 m long leaves. Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff.) Aitch. in J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 19: 187.1882 ritchieana'). A gregarious, tufted, low-growing glabrous palm, with cuneately flabellate, tufted leaves, from an underground, much-branched rhizome. Phoenix dectylifera L., Sp. PI. 1188. 1753. "DatePalm, Khajur\ Tree, 10-15 m tall, with pinnate leaves towards the top of trunk. Ripe fiiiits called "Khajttr’ are edible. Phoenix paludosa Roxb., FI. Ind. (Ed. Carey) 3: 789. 1832. Sub-arboreous palms, with trunk 2.5-7 m tall &c 8 cm in diam. and 2.5-3 m long, spreading leaves. Phoenix reeclinta Jacq., Fragm. Bot. 27, t. 24. 1809.
834 Palms, 9-12 m high, with soboliferous stem. Rhaphis flabelliformis Ait., Hort. Kew ed. 1, 3: 473. 1789. 'Lady Palm'. Dwarf, ground palm, with about 1.5 m high stem, sheathed by reticulate, persistent bases of leaves. Leaves with sub-plicate, ciliate-spinulose edged segments. Roystonea regia (H.B. & K.) O.F. Cook in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 531. 1901. 'Bottle Palm, Royal Palm'. A fine, ornamental palm tree with bottle shaped smooth, whitish trunk and a crown of pinnale recurved or drooping leaves. A native of Cuba. Sabal adansonii Guersent in Bull. Soc. Philomat 5: 206, t. 25. 1803. Trachycarpus excelsa Wendl. in Bull. Soc. Fr. 8; 329. 1861. Palms, with trunk covered by old leaf sheath and coarse, transverse fibres and c 40 cm across, semiorbicular, deeply plaited leaves. Washingtonia filifera Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. 37: 68. 1879. Palm trees, 6-10 m tall, with circular, flabelliform leaves having segments fringed into numerous, white threads. A rapid growing palm tree, native ofCahfornia.
171. PANDANACEAE P AND ANUS Parkinson la. Carpels distinct; style forked 1. P. furcatus lb. Carpels connate; style simple 2. P. odoratissimus
Pandanus odoratissimus L./., Suppl. 64. 1781; St John in Taxon 12; 201.1953;Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 207. 1996. P.tectotius auct non pi. non Soland ex Parkinson, J. Voy. H.M.S. End.46.1733. 'Keoda\ Shrubs, upto 5 m high, stem with strong aerial roots’ Leaves ensiformis, large, 1-1.5 m long; Spikes numerous, enclosed in white, caudate-acuminate, fragrant spathes. Fls.&Frts. : May-December.. Illiis.: B.C. Syone in Saldanah & Nicols., FI, Hassan Dt.779, f 116. 1976( P. fascicularis) Distrib.: Occasional along streams&rivers. Note: Not collected by me. No specimen in BSI herbarium from Pune. However, seen growing in Mundhava Botanical garden.
835 Another species Pandanus furcatus Roxb. have been reported (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op.cit.) for Pune, probably based on other literature. However, neither I could find the source nor I could see this plant. Hence, any details are not given here.
172. TYPHACEAE TYPHA L Typha angustifolia L., Sp. PI. 971.1753; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 207. 1996. T. angiistata Bory & Chaub., Exped. Sci. Moree Bot. 2, 1: 338.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 326.1967 (Repr.). ■Pan-kanis. Panhad \ Herbs, aquatic or marshy, robust, tufted, erect, perennial; 2-3 m tall. Leaves distichous, erect, spongy, 1-1.5 m long, linear-oblong. Inflorescence of an interrupted spikes. Spikes c30 cm long, reddish-brown, cylindric, soft, on stout stalk usually shorter than leaves; lower portion with female and upper portion with male flowers. FIs. & Frts.: (Almost throughout the year) August-October. llliis.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 763. 1982. Distrib.: Common and abundant in streams, rivers and in ditches and other marshi areas. Selected Specimens: Sainikwadi; Vadgaonsheri, Pune Jadhav 180622; River bund near Narayangaon, Junnar, Hemadri 107080. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Typha elephantina Roxb., FI. Ind.(Ed. Carey) 3: 366. 1832. Herbs, 2-3 m tall with perennial rootstock. Occasionally planted as an ornamental.
173. ARACEAE la. Plants terrestrial 2 lb. Plants aquatic or marshy 6 2a. Leaves simple; spadix without barren appendages 3 2b. Leaves compound; spadix with barren terminal appendage 4 3 a. Leaves orbicular; female inflorescence adnate to base of spathe; stigma stellate 2. ARIOPSIS 3b. Leaves ovate-triangular, cordate; spadix free from spathe; stigma discoid 6. REMUSATIA 4a. Leaves and spadices present during the same period 3. ARISAEMA 4b. Leaves and spadices appearing separately during different
836 period 5 5a. Lower spathe margins connate into a tube 7. SAUROMATUM 5b. Lower spathe margins convolute 1. AMORPHOPHALLUS 6a. Free floating aquatic herbs; leaves obovate-cuneate, sessile in rosette-like tuft 5. PISTIA 6b. Attached submerged aquatic herbs; leaves narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile or subsessile 4. CRYPTOCORYNE
1. AMORPHOPHALLUS Blume ex Decne., iiom. cons. la. Leaves bulbiferous; spathes pale pink or yellowish shaded with pink outside L A. bidbifer lb. Leaves not bulbiferous; spathes brownish-purple outside 2. A. comnuitatus
L Amorpbophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume, Rumph. 1:148. 1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 336.1958; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al.. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 209, f p. 208. 1996. Anim biilbifentm Roxb., FI, Ind. (Ed. Carey) 3: 510. 1832. Herbs, cormous, deciduous; comis c 10 cm in diam.; Leaves pinnatisect; petiole c 1 m long, white spotted; leaflets obovate or lanceolate. Peduncles solitary, 20-40 cm long. Spathe pinkish with yellow shade. Spadix in three parts, pistillate at base, staminate in middle and upper naked appendix. Note: Leaf appearing after flowering and fruiting and ultimately bulbiferous at partitions or at primary and secondary forks. FIs. & Frts.: April-June. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib. : In under growth of dense forest, in higher ghats. Khandala [Santapau,1967(Rev. ed.)].
2. Amorpbophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2: 319. 1879; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 337.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 210. 1996. Conophallus commutatus Schott in Bonplandia 7: 28. 1859. 'Kohl, Shevair. Herbs, deciduous, 0.7-1 m or more in height; corms perennial, depressed. Leaf solitary, very large, appearing after flower and fruiting, 3-sect; leaflets: 1 terminal with 2 decurrent
837 on each side and 2 below the bifurcation. Peduncle solitary, 40-60 cm long. Spadix 20-30 cm long, sterile portion 10-20 cm long. Spathes brownish purple outside, pinkish-purple inside, with white spots. Berries orange when ripe. FIs. & Frts.: May-July. Illus.-. Blatter, in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 27, t. 7. 1931. Distrib.: In undergrowth of forests on hill slopes in higher ghats. Selected Specimens: Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 104533, 107505. 2. ARIOPSIS Nimmo Ariopsis peltata Nimmo in J. Graham, Cat. PI. Bombay 252.1839; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 338.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 211. 1996. ■ Khadak-tera, Tera . Photo: PI. 38.C&D Small, tuberous herb, 10-20 cm high; tubers 2-3 cm in diam., subglobose or ovoid, white inside. Leaf solitary, 3-12 cm in diam., orbicular, entire, peltate, membranous, shallow cordate at base; petioles 5-15 cm long, slender. Spathe incurved, 1-2 cm long, violet; spadix shorter than spathe. Flowers unisexual. Berries ovoid, FIs. & Frts.-. June-September. Ulus.-. Remusatia vivipcira sensii Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 900.1847, non Schott 1832. Distrib.: In crevices on wet rocky palces in ghats. Also found commonly on trunks of trees especially on Ficus racemosa. Selected Specimen'. Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172765. Note: Leaves used as vegetable by the local people. 3. ARISAEMA Mart. la. Leaves pedatisect; spadix longer than or equaling spathe; appendage far exerted 2>. A. tortiiosum lb. Leaflets whorled; spadix included 2 2a. Leaflets sessile; spathes 7-12 cm long, with an acute (not caudate) tip 2. A. miirrayi 2b. Leaflets petiolate; spathes c 15 cm long, with about 7 cm long, caudate tip 1. A. caudatum
1. Arisaema caudatum Engl, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 2; 559. 1879; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 333. 1967(Repr.); Blatter in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 19. 1931, ;Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 211. 1996.
838 Herbs, deciduous, cormous; corms depressed-globose with numerous root-fibres. Leaf single, peltate; leaflets 6-7, 15-20 cm long, vary in shape from elliptic-oblong to obovate- cuneate or lanceolate, caudate-acuminate at apex. Male spathe up to 30 cm long; spadix up to 9 cm long. Female spathe up to 40 cm long: spadix with female flowers, neutar flowers present below the appendix. FIs. & Frts.: June-August. Illiis.: Blatter, op. cit. \ Rolla Rao & Ahuja, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare (Khandala, Blatt, op. cit.).
2. Arisaema murrayi (J. Graham) Hook., Bot. Mag. T. 4388.1848; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 332.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 213, f p.212. 1996. Arum murrayi J. Graham, Cat. Bombay PI. 229. 1839. 'Sapkancla, Biiclclesa-kaiicla, Sap-kahda . Photo: PI. 39.A Herbs, cormous, deciduous; up to 2 m high; corms perennial, somewhat hemispheric, fleshy, whitish. Leaves usually 1, occasionally 2, appearing shortly after the peduncle and then coexisting, peltate, ultimately taller than peduncles; leaflets 5-9, elliptic-lanceolate or ovate. Peduncles greenish, greenish-purple or purplish-red. Spathe striate, cylindric, limb broadly ovate, acute. Spadix not exerted beyond the spathe, appendix bent. Berries globose, red when mature, crowded in a head or long stalk. FIs. & Frts.: June-October. Ulus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al.,op. cit. Distrib.: Common in undergrowth of secondary forests or among bushes in ghats. Selected Specimens'. Bhimashankar, Janardhancm, Vanevadi-Kaldare, Junnar, Hemadri 94329-x, 94351,94352.
3. Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott in Schott & Endl, Meletem. Bot. 1: 17.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 331.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma etal., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 214. 1996. Arum tortuosum Wall., PI. As. Rar. 2: 10, t. 114. 1830. Arisaema neglectum Schott, in Bonplandia 7: 26.1859. Photo: PI. 39.B Herbs, 60-90 cm high; tubers 5-10 cm in diam. Spherical. Leaves 2-3; petiole 30-90 cm long; sheaths often mottled with purple; leaflets 12-18 cm long, lanceolate, sessile or petiolulate. Peduncles 60-90 cm long. Spathes 10-15 cm long; tube equaling limb, purple inside, green or purple outside fading white. Spadix sigmoid, unisexual or bisexual; appendages very long, much exerted, tapering.
839 FIs. £& Frts.: June-September. Illus. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 619. 1988. Distrib.: Along ghats in shady places. 4. CRYPTOCORYNE Fischer ex Wydler la. Spathes without a tube, opening by a longitudinal slit, extending down to the kettle(dilated base), limb elongate, remaining partly closed and curling below 2. C. spiralis lb. Spathes with a tube between the kettle (dilated base) and limb, opening by a narrow slit evenly spiral from base to apex 1. C. retrospiralis
1. Cryptocoryne retrospiralis (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. PI. 3: 12. 1841; T. Cooke, FI. Bomaby 3: 329. 1967(Repr.); Subr., Aquat. Ang. 76. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 217. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 57, f. 39-c- e. 1996. Ambrosinia retrospiralis Roxb., FI. Ind.(Ed. Carey) 3:492.1832. Ciyptocoiyne clalzellii Schott in Bonplandia 5:221.1857; T. Cooke, op. cit. 330. C. tmilociilaris Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 774.1844; T. Cooke, op. cit. Small submerged, aquatic herb with creeping rhizome and fleshy fibres roots; stem inconspicuous or none. Leaves radical, 10-30 x 0.5-1 cm long, radical, crisped. Spathe shorter than leaves, green, streaked with purple; lower tube 2-3 times longer than twisted limb. Spadix enclosed in dialated base of spathe. FIs. & Frts.: October-December. Illus.: Wight, op. cit.; Subr., op. cit. 162, f 50; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in shallow water of the rivers. Selected Specimens: Shallow basin of Bhima river near Shelgaon, Janardhanan 72832; Indrayani river, Kuruli, Janardhanan 81610.
2. Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fischer ex Wydler in Linnaea 5: 428.1830; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 329.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 217. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 57, f 40a-b. 1996. Amm spirale Retz., Obs. Bot. 1; 30.1779. Cryptocoryne hiiegelii Schott, Aroid. 8, t. 12.1853. C tortiiosa Blatter & McCaim in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 35: 15, t. I. 1931. Small grass like herbs, rhizomatous; rhizomes thick & elongate; rootstock tuberous. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Spathe subsessile, linear-lanceolate, green outside, dark purple and transversely lamellate inside, twisted below.
840 FIs. & Frts.: October-January. Ilhis. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 773.1844; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib. : Gregarious in pools and along the sandy margins of streams. Usually growing partly submerged in water. Khandala [Santapau, 1967 (Rev. ed.)]. Found submerged in rainy season only. 5. PISTIA L. Pistia stratiotes L., Sp. PI. 963. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 328. 1967 (Repr.); Subr.,
Aquat. Ang. 75.1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 219. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 65, f. 51. 1996. Herbs, stemless, free-floating, stoloniferous, with very much tufted roots c 5 cm high, leaves rosette emergent, subsessile, 3-10 cm long, obovate-cuneate, retuse or rounded at apex, densely pubescent on both the surfaces, spongy. Inflorescence axillary, much shorter than leaves. Spathe c 1 cm long, companulate, greenish-yellow or white, gibbous. Flowers minute, unisexual, without Perianth. FIs. & Frts.: Illiis. -. Subr., op. dr.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.; In tanks and ponds. 6. REMUSATIA Schott. Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott & Endl., Meletem. Bot. 18. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 339.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 220. 1996. Arum vivipariim Roxb.. FI. Ind. (Ed. Carey) 3: 496.1832 {'"viviparium”). 'Rokhalii. Photo: PI. 39.D Terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic herbs, with pereimial tuberous rhizome; tubers c 2 cm broad, depressed, in clusters. Bulbiferous shoot, coppery, up to 30 cm long, with scaly bulbils. Leaf solitary peltate, up to 25 x 15 cm, ovate-triangular, cordate. Spathe coriaceous, tube convolute and accrescent over the fhiit. Spadix included, with lower pistillate, middle sterile and upper staminate flowers. FIs. & Frts.: August-September. Illiis. -. Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 798. 1844 {Anim vivipanim)', K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 770. 1992. Distrib.: Uncommon in ghats in rocky crevices as well as in the forks of tree trunks. Note: Leaf appears after the flowers and bulbiferous branches develop during late monsoon. The tuber is reported highly medicinal and is said to have repute in curing tumors.
841 Selected Specimen: Rai jungle, Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 81744. 7. SAUROMATUM Schott Sauromatum venosum (Ait.) Schott, Prodr. Aroid. 71. 1860; Lakshmin, in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 220. 1996. Arum venosum Ait. in Hort. Kew. Ed. 10. 3: 315. 1789. Sauromatum juttatum (Wall.) Schott in Schott. & Endl., Meletem. Bot. 1: 17. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 335.1967 (Repr.). 'NarkV. Tuberous herbs, 30-50 cm high, with solitary leaf, appearing after flowering on long stout petiole. Leaf pedati-partite and pedatisect, up to 35 cm broad; segments elliptic. Spathes 30-50 cm long, with short cylindric tube and linear-lanceolate, greenish-yellow, purple blotched limb. Spadix much longer, sessile. Flowers monoecious, both male & female inflorescence short and widely distant. FIs. & Frts.: March-September. I/lus.: Wight, Icon. PI. Ind. Orient, t. 800. 1844 {Arum sessiliflorwn). Distrih. : Infrequent in ghats, on lower slopes and hill bases. Selected Specimens: On way to Aptale from Junnar, Hemadri 107218-x; Shvaneri hill base, Ansari 88696. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Acorus calamus L., Sp. PI. 324. 1753. 'VekhamV. Herb, 0.4-0.8 m tall, with perennial, 1-1.5 cm thick, creeping rootstocks and very long leaves. A medicinal plant grown for medicinal purposes. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicols. var. campanulatus (Decne) Sivdasan in Taxon 32; 130. 1983. Photo: PL 38.F Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott in Scott & Endl., Meletem. Bot. 1; 18. 1832. "Alu\ Aquatic or swamp herbs with peltate, broadly ovate-cordate, waxy, deep green leaves on terete, erect, slender petioles from perennial thick, tuberous rootstock. Leaves used as vegetable. Cultivated around houses in rural areas. Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott., Wiener Z. Kunst3: 803. 1829. Beautiful, sturdy stemmed plant, with showy, leathery, glossy foliage. Hybrid varieties are with variegated leaves. Found grown in gardens and office corridors as pot herbs. Epipremnum aureum (Linden ex Andre) Bunting in Ann. Miss. Bot. Card. 1: 78. 1964.
842 A showy plant with pendulus branches, rooting at nodes ovate to ovate-oblong, cordate, thick, fleshy, variegated leaves, broadly and irregularly marked by creamy-yellow to orange-yellow bands. Cultivated in gardens and also as an indoor ornamental plant. Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl., Pflanzenr.: 60. 1908. 'Philodendron. Prolific climbers, with large oblong leaves pinnately parted into regular segments and tiny holes looking hke pin-holes along mid rib. The juvenile leaves are entire. Found cultivated in gardens climbing on the trunks of other trees. Monstera deliciosa Liebm., Videnk. Meoel. Sansk. Naturalist Forem. Kyobenhaur 1 & 2; 19. 1849. Stout, woody stemmed climber with hanging, cord-like aerial roots from nodes with large, thick leathery leaves pinnately cut and performed with oblong holes. Commonly cultivated in garden as an ornamental, climbing on tree trunks. Besides, some other following species are found cultivated in gardens, nurseries as well as indoor ornamental plants. Aglaonema pictum (Roxb.) Kunth, Enum. PI.3: 55. 1841. Alocasia sanderiana W. Bull,Cat. 1894: 8 1894. Anthurium andraeanum Linden ex Andre, Hort. 24; 43 1877. Caiadium bicolor(Aiton) Vent.Mag. Encycl. 4; 464 1800. Pothospertusus Roxb., FI. Ind., ed. 18201: 455-456. 1820. College Garden, Pune
174. LEMNACEAE 2a. Fronds without any scales, with single root 1. LEMNA 2b. Fronds with scales, with 2-many roots 2. SPIRODELA 1. LEMNA L. la. Frond toothed towards apex, narrowed at base to a persistent green stalk forming chains of numerous fronds, submerged except when flowering 3. L. trisulca lb. Fronds with entire margins and rounded at base, never forming branched chains, floating on surface of water 2a. Fronds with reddish tinge or reddish flacks; lower surface red, gibbous; root-sheaths not winged at base 2. L. gibba 2b. Fronds without a reddish tinge or reddish flacks; lower surface not red; root-sheath winged at base 1. L. aequinoctialis
843 1. Lemna aequinoctialis Welwitsch, Apont. 578. 1858[1859], (C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Well. PI. India 227, f. 234, a-d. 1996. L. minor sensu H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 556. 1893, p.p.,non L. 1753. L. paucicostata sensii Subr., Aquat. Ang. 78. 1962, non Hegelmaier, 1869. L. perptisilla sensu Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharraa et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 231. 1996, non Torrey 1843. L. latter & Hallberg, in J. Indian Bot. 2; 50.1921 . L. hlatteri McCann., in J. Bombay nat. Hist, Spc 43: 153. 1942. Minute, scale-like, aquatic herb; frons floating, 2 to 5 mm broad, upper surface green, bearing two papillae, veins 3. Roots 3-3.5 cm long, solitary covered with winged sheaths and with short acute root cap. FIs. & Frts.: May-August. Ilhts.-. C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib. : Common in water reservoirs of Shivneri fort and also in pits of rocks and stony steps around 'Shiva kim f. Junnar.
2. Lemna gibba L., Sp. P1.970. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 343.1967(Repr.); Hepper in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 2: 400, f 399. 2A-F. 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 230. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 227, f. 234, e-i. 1996. Very small aquatic herb; fronds free floating, 0.8-1.2 cm in diam., suborbicular or obovate, gibbous, entire without tail, thick, flat above, often with red flakes, veins 4-5, spongy and gibbous-swollen below, the young fronds sessile each giving rise to a single root-fibre; root sheath cylindric. F/s.: September. ///tis.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Bhosari, Pune (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Note: Specimens not seen. Description is from T. Cooke, op. cit.
3. Lemna trisulca L., Sp. PI. 970.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 343.1967(Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 231. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 228, 236-a. 1996. Fronds submerged (except when flowering(, 3-15 mm long excluding tail, usually forming branched chains, flattened, ovate, toothed along margins towards tip, with persistent green stalk or tail at base, young fronds attached to parent frond by a stalk. FIs. & Frts.: November- December. 844 Ilhis.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: In ponds and tanks. Pune ( Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.). 2. SPIRODELA Schleid. Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. in Linnaea 13; 392. 1839; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 77. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 232. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 229, f. 237, b-c. 1996. Lemna polyrhiza L., Sp. PL 970. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 343.1967 (Repr.). Spirodela maxima Blatter & Hallberg in J. Indian Bot. 2:49. 1921. Frond, herbaceous, floating 6-8 mm in diam., suborbicular, flat, usually red beneath, several covered together. Roots 2-many on each frond. Inflorescence and daughter fronds bom in 2 ventral budding pouches. Inflorescence with 1 female and 2 male flowers. FIs. & Frts.; September-December. Illus.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.-. Floating in ponds and tanks. Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.).
175. POTAMOGETONACEAE la. Leaves flat, flowering spikes continuous, densely covered in flowers 1. POTAMOGETON lb. Leavse filiform; flowering spikes interrupted with pairs or whorls of flowers 2. STUCKENIA
POTAMOGETON L. la. Upper or all leaves floating 2. P. nodosus lb. Leaves all submerged 2 2a. Leaves oblong, crisped, serrulate; stem slender; spikes few flowered 1. P. crispiis 2b. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate, entire; stem stout; spikes dense flowered 4. P. perfoliatus
1. Potamogeton crispus L., Sp. PI. 126.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 350.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 240. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 332, f 340, a-b. 1996.
845 Submerged, aquatic herbs, with creeping rootstock; stems much branched. Leaves 2-10 cm long, linear-oblong, 3-nerved, transluscent. Spikes 0.6-1 cm long. Druplets ovoid, beaked. FIs. & Frts.: October-April. Ilhts.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: In tanks. Selected Specimens: Bhushi dam, Lonavala, Maval, Jadhav 180642-A. 2. Potamogeton nodosus Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 4: 535. 1816; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 95. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 240. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 333, f. 341, a-b. 1996. M.J. Kothari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 43: 172, f. 8. 2002 (2001). P. indicus sensu Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 565. 1893, non Roxb. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 349.1967 (Repr.). Submerged aquatic herbs, 1 m or more long with branched, terete stem. Leaves petiolate, upper 6-10 x 2-3 cm, alternate or opposite, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, floating, lower submerged leaves longer; spikes c 3 cm long, on axillary peduncles dense. FIs. & Frts.: October-December. Illus.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit.; M.J. Kothari, op. cit. Distrib.: In fresh water, in tanks. Selected Specimen: Shivaneri fort, Junnar, Hemadri 104343.
3. Potamogeton peifoliatus L., Sp. PI. 126. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 349. 1967 (Repr.); Subr., Aquat. Ang. 95. 1962; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 334, f. 342, d-e. 1996; M.J. Kothari in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 43: 181, f. 12. 2002 (2001). Submerged, aquatic herb with robusts, creeping rhizomatous stolons; stem stout terete, slightly branched. Leaves sessile, opposite, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, membraneous, amplexicaul. Spikes 0.5-2 cm long or short, axillary peduncle, dense. Fls.\ December-February. Illus.-. Subr., op. cit.', C.D.K. Cook, op. cit.; M.J. Kothari, op. cit. Distrib.: In tanks, pools, rivers, etc. Note: It serves as a shade & shelter for fishes and support growth of algae indircrly providing food for them (Kumar & Banerjee, 1999). 2. STUCKENIA Boner Stuckenia pectinata (L.) Bomer, FI. Deut. Volk 713. 1912. Potamogeton pectinatus L., Sp. PI. 127. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 350. 1967 (Repr.); Subr., Aquat. Ang. 95.
846 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 333, f. 342, a-c. 1996. Buccaferreapectinata (L.) Bubani, FI. Pyren. 4:17.1901. Submerged, aquatic herb with filiform, copiously dichotomously branched stem. Leaves filiform, submerged 2-12 cm long. Flowers minute in axillary spikes in distant whorls. FIs. & Frts.; August-October . Illiis.: Subr., op. cit. \ C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Submerged in fresh water in lakes. Pune( Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ol., op. cit.). 176. ZANNICHELLIACEAE ZANNICHELLIA L. Zannichellia palustris L., Sp. PI. 969.1753; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 242. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 370, f 374 a- e.l996. Z. pahistrispedicellata Hook./., FI. Brit. India 6: 568.1893; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 97. 1962. Fully submerged, aquatic plant. Stem erect or creeping, filamentous. Leaves opposite or in pseudowhorls, linear, flat, c 1 mm broad. Flowers axillary, male naked, female on copular spathe. Ulus.'. Subr., op. cit.', C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.'. Pune( Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.).
177. NAJADACEAE • NAJAS L. la. Male and female flowers, both naked 1. N. graminea lb. Male flower enclosed within a spathe, female flower naked 2. N. indica
1. Najas graminea Del, Descr. Egypt. Hist. Nat. 2; 282, t. 50, f 3.1813; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 100. 1962; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 268, f 278 a-d.l996. Herbs, annual, aquatic, submerged, short-grass like, plumose. Stem slender, fragile with densely foliose branchlets. Leaves 2-3 cm long, linear, with oblique numerous spinules on each side. Flowers solitary or 2-4 together. FIs. &Frts. : June-October.
847 Illus.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: In standing fresh water. Note-. It can be distinguished by the usually fine ’spineless' leaves which fan out like feathers at the tip of stem. Selected Specimens: Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddis.n. 2. Najas indica (Willd.) Cham, in Linnaea 4: 501. 1829; Subr., Aquat. Ang. 101. 1962; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 243. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 269, f 279 a-d.l996. Cauline indica Willd. in Mem. Ac. R. Sc. Berl. 89, f 3. 1801. Najas minor sensii H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 569. 1893 pro majore parte, non All. 1785; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 352.1967 (Repr.). Submerged aquatic herb with slender stem. Leaves 1-2 cm long, linear-flat, serrulate with conspicuous spiny teeth; leaf sheaths with auricles. Female flowers naked; male bom in spathe. Illiis. -. C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.-. In fresh waters. Pune ( Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.). Note: T. Cooke, op. cit., mentioned it without seeing any specimen. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. included it afterT. Cooke, op. cit.
178. ERIOCAULACEAE ERIOCAULON L la. Anthers white or pale yellow 2 1 b. Anthers black or dark brown 4 2a. Petals in female flowers absent 2. E. cinereiim 2b. Petals in female flowers 3 3a. Rootstock present; leaves filiform, abruptly broadening at base 3. E. dalzellii 3b. Rootstock absent; leaves linear-ensiform, gradually broadening at base 12. E. ritchieaniim 4a. Seed surface without any appendages or ridges 5 4b. Seed surface with appendages or ridges 7 5a. Female sepals 2; spathe of male flowers 2-lobed at apex 10 . E. minutum 5b. Female sepals 3; spathe of male flowers 3-lobed at apex 6a. Spathe of male flowers glabrous; floral bracts glabrous; female petals glabrous 8. E. margaretae
848 6b. Spathe of male flower hairy towards apex; floral bracts sparsely hoary towards apex; female petals pilose towards 4. E. elenorae 7a. Appendages of seeds setiform 8 7b. Appendages of seeds ribbon-like or rectangular structures or representated by ridges on the seeds surface 14 8a. Male sepals free 9 8b. Male sepals connate laterally at least at base to form a closed or open spathe 10 9a. Involucral bracts hoary dorsally; female sepals broadly keeled at back; female petals 3 5. E. etnypeploii 9b. Involucral bracts glabrous; female sepals not distinctly keeled at back; female petals absent 1. E. achiton 10a. Female sepals equal or subequal 11 10b. Female sepals unequal, the odd sepal distinctly narrower than the lateral ones 12 1 la. Involucral bracts glabrous, stellately spreading; floral bracts lanceolate 14. E stellulatum 1 lb. Involucral bracts hispid, not stellately spreading; floral bracts oblanceolate 7. E. lanceolatinn 12a. Involucral bracts acuminate or cuspidate; floral bracts truncate, straw-coloured 15. E. xercmthemum 12b. Involucral bracts subacute or obtuse; floral bracts obtuse or subacute, blackish 13 13a. Involucral bracts exceeding the heads, more than twice the length of the floral bracts; female petals hoary towards apex 6. E. heterolepis 13b. Involucral bracts not exceeding the heads, less than twice the length of floral bracts; female petals glabrous 13. E. santapaui 14a. Leaves turning into purple on drying; floral bracts hoary dorsally towards apex; male sepals 3, connate into a spathe W. E. qiiinquangulare 14b. Leaves not turning into purple on drying floral bracts glabrous; male sepals 2, tree 9. E. minimum
1. Eriocaulon achiton Kom. in Liimaea 27; 630. 1856; Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2: 202. 1921; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 97, f. 32(A-F).1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma
849 et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 247. 1996; Das Das in N.P. Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 25:458.2001. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves 3 x 0.15 cm, linear, glabrous. Peduncles few to many, up to 8 cm long. Heads ovoid or hemispherical. Male flowers: sepals 2, free, linear-falcate, glabrous. Petals 3, glabrous, with a black gland in each. Female flowers: sepals 2, free, linear-falcate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent. Petals absent. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid; cells of seed coat transversely elongated, in vertical rows; appendages 1-2 from transverse radical walls. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.-. Fyson, op. cit. f p. 203; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. With grasses in rocky areas.
2. Eriocaulon cinereum R. Br., Prodr, 254. 1810; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 179. 1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 248. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 191, f.I95. 1996. E. sieboldianum Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glumac. 2: 272.1855; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 357.1967 (Repr. ed.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 3; 15. 1922. E. redoctum Ruhland in Engler(ed.), Pflanzenr. 4(30): 113.1903 as 'reductum ' orth. mut.; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit. 181. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves up to 5 x 0.25 cm, acicular, glabrous. Peduncles many, 4-6 cm long. Heads hemispherical, Male flowers: sepals obovate, connate into a spathe, glabrous. Petals 3, minute, glabrous or sparsely hairy. Female flowers: sepals 1 or 2, free, linear-subulate, glabrous or hair. Petals absent. Seeds ovoid-ellipsoid; cells of seed coat transversely elongated in vertical rows, Fh. & Frts.: September - December, Illtis.-. Fyson, op. cit. tt. 50 & 51; C,D,K, Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Marshy places, drying ponds, in paddy fields, etc. Selected Specimens: Alandi-Chakan Road, Khed, Janardhanan 81860; Jadhav 172756; Polarwada, near Tiskari,Mulshi Reddi 101042.
3. Eriocaulon dalzellii Koem. in Linnaea 27: 605.1856; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 166. 1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monooct. 251. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. Pi. India 192, £197. 1996. E. rivulare Dalzell in Hooker’s J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 3: 280.1851, non G. Don ex Benth. 1849; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 355,1967 (Repr,); Fyson in J. Indian Bot, 3: 14, 1922,
850 Aquatic herbs; stems elongate, submerged, densely leafy. Rootstock up to 3 cm long. Leaves up to 10 cm long, linear, flat. Peduncles few, up to 20 cm long. Heads spherical or hemispherical. Male flowers; sepals obovate, connate into a spathe, hoary towards apex. Petals 3, unequal, the longer one oblong. Female flowers: Sepals and petals 3 each, free, hoary towards apex. Seeds oblong, ovoid; cells of seed coat transversely elongated, in vertical rows. FIs. & Frts.; September - December. Illus.-. Fyson op. cit. t. 46; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit.; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. In flowing streams. Note: It is an Endemic species.
4. Eriocaulon elenorae Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2: 316. 1921; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul India 137, f47 (A-F).1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cil., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 253. 1996. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves up to 5 x 0.1 cm, linear, glabrous. Peduncles many, up to 12 cm cm long. Heads c 4 x 3 mm. ovoid. Male flowers : sepals obovate, connate into a spathe, hairy towards apex. Petals 3, glabrous, each with a black gland; anthers 6, black, globose. Female flowers: sepals 3, free, oblanceolate, the two lateral ones shortly keeled and the odd one with broad, pouch like keel. Petals 3, free, linear-spathulate, hairy at apex. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid; cells of seed coat isodiametic. Fh. & Frts.: October - December. Illtis.: Fyson, op. cit. t. 35; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. Along the sides or nearby lakes, ponds and ditches.
5. Eriocaulon eurypeplon Korn, in Linnaea 27; 685.1856; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 363.1967(Repr.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 3; 17. 1922; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 86.1994; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 194, f 198(A-F).I996. E. vanheiirckii Mull. Arg., Observ. Bot. Descript. Pi. Nov. Herb, van Heurckiani 2; 98.1870; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 267. 1996. E. bombayamim Ruhland in Engler, Pflanzenr. (ed.) 4(30); 104.1903; T. Cooke, op. cit. 362; Fyson, op. cit. E. thomasii Fyson, op. cit.l: 318, t. 23. 1921. E. indicitm Moldenkein Phytologia 3; 163.1949; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. 255. E. vanheiirckii Mell. Arg. fm/nimaMoldenke, op. cit. 5; 84. 1955; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Photo: PI. 40.A
851 Acaulescent herbs. Leaves 3-15 x 0.2-1.5 cm, linear or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous. Peduncles solitary or many, 4-23 cm long. Heads 3-8 mm across, globose or hemispherical. Male flowers: sepals 2, free, oblanceolate, keeled. Petals 3, pubescent. Female flowers-, sepals 2, free, obovate-cuneate, keeled. Petals 3, c 1 mm long, linear. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid; cells of seed coat transversely elongated, in vertical rows; appendages 1-2. Fls.&Frts. -. September - December. Ilhis.-. R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit. f. 27; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit. f. p. 266; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Frequent. In paddy fields & rock-crevices.
6. Eriocaulon heterolepis Steud., Syn. PI. 271. 1855; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 363. 1967(Repr.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 3:16. 1922; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 48.1994; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 196, f.202.1996. E. clianae Fyson var. clianae Fyson in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 2; 259.1921; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 251. 1996. E. cliaiute Fyson var. loiigibracteata Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2; 259, t. 13.1921; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Acalescent herbs. Leaves up to 15 x 0.8 cm, linear-lanceolate, glabrous. Peduncles many, up to 22 cm long. Heads hemispherical. Male flowers: sepals obovate, connate into a spathe. Petals 3, linear or ovate, hoary. Female flowers: sepals 3, free, unequal, middle one linear, laterals oblong-oblanceolate. Petals 3, spathulate, hoary towards apex. Seeds oblong; cells of seeds coat transversely elongated, in vertical rows; appendages 5-6 from the transverse radial walls. FIs. & Frts.: October - March. Ilhis.-. R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit. 49, f. 14(A-g); C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Frequent, In moist and marshy places.
7. Eriocaulon lanceolatum Miq. ex Korn, in Lirmaea 27: 656. 1856; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 357.1967(Repr.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2: 266. 1921; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 29, f. 6(A-F).1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 257. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 196, f.203.1996. E. lanceolatum var. pilosiim Moldenke in Phytologia 3: 164.1949; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.
852 Acaulescent herbs. Leaves up to 9 x 1.5 cm oblong-lanceolate, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Peduncles few, up to 30 cm long, pilose or almost glabrous. Heads c 5 mm across, globose or hemispherical. Male flowers: sepals obovate, connate into a spathe, glabrous or pubescent towards tip. Petals 3, linear, glabrous. Female flowers: sepals 3, free, oblanceolate, keeled, hoary towards apex. Petals 3, spathulate, pilose. Seeds oblong- ellipsoid; cells of seed coat transversely elongated, in vertical rows. FIs. & Frts.: October - January. Illus. -. Fyson, op. cit. t. 23; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit. ; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Along margins of lakes, ponds, pools, etc. Note: It is an Endemic species.
8. Eriocaulon margaretae Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2: 316. 1921; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 141.1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 259. 1996. Acaulescent herbs, 7-10 cm high. Leaves linear-angustiform, glabrous. Peduncles many, up to 14 cm long. Heads c 4 x 3mm, ovoid or cylindric. Male flowers: sepals obovate, connate into a spathe, glabrous. Petals 3, minute, glabrous. Female flowers: sepals 3, free, spathulate-oblanceolate, keeled. Petals 3, spathulate. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid; cells of seed coat isodiametric. FIs. <& Frts.: September - November. Illus.-. R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit. 142, f 49(A-F). Distrib.'. Very Rare. In marshy places.
9. Eriocaulon minimum Lamarck,EncycI. 3: 275. 1789.; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 197, f204.1996. E. hamiltoniamim Mart, in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 29. 1832; Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2: 313. 1921; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 122.1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 253. 1996. E. hamiltoniamim Mart. var. minor Fyson, op. cit. Acaulescent, armual herbs. Leaves up to 6 x 0.5 cm, linear-lanceolate, glabrous. Peduncles many, 4-6 cm high. Heads c 3-4 mm across, spherical, white. Male flowers: sepals 2, free, oblanceolate-falcate, glabrous. Petals 3, glabrous. Female flowers: sepals 2 or rarely 3, free. Petals 3, free, linear. Seeds ovoid-ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts.: October. Illus.'. Fyson, op. cit. t. 33.
853 Distrib.: In moist and marshy places.
10. Eriocaulon minutum Hook./, FI. Brit. India.6; 579. 1893; T. Cooke, FI, Bombay 3; 359. 1967 (Repr.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2: 317. 1921; R. Ansari & Bakakr., Eriocaul. India 143. 1994. E. humile Moldenke in Phytologia 3: 162.1949; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 255. 1996. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves 3.5 x 0.1 cm, linear. Peduncles many, up to 7.5 cm long. Heads hemispherical or obconic. Male flowers: sepals obovate, connate into a spathe. Petals 3, minute. Female flowers; sepals 2, free, keeled, pilose along margins and keels. Petals 0-3, free, linear-elliptic, glabrous. Seeds oblong-ellipsoid; cells of seed coat isodiametric. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Illus. -. Fyson, op. cit. t. 36; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. at. f.? .
11. Eriocaulon quinquagulare L„ Sp. PI. 87. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 361.1967 (Repr.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2: 204. 1921; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 104, f. 34(A-H).1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 262. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 199, f. 206.1996. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves linear or lanceolate, glabrous, mostly turning into pale or deep purple on drying. Peduncles many, up to 40 cm long. Heads globose or rarely cylindric. Male flowers: sepals obovate or cuneate, connate into a spathe, hoary towards apex. Petals 3, oblong, hoary. Female flowers: sepals free, spathulate, hoary towards apex. Petals 3, free, spathulate, hoary towards apex. Seeds oblong or ovoid; cells of seed coat transversely elongated, in vertical rows; appendages present. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. llliis.: Fyson, op. cit. t. 9; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit.; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: In moist, wet or marshy places.
12. Eriocaulon ritchieanum Ruhland in Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr. 4(30): 73.1903; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 362.1967 (Repr.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 3: 16. 1922; R. Ansan &Balakr., Eriocaul. India 170.1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 262. 1996. E. horsley-kundae Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 3: 13. 1922. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves opposite, up to 3.5 x 0.3 cm, glabrous. Peduncles few or many, up to 20 cm long. Heads c 5 mm across, spherical or hemispherical. Male flowers'.
854 sepals obovate, hoary towards apex. Petals 3, oblong. Female flowers-, sepals 3, free, oblong or oblanceolate. Petals 3, free, spathulate, hoary towards apex. Seeds oblong- ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ilhts.: Fyson, op. cit. t. 43(£. Iwrsley-kitiuhie). Distrib.: In patches on open plateaux at higher altitudes. Selected Specimen: Dhak Plateau, Junnar, Hemodri 107481.
13. Eriocaulon santapaui Moldenke in Phytologia 3; 163.1949; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1); 296. 1967 (3'^‘^ Rev. ed.); R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 56, f. 17.1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma ef al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 263. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 200, f. 208.1996. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, up to 4 x 0.3 cm, glabrous. Peduncles many, up to 20 cm long. Heads ovoid or obovoid. Male flowers: sepals obovate, connate into a spathe, hoary at apex. Petals 3, linear. Female flowers; sepals 3, free, unequal, the 2 lateral ones, oblanceolate, the middle one linear. Petals 3, spathulate. Seeds ovoid globose; cells of seed coat transversely elongated, in vertical rows; appengdages present. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. llliis.: R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit.; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Very Rare. Along streams at low altitudes.
14. Eriocaulon stellulatum Korn, in Linnaea 27; 620. 1856; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 358. 1967 (Repr.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot 2; 317. 1921; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 39, f 10 (A-F).1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 264. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 202, f. 211.1996. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves up to 15 x 1 cm, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous. Peduncles few, up to 20 cm long, sparsely pilose. Heads 4-8 mm across, globose, echinate. Involucral bracts acuminate; floral bracts stellately spreading, much exceeding flowers. Male flowers: Sepals & petals 3; petals pubescent or hoary along keels. Seeds oblong-obovoid or globose. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Ulus.-. Fyson, op. cit. f on page 319; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit.; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Common on open grassy slopes.
855 15. Eriocaulon xeranthemum Mart, in Wall., PI. Asiat. Rar. 3: 29. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 362. 1967 (Repr.); Fyson in J. Indian Bot. 2; 200. 1921; R. Ansari & Balakr., Eriocaul. India 58, f. 18(A-F).1994; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 268. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Well. PI. India 205, f. 215.1996. Acaulescent herbs. Leaves linear, up to 4 x 0.3 cm, glabrous. Peduncles few, up to 6.5 cm long. Heads 3-6 mm across, hemispherical or cuneate. Male flowers; sepals hoary at apex. Petals 3, glabrous. Female flowers: sepals 3, free, dissimilar, lateral two oblanceolate, the middle linear. Petals 3, spathulate. Seeds oblong or ellipsoid; appendages 2-4, truncate at apex. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Illiis. -. Fyson, op. cit. t. on page 201; R. Ansari & Balakr., op. cit. \ C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. In open moist and marshy places.
179. CYPERACEAE la. Nut enclosed in a bottle-shaped utricle 3. CAREX lb. Nut not enclosed in a utricle 2a. Flowers unisexual 17. SCLERIA 2b. Flowers bisexual 3 3a. Flowers solitary or two in a spikelet 4 3b. Flowers few to many in a spikelet 5 4a. Rachilla disarticulating above the two empty lower glumes; flowering glumes distichously arranged 9. KYLLINGA 4b. Rachilla not disarticulating; flowering glumes spirally arranged 10. KYLLINGIELLA 5a. Glumes distichously arranged 5b. Glumes spirally arranged (occasionally distichous in Fimbristylis) 9 6a. Rachilla of spikelet deciduous 7 6b. Rachilla of spikelet persistent 7a. Stigmas 3 11. MARISCUS 7b. Stigmas 2 13. QUEENSLANDIELLA 8a. Styles 2-fid; nuts laterally flattened 12. PYCREUS 8b. Styles 3-fid; nuts trigonous or triquetrous (occasionally planoconvex when styles 2-fid
856 in Cypenis alopeciiroides&C. pygmaeiis) 4. CYPERUS 9a. Perianth of hypogynous scales/ bristles present in flower 10 9b. Perianth of hypogynous scales/ bristles absent in flower 15 1 Oa. Perianth of hypogynous bristles only 11 10b.Perianth of hypogynous scales or scales and bristles 14 1 la. Leaves well developed 12 1 lb. Leaves reduced to sheaths 13 12a. Leaves radical as well as cauline towards base of the stem 14. RHYNCHOSPORA 12b. Leaves cauline only, not radical 1. BOLBOSCHOENUS 13a. Inflorescence of a single terminal spike; styles articulated with ovary 5. ELEOCHARIS 13b. Inflorescence anthelate or a head, pseudo lateral; styles continuous with ovary, not articulated 16. SCHOENOPLECTUS 14a. Leaves with a collar around stem; perianth scales undivided 8. FUIRENA 14b. Leaves without a collar around stem; perianth scales divided to base into linear segments 6. ERIOPHORUM 15a. Style-base continuous with the nut 16 15b. Style-base dialated, constricted or articulated above the nut, not continuous 17 16a. Leaves reduced to sheaths 16. SCHOENOPLECTUS 16b. Leaves with well developed blades 15. RIKLIELLA 17a. Nuts with a button-like tumour at apex (permanent bulbous style-base) 2. BULBOSTYLIS 17b. Nuts without a button-like tumour 7. FIMBRISTYLIS
1. BOLBOSCHOENUS Asch. Ex Palla Bolboscboenus maritimus (L.) Palla subsp. affinis (Roth) Koyama in Brittonia 31: 284. 1979; V.P. Prasad & N.P. Singh in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addl. Ser. 21: 44, f 1. 2002. Scirpus affinis Roth in Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 140.1817; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 367, f. 368. 1996. S. maritimus L. var. affmis
857 (Roth) C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 659. 1893; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 408. 1967 (Repr.). Perennials, to 50 cm high; tubers oblong-ellipsoid; stems triquetrous, erect. Leaves well developed; sheaths smooth, truncate. Inflorescence a cluster of 2-6 sessile spikelets, sometimes reduced to a single spikelet. Spikelets c 1-2 x 0.7-1 cm, ovoid; glumes 0.7-1 cm long, oblong-lanceolate. Nuts c 3 mm long, obovoid strongly compressed. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illiis.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit). 2. BULBOSTYLIS Kunth, nom. cons. Bulbostylis densa (Wall, ex Roxb.) Hand.-Mazz. in Karst. & Schenk, Vegetationsb. 20, 7: 16. 1930; R. Datar & V.D. Vartak in J. Univ. Poona Sci. Tech. 48: 26. t. 4, f 1-8. 1976; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 272. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 96, f. 81 a-d. 1996. Scirpus densus Wall, ex Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 231. 1820. Tufted, annual, small, weak, erect sedges, up to 25 cm high; stems slender or capillary, sulcate. Leaves filiform, glabrous; sheaths hairy. Spikelets few, solitary, c 4 mm long, ellipsoid, brown; glumes c 2 mm long, broadly ovate, dark-brown, ciliolate margined. Nuts c 1 mm long, triquetrous. FIs. & Frts.; September - October. Illus.-. R. Datar & V.D. Vartak, op. cit.; K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 623.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op cit. Distrib.: In open, moist, grassy places on hill slopes and plateaux. Juimar. Selected specimens: Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 107569; Durga plateau Junnar, Hemadri 107528-x; Purandhar fort, Bhide s.n. \ Khandala, Maval, Gammie 15424. 3. CAREX L. Carex caricina (Don) Ghildayal & Bhattacharyya var. glaucina (Boeck.) Ghildyal & Bhattacharyya in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 7; 602.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 275. 1996. Carex glaucina Boeck. in Linnaea 40: 353. 1876. C. mercarensis Hochst. ex Steud. var. major Steud. ex C.B. Clarke, in Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 6: 719.1894; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 421.1967 (Repr.). Perennial, somewhat robust, erect sedges, with short woody rhizomes, 0.5-1.5 m tall. Spikes in compound panicles, linear, brownish. Nuts c 2 mm long, ellipsoid, trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: October - February.
858 Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 624. 1988. Distrib. : As an undergrowth in most places in forests. Selected Specimens'. Bakadevi Ran, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 69618; Choura hill, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhnan 81722; Dhak forest, Junnar, Hemadri 104490. Note: It differs from var. caricina proper in having prominent bifid tip of the beak of utricle. 4. CYPERUS L. la. Styles entire or slightly notched at the top 5.C. cephalotes lb. Styles distinctly cleft into 2 or 3 stigmas 2a. Stigmas 2 (rarely 3 in some flowers); nuts planoconvex or biconvex (rarely trigonous when stigmas 3) 2b. Stigmas always 3; nuts always trigonous or triquetrous (if planoconvex, then with an angular dorsal surface) 3a. Stems stout, 5-10 mm thick; inflorescence compound to decompound with well developed rays and cylindrical spikes of spikelets; rachilla winged 1. C. alopecuroides 3b. Stems narrow or slender, 0.5-2 mm thick; inflorescence a contracted head of glomerules or a pseudo lateral cluster of spikelets; rachilla wingless 4a. Dwarf, annual herbs; spikelets many, densely packed in terminal heads; stamen 1 (rarely 2) 23. C pygmaeiis 4b. Perennial herbs with long creeping rhizomes; spikelets 1-30, in apparently lateral head; stamens 3 16. C. laevigatus 5a. Spikelets spicately arranged (subdigitate in C. compressus) 6 5b. Spikelets digitately or stellately arranged 21 6a. Rachilla narrowly to broadly winged (sometimes caducous) 7 6b. Rachilla wingless or hardly winged 18 7a. Stems slender (0.5) 1-2 (-2.5) mm thick 8
7b. Stems stout (-2) 3-10 mm thick 12 8a. Spikelets 3-5 mm broad (including the mucro) 6. C. compressus 8b. Spikelets 1-2.5 mm broad 9a. Spikelets subquadrangular (in cross section); nuts
859 triquetrous, c 2 mm long 26. C. tenuiculmis 9b. Spikelets flattened or subcompressed; nuts trigonous or planoconvex, 1-1.8 mm long 10 10a. Tubers bulb-like, clothed with a coriaceous coat which split into blackish segments (initially whitish); involucral bracts distinctly spaced from each other; glumes 9-11-nerved 4. C. biilhosiis 10b. Tubers not bulb-like, covered with membranous scales when young which disintegrate into fibres; involucral bracts not distinctly spaced (lower most often a little distant); glumes 5-7-nerved 11 11a. Stolons very slender, yellowish, disappearing after tuber formation; spikelets usually golden yellow to pale brown; rachilla slightly flexuous 12. C. esciilentils lib. Stolons somewhat stout, dark brown, persistent; spikelets usually dark brown, rarely yellowish; rachilla prominently flexuous 24. C. wtimdus 12a. Stems terete at least below; leaves reduced to sheaths (upper 1 or 2 sometimes with a short blade in C. cotymbosiisX, 13 12b. Stems trigonous to triquetrous; leaves usually well developed (lower ones often reduced to sheaths) 14 13a. Stems transversely septate; spikelets 1.5-1.8 mm broad 3. C. articiilatus 13b. Stems not septate; spikelets c 1 mm broad 7. C. corymbosiis 14a. Rhizomes long-creeping; stems usually in a row along the creeping rhizomez; leaves usually reduced to sheaths 19. C. pangorei 14b. Rhizomes short, not creeping; stems tufted or solitary; leaves usually well developed 15 15a. Spikelets suberect; nuts triquetrous 18. C. nutans 15b. Spikelets ultimately right angle to the rachis; nuts trigonous 16 16a. Spikes broadly ovoid-pyramidal; rachilla flexuous, with c 1 mm long intemodes 11. C distans
860 16b. Spikes cylindrical; rachilla straight with 0.4-0.5 mm long intemodes 17 17a. Spikelets shghtly compressed; glumes elliptic, acute at apex; nuts c 1 mm long 10. C. digitatiis 17b. Spikelets flattened; glumes ovate to broadly ovate, mucronate at apex; nuts 0.7-0.8 mm long 13. C. exaltatiis 18a. Perennials, with long stolons; stems usually solitary; stamens 3; style conspicuous 19 18b. Annuals, without stolons; stems tufted; stamens 2 (rarely 3 in C. iria)\ style inconspicuous 20 19a. Spikelets 1-flowered; nuts 2.8-3 mm long 20. C. pentabrocteatiis 19b. Spikelets 7-20 flowered; nuts c 1 mm long 21. C. pilosus 20a. Rachis of spikes glabrous; spikelets c 2 mm broad; rachilla intemodes 0.5-0.8 mm long; glumes 1.3-1.5 x c 1.5 mm, not spinulose-ciliate on the keel 15. C. i)'ici 20b. Rachis of spikes hispid on angles; spikelets 2.5-3 mm broad; rachilla intemodes c 1 mm long; glumes c 2 x 2 mm, often with spinulose ciliate keel 2. C. ahilatiis 21a. Inflorescence contracted to a head of few to numerous spikelets 22 21b. Inflorescence open, simple, compound or decompound (rarely reduced to a single head in C. cuspidcitiis) 24 22a. Stamen 1 22. C. pulchellus 22b. Stamens 3 23 23a. Annuals with fiberous roots; stems tufted; glumes 2-3 mm long; nuts c 1 mm long 25. C. nibicimdus 23b. Perennials with long erect or horizontally creeping rhizome; stems usually solitary or closely in a row; glumes 4-5 mm long; nuts 1.7-2 mm long 17. C. niveus 24a. Perennials with short rhizome 14. C. haspan 24b. Annuals with fibrous roots 25 25a. Spikelets 2-5 mm broad (including mucro); glumes mucronate 26 25b. Spikelets 1-1.5 mm broad; glumes not mucronate 27
861 26a. Rachilla winged, with c 0.7 mm long intemodes; glumes 3.5-4 mm long; nuts 1.4-1.7 mm long 6. C. compressiis 26b. Rachilla wingless, with c 0.3 mm long intemodes; glumes 1-2 mm long; nuts 0.5-1 mm long 8. C. ciispiclatus 27a. Nuts c 0.5 mm long, white when ripe 27. C. tem ispica 27b. Nuts c 0.75 mm long, brown when ripe 9. C. diffonnis
1. Cyperus alopecuroides Rottb., Descr. PI. Rar. Progr. 20. 1772 & Jc. Rar. Nov. PI. 38, t. 8, f. 2. 1773; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 373.1967 (Repr.); C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 102, f. 84 a-d.l996. Jimcellits alopecuroides (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke in Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 6; 595.1893; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra. Monocot. 327. 1996. Tufted, perennial sedges with short rhizomes, up to 1.2 m tall; stems stout. Leaves 30- 60 cm long. Inflorescence of a large, c 20 x 20 cm decompound umbel. Spikes 2-3 cm long, cylindric, digitate. Spikelets c 5 mm long, densely crowded, falling from base to apex; glumes c 1.5 mm long. Nuts c 1 mm long. FIs. & F rts .: April - May. llliis .-. Ugemuge, FI. Nagpur Dist. t. 165.1986; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Scarce in moist sandy soils along rivers and in dried pools. Selected Specimens: Poona river side, Mahcijcm 13531; Shivneri fort, Junnar, H em adri, 98294.
2. Cyperus alulatus Kern, in Reinwardtia 1: 463, f 1.1952; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 278. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 103, f. 85 a-e.l996. C. ir ia L. var. rectangularis Kuekenth. in Eng., Pflanzenr. 4(20), 101: 152. 1935. C. rectangularis (Kuekenth.) Bennet in Indian Forester 95; 692. 1969. Tufted, annual, erect sedges, 15 to 30 cm high. Leaves linear, scabrous along margins; sheaths reddish-brown. Spikes c 3 cm long, in simple or subcompound umbels. Spikelets c 4 mm long, greenish-yellow. Nuts triquetrous, mucronate. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ilh is .: Kern, op. cit. - C.D.K. Cook, op. c it.; V.P. Prasad & N.P. Singh, Sedges Karnataka 75, f. 8. 2002. D is trib .: Common in moist sandy soils along river banks, nalas along road sides, in cultivated fields, etc.
862 Selected Specimens: Kanakeshwari river, Dingore, Junnar, Jadhav 172742; Hivare Bk. (Mali), Junnar, Jadhav 175802, 175813; Tukawadi, Khed, Jauardhanan 78027-A. Note: In field it looks like C. iria L., only differing in having broader spikelets.
3. Cyperus articulatus L, Sp. PI. 44.1753; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 279.1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 105, f 88 a-d. 1996. Perennial, stout sedges with woody creeping or stoloniferous rhizomes. Sheaths brownish-black. Umbels compound with many spikes. Nuts trigonous, black. Frts.: September. Ilhis.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 780.1982; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Note: Included here based on Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. No specimens were seen in Pune Herbarium.
4. Cyperus bulbosus Vahl, Enum. Pi. 2: 342.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 384.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma el al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 279. 1996. Perennial, tuberous, erect herbs; stems 15-25 cm high, slender; tubers c 1.5 cm long, ovoid or fusiform. Leaves linear, as long as or longer than stems. Inflorescence of a simple umbel. Spikeletsc 2 cm long, linear, compressed, reddish-brown spicately arranged on a short rachis; glumes up to 4 mm long, ovate, imbricate. Nuts c 1.8 mm long, obovoid, trigonous, black. FIs. & Frts.: July. Illus.: Kuekenth. in Eng. Pflanzenr. 4, 20, 101, (Heft); 125, £ 15 C-E. 1936. Distrib.: Occasional in cultivated fields with solitary, stems. Selected Specimen: Khadaki, Pune, Garade 572. Note: It looks some what like Iphigenia sp. except flower/ inflorescence.
5. Cyperus cephalotes Vahl, Enum. PI. 2; 311.1806; Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1,7: 633, f. 61 & 62.1974; Koyama in Dassan & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 212.1985; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 106, £ 91 a-d. 1996. Anosponim cephalotes (Vahl) Kurr in J. Asiat. Soc. Beng. 65:159. 1876; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 271. 1996. Perennial sedges, 20-30 cm high; rhizomes with slender stolons; stolons rooting at nodes; culms solitary. Leaves slightly shorter than stems, flat; sheaths brown. Heads 1-1.5
863 cm long, solitary, terminal, dense with many spikelets, conical, ovoid or subglobose; involucral bracts much longer, leafy. Spikelets c 5 mm long ovate, acute, brown; glumes ovate keeled, mucronate, much dense and compact. FIs. & Frts.; November. Illu s.'. Kern, op. c it.; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Very rare. Once found in the Lake at Baramati. Note-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a!.,op. cit. included this species for Maharashtra state after Kartik. et a l., 1981, without any specific locality or the district. Now my collection specifies the district as well as specific locality from the state. This will be the first collection from the state in BSI. Selected Specitnen: Saval Forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170864-A.
6. Cyperus compressus L., Sp. PI. 46. 1753 emend. Dandy in Exell. Cat. S. Tomes 357.1944; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 379.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 280. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 106, f. 92 a-d. 1996. Tufted, erect, slender, annual herbs; stems 20-40 cm high. Umbels simple, usually with a sessile head at the fork. Spikelets a few to 10-12, 1-3 cm long, linear-oblong, subdigitate in spikes, laterally much compressed, greenish-yellow; glumes c 4 mm long, ovate, closely imbricate. Nuts 3-sided, c 1 mm long, oblong, brownish-grey. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Illu s . -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 632.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Common in open moist areas in gravelly soil in cultivated fields, bunds, etc. Selected Specimens-. Arvi, Haveli, A n sa ri 99953, 87873; opp. Check Post, Junnar, H em adri 99613; Khed, Janardhanan 72343; Bawdhan, Paud, Mulshi, Ja in 7549.
7. Cyperus corymbosus Rottb., Descr. Icon. Ran Nov. PI. 42, t. 7, f 4.1773; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 383.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 280. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 107, f 93 a-d. 1996. Perennial, erect, robust sedges; stems up to 1.5 m high, terete below, spongy, with creeping, rhizomes. Leaves reduced to sheaths with acute apex, brownish at base. Umbels compound; rays 6-10, slender. Spikelets 1.5-3 cm long, linear, brownish; glumes loosely imbricate, oblong-ovate. Nuts c I mm long, trigonous.
864 Fls.&Frts. : August - September. Illu s .: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 633.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib . : Rare in marshy places along river banks and around dams. Junnar, Maval. Selected Specimens: Kanakeshwari river bed, Dingore, Junnar, Jadhav 172742; Near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, R eddi 98712.
8. Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth in H.B. & K., Nov. Gen. Sp. 1: 204.1815; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 281. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 108, f. 94a-d. 1996. C uncinatussensu C.B. Clarke in Philipp. J. Sci. 2; 82. 1907, non Poir., 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 375.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, annual, slender herbs; culms solitary or tufted, 10-15 cm high. Leaf blades very narrow, almost like wire. Umbel simple, consisting of a central sessile head and few filiform spreading unequal rays, each terminating by a head of stellately spreading, linear spikelets; glumes narrowly elliptic or oblong, spreading, awned & emarginated at apex. Illu s. -. C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Lonawala (T. Cooke, op. c it.).
9. Cyperus difformis L., Sp. PI. 67. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 376.1967 (Repr.); Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1,7; 629.1974; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cd., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 281. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 109, f 95. 1996. Tufted, annual, erect sedges; stems 20 to 30 cm high, weak; roots fibrous, reddish. Spikes c 1 cm across, globose, in simple or compound umbels with 3-6 rays or contracted into a head. Spikelets c 1.5-5 mm long, linear-oblong, obtuse, compressed, brown; glumes c 8 mm long, orbicular or broadly obovate. Nuts c 0.7 x 0.3 rtun, triquetrous, yellowish. FIs. & F rts .: October - January. Illu s .: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 781.1982; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Frequent in wet rice fields, riverbeds, around dams, etc. Selected Specimens: Z.P. Rest House, Velhe, Jadhav 170815; Kondeshwar hill top, Khed, Janardhanan 70256; Paddy fields near Ambavane, Mulshi, R eddi 93443; Lonavala, Maval, M ahajan 8972; Gorgewadi, near Aptale, Junnar H em adri 102308; Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, 101792.
865 10. Cyperus digitatus Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1; 209. 1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 387.1967 (Repr.); Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 37: 277.1934; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cil., fl. Maharashtra, Monocot. 283. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 109, f. 96 a-c. 1996. Perennial, robust, erect, tall herbs; stems 1-1.5 m tall, with short, stout, woody rhizomes, tufted or solitary. Leaves shorter than or equaling the stem; sheath brownish. Umbels very large, up to 30 cm in diam., compound; rays 4-10, terminated by stellately spreading spikes. Spikes 3-9, digitate, cylindrical, 2-6 cm long. Spikelets c 15 mm long linear compressed, yellowish; glumes elliptical. Nuts yellowish-brown. FIs. & F rts .: June - February. lUiis.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: tt. 634 & 635.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trih . : Occasional in river beds, wet rice fields, marshy places etc. Selected Specimens: Ambavane, Mulshi, Gammie 15995; Tiskariwadi, Mulshi, Reddi 101046-A; Shidoli hill near Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhcman 70191; Lonavala Maval, Paninjape s. n.
11. Cyperus distans L /, Suppl., Sp. PI. 103.1781; Karthik. et cil., Fl. Ind. Enum. Monocot. 44. 1989; Lakshmm. in B.D. Sharma et a l., Fl. Maharashtra, Monocot. 285. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 110, f. 96 e-f. 1996. Tall, perennial sedges with woody stoloniferous rhizomes; stems up to 1 m high, solitary. Leaves linear, sheaths purplish. Spikes in open compound umbels, c 2 cm long, linear, subterete; spikelets at right angle to rachis; glumes c 2 mm long, distantly arranged, oblong-ovate. Nuts blackish brown; apiculate. FIs. & Frts.: August - March. Illu s .: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. Fl. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 636.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Rare, in river beds. Bhor, Haveli. Selected Specimens: Khed-Shivapur, Bhor, Anonymous 79; Bombay Road, Pune, P u ri 9406.
12. Cyperus esculentus L., Sp. PI. 45.1753; T. Cooke, Fl. Bombay 3: 390.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 285. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 111, f. 98 a-e. 1996.
866 Perennial herbs, 20-30 cm high, with short rhizomes & slender, yellowish stolon; stems slender, erect. Inflorescence simple or compound umbel. Spikes ovoid. Spike lets c 10 mm long, linear-oblong, compressed, yellowish-green; rachilla winged. Nuts c 1 mm long, trigonous. FIs. & Frts.; June - August. Illiis.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare amidst grasses near streams. Junnar. Selected Specimens: Aldare, Junnar, Hemadri 99740; River bank, Junnar, Vascivada 2725; Katraj ghat, Haveli, Puri.
13. Cyperus exaltatus Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 11.1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 386.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 285. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 111, f. 99 a-e. 1996. la. Spikelets ascending, brownish to reddish-brown var. exaltatus lb. Spikelets horizontally spreading, golden yellow var. dives var. exaltatus Perennial, robust, erect sedges, 0.7-1.5 m tall; stems tufted, trigonous, with short, woody rhizomes. Leaves equaling stems, flat or plicate, sheaths spongy, purplish-brown to black. Inflorescence a compound umbel; rays 5-10, 10-12 cm long. Spikes 1-4 cm long, spikelets somewhat distant, c 1 cm long, oblong-lanceolate; glumes ovate, mucronate. Nuts yellowish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: August - December. Illiis. -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 637 & 638. 1988. Distrib. '. Common in marshy places along river, stream beds, along rice fields, around tanks & Lakes, etc. Selected Specimens: Katraj Lake, Haveli, Mahajan 20554, 626; Vadgaon-Ghenand, Khed, Janardhanan 78261; Valvan dam, Maval, Reddi 98725, 98612; Kukadi river, Narayangaon, Junnar Rolla 83606. var. dives (Del.) C.B. Clarke in J. Linn. Soc. 21: 186.1884; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 386. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 287, f. 286. 1996.
867 It differs from the var. exaltatiis proper by horizontally spreading, turgid, golden- yellow spikelets. FIs. &Frts.: October - November. llliis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in tanks. Pune. Selected Specimen: Fergusson College garden, Pune, Paranjapes.n.
14. Cyperus haspan L., Sp. PI. 45.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 376.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin, in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 287. 1996 (C.halpan); C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 112, f 100 a-f 1996. Herbs, perennial, up to 38 cm long; stems tufted or solitary, with short creeping rhizomes. Leaves shorter than stems; sheaths reddish brown. Spikelets digitate, 5-15 mm long, linear-oblong; glumes c 1.5 mm long, oblong-ovate. Nuts c 0.5 mm long, obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: November - December. Ulus. -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 639.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.-. Uncommon. In rice fields and along the sides of Lakes. Baramati, Maval [Lonavala (T. Cooke, op. cit.)]. Selected Specimen: Saval Forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170870-A. Note: My specimens show intermediate stage between C. haspan L. subsp. haspan and C. haspan L. subsp. jimcoides (Lamk.) Kukenth. as far as rhizomes and spikelets are concerned. Rhizomes slightly creeping and spikelets up to 1.5 cm long.
15. Cyperus iria L., Sp. PI. 45.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 380.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmi. in Sharam et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 287. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 114, f 103 a-c. 1996. Tufted, annual, erect herbs, 20 to 50 cm high. Leaves shorter than stems; sheaths reddish-brown. Inflorescence of a decompound umbel with many rays. Spikelets 4-8 mm long, linear-oblong, compressed, yellow to pale brown; glumes obovate, with broad hyaline margins. Nuts blackish-browa FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 640.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in moist soils, near water courses. Selected Specimens: Z.P. Rest House, Velhe, Jadhav 170815-A; Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, A n sa ri 101782; Saltare, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99088; Dimbha, Ambegaojn, P u ri 8475; Vanevadi-Inglun Road, Junnar, H em adri 107345.
16. Cyperus laevigatus L., Mant. PI. 2: 179.1771; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 373.1967 (Repr.); Kukenth. in Engl., Pflanzenr. 4(2)), heft 101: 321.1936; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. Pi. India 114, f. 104 a-d. 1996. Juncelhts laevigatus (L.) C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 596.1893; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 328. 1996. Perennial herbs, up to 20 cm long, with long creeping, light-brown to purplish-black rhizomes; stems rigid, cylindrical. Leaves reduced to sheaths, except upper portion; sheaths c 5 cm long, tubular, brown. Heads 8-15 mm across; bract single, continuing the stem above the head. Spikelets 10-15 mm long; glumes distichous, imbricate, ovate. Nuts c I mm long. FIs. & Frts.: March. Illus.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 783. 1982. D is trib .: Rare in canals. Selected Specimen-. Nira canal, Pune, Chibher s.n.
17. Cyperus niveus Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 12. 1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 377. 1967 (Repr.); Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 37: 261.1934; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 288. 1996. Perennial sedge, 20-40 cm high, with short, woody creeping rhizomes. Leaves much shorter than stem. Stems encysting in a head of 3-9 spikelets with 2 bracts. Spikelets large, compressed, snow-white. Nuts brown. FIs. & Frts.: October Illus.-. Ugemuge, FI. Nagpur Dt. T. 168. 1986. D istrib.-. Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, op. cit.).
18. Cyperus nutans Vahl, Enum. PI. 2; 363. 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 381.1967 (Repr.); Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 17: 609. 1974; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 289, f 290. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 117, f 108 a-b. 1996. la. Spikes loose, up tp 4 cm long; spikelets not up to base of
869 the spike; rachilla intemodes c 0.8 mm long subsp. nutans lb. Spikes dense, up to 3 cm long; spikelets up to base of the spike; rachilla intemodes c 0.5 mm long subsp. eleiisinoides subsp. nutans Tufted, tall, perennial, robust, sedges with short thick rhizomes; stems 0.8-1.7 m tall. Leaves few shorter than stems, linear, sheaths reddish-brown. Inflorescence of very large, lax, decompound umbel, up to 20 cm long. Spikes up to 4 cm long, narrow. Spikelets 0.6- 1.3 cm long, linear, compressed, suberect, pale reddish-brown; rachilla slender, hardly winged; glumes distant. Nuts oblong. FIs. & Frts.: June - November. Illns.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. czY.;C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Along streams and river banks, other moist places near puddles, etc. Selected Specimens'. Tiskari forest, Mulshi, Reddi 99438; Near Dhakoba temple, Dhak forest, Junnar, Hemadri 107497; River bank, Junnar, Vasavada 2710. subsp. eleusinoides (Kunth) Koyama in Gard. Bull. Singapore 30: 136. 1977 et in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 191. 1985. Cypenis eleusinoides Kunth, Enum. PI. 2; 39.1937; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 382.1967 (Repr.). C nutans Vahl, var. eleusinoides (Kunth) Haines, Bot. Bihar & Orissa 5: 898.1924; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 289. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 117, f 108 c-e. 1996. Perennial, robust herb with woody root stock & short lateral shoots, up to 1.25 m tall. Leaves and culms highly polished as compared to subsp. nutans. Spkes up to 3 cm long, dense. SpikeletsO.5-0.8 cm long, very compact. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic 4; t. 641. 1988; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma etai, op. czY; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit Distrib.: Common in moist and swampy areas near Lakes, ponds, etc. and in seasonally flooded areas. Selected Specimens: Katraj Lake, Haveli, Patil 9271; Bopodi, Pune, Gammie 15317; Gogrewadi, Aptale, Junnar, Hemadri 107232; Pune, Puri 6205; Garade, s.n.
870 19. Cyperus pangorei Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Nov. PI. 31, t. 7, f. 3.1773; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 176, f. 9.1 985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 291. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 118, f. 110 a-d. 1996. C tagetiim Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1:208.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:384.1967(Repr.). Perennial, erect, up to 1 m tall sedges, with woody, stout, horizontal rhizome. Leaves reduced to subphyllus sheaths, brownish at base. Inflorescence compound or decompound, lax umbel. Spikelets 1-2 cm long linear, compressed, reddish-brown; glumes c 3 mm long, oblong. Nuts oblong, blackish-brown. FIs. & F rts .: August - October. ///;«.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: tt. 642 & 643; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Along river banks. Khed, Jurmar. Selected Specimens-. Nirgude, Junnar, R o lla 83596, H em adri 99636; Yenere, Jurmar, H em adri 106918; Kuruh, along Indrayani river, Khed, Janardhanan 81602.
20. Cyperus pentabracteatus Govind. & Hemadri, in Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 82B: 207. 1975; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 291. 1996. Perennial sedges; rhizomes distinct, long, woody; stems solitary, triquetrous 0.7-0.8 m tall. Leaves 1-5 per stem, flat, acuminate, scabrous below, almost as long as stem. Inflorescence simple, contracted, capitate, broadly ovoid or subglobose, consisting of densely numerous spikelets, 1-1.5 x 1.5-2 cm. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate or subulate, 1- flowered 0.5-0.6 x 0.08-0.1 cm; glumes oblong-elliptic, appressed, mucronate, plicate. Nuts broadly elliptic, yellowish-brown. Illu s .: Govind. & Hemadri, op. cit. 208, f. 2(a-f). D is trib .: Rare. Durga fort - Malvandara, Junnar. Selected Specimen: Durga Fort- Malvandara, Jurmar, Hemadris.n.
21. Cyperus pilosus Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 354.1806; Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 37: 268.1934; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 293. 1996. About 1 m tall sedges with solitary stem and long slender stolons. Inflorescence a compound umbel.
871 Note: Included here based on Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, op. cit. Neither collected nor seen any specimen during the present study.
22. Cyperus pulchellus R. Br., Prodr. FI. Nov. Holland. 213. 1810; Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7: 632.1974; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 122, f. 116 a-f.l996. C. leucocephalus aiict. non Retz.1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 377.1967 (Repr.). Sorostachys pulchellus (R. Br.) Lye in Nor. J. Bot. 1; 189, f. 4. 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 376. 1996. Perennial, slender herbs, c 15 cm high, with short, globose rhizomes; stems solitary, slightly thickened below the inflorescence. Heads solitary, terminal, c 1.2 cm across, globose, whitish. Spikelets 3-5 mm long, elliptic, compressed, pale brown; glumes oblong. Nuts c 1 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: August. Ilhis.'. C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Occasional on grassy hill slopes in open moist situations. Haveli. Selected Specimen: Donje, Sinhagad range, Haveli, A nsa ri 97549.
23. Cyperus pygmaeus Rottb., Descr. & Icon. Rar. Nov. PI. 20, t. 14, f. 4-5. 1773; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 372.1967 (Repr.); Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7; 634.1974; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 122, f. 117 a-d. 1996. Juncellus pygmaeus (Rottb.) C.B, Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 596.1893; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 328. 1996. Tufted, annual, small or dwarf, leafy herbs, 4-10 cm tall. Spikelets sessile, in densely packed, 1-1.5 cm across, terminal heads; ovate, compressed, greenish; glumes, closely imbricate. Nuts brown, oblong. FIs. & Frts.: May - February. Illu s .: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 646.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Common in sandy soil in river beds. Selected Specimen: Mandavi river bed, Chilhewadi, Junnar, Jadhav 180790.
24. Cyperus rotundus L., Sp. PI. 45. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 385.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 293. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 123, f 118 a-e. 1996.
872 subsp. rotundus 'Nagar-Mothd. Perennial, stout sedges, 20-70 cm high; stolons bearing hard, black, fragrant ovoid tubers. Stems solitary to few, occasionally tuberous at base. Inflorescence a compound umbel. Spikelets linear, reddish-brown, compressed. Nuts obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: June - September. Illns. : Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7; 604, f 49. 1974; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: The common most, troublesome weed of cultivated fields. Selected Specimens: Katraj, Haveli, Patil 6025; Khed, Jaiuirdhanoii 72393; Mula river bed, Kotri, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99352. Note: Stolon-tubers are very aromatic and said to be used for perfume and other medicinal purposes. The species Cyperus tiiberosus Rottb. is considered as subspecies tuberosiis under this C. rotundus L. by Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, op. cit. and some other literature like Flora of Madhya Pradesh, 2001, Cyperaceae of Karnataka 2002, etc. Seen growing in cultivated fields especially in sugarcane fields. No differences were seen in these two taxa. The key characters given by above workers do not have consistency particularly in the size of the stem, presence of tuberiferous stolons and colour of spikelets. It mainly depends on the type and depth of the soil as well as availability and quantity of moisture. Hence, from these preliminary observations, separate status of this taxa i.e. C. tuberosiis Rottb. can not be considered.
25. Cyperu rubicundus Vahl, Enum. PI. 2; 308. 1805; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma te a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 295. 1996. C. teneriffe Poir. in Lam. Encycl. 7: 245. 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 374.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, small, annual sedges 10-16 cm high, erect. Leaves radical, linear, smaller than stems. Inflorescence of a head of 4 to 10 spikelets. Spikelets 5-15 mm long, compressed, reddish-brown; glumes c 2 mm long, boat shaped. Nuts c 1.5 mm long, obovoid, brown. FIs. & Frts.: August - September. U lus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 648. 1988. D is trib .: Rare on lower hills. Selected Specimens: Between Parvati hill and Lakshmi Park, Pune, Siibramanian 64485; Walhe, Poona, Ja in 6563.
873 26. Cypenis tenuiculmis Boeck. in Linnaea 36: 286.1870; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 296. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 124, f. 119 d-h.l996. C. zollingeri sensu C.B. Clarke in Hook. /, FI. Brit. India 6: 613.1893, non Steud. 1855; Vartak & Ghate in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 4; 442. 1983. Perennials; stems solitary or few together, erect, 35-70 cm tall. Leaves much shorter than the stem. Panicles simple or subcompound, lax, up to 15 cm long. Spikes up to 5 cm long, ovoid. Spikelets 1-3 x 0.15-0.2 cm, linear to linear-lanceolate. Nuts 1.7-2 mm long, elliptic or obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: June - September. Illiis .: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 650.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Rare. In ditches along road sides. Paud, Mulshi. Selected Specimen'. Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174269. Note: This collection forms its second report for the state after Vartak & Ghate, 1983 from Pune.
27. Cypenis tenuispica Steud., Syn. Cyper. 11. 1855; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot 296.1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 125, f 120 a-d. 1996. C. fla v id u s sensu C.B. Clarke in H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 600.1893 non Retz. 1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 375.1967 (Repr). 'L a v h a li'. Tufted, annual, weak sedges; stems 15-25 cm high, erect. Leaves linear. Inflorescence of compound or decompound, lax umbels, yellow. Secondary rays bear heads of stellately spreading minute spikelets. Spikelets 3-6 mm long; glumes falling from base to apex on rachilla. Nuts c 1 mm long, tuberculate. FIs. &Frts.: August - March. Illu s .: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Cranatic 4: t. 651.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Common in river beds, wet rice fields, other swampy places. Selected Specimens: Near Z.P. Rest House, Velhe, Jadhav 170812; Sakarpathar, Maval, R eddi 98704, 98775, Gammie 15904; Peth, Ambavane, Mulshi Reddi 99010; Ambe plateau, Junnar, H em adri 107593. 5. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. la. Perennial herbs with stolons and stout stems; spikelets about more than 1 cm long, cylindrical; glumes
874 subrigid, broadly-oblong or ovate, not keeled 1. E. aciitangula lb. Annual herbs without stolons and with capillary to slender stems; spikelets 2-5 mm long, variously ovoid or hemi spherical; glumes membraneous, keeled (except E. geniculata) 2a. Glumes keeled, loosely imbricate 2. E. atropurpurea 2b. Glumes not keeled, tightly imbricate even during fruiting 3. E. geniculata
1. Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult. in Roem. & Schult., Mant. 2: 91.1824; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 256.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 298. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 127, f. 121 a-d. 1996. Scirpiis acutangitliis Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 216. 1820.
Eleocharis fistulosa Schlt. in Roem. & Schult., Mant. 2: 89. 1824; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 402.1967 (Repr.). Pereimial, rhizomatous herbs with long stolons; stems tufted, spongy, sharply 3-angled with flat or concave sides. Sheath membranous; spikelets cylindrical; glumes firm, loosely imbricate. Perianth bristles 6-7, one smaller, smooth and other barbed. Nuts 1.5-2 mm long, ovoid, turgid.
FIs. <& E rts.: October - December. Illus. : C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. T. 35, f. 1-4.1909; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit.
D istrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a!., op. cit.).
2. Eleocharis atropurpurea (Retz.) Presl, Rel. Haeuk. 1:196. 1828; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 403.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 298. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PL India 127, f. 121 e-i.l996. Scirpiis atropurpureiis Retz.,Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Annuals, 2 to 20 cm high, with short slender, densely tufted weak stems. Leaves reduced to bladeless tubular, membranous sheaths. Spikelets terminal, 2-3 mm long, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, dark brown. Nuts minute, shining black. Els. & Erts.: September - November.
Illus.: Mahesh., Illus. FI. Delhi f. 219.1966; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit D istrib.; Fairly frequent in harvested rice fields, other cultivated fields, near ponds, etc.
875 Selected Specimens'. Bhosari, Pune, Jadhav s.n. Parvati Mandir Base, Pune, A nsah 64235; Kochala Talao, Chakan-Alandi Rd., Khed, Janardhanan 81859; Ambe, Junnar, H em adri 107594; Shivli, Junnar, H em adri 104257.
3. Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 150.1817; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 264.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 299. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 129, f. 123 a-c. 1996. Scirpus geniculatiis L., Sp. PI. 48. 1753. Eleocharis capitata R. Br., Prodr. 225. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 404.1967 (Repr.). Densely tufted annuals, 10-20 cm long; stems slender, erect or reflexed, angular- sulcate. Leaves reduced to bladeless tubular sheath, truncate-oblique at mouth, purplish- brown. Spikelets c 5 x 4 mm, oblong-ovoid or globose-ovoid, obtuse, many-flowered; glumes elliptic-oblong, imbricate. Nuts c 0.9 mm across, obovoid, biconvex, shining blackish-brown. FIs. & Frts.; July - Feb. Illus.-. C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Common along the margins of ponds, bunds and other water bodies. Selected Specimens: Saval Forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170869, 170870; Manjari, Haveli, Gammie 15348; Near Bund garden, Pune, Wadlnva 64336; Khandala, Maval, Rolla s.n.; Solapur Road., Pune, P u ri 7418. 6. ERIOPHORUM L. Eriophorum comosum (Wall.) Wall, ex Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 110. 1834; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 411. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 301. 1996. Scirpus comosus Wall, in Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) I: 234. 1820. ^Mol-Gavat, Vavshi Tufted, pereimial sedges, 20-60 cm long; rhizomes woody, short. Leaves linear, equalling or exceeding the stem; sheath glossy, ultimately fibrous. Inflorescence of decompound, terminal umbels. Spikelets solitary, 4-7 mm long, subterete, ellipsoid, reddish-brown, comose in fruits. Nuts glossy. FIs. & Frts.: Throughout the year. Illu s .: C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cper. T. 57(6-7). 1909; A.S. Rao & Verma, Cyper. N.E. India 47, f. 28.1982 . D is trib .: It is a member of Scree Vegetation, commonly found hanging on rocky edges on hills. It is said to be given to cattle to cure dysentery.
876 Selected Specimens: Near Dariabai Talao, along Mandavi river, near Chilhewadi, Junnar, Jadhav 180789; Tuljadevi Caves, Junnar, H em adri 99562. 7. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl, nom. cons. (Key adopted from V.P. Prasad & N.P. Singh, 2002) la. Inflorescence a single terminal spike let (proliferate into 1-3, peduncled spikelets) 2 lb. Inflorescence simple to decompound, with few to numerous spikelets (rarely with a solitary spikelet in the early stages of flowering) 4 2a. Style usually flat; stigmas 2; nuts biconvex 16. F. schoenoides 2b. Style usually triquetrous; stigmas 3; nuts trigonous or oblong-cylindrical 3a. Glumes distichous, c 5 mm long; style c 3 mm long; nut c 2.5 mm long 15. F. ovata 3b. Glumes spiral, closely imbricate, 1.8-4 mm long; style 0.8-1.5 mm long; nuts 0.8-2 mm long 19. F. tetrag o iia 4a. Stigmas 2; nuts biconvex (terete in F. dipsacea) 5 4b. Stigmas 3; nuts trigonous 13 5a. Ligule a fringe of hairs 6 5b. Ligule absent 11 6a. Aimuals; stems 0.5-1 mm thick 7 6b. Perermials with rhizome; stems 1 -2 mm thick 10 7a. Spikelets 3-4 x 1.5-2 mm; glumes c 1.5 mm across; nuts 0.8-1 mm long, densely trabeculate 8 7b. Spikelets 4-7 x 2.5-4 mm; glumes 2-2.5 mm long; nut 1-1.8 mm long, sparsely tubercled or scaly verruculose 9 8a. Umbels with numerous, angular spikelets; nuts
c 0.7 X 0.4 mm 4. F. bisumbellata 8b. Inflorescence with a few (3-4) terete spikelets;
nuts c 1 X 0.8 mm 12. F. m e rrillii 9a. Involucral bracts 1-2, spikelets c 2.5 mm broad; stamen 1; nuts 1-1.25 mm long, scaly verruculose, stramineous, with a short stipe 2. F. albo-viridis
877 9b. Involucral bracts 3-5, lowest much longer than inflorescence; spikelets 3-4 mm broad; stamens 2; nut 1.5-1.7 mm long, sparsely tubercled, with a prominent stipe 20. F. tomentosa 10a. Glumes c 2 x 1.5 mm, glabrous; stamens 2; style c 1.5 mm long; stigmas cl mm long; nut verruculose, trabeculate 1. F. dichotoma 10b. Glumes 3-5 x c 3 mm, puberulous on the upper half; stamens 3; style 2-3 mm long; stigmas 1.5-1.8 mm long; nut smooth 17. F. sieberiana 11 a. Nut subterete, linear-oblong, slightly curved, usually with few caduceus, clavate appendages on both margins 8. F. dips ace a 1 lb. Nut biconvex, usually obovate, rarely ellipsoid, never curved, never with clavate appendages on the margins 12 12a. Perennials with short rhizome 6. F. cymosa 12b. Annuals 1. F. aestivalis 13a. Ligule present 14 13b. Ligule absent 16 14a. Perennials; epidermal cells on the nut transversely oblong, in many vertical rows 5. F. complanata 14b. Annuals; epidermal cells on the nut transversely elongated, in 4-6 (-8) vertical rows 15 15a. Inflorescence somewhat lax; spikelets solitary 13. F. microcarya 15b. Inflorescence somewhat congested; spikelets usually in clusters of 3, at times solitary 22. F. woodrowii 16a. Spikelets in clusters, often forming a head, at times in pairs 17 16b. Spikelets solitary 14. F. miliacea 17a. Rhizomes creeping; leaves 1-3 mm wide; spikelets in compound or subcompound clusters, often in pairs; glumes 2-3 mm broad; anther connective distinctly produced, with short white bristles 9. F. fa lc a ta 17b. Rhizomes bulbous; leaves 0.5-0.7 mm wide; spikelets in a head; glumes c 1.5 mm broad; anther connective neither distinctly produced, nor with bristles 10. F. lawiana
878 1. Fimbristylis aestivalis (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2; 288.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 395.1967 (Repr.); Koyma in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 313.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 304. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 135, f. 130 a-c.I996. Scirpiis aestivalis Retz., Obs. 4: 12. 1768. Densely tufted, small, annual, 3-12 cm high, with fibrous roots. Leaves filiform, slender, shorter than or equaling the stem. Inflorescence compound corymbs of few-many spikelets, with few leafy involucral bracts. Spikelets up to 7 mm long, ovoid or oblong- lanceolate, greenish-grey; glumes ovate, spiral. Nuts c 1 mm long, obovate, biconvex. FIs. & Frts.: March - May. Illu s . \ C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. T. 41, f 14-15.1909; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is th b .: Common. In harvested rice fields, in moist soils in river beds, near Lakes, etc. Selected Specimens: Vir Jungle, near Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 175883; Khandala Lake, Maval R o lla 78905, Talbot 4796, Jain 37; Lonavala, Gammie 16312, R o lla 77741; Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93183.
2. Fimbristylis albo-viridis C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 638.1893; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 305. 305.1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 136, f 131 a-d.l996. Herbs, annual, tufted, 10-20 cm high; stems erect, slender. Leaves shorter than stem. Inflorescencea simple umbel. Spikelets c 8 x 4 mm, ovoid. Nuts 1-1.5 mm long, obovoid, biconvex, white, tuberculate. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illu s . : Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. I, 7: 580, f 46. 1974; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.).
3. Fimbristylis argentea (Rottb.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2; 294.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 1967 (Repr.); Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7; 586.1974; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 305. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 137. 1996. Scirptis argenteus Rottb., Progr. 27. 1772. Densely tufted, small, annuals, with fibrous roots; stems 1.5-5 cm tall, trigonous. Leaves slender, shorter than stems. Heads 5-10 mm across, globose or subglobose, with few to many spikelets. Spikelets cylindric, sessile; glumes c 1 x 1 mm, membranous brownish-grey. Nuts biconvex obovate.
879 FIs. &Frts. \ November - December. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 658.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib .; Rare in wet & swampy areas along a small ditch. Selected Specimen-. Velhe, near Z.P. Rest House, Jadhav 170816-A. Note: A rare species, earlier not reported for Pune by Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, 1996. It was reported from Konkan and Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.
4. Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forsk.) Bub., Dodec. 30. 1850; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 312.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 306. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 137, f 134 a-c. 1996. Scirpus bisumbellata Forsk., FI. Aug.-Arab. 1: 15. 1775. Fimbristylis dichotoma a iict. non Vahl, 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 394.1967 (Repr.). Densely tufted, dwarf annuals, 5-15 (-20) cm high; stems slender triangular, striate. Leaves shorter to taller than stem, linear; sheaths chartaceous Inflorescence decompound, bracteate corymbs. Spikelets solitary, c 4 mm long, ovoid, ellipsoid or oblong angled; glumes c 1.5 cm across, broadly-ovate, mucronate. Nuts minute, tuberculate. FIs. & Frts.; March - June. Illu s . -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 659.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. D is trib . '. Much dwarf, closely adpressed to the ground, common in dried up river beds, harvested rice fields, in wet places near nalahs, wet plateaux, etc. Selected Specimens-. Chilhewadi dam, Mandavi river, Otur range, Junnar, Jadhav 180709; Kukdi river bed, Jurmar, H em adri 98085, 98187; Lonavala, Maval, Gammie 16284; Pirangut, Mulshi, Ja in 709.
5. Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 292. 1827; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 400.1967 (Repr.); Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 284.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 306. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 138, f. 136 a-e.l996. Scirpus complanatus Retz., Obs. 5: 14. 1789. Robust, tall, perennials, e lm high, with short rhizomes; stems 4 angled towards base, flattened. Leaves shorter than stem, flat; ligule with dense fringe of short white hairs. Inflorescence of compound umbels, with 3-4 short bracts. Spikelets 6-7 mm long,
880 lanceolate to ovoid-lanceolate or oblong; glumes spiral. Nuts c 1 mm long, broadly obovoid, trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: September. Illiis. : C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. In marshy places near dams. Selected Specimen-. Near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98727.
6. Fimbristylis cymosa R. Br., Prodr. 228. 1810; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 301.1985 (as ssp. spathacea (Roth) Koyama); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 307. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 140, f. 138 a-d. 1996. F. spathacea Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 24. 1821; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 396.1967 (Repr.). Much tufted, perennial sedges, c 40 cm high; stems sulcate, striate, with short rhizome. Leaves almost radical, much shorter than stem; basal sheath 1-2 cm long, much broader. Inflorescence of compound umbels with numerous spikelets. Spikelets solitary or clustered, 2-5 mm long, ovoid to ellipsoid; glumes broadly ovate, spiral. Nuts obovate, biconvex. FIs. cS Frts.; September. Illiis.: Mahesh., lllus. FI. Delhi f. 224.1966; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare, around dams & bunds. Selected Specimen: Near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98723.
7. Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 287.1806; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5; 306.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 307, f. p. 308. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 141, f. 139 a-d. 1996. Scirpiis dichotomiis L., Sp. PI. 1: 50. 1753. Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 289.1805; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 396.1967(Repr.). Tufted, perennial sedges, up to 40 cm high; stems slender to stout, angular. Leaves mostly radical, linear. Inflorescence simple or umbellate corymbs, with one central sessile and other filiform, peduncled spikelets. Spikelets c 5 x 3 mm, ovoid-oblong, terete; glumes broadly ovate, spiral. Nuts c 1 mm across, obovoid, biconvex, white. FIs. & Frts.: (June-) Aug.-Oct. lllus.'. C.B. Clarke, lllus. Cyper. T. 42, f. 1-2.1909 (F. diphylla)', Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.‘, C.D.K. Cook, op. cit.
881 Distrib.: Occasional. In marshy places. Selected Specimens: Near Valvan dam, Maval, Reddi 97932-A,99400; Inglun, Junnar, Hemadri 107365; Between Mental Hospital & Vishrantwadi, Pune, Ansari 64729; Pune, Puri 6202; Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99097.
8. Fimbristylis dipsacea (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 635.1893; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 321.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 309. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 141, f. 140 a-d. 1996. Scirpus dipsacea Rottb., Descr. & Icon. 56, t. 12, f. 1. 1773. Densely tufted annuals, 5-15 cm high. Leaves reduced to short bladed sheaths; blades filiform. Inflorescence simple umbel of few spikelets or clusters of 2-3 spikelets. Nuts linear-oblong, biconvex. FIs. & Frts.: May - June. Ulus. -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 664.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit.).
9. Fimbristylis falcata (Vahl) Kunth, Enum. PI. 2: 239.1837; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5; 289.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 309. 1996. Scirpus falcatiis Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 275. 1806. Fimbristylis jiincitormis Kunth, Enum. PI. 2: 239.1837; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 400.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, perennial, erect, sedges; stems 25-40 cm high, angular, sulcate, glabrous with short rhizomes. Leaves mostly radical, much shorter than stems, abruptly acuminate and in-rolled along margins. Inflorescence compound umbels, with 3-4 much shorter involucral bracts. Spikelets in clusters, c 5 mm long, ovoid; glumes broadly ovate, with distinct scarious margins. Nuts c I mm long, obovoid, trigonous, blackish. FIs. & Frts.: November - December. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 708.1982 & 4: t. 666.1988. Distrib.: Occasional amidst grasses in grass lands around ponds. Selected Specimens: Saval Forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170872. Note: Looks very similar to Fimbristylis cymosa, but can be differentiated by having distinctly scarious margined glumes, which are not scarious in F. cymosa.
882 10. Fimbristylis lawiana (Boeck.) Kern in Reinwardtia 4: 96.1956; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 311, f. p. 310. 1996. Scirpus lawiana Boeck. in Linnaea 36: 479. 1869. Fimbristylis digitata Boeck. in Flora 61: 35.1878; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 398.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, small, erect, perennial sedges; stems 8-15 cm high, filiform, with hard small bulbous rhizomes. Inflorescence a head of 3-5 sessile umbellate or digitate terminal spikelets. Spikelets c 6 mm long, ovoid-oblong; glumes broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, spirally arranged. Nuts c 1 x 0.7 mm, broadly obovoid, trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: June - July. Illus.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Common in grasslands on open plateaux, often along with Curculigo orchioides and species of Habenaria. Selected Specimens: Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 97972, Garade 12; Mangni hill, Khamgaon, Junnar Hemadri 99526; Bhimashankar, near Kamala Devi Mandir, Khed, Janardhanan 72253; Chaura hill, Bhimashankar, Janardhanan llTh'i.
11. Fimbristylis littoralis Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 413. 1826; Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7: 551.1974; Karthik. et al, FI. Ind. Enum. Monocot. 53. 1989; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 311. 1,996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. Pi. India 143, f. 142 a-d. 1996. F. miliaceasensii Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 287.1806 (non Scirpus miliaceus L.) C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 644. 1894; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 397.1967 (Repr.); Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 302. 1967 (3'^‘' Rev. ed.). Densely, tufted, annuals, 25-55 cm high. Leaves flat, uniformly narrowing to apex. Inflorescence compound or decompound umbels with numerous spikelets. Spikelets solitary, c 2.5 mm across or long, globose-subglobose; glumes c 1.5 mm across, broadly ovate. Nuts c 0.6 x 0.4 mm, broadly obovoid, veruculose, whitish. FIs. & Frts.: September - December [March - July (Santapau, op. cit.)]. Illus.-. C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Frequent in wet harvested rice fields, in wet soils on grassy slopes, near water bodies, etc. Selected Specimens: Bhigwan, Indapur, Jadhav 170894-A; Shivali, Junnar, Hemadri 104259; Donje, Haveli, Ansari 101940; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 101658; Bhosari, Pune, Puri 8405; near Valvan dam Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98730.
883 Note: It can be identified easily in the field due to its very prominent globose spikelets and broad flattened leaves.
12. Fimbristyiis merriliii Kem in Blumea 8; 135, f. 6.1955; Mistry & Almeida in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 9: 403, f. A-G. 1987; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 313. 1996. Tufted, small annuals, up to 30 cm high, with fibrous roots. Leaves shorter than stems, flat, linear, abruptly acuminate; sheaths striate, densely puberulous. Inflorescence simple, of 1-3-few spikelets. Spikelets solitary, c 4 x 2 mm, ovoid broadly oblong-ovoid; glumes c 1.5 mm across, broadly ovate. Nuts c 1 mm long, obovate, biconvex. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.'. Kern., op. cit.\ Mistry & Ahneida, op. cit. Distrib.: Common amidst grasses in moist soils in open areas, sometimes on rocky crevices near bunds & streams. Selected Specimens: Z.P. Rest house, Velhe, Jadhav 170816; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 87906; Ravine above Bhushi Lake, Lonavana, Reddi 100910; Khandala, Maval, Woodrow s.n.; Ambavane, along roadside in Masgaon forest, Mulshi, Reddi 99096.
13. Fimbristyiis microcarya F. v. Muell., Fragm. Phyt. Austr. 1: 200. 1859; Kem in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7: 550.1974; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 315, f p. 314. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 144, f 145 a-c. 1996. F. complanata Link, var microcarya (misprinted as microcarpa) Clarke, in H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 646.1893; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 400.1967 (Repr.). Much tufted, annuals, 15-35 cm high; stems, erect, slender, glabrous, much flattened, with fibrous roots. Leaves flat, shorter than stem; sheaths flattened. Inflorescence decompound umbels, with numerous spikelets. Spikelets c 4 x 1 mm, ovoid-oblong, brown; glumes ovate, spiral. Nuts c 0.7 mm long, obovoid, trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illtis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. ; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib. : Occasional in moist & marshy places, along the margins of the tanks and dams. Selected Specimens: Saval Forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170864; Khubi phata, near Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172758-A; streams near Chaturshingi, Pune, Ranade 1888; NCL area, Pune, Subramanian 64923; Kuruli, Khed, Janardhanan 78245; Somatwadi, Junnar, Ansari 81913; Bawdhan, Mulshi, Jain 7542.
884 Note: Some of the above cited specimens were earlier identified as F. complanata, but now confirmed to be F. microcarya.
14. Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 287. 1806 emend. S.T. BLake in J. Arnold Arbor. 35: 216. 1954; Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7: 552.1974; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 315. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 144, f 143 a-f 1996. Scirpus miliaceiis L., Syst. Veg. ed. 10, 2: 868. 1759. Fimbristylis quinquangiilaris Kunth, Enum. PI. 2: 229.1807; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 397.1967 (Repr.); Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 302. 1967 (3'^'* Rev. ed.). Annuals, leafy; roots fibrous; stems tufted, erect, slender, weak. Leaves linear, c 2.5 mm broad; sheath coriaceous. Umbel decompound; rays filiform. Spikelets c 3 mm long, ellipsoid, pale brown; rachilla winged; glumes broadly ovate, mucronate. Nuts obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: March - July (Santapau, op. cit.). llliis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. c it., f 312 (as Fimbristylis littoratis Gaud.); C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.).
15. Fimbristylis ovata (Burm. /) Kern in Blumea 15: 126.1967; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 273.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 316. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 145, f 144 a-c. 1996. Carex ovata B urm ./, FI. Ind. 194. 1768. Fimbristylis monostachyos Hassk., PI. Jav. Rar. 61. 1848 (monostachya); T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 399.1967 (Repr.). "Lavhala'. Tufted, erect, perennial sedges, 10-40 cm high, with short, somewhat hard rhizome. Leaves very narrow, filiform, shorter than stem. Inflorescence a single terminal spikelet c 1 X 0.15 cm, ovate, compressed; glumes broadly ovate, distichous, mucronate. Nuts c 2.5 x 1.5 mm, trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: July - October. Ulus.: Mahesh., Illus. FI. Delhi f 221.1966; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit Distrib.: In moist places on upper grassy & stony slopes in rock-crevices, etc. Selected Specimens: Shivneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 104594; Tuljadevi caves, Junnar, Hemadri 99546; Mundhwa, Pune, Cherian 68291; Kuruli, Khed, Janardhanan 72512; Bawdhan, Mulshi, Jain 7583; Solapur Rd., Pune, Puri 7405.
885 16. Fimbristylis schoenoides (Retz.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 286.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 394.1967 (Repr.); Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5; 315.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 317. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 147.1996. Scirpus schoenoides Retz., Obs. Bot. 5; 14. 1788. Tufted, weak annuals or perennials, 15-25 cm long; stems very filiform. Leaves filiform, shorter than but slightly broader than stems. Inflorescence of solitary, terminal spikelet with 2 leafy or glume-like bracts. Spikelets c 5 x 4 mm, broadly ovoid; glumes deciduous, orbicular, membranous. Nuts c 1.5 mm long pale brownish. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ulus.: C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. On hill slopes and swampy areas around ponds. Selected Specimens: Somatwadi, Junnar, Ansciri 81911; Bhosari, Pune, Maluijan 8333; Bhivade, Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 107570.
17. Fimbristylis sieberiana Kunth, Enum. PI. 2: 237. 1837; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma te al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 317. 1996. F. ferniginea Vahl, var, sieberiana Boeck. in Linnaea 37; 17. 1871. Much tufted, erect, perennial sedges; stems up to 0.75 m tall; rhizomes short woody. Leaves linear, 2/3 as long as stem; sheaths membranous. Inflorescence of decompound umbel with few spikelets; bracts overlapping the inflorescence. Spikelets 6-10 mm long, ovoid, brownish; glumes broadly ovate, obtuse. Nuts biconvex, white. FIs. & Frts.: August - February. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 673.1988. Distrib.: Common in marshy and muddy areas near nalahs, tanks & dams, in river beds, etc. Selected Specimens: Saval Forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170863; Pashan tank, Pune, Kammathy 78339; Arvi, Haveli, Ansari, 101830; Bhima river bed Khed, Janardhanan 72490; Narayangaon dam, Junnar, Hemadri 107074; Daund, Chibber 632; Vitthalwadi, Mahajan 7243.
18. Fimbristylis tenera Schuh. in Roem. & Schult., Mant. 2: 57.1824; C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 642.1893; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 319, £ 320. 1996. F. tenera Schult. var. oxylepis (Steud.) C.B. Clarke in Hook. / , op. cit.-, Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. "Lavhala\
886 Tufted, glabrous, annuals, with fibrous roots; stems c 15 cm high, slender, erect. Leaves 2/3 as long as stems, slender-linear. Inflorescence subcompound umbels, with up to 9 spikelets. Spikelets 4-5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, much acute at apex, brown; glumes c 2 mm long, acute. Nuts c 7 mm long, obovoid. FIs. & Frts.; August - September. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. In moist soils, amongst open, short grasses along roadsides in plains. Selected Specimens: Hivare Budruk, Junnar, Jadhav 176801; Ralegaon, opp. Minariver, Junnar, Hemadri 10734; Gargatwadi, Khed, Janardhanan 66280; Manjri forest nursery, Pune Ryan 1177; Khanapur, Haveh, Ansari 97583, 87905.
19. Fimbristylis tetragona R. Br., Prodr. 226. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 393.1967 (Repr.); Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 323, f 25.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 319. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 149, f 150 a-c. 1996. Densely tufted, erect, perennials; stems up to 45 cm high, quadrangular, ribbed with short rhizomes. Sheaths 2-3. Inflorescence a solitary spikelet, without bracts. Spikelets c 6- 8 mm long, ovoid-conical; rachilla thicky pitted; glumes ovate, closely imbricate. Nuts c 2 mm long, oblong-subcylindrical, obtuse. FIs. & Frts.: August - February. Illiis.: C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. T. 40, f 1-4.1909; Koyama, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in marshy areas around dams & tanks. Selected Specimens: Z.P. Rest House, Velhe, Jadhav 170817; Near Valvan dam, Maval, Reddi 993994; Near Dam, Narayangaon, Junnar, Hemadri 107075; Pashan tank, Pune, Kammathy 78333; Kochala Talao, Chakan-Alandi Rd., Khed, Janardhanan 78285; Arvi, HaveM, Ansari 101857.
20. Fimbristylis tomentosa Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 290.1806; Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7; 576, £ 45. 1974; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 321. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 149, f 150 a-g. 1996. Tufted, annuals, up to 30 cm high; stems slender, stiff, glabrous, with fibrous roots. Leaves many shorter or nearly equaling stems; sheaths glabrous or clothed with white bristles. Spikelets solitary or in simple, copact umbels, ovoid, reddish-brown. Nuts c 1.5 mm long, orbicular, umbonulate, reticulate, white.
887 FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illiis.-. C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. T. 42, f. 5-6.1909; Kenz, op. cit. \ C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Very rare in moist, black, clayey soil.. Chakan-Talegaon Road, Khed, Pune, Janardhanan 66410; Khanapur, Haveli, Pune, Ansari 87891 (earlier this specimen was identified as F. dichotoma).
21. Fimbristylis unispicularis Govind. & Hemadri in Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 82B: 205, f. l(a-g).1975; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma ef al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 321. 1996. Annuals; culms 2.5 to 5 cm long, fasciculate, erect. Leaves nearly as long as culms, distichous, 3-5 x 0.05 cm, ligulate; sheaths glabrous or sparsely ciliate, purple dotted. Spikelets solitary, terminal, c 3 x 2 mm, ovoid, few-flowered, brownish. Nuts c 1 mm across obovoid to narrowly obovoid, biconvex, white. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illiis.: Govind. & Hemadri, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in open grassy plateaux along with E.xaciim Icmii Clarke, Fimbristylis woodrowii Clarke, etc. Selected Specimen: Durga Killa, Malvand dara, Junnar, Hemadri 107562-B (Isotype).
22. Fimbristylis woodrowii C.B. Clarke in Bull. Misc. Inf 227.1898 & in J. Linn. Soc. 34: 68. 1898; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 298. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 323, f 322. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 151 .1996. Densely tufted, slender, low armuals, 10-20 cm high, with fibrous roots. Leaves setaceous, shorter than stems; sheaths striate, brown. Inflorescence of 2-5 spikelets in simple or subcompound terminal umbels. Spikelets geminate 9paired) or in clusters, 2-4 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, reddish-brown; glumes broadly triangular-ovate. Nuts c 0.5 mm across, narrowly obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit.-, C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in open areas, amidst grasses and or rocky plains. Selected Specimens: Amboli, near Dariya ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172799; Near Bhushi Lake, Lonawala, Maval, Reddi 100915; Khandala, Maval, from Talbot’s collection without number. EXCLUDED SPECIES: Genus Fimbristylis; The specimens in BSI collected from Pune District, which were identified earlier as Fimbristylis ferruginea (L.) Vahl, are now confirmed to be Fimbristylis sieberiana Kunth and Fimbristylis ilichotoma (L.) Vahl and hence, this species i.e. F. ferruginea is excluded for the present study. 8. FUIRENA Rottb. la. Perianth present, biseriate, outer three segments bristly and inner three segments scaly 2 lb. Perianth often absent, if present uniseriate, segments linear, bristly 2. F. ciispidata 2a. Annuals; stems 1-2 mm thick; perianth scales subquadrate, cordate at base, 3-dentate at apex 1. F. ciliaris 2b. Perennials with short rhizomes; stems 4-5 mm thick; perianth scales broadly obovate, narrowed at base, truncately or obtusely thickened at apex 3. F. iimbellata
1. Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb., Hort. Beng. 81. 1814 & FI. Ind.( Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 184.1820; Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7: 519, f 32. 1974; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 323. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 153, f 155 a-f 1996. Scirpus ciliaris L., Mant. 2: 182. 1771. Fuirena glomerata auct. non Lam., 1791; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 412.1967 (Repr.). Annuals, to 40 cm high, with thick fibrous roots; stems tufted, striate-sulcate, obtuse- angular, pubescent. Leaves 2.5-15 x 0.2-0.7 cm, linear-lanceolate, acute at apex, pubescent, ciliate along margins; sheaths striate, pubescent. Inflorescence of terminal clusters; bracts leaf-like, shorter than or overtopping the inflorescence. Spikelets 5-10 x 3-5 mm, ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid, subacute at apex, squarrose; glumes c 3 x 1 mm, oblong-obovate, obtuse at apex, pubescent. Nuts c 1 x 0.5 mm, triquetrous, obovate, cuneate at base, smooth, stramoneous. FIs. & F r ts .Octobe -December . Illus. -. C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. t. 59, f 6. 1909; K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamibiadu Carnatic 4: t. 680.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit Distrib.: Very common in along streams.
2. Fuirena cuspidata (Roth) Kunth, Enum. 2: 187. 1834; Scirpus cuspidatus Roth, Nov. PI. Sp. 31. 1821. Fuirena wallichiana Kunth, Enum. 2; 182. 1837; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay
889 3: 412.1967 (Repr.);V.D. Vartak in J. Univ. Poona Sci. Tech. Sect. 40: 192.1971; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 325. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Well. PI. India 155, f. 158 e-g.l996; 'Bedki Densely tufted, erect grass like sedges, up to 50 cm high, with creeping short rhizomes; stems triquetrous. Leaves linear lanceolate with prominent mid-rib; sheaths striate; ligule truncate, reddish-brown. Inflorescence of terminal corymbose clusters of 3-few spikelets. Spikelets 6-9 x 5 mm, oblong-ovoid, terete, puberulous; glumes broadly oblong, with long stout awn. Nuts c 1 mm long, trigonous, brown. FIs. & Frts.: July - March. Illus.-. K.M. Matthew, lllus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic f 4: 681.1988 (F. nallichioiui); C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Along the banks of streams and rivers and around Lakes and ponds. Selected Specimens: Saval forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170868; Pashan Lake, Pune, Garade 648; Bhima river bed, Khed, Janardhauan 72491; Padmavati nala, Junnar, Hemadri 98109.
3. Fuirena umbellata Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Nov. PI. 70, t. 19, f 13. 1773; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 413. 1967 (Repr.); V.D. Vartak in J. Univ. Poona Sci. & Tech. Sect. 40: 194. 1971; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma etal., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 324. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 154, f 158 a-d.l996. Perennials, up to 90 cm high, with short, thick, creeping, stout, horizontal rhizomes; stems solitary or tufted, striate and ribbed. Leaves 15-25 cm long and up to 1.5 cm broad, linear lanceolate. Inflorescence terminal and axillary clusters of spikelets. Spikelets 6-10 x 3 mm, oblong, sessile; glumes obovate-retuse. Nuts c 1.4 mm long, obovoid, trigonous, brown. FIs.: November. Illus.: C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. T. 59, f 9.1909; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Alandi (T. Cooke, op. cit.). 9. KYLLINGA Rottb. la. Keels of the nut bearing glumes winged in upper half with broad crest 3. K. squamidata lb. Keels of the glumes not winged 2 2a. Rhizomes long, slender horizontally creeping 1. K. brevifolia 2b. Rhizomes short, tufted, never creeping 2. K. bulbosa
890 1. Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb., Descr. Icon. Rar. Nov. PI. 13, t. 4, f. 3. 1773; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5; 248.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 329. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. Pi. India 156, f. 159 a-d. 1996. Cypenis brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk., Cat. Hort. Bogor. 24. 1884. Perennials, 8-30 cm high with horizontally creeping rhizomes, covered with brownish scales. Leaves well developed, shorter than stems, linear; sheaths, brownish. Inflorescenec a terminal, globose head with leafy unequal involucral bracts. Spikelets c 3 x 1 mm, elliptic-oblong, compressed; glumes c 1 mm long, elliptic-ovate; stamens 1-2. Nuts biconvex, c 1.5 mm long, obovate-elliptic, brownish. FIs. & Frts.: June - November. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 682. 1988. Distrib.: Common along wet stream-beds on slopes and around Lakes ponds, dams, etc. Selected Specimens: Around Saval Forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170871; Ralegaon hill range, Junnar, Hewadri 107296; Near Valvan dam Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 97930, 99390; Lonavala, Redid 97761; Vitthalvadi, Pune, Mahajan 7241. Note-. Height of the erect stems uniformly reduces from one end of the rhizome to another horizontally grouping end. Hence culms look somewhat descending in heights.
2. KyHinga bulbosa Beauv.. FI. d‘ Oware & Benin 1: 11. t. 8. f 1.1804; Koyama in Dassan. & Fosb., Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5; 245. 1985. K. triceps Rottb., Descr. Icon. 14, t. 4, f 6. 1773, nom. illeg. \ T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 391.1967 (Repr.). K. temdfolia Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 2; 6. 1855; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a/.,FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 330. 1996. 'Lavhali’. Tufted, perennial, small herbs, up to 20 cm high, with short rhizomes. Leaves linear; sheaths stout, brownish. Inflorescence a head of a few spikes, with spreading or reflexed involucral bracts. Spikelets many, c 2 mm long, oblanceolate, compressed. Nuts c 1.5 mm long, oblong, brownish. FIs. & Frts. : July - September. Illus.: Mahesh., Illus. FI. Delhi f 213. 1966; K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic 2: t. 785.1982 [Cypenis triceps (Rottb.) Endl., Cat. Hort. Vindob. 1:94. 1842], Distrib.: In swampy areas such as leaking of pipe lines and among grasses on slopes in moist places.
891 Selected Specimens'. Purandhar hill, Jain 4196; Fort top, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99235; Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 97511, 97581.
3. Kyllinga squamulata Thonn. ex Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 381.1806; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a/., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 330. 1996. Tufted, slender annuals, up to 30 cm long. Leaves linear, longer than stems. Inflorescence a solitary spike, rarely 2. Spikes c 5 mm across, subglobose or ovoid. Spikelets few to many. Nuts ovoid, yellowish to brown. FIs. & Frts.: August - September. Illiis. : C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. T. 1, f 5-7. 1909. Distrib.: Rare. Selected Specimen: Khandala, Pune, Gammie 15385.
10. KYLLINGIELLA Haines & Lye Kyllingiella microcephala (Steud.) Haines & Lye in Bot. Notis. 131. 176, f 1.1978; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 246. 1996. Kyllinga microcephala Steud. in Flora 25. 597. 1842. Scirpits kyllingioides (A. Rich.) Boeck. in Linnaea 36: 733. 1870; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 409.1967 (Repr.). Perennial small sedges, rhizomatous, glabrous, up to 9 cm high; stems solitary or tufted. Leaves linear. Inflorescence a terminal, sessile, white head of numerous small spikelets, 3-6 mm in diam. Spikelets, spiral, ovoid-lanceolate. Nuts obovoid, yellow. Note: Not seen any specimen. It is included here after Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. IL MARISCUS Vahl. la. Annuals with fibrous roots; glumes with recurved awns 4. M. sqarrosiis lb. Perennials with short or long rhizomes; glumes without recurved awns 2 2a. Leaves septate-nodulose; spikelets bearing 4-more nuts 1. M. javanicus 2b. Leaves not septate-nodulose; spikelets bearing 1-2 (rarely 3) nuts ^ 3a. Rhizomes with very long and slender stolons 3. M. paniceus 3b. Stolons absent ^ 4a. Spikelets erect in early stage, later on horizontally 892 spreading at right angle to the rachis; nuts chestnut brown 5. M swnatrensis 4b. Spikelets always erect, distant along rachis; nuts light brown 2. M. konkanensis
1. Mariscus javanicus (Houtt.) Merr. & Metcalfe, Lingnan Sci. J. 21; 4.1945; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 335. 1996. Cyperus javanicus Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2, 13; Aanw. PI. 1, 7; t. 88, f. 1.1782. C. pennatiis Lam., Illus. 1; 144.1791; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 389.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, rhizomatous perennial sedge, 25-30 cm high, with 5-10 mm broad linear leaves. Inflorescence a compound umbels with oblong spikelets. Nuts ellipsoid, trigonous. Distrib.: Lonavala (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
2. Mariscus konkanensis (T. Cooke) Sedgw. in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 25; 698. 1918; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 339, f. 338. 1996. Cypenis k(mkaneiisi.s T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 874. 1908 [3; 387. 1967 (Repr.)]. Tufted, robust, leafy perennial sedges, up to 1 m high; stems erect, stout, with short bulbous rhizome at base. Leaves linear, much longer. Inflorescenec lax, compound umbels, with up to 12 cm long, unequal rays or peduncles. Spikelets c 8 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, green to straw coloured. Nuts c 3 mm long triquetrous, smooth, brownish. FIs. & Frts.; July - Oct. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.; A monsoon species drying up completely at the advent of dry season. Occasional on hills in ghats. Selected Specimens'. Sinhagad, Haveli, Garade 62, Ansari 87806; Khadaki, Pune, Garade 536; Bhimashankar, Khed, Vasavada 8581; Purandhar fort, Bhide, s.n.; Mahad Road, Bhor, Ansari 67668; Khandala, Maval, Bhide 15417.
3. Mariscus paniceus (Rottb.) Vahl, Enum. PI. 2; 373.1806; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 339, f. p. 342.1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 165, f 172 a-e.l996. Schoenoides panacea Rottb., Descr. & Icon. Rar. Nov. PI. 15, t. 4, f 1773. Perennials with short rhizomes and long, slender rigid stolons. Leaves long narrowly linear. Inflorescence a simple umbel. Spikes up to 2 cm long, cylindrlcon. Spikelts with 4
893 glumes lower 2 empty & scarious, 3'^‘^ fertile, wraping around nut and upper most empty glume. Nuts trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: August- November. Illiis.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 690.1988; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. \ C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.).
4. Mariscus squarrosus (L.) C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 623.1893; Lakshmi in Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 341. 1996. Cypenis squarrosus L., Cent. PI. 2; 6. 1756. C. aristatus Rottb., Descr. PI. Rar. Progr. 22. 1772; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 380.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, small, glabrous annuals, with fibrous roots, 10-15 cm high; stems trigonous, slender. Leaves shorter than stems, linear. Inflorescence a simple umbel or reduced to globose or hemispherical heads, spikelets 3-4 mm long, oblong, brownish, beaked. Nuts trigonous, under 1 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: August. Illtis.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 691. 1988. Distrib.: Fairly common among grasses in moist places near lakes. Selected Specimens'. Bhosari, Pune, Jadhav s.n.; Kuruli, Khed, Janardhanan 72511; Alandi, Khed, Janardhanan 76765; Khed, Faranjape s.n.; Peth ghat top, Khed, Janardhanan 71951.
5. Mariscus sumatrensis (Retz.) J. Raynal in Adansonia 15: 110.1975; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 343. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 167, f. 174 a-e.l996. Kyllingasiimatrensis Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 13. 1786. "Dokri ’. Tufted, erect, perennial herbs, 25-70 cm high, with short, woody rhizomes. Leaves linear; sheath reddish brown. Inflorescence terminal compound umbels. Spikelets c 2-4 mm long, linear-lanceolate, green; glumes oblong-ovate. Nuts c 1 mm long, oblong. FIs. & Frts.: July - September. lllus.: C.B. Clarke, lllus. Cyper. t. 23 (2-5). 1909 {Mariscus sieberianus Nees ex C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6; 622.1893.). Distrib.: Common in moist, open grassy hill slopes, sometimes in open forests.
894 Selected Specimens: Top of Vazirgad, Purandhar, Rolla 88645; Jain 4188; Sinhagad, Haveli, Puri 5676, Ansari 101566, 87748; Deoghar forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99366; Velhe, 7am 5198; Khandala, Maval, Wadhava 109971. 12. PYCREUS P. Beauv. la. Glumes with prominent, white hyaline margins 2 lb. Glumes without white hyaline margins 3 2a. Stamens 3; nuts obovoid or oblanceolate, with isodiametric epidermal cells 4. P. macrostachyos 2b. Stamens 2; nuts globose-ovoid, with longitudinally oblong epidermal cells 5. P. malabariciis 3a. Nuts with longitudinally oblong epidermal cells 4 3b. Nuts with isodimetric or hexagonal epidermal cells 5 4a. Umbels solitary, sessile to subsessile; spikelets 3-4 mm broad 1. P. diaphanous 4b. Umbels 2-3, one sessile and other one or two pedunculate; spikelets 2-2.5 mm broad 2. P. flavescens 5a. Glumes prominently mucronate; mucro more or less recurved 6. P. pumiliis 5b. Glumes muticous or at the most mucronulate 6a. Stems at base decumbent and with 1 -4 nodes, rooting at nodes, leafy between its lower 1/3 to '/2 length; glumes depressed 7. P. sanguinolentus 6b. Stems erect, without nodes, leafy at base only; glumes not depressed 3.P.Jlavidus
1. Pycreus diaphanus (Schrad. ex Roem. &. Schult.) Hooper & Koyama in J. Jap. Bot. 51: 316.1976; Lakshmin. inB.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 345. 1996. Cypenis diaphanous Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult., Mant. 2: 477. 1824. C. latespicatus Boeck. in Flora 42: 433 (441).1859; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 368.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, slender, annuals, up to 30 cm high. Leaves linear shorter than stems. Inflorescence a terminal, single, contracted head. Spikelets 10-18 mm long, oblong, strongly compressed horizontally spreading; glumes c 3.5 mm long, reddish-brown, undulate. Stamens 2. Nuts c 1 mm across, broadly obovate, blackish. FIs. & Frts.: September - October.
895 Ulus. : Kem in Reinwardtia 2: 125, f. 13.1952 {Cypenis latespicatiis). Distrib.: Rare. Only on higher hill tops. Khandala. Selected Specimen: Khandala, Maval, Chibber s.n.
2. Pycreus flavescens (L.) Reichb., FI. Germ. Excurs. 72. 1830; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 345. 1996. Cyperiis flavescens L., Sp. PI. 68. 1753. Tufted, erect, weak, glabrous annuals; stems filiform. Leaves linear, shorter than stems. Inflorescence simple umbels; spikelets few, solitary, c 2 x 0.3 cm, reddish-brown. Nuts c 1 mm long obovoid, laterally strongly compressed, dark brownish-black. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Illiis.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 692. 1988. Distrib.: Rare on moist black clayey soils and in wet places around cultivated fields. Selected Specimens: Ambe plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 107583-x; Inglun, Junnar Hemcidri 107371; Tukawadi, Khed, Janardhanon 78027; Adbudivadi, Khed, Janardhanan 78033; Khandala, Maval, T. Cooke, s. n.{ Acc. No. 2524-A, p.p.).
3. Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T. Koyama in J. Jap. Bot. 51: 316.1976; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 347. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 168, f. 175 a-e 1996. Cypents flavidus Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 13. 1789. C. globosus All., FI. Pedem. 49. 1789, non Forssk. 1775; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 370.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, slender erect, annual sedges, 15-70 cm high, with fibrous roots. Leaves filiform, shorter than stems. Inflorescence simple umbels or contracted heads. Spiklets 0.5- 3 cm long, reddish-brown, shiny, strongly compressed, spreading. Stamen 2. Nuts c 1 mm long, biconvex, spreading. Stamen 2. Nuts c 1 mm long, biconvex, compressed, brownish. FIs. & Frts.: July - February. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 693.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in muddy and marshy areas around tanks, dams and along river banks. Selected Specimens: Shivaneri, Junnar, Hemadri 104258; Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 97929. Pokhari ghat, Khed, Puri 7345; Bhima river bank, Pimpalgaon, Khed, Janardhanan 72842; Pashan tank, Pune, Kammathy 78340.
896 4. Pycreus macrostachyos (Lam.) J. Raynal in Kew Bull. 23: 314.1969; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 347, f. p. 349. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. Pi. India 169, f. 176 a-e 1996. Cypenis macrostachyos Lam., Illus. Gen. 1: 147. 1791. C albomarginatus (Nees) Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 2: 10. 1854; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 371.1967 (Repr.). Robust annuals, erect, up to 60 cm high; stems solitary. Leaves basal; sheaths purplish at base. Inflorescence simple or compound umbels; involucral bracts overtopping, leafy. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, pale brown, distant. Nuts black. FIs. & Frts.; July - December. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit.; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Khandala [Santapau, Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 297. 1967 (Rev. ed.)].
5. Pycreus malabaricus C.B. Clarke in J. Linn. Soc. 34: 12.1898; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 351. 1996. Cypenis malabaricus (C.B. Clarke) T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 856. 1908 [3: 369. 1967 (Repr.)]. Tufted annuals with fibrous roots; stems caespitose, slender, up to 30 cm high. Leaves equaling the stems. Inflorescence c 2.5 cm across, simple umbel. Spikelets 6-12 on 2-3 sessile branchlets, distant, linear-oblong; glumes dark brown. Nuts brown. Distrib.: Lonavala & Khanadala (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Khanadala, Woodrow s. n. (Acc. No.2525-B), Gammie s. n. (Acc No. 2523-B); Khandala, Maval, T. Cooke, s. n.{ Acc. No. 2524-A, p.p.).
6. Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees ex C.B. Clarke in H ook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 591. 1893; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 351. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 170, f. 177 e-h.l996. Cypenis pitmihis L., Cent. PI. 2: 6.1756; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 370.1967 (Repr.). Small, tufted, slender, leafy annuals, with fibrous roots; stems 1-14 cm high, erect. Inflorescence simple or compound head-like, umbellate clusters of spikelets; bracts much longer, like leaves. Spikelets 5-15 mm long, linear-oblong, strongly compressed; glumes boat shaped, bifid at apex. Nuts biconvex, brownish. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 696.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in moist places by the sides of flowering streams.
897 Selected Specimens-. Durga Killa plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 107546; Maluste forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 95955; Kukadi river bank Junnar, Ansari 81960; Khandala, Maval, Gammie 15387; Vadgaon, Janardhanan 78049.
7. Pycreus sanguinolentus (Vahl) Nees ex C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 6: 590. 1893; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 352.1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 171, f. 179 a-c.l996. Cypenis sangtnnolentiis Vahl, Enum. PI. 2; 351.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 369.1967 (Repr.). Dwarf to tall, tufted, leafy annuals or perennials, 5-90 cm tall. Leaves linear, shorter than stems. Inflorescence simple umbels with 3-7 rays or reduced to a cluster of sessile spikelets. Spikelets 0.6-3.5 cm long, oblong, brown; glumes c 2 mm long, reddish. Nuts c 1 mm across. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. lUus.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamibiadu Carnatic 2: t. 784.1982 {Cyperiis sangt(inolentus); C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in moist and marshy places. Selected Specimens'. Pashan tank, Pune, Kammathy 78342; Near Valvan dam Reddi 98721; Inglun, Junnar, Hemadri 107370; Bhosari Lake, Pune, Mahajan 8330; Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 101858; Khandala Maval, Gammie 15407; Ramkhand top, Vandra, Khed, Janardlianan 76054. 13. QUEENSLANDIELLA Dom. Queensladiella hyalina (Vahl) Ballard in Hook., Icon. PI. 33, t. 3208.1933; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 353. 1996. Cypenis hyalinus Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 329.1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 369.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, small leafy annual sedges, c 30 cm high; stems thickned at base. Leaves linear, inflorescence simple umbels, with very long leafy bracts. Spikelets green, distant, oblong, compressed, with winged rachilla; glumes boat shaped, greenish. Nuts flattened, asymmetric, brownish. FIs. &Frts.: July. Illtis. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic 2; t. 782.1982 (^Cypenis hyalinus). Distributional Note: Rare. Included based on single specimen, Donde 48, collected from premises of the then College of Science, Pune. 14. RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl
898 Rhynchospora wightiana (Nees) Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 2:148. 1855; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 415.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 355. 1996. Haplostylis wightiana Nees, Nov. Act. Ac. Caes. Leop. Car. 19, Suppl. 1; 101. 1845. Tufted, erect annual sedges with fibrous roots, 15-30 cm high; stems slender, solitary or tufted. Leaves radical & cauline near base. Inflorescence in terminal globose heads, c 1.5 cm across, yellowish brown. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, brown. Nuts oblong beaked, compressed. FIs.: August. Illiis.: Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7; 719, f. 101. C-D. 1974. Distrib.-. Khandala (T. Cooke, op. cit.). 15. RIKLIELLA J.Raynal Rikliella squarrosa (L.) J. Raynal in Adansonia 2, 13: 154.1973; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 356, 1996. Scirpiis squarrosus L., Mant. 181. 1771; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 410.1967 (Repr.). Much tufted, small, filiform annual sedges; stems, 5-13 cm high, erect, filiform. Leaves filiform, shorter; sheaths brownish. Spikelets solitary or 2-3 in lateral clusters, globose or globose-oblong, brownish. Glumes squarrosely spreading traperiform, with very narrow, recurved long cusp. Nuts trigonus, yellow. FIs. & Frts.: November. Illus. -. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 797. 1982. Distrib.: Occasional in moist soils along with other species of Cyperus and Fimbristylis around ditches. Selected Specimen: Near Z.P. Rest House, Velhe, Jadhav 170813. 16. SCHOENOPLECTUS (H.G.L. Reichb.) Falla, nom. cons. la. Inflorescence capitate 2 lb. Inflorescence anthelete 5 2a. Stems transversely septate; hypogonous bristles or perianth bristles absent 3 2b. Stems not septate; hypogynous bristles or perianth bristles present 4 3a. Stems 2-10 mm thick; spikelets terete, acute; glumes compact 1- articulatus 3b. Stems slender, 1-1.5 mm thick; spikelets compressed,
899 obtuse; glumes loose 9. S. roylei 4a. Annuals; stems subterete, more or less angular and slender; stigmas 2 4. S. juncoides 4b. Perennials; stems sharply triangular, often stout and in a row from short or elongated rhizomes; stigmas 3 8. S. mucromitus 5a. Annuals; nuts rugose with transverse wavy lines 5. S. lateriflonis 5b. Perennials; nuts smooth, not marked with transverse wavy lines 6a. Rhizomes creeping; hypogynous bristles scabrid, never plumose (absent in S. corymhosus) 6b. Rhizomes not creeping; hypogynous bristles plumose 6. S. litoralis 7a. Glumes 2-fid at apex 7. S. maritimus 7b. Glumes not 2-fid at apex 8a. Leaves few, radical; inflorescence distinctly terminal; hypogynous bristles present, scabrid 3. 5. gros sits 8b. Leaves reduced to basal sheaths only; inflorescence lateral near apex i.e. pseudoterminal or subterminal; hypogynous bristles absent 2. S. corynibosus
1. Schoenoplectus articulatus(L.) Palla in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 299.1888; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 357. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 175, f. 182 a-f.l996. Scirpus articulatiis L., Sp. PI. 1, 47.1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 406.1967 (Repr.). Densely tufted annuals, 30-60 cm high; stems erect, spongy, terete. Leaves reduced to 1 or 2 sheaths. Inflorescence near the base, pseudolateral heads, stellately spreading with numerous spikelets. Spikelets c 1 cm long, oblong-ovoid, terete, rusty brown, sessile. Nuts c 2 mm long, triquetrous, blackish. FIs. &Frts. : October. Illiis. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilandu Carnatic 4: t. 700.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib. '. Khandala [FI. Khandala, Santapau, 1967 (Rev. ed.)].
2. Schoenoplectus cotymbosus (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) J. Raynal in J.B. Lebrun et al, Cat. Niger PI. 343.1976; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 359,
900 f. p. 358.1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 176, f. 183 a-c.l996. Isolepis corymbosus Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 110. 1817. Scirpus corymbosus auct. non L. 1753, nec Forssk. 1775; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 407. 1967 (Repr.). Tall herbs, 60-80 cm high, terete, somewhat stout & striate. Leaves reduced to few sheaths. Inflorescence subterminal or pseudolateral. Spikelets in clusters on primary or secondary rays, ovoid or ellipsoid-ovoid, reddish-brown; glumes ovate, not much compact. Nuts triquetrous, brownish. FIs. & Frts.: February. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit.; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: On the banks of tank, in marshy areas. Selected Specimen'. Pashan tank, Pune, Kammathy 18337. Note: It looks somewhat like Typha sp. except inflorescence & leaves and found growing along with it. Lakshmin. in Sharma et al., did not include it for Pune District inspite of having specimen in BSl.
3. Schoenoplectus grossus (L ./) Palla in Allg. Bot. Zeit. 17: Beibl. 3. 1911; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 359. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 177, f 183 d-g.l996. Scirpus grossu.s L ./, Suppl. 104. 1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 408.1967 (Repr.); Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. 1, 7: 498, f 22. 1974. S. kysoor Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 230.1832; T. Cooke, op. cit., 409. ^Kachar\ Tall sedges, up to 2 m tall; rootstock stout, hard, stoloniferous or not; stems triquetrous. Leaves linear, much longer. Umbels lax, terminal or pseudo lateral, subcorymbose or paniculate, c 15 cm across. Spikelets c 8 mm long subglobosely obovoid, brown, terete. Nuts c 1.5 mm long obovoid, trigonous, yellowish. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.: Kem in Steenis, op. cit.; K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; tt. 706 & 707.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Pune (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Probably cultivated. Selected Specimen: The then Science College garden, Pune, Garade 594.
4. Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 10: 299.1888; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 361. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 177, f. 184 a-d.l996. Scirpus juncoides Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 218. 1820.
901 Densely tufted, annuals, 20-40 cm high, with or without rhizomes; stems slender, tufted. Leaves reduced to 2-3 membranous sheaths. Inflorescence pseudolateral head with 2-few sessile spikelets; bract single. Spikelets 0.6-1.0 cm long ovoid or oblong-ovoid; glumes broadly ovate. Nuts obovate, white or black. FIs. & Frts.: November- December. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilandu Carnatic 4: t. 701.1988; C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Along the margins of ponds and Lakes. Selected Specimen: Saval Forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170867.
5. Schoenoplectus lateriflorus (Gmel.) Lye, Bot. Notis 124: 120.1971; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 361, f p.360.1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 178, f 185 a-e.l996. Scirpus lateriflorus Gmel., Syst. Veg. 1: 127. 1791. 5. supimis Roxb. var. iininodis sensii C.B. Clarke in Hook./, FI. Brit, India 6: 656. 1893, non (Del.) Asch. & Schweint. 1887; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 406.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, small and weak annuals, 15-20 cm high. Leaves reduced to sheaths. Inflorescence of pseudolateral, corymbose or capitate spikelets. Spikelets 5-7 mm long, oblong-ovoid; glumes broadly ovate. Nuts trigonous, black. FIs. & Frts.: July - October. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 702.1988; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit.-, C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib.: Less frequent or uncommon. In wet harvested rice fields and along the margins of tanks. Selected Specimens: Shivali, Junnar, Hemadri 104256; Near Tiger slip, Lonawala, Maval, Jain 2423.
6. Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla subsp. subulatus (Vahl) Koyama in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5: 157.1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 363, £ 361. 1996. Scirpus subulatus Vahl, Enum. PI. 2: 268. 1806. S. litoralis sensu C.B. Clarke in Hook. /, FI. Brit. India 6: 659.1894; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 408.1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al.,op. cit. Stout, perennials, up to 1.2 m high; rhizomes woody, with short stolons. Leaves reduced to sheaths. Inflorescence pseudo lateral, simple or compound subcorymbose to
902 paniculate umbels. Spikelets solitary, ovoid to oblong-ovoid, pale brown; glumes c 4 mm long. Nuts biconvex. I/h/s.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 703.1988; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 180, f. 187 a-f. 1996 ( Schoenoplectus siibulatiis Vahl). Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit.).
7. Schoenoplectus maritimus (L.) Lye in Blyttia 29: 145.1971; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 364, f. 1996. Scirpus maritimus L., Sp. PI. 51. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 407.1967 (Repr.). Herbs, to 30 cm high, stout; rhizomes creeping & bearing tubers; stems triquetrous. Leaves equalling to stems, keeled. Inflorescence of terminal or subterminal, umbellate spikelets, with rays of unequal length. Spikelets 1-2 cm long, solitary on each ray, ovate- oblong or cylindric, reddish-brown. Nuts c 3 mm long, oboovid, trigonous. III us.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Note: There is one specimen in herbarium i.e. L. Pradhan 80 collected from Pune without any specific locality & date of collection. Inclusion of this species is based on this specimen only.
8. Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla in Verh. K.K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 38, Sitzb. 49. 1988; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 365. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 178, £ 185 f-i. 1996. Scirpus mucronatus L., Sp. PI. 73. 1753. Pereimial, robust herbs, up to 85 cm high; stems solitary, spongy, rhizomatus. Leaves reduced to sheaths. Inflorescence subterminal or pseudolateral heads. Spikelets sessile, c 1 cm long, brown with green tinge. Nuts black, transversely wrinkled. FIs. &Frts.: August. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic 4: t. 704. 1988. Distrib.: Rare in watery, slushy area. Selected Specimens: Near Valvan dam, Maval, Reddi 99399.
9. Schoenoplectus roylei (Nees) Ovezirm. & Czukav., FI. Tadjikist. 2: 40.1963; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 365. 1996; C.D.K. Cook, Aquat. Wetl. PI. India 179, £ 186 a-e. 1996. Isolepis roylei Nees in Wight, Contrib. Bot. Ind. 107. 1834. Scirpus quinquefarius Buch.-Ham. ex Boeck. in Liimaea 36; 701.1870; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 407.1967 (Repr.).
903 Much tufted, erect, aaiinual herbs, 25-30 cm high; stems linear terete, Leaves reduced to cylindric sheaths. Inflorescence in lateral heads at about in the middle or little above it, 1.5-2.5 cm across. Spikelets 6-10 mm long, yellowish. Nuts trigonous c 1 x 0.5 mm, white or brownish. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.: C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. t. 48 (8-10) 1909 {Scirpiis cjuinqiiefarius); C.D.K. Cook, op. cit. Distrib. : Less common but gregarious in swamps along margins of tanks. Lakes and ditches in open situations. Selected Specimens'. Saval forest Lake, Bhigvan Road, Baramati, Jadhav 170866; Near Check Post, Junnar, Hemadri 104304; Kuruli Khed, Janardhanan 78241; Mahalunga, Khed, Janardhanan 12961. 17. SCLERIA P. Berg, la. Nuts globose 2 lb. Nuts ellipsoid or broadly ovoid 3 2a. Cuhns 1-3-leaved on midway portion, collected at base with 1-2 bladeless sheaths; disc-lobes obovate-oblong 2. S. multilacunosa 2b. Cuhns densely leafy towards the base; disc-lobes narrowly lanceolate 1. S. biflora 3a. Nuts ellipsoid; disc-lobes ovate-oblong 3. S. pannila 3b. Nuts broadly ovoid; disc-lobes broadly ovate 4. S. stocksiana
1. Scleria biflora Roxb., FI. Ind. (Ed. Carey) 3: 573. 1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 419. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma eta l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 371. 1996. Annual grass like sedges, c 20-25 cm high. Leaves linear, ensiform, obtuse at apex. Inflorescence terminal and subterminal panicles. Spikelets solitary or paired, obovoid; glumes ovate-lanceolate. Nuts c 1.5 mm across, with squarish pits in vertical rows, whitish. FIs. & Frts.; September - October. Illus.-. C.B. Clarke, Illus. Cyper. t. 127, f 1-2. 1909. Distrib.'. Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit.).
2. Scleria multilacunosa T. Koyama, Bull. Nat. Sci. Mus. 17(1): 71, f3.1974 & in Dassan. & Fosberg, Rev. Handb. FI. Ceylon 5; 212.1985.
904 Tufted, erect annuals; culms 25-65 cm tall, 1.5-2 mm thick, triquetrous, glabrous, 3-4 nodose. Leaves 1-3, shoter than culms, rarely longer; bladesl5-25 cm long, 3.5-7 mm wide, flat, glabrous. Inflorescence with 2-4 partial panicles. Partial panicles 1-4.5 cm long, subspiciform; bracts leafy; bracteoles cetaceous.Spikelets 3-4 mm long, lanceolate; glumes ovare, boat shaped. Achenes c 2mm across, globose, white. FIs. & Frts.; October - November. Ulus.: T. Koyama, op. cit. Distrib. : In moist area amidst grasses, near cultivated fields. Selected Specimens: Rajni, near Saltare, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 101059; Sakar Pathar plateau, Loanvala, Maval, Reddi 98778; Somatwadi, Junnar, Ansari 81909; Mahalung, Khed, Jananihanan 72929. Note: All these specimens were identified as S. stocksiana Boeck. earlier, but now determined as S. multilacunosa, forming a new report for the state of Maharashtra. It was reported as endemic to Ceylon, now extended its occurrence to India. It resembles S. pannila in habit, but clearly differs by having irregularly lacunose, glabrous achenes against to that of regularly tuberculate, pubescent in S. pannda. From, S. stocksiana, it differs by having globose achenes. Achenes are broadly ovoid in S. stocksiana.
3. Scleria parvula Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 2; 174. 1855; Verma & Chandra in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 32: 76 (1990) 1992; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 373. 1996. S. tessellata sensit C.B. Clarke in Hook. /, FI. Brit. India 6: 686. 1894, p.p.,non Willd. 1805; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 418.1967 (Repr.). Tufted, perennial sedges, up to 40 cm high; rootstock woody; stems erect, slender. Leaves linear. Inflorescence terminal and lateral, elongated panicles. Nuts c 1.5 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: October. Illus. -. Kern in Steenis, FI. Males. I, 7: 726, f. 106-27. 1974. Distrib.: Rare among grasses along road sides. Selected Specimen: NDA Road, 9 th mile, Pune, Jain 7589.
4. Scleria stocksiana Boeck. in Linnaea 38: 474. 1874; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 419. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 375. 1996.
905 Tufted, perennial, erect sedges, 25-40 cm high, with short rhizome. Leaves linear. Panicles axillary and terminal, leafy. Female spikelets 2-3 in clusters globose; male spikelets solitary, oblong. Nuts rugulose or tubercled, broadly ovoid, white. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illus.: V.P. Prasad & N.P. Singh, in J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. Addl. Ser. 21: 324, f. 60. 2002. Distrib. : In wet river beds and on slopes in moist places near streams, cultivated fields, etc. Selected Specimens'. Gogrewadi, Aptale, Junnar, Hemadri 102305; Ralegaon hill Junnar, Hemadri 107268; on hill near Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 107568. CULTIVATED SPECIES: Cyperus flabelliformis Rottb., Descr. PL Rar. Progr. 22.1772 Cultivated as an ornamental in Garden for its fan like showy foliage.
180. POACEAE (GRAMINEAE) (Key to genera , adapted partly from U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, 1986.) la. Culms woody and large, with large culm-sheaths; stamens 5-7 2 lb. Culms not woody and large, without large culm- sheaths; stamens 1-3 (6 in Hygroryza) 2a. Spikelets in globose heads 22. DENDROCALAMUS 2b. Spikelets in panicles 3 3a. Intemodes solid; filaments connate 69. PSEUDOXYTENANTHERA 3b. Intemodes hollow; filaments free 8. BAMBUSA 4a. Plants aquatic; stamens 6 40. HYGRORYZA 4b. Plants not aquatic; stamens 1-3 5 5a. Spikelets with trifid awns 5. ARISTIDA 5b. Spikelets without trifid awns 6 6a. Upper lemma 2-lobed at tip with a spirally twisted awn in between 6b. Upper lemma not lobed at tip, sometimes bifid or cleft but then awn not twisted 7a. Spikelets 2-flowered; lemma with a dense beard on each side below the lobes; lobes produced into slender awns 46. JANSENELLA
906 7b. Spikelets 2-many flowered; lemma glabrous 42. INDOPOA 8a. Inflorescence plumose 9 8b. Inflorescence not plumose 12 9a. Inflorescence a spike-like raceme 41.IMPERATA 9b. Inflorescence a panicle 10 10a. Leaves long-petioled, ovate-acuminate 77. SPODIOPOGON 10b. Leaves sessile, linear, flat tapering to a fine acuminate point 11 11a. inflorescence panicle, never plumose 72.SACCHARUM 1 lb. Inflorescence of plumose panicles 63.PHRAGMITES 12a. Joints & pedicels fused together or spikelets sunk in the thick tough rachis 13 12b. Joints & pedicels free; spikelets not sunk in rachis 18 13a. Spikelets sunk in thick tough rachis 56. OROPETIUM 13b. Joints & pedicels fused together 14 14a. Sessile spikelets in pairs at each node; pedicelled spikelets absent 51. MNESITHEA 14b. Sessile spikelets solitary; pedicelled spikelets developed or rudimentary 15 15a. Pedicelled spikelets suppressed or rudimentary 54. OPHIUROS 15b. Pedicelled spikelets well developed 16 16a. Sessile & pedicelled spikelets similar 38. HEMARTHRIA 16b. Sessile & pedicelled spikelets dissimilar 17 17a. Sessile spikelets either winged or awned or both 37. GLYPHOCHLOA 17b. Sessile spikelets neither winged nor awned 71. ROTTBOELIA 18a. Spikelets with unisexual flower, male & female spikelets in separate inflorescence or in different parts of the same inflorescence 19 18b. Spikelets with bisexual flowers i.e. all hermaphrodite or with male or barren and hermaphroidite spikelets mixed in the same inflorescence and so arranged that a male or barren spikelet nears a hermaphrodite spikelet 21 19a. Female spikelet completely enclosed in a metamorphosed leaf-sheath which takes the form of a spherical or
907 cylindrical osseous or ivory bead-like structure-a fruit case 17 COIX 19b. Female spikelets not enclosed in such a fruit case 20 20a. Lower glume of the female spikelet 3-lobed, the central lobe larger than the others 83. TRILOBACHNE 20b. Lower glume of female spikelet not 3-lobed, or at the most with 2 or 3 small teeth 14. CHIONACHNE 21a. Racemes or spikes solitary, terminal 22 21b. Racemes or spikes two or many, digitate or in panicle 41 22a. Spikelets unawned 23 22b. Spikelets awned 29 23a. Spikelets supported by bristles from the pedicel 24 23b. Spikelets not supported by bristles from the pedicel 26 24a. Bristles barbed 75. SETARIA 24b. Bristles not barbed, jointed together forming an involucre 25 25a. Involucre of green, naked, plumose bristles 60. PENNISETUM 25b. Involucre of spines or rigid bristles united at base into a hard cup 13. CENCHRUS 26a. Spikelets arranged in a spike 27 26b. Spikelets arranged in a raceme 28 27a. Inflorescence a cylindrical spike; spikelets 2-flowered 72. SACCIOLEPIS 27b. Inflorescence a long, slender curved second spike; spikelets 1-flowered 50. MICROCHLOA 28a. Spikelets all alike, hermaphrodite; lower glumes with hooked spines 82. TRAGUS 28b. Spikelets not alike; sessile spikelets hermaphrodite, pedicelled ones male or neuter; lower glumes of both spikelets without hooked spines 51. MNESITHEA 29a. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with 2 tufts of hairs or broadly winged and keeled; upper glume with or without tuft of hairs 30 29b. Lower glume of sessile spikelets neither winged nor keeled nor with tuft of hairs 31 30a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with 2 tufts of hairs, neither winged nor keeled; upper glume with single
908 tuft of hairs 84. TRIPLOPOGON 30b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet broadly winged and keeled; glumes without tuft of hairs 66. PSEUDODICHANTHIUM 31 a. Spikelets solitary or in clusters 32 31b. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and other pedicelled (some times pedicelled spikelet reduced to a pedicel only) 37 32a. Spikelets in clusters 49. MELANOCENCHRIS 32b. Spikelets solitary 33 33a. Upper glume with tuft of hairs 64. POGONACHNE 33b. Upper glume without tuft of hairs 34 34a. Spikelets borne in the hollows of a long spike; lower glume absent or hidden in the hollows of the continuous axis 47. LOLIUM 34b. Spikelets not borne in the hollows of a long axis; lower glume well developed, not hidden 35 35a. Spikelets 2-flowered; awns geniculate 25. DIMERIA 35b. Spikelets 1-flowered; awns straight 36 36a. Leaves ovate or lanceolate from a broad amplexicaule base; inflorescence cylindric; spikelets narrowly linear, not bifarious, 2-awned 61. PEROTIS 36b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, not amplexicaule; inflorescence flat; spikelets conical, bifarious, 3-awned 79. TETRAPOGON 37a. Sessile spikelet hidden by the pedicelled spikelet; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet with tubercle based hairs 38 37b. Sessile spikelet not hidden by the pedicelled spikelet; lower glume of pedicelled spikelet glabrous or ciliate 39 38a. Awns glabrous, dehcate 34. EUCLASTA 38b. Awns hairy, stout 39. HETEROPOGON 39a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet deeply channeled 74. SEHIMA 39b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet not channeled 41 40a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet pitted or tuberculate 33. EREMOPOGON 40b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet covered with bearded, warty projections 30. ELIONURUS 41a. Inflorescence of globose clusters of spikelets in long, continuous or interrupted catkin-like, but erect spike 29. ELYTROPHORUS
909 41b. Inflorescence not as above; racemes 2 or many, digitate or in panicles 42 42a. Racemes 2 43 42b. Racemes more than 2, digitate or in pseudowhorls or in panicles 48 43a. Spikelets solitary 25. DIMERIA 43b. Spikelets binate 44 44a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet with nodules on the margins or transversely furrowed 45 44b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet neither with nodules on the margins nor transversely furrowed 46 45a. Lower glume of sessile spikelets transversely wrinkled, furrowed or with nodules on the margins; pedicelled spikelets developed or upper ones reduced to pedicels only 44. ISCHAEMUM 45b. Lower glume of sessile spikelets with transverse ridges which are often broken up into warts or teeth, not keeled; pedicelled spikelets reduced to hnear curved pedicels 80. THELEPOGON 46a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet winged 9. BHIDEA 46b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet not winged 47 47a. Lower glume of sessile spikelet tridentate 48. LOPHOPOGON 47b. Lower glume of sessile spikelet bicuspidate 3. ANDROPOGON 48a. Grasses awned (except Echinochloa coloiia) 49 48a. Grasses unawned 75 49a. Racemes digitate or in pseudowhorls 50 49b. Inflorescence a panicle 57 50a. Spikelets laterally compressed, 2-many flowered 51 50b. Spikelets dorsally compressed, 2-flowered 54 51a. Awns of spikelets 12-15 mm long 73. SCHOENOFELDIA 51b. Awns of spikelets 2-4 mm long 52 52a. Spikelets 8-20 flowered 1. ACRACHNE 52b. Spikelets 2-5 flowered 53 53a. Spikelets secund in inflorescence; fertile floret one only 15. CHLORIS 53b. Spikelets not secund in inflorescence; fertile spikelets
910 2 or more 21. DACTYLOCTENIUM 54a. Rachis fragile 35. EULALIA 54b. Rachis not fragile 55 55a. Spikelets solitary 2. ALLOTEROPSIS 55b. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile and other pedicellate 56 56a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; upper lemma of sessile spikelets with basal awn 6. ARTHRAXON 56b. Leaves linear; upper lemma of sessile spikelet awned from tip of sinus 57 57a. Racemes arranged in panicles with capillary branches 12. CAPILLIPEDIUM 57b. Racemes digitate, subdigitate or scattered 58 58a. Sessile spikelets of lowest 1-3 pairs male or neuter, awnless; lower glume of sessile spikelet broad and closely imbricating 23. DICHANTHIUM 58b. Sessile spikelets of all pairs bisexual, awned; lower glume of sessile spikelet narrow and not closely imbricating 10. BOTHRIOCHLOA 59a. Inflorescence interrupted by spathes; racemes spatheate 60 59b. Inflorescence not interrupted by spathes; racemes espatheate 64 60a. Plants aromatic; racemes 2, one sessile & one pedicelled 18. CYMBOPOGON 60b. Plants non-aromatc; racemes solitary 61 61a. Involucral spikelets present, sessile or pedicelled 62 6Ib. Involucral spikelets absent 63 62a. Involucral spikelets sessile 81. THEMEDA 62b. Involucral spikelets pedicelled 45. ISEILEMA 63a. Racemes with one fertile spikelet 4. APLUDA 63b. Racemes with two fertile spikelets 65. PSEUDANTHISTIRIA 64a. Racemes whorled 65 64b. Racemes in effuse or dense, contracted or pyramidal panicles 66 65a. Spikelets in threes, one sessile and other two pedicelled 16. CHRYSOPOGON
911 65b. Spikelets in pairs 23. DICHANTHIUM 66a. Inflorescence effuse 67 66b. Inflorescence dense, contracted or pyramidal panicle 72 67a. Spikelets 2-flowered, one hermaphrodite & other male or neuter 68 67b. Spikelets 1 -many flowered, all hermaphrodite and pedicelled 71 68a. Spikelets paired, dissimilar, one sessile, other pedicelled; upper lemma of sessile spikelet bifid at apex, awned from the sinus 76. SORGHUM 68b. Spikelets solitary or paired, similar; upper lemma entire, awnless, rarely mucronate or awned 69 69a. Upper lemma awned 7. ARUNDINELLA 69b. Upper lemma not awned 70 70a. Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate; spikelet subtended by a bristle; lower glume minute, unawned 67. PSEUDORAPHIS 70b. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; spikelets not subtended by a bristle; lower glume awned 55. OPLISMENUS 71a. Plants delicate, annuals, 5-20 cm high, growing with mosses on branches of trees or on rocks; spikelets dorsally compressed 36. GARNOTIA 71b. Plants tufted, perennials, 0.3-0.8 m high, rooting from nodes; spikelets laterally compressed 52. MUHLENBERGIA 72a. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile & other pedicelled; sessile spikelets with hermaphrodite and male/ neuter flowers; pedicelled spikelets with male flowers 68. PSEUDOSORGHUM 72b. Spikelets not as above 73 73a. Inflorescence a pyramidal panicle 74 73b. Inflorescence a dense contracted panicle 36. GARNOTIA 74a. Spikelets on slender spikes arranged in narrow pyramidal racemes 26. DINEBRA 74b. Spikelets crowded on a solitary spike 85. TRIPOGON 75a. Racemes digitate or in pseudowhorls 76 75b. Inflorescence a panicle 78
912 76a. Spikelets dorsally compressed 24. DIGIT ARIA 76b. Spikelets laterally compressed 77 77a. Inflorescense racemes 19.CYNODON 77b. Inflorescence spikes 28.ELEUSINE 78a. Inflorescence effuse 79 78b. Inflorescence dense, contracted or thyrsiform or pyramidal panicle 89 79a. Spikelets 2-flowered, one hermaphrodite and other male or neuter 80 79b, Spikelets 1-many flowered, all hermaphrodite and pedicelled 86 80a. Glumes equal in size, obtuse or mucronate 43. ISACHNE 80b. Glumes unequal, acute or acuminate 81 81 a. Rachis flattered or triquetrous 82 81b. Rachis not as above 85 82a. Lower glume absent 59. PASPALUM 82b. Lower glume present 83 83a. Upper palea acute with reflexed tips 58. PASPALIDIUM 83b. Upper palea obtuse, tips not reflexed 84 84a. Upper lemma mucronate 86. UROCHLOA 84b. Upper lemma not mucronate U. BRACHIARIA 85a. Spikelets dorsally compressed 57. PANICUM 85b. Spikelets laterally compressed 20. CYRTOCOCCUM 86a. Spikelets with only one floret 87 86b. Spikelets with 2-more florets 88 87a. Grass unawned 78. SPOROBOLUS 87b.Grass awned(except Echinochloa colona) 27.ECHINOCHLOA 88a. Inflorescence a panicle 32. ERAGROSTIS 88b.Inflorescence a solitary secund spike 31. ERAGROSTIELLA 89a. Panicle small, c 5 x 2 cm, ovoid densely contracted 62. PHALARIS 89b. Panicles large, thyrsiform or pyramidal 32. ERAGROSTIS
ACRACHNE Wight & Am. ex Chiov.
913 Acrachne racemosa (Heyne ex Roem. & Schult.) Ohwi in Bull. Tokyo Sci. Mus. n. 18: 1. 1947; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 18. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 388. 1996. Eleiisiue racemosa Heyne ex Roem. &Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 583. 1817. E. verticillata Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 346. 1820; Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. 260. 1935. Annual grasses; culms c 30 cm high, erect, simple; nodes glabrous. Leaves c 10 cm long linear; sheaths compressed, glabrous; ligules ciliate. Spikes 2-many, pseudowhorled or alternate. Spikelets 1-seriate, 2-5 mm long; glumes aristate. Grains c 1 mm long, rugose. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ilhis.: Patunkar, Grass. Marathw. 231, f. 71. 1980. Distrib. : Rare in moist places. Mulshi. Selected Specimen: Paud, Mulshi, Jain 7605. Note: A monotypic genus. Spikes get uniformly reduced from a broader base to an acuminate apex. 2. ALLOTEROPSIS C B. Clarke Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9: 487. 1919; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 19. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 389. 1996. Milium cimiciniim L., Mant. Alt. 184. 1771. Axonopus cimicimts (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12: 1812; T, Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 441. 1967 (Repr.). Tufted, annual, erect grasses, 30-55 cm high. Leaves 4-7 cm long, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, ciliate margined. Racemes 3-8, 5-8 cm long, digitate or whorled. Spikelets c 4 mm long; lower glume c 2.5 mm long, upper glume 4 mm long, with brownish-purple hairs, upper lemma aristate. Grains ovate, flat. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. 129. t. 83. 1935. Distrib.: Frequent in plains and on hill slopes of lower elevations. Selected Specimens: Law College hill, Pune Jadhav \14146-, Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 87838. 3. ANDROPOGON L. Andropogon pumilus Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 277. 1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 495. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 19. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 390. 1996. 'Lal-gavaf.
914 Tufted, annual grasses; culms 20-45 cm high, erect, geniculate. Leaves linear, finely pointed. Racemes 1.5-2.2 cm long, pinkish, in pairs on slender peduncles with pinkish spathe. Spikelets in pairs; sessile spikelets awned. Grains linear-oblong, brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Ulus. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 65. 1935. Distrib.; Common in open dry places, around cultivated fields, along foot hills, etc. Selected Specimens: Kurkum ghat, Daund, Jadhav 174295; Saval forests areas, Baramati, Jadhav 170847; Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174295; Khed, Janaradhanan 81641. Note: With age this grass turns reddish-pink, hence called Lal-gavat. 4. APLUDA L Apluda mutica L., Sp. PI. 82. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 474. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 19. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 390. 1996. Annual or perennial grasses, 40-80 cm tall, profusely branched, glabrous. Leaves c 20 cm long. Panicles 4-7 cm long, terminating the culms and its branches. Spikelets in threes, with common spathe on slender peduncles; sessile spikelets awned or unawned. Grains c 1.5 mm long, reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: August - December. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 20. 1935. Distrib.: Common in hedges and amongst bushes in hill slopes and around cultivated fields. Selected Specimens: Sinhagad hill, Haveli, Jadhav 173931; Talegaon, Maval, Deshmiikh 46990; Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 101086. 5. ARISTIDA L. la. Lateral awns of lemmas much reduced or absent 3. A. redacta lb. Lateral awns of lemmas well developed 2 2a. Articulations present between lemma & awns 3 2b. Articulations absent between lemma & awns 4 3a. Glumes very much unequal in length, upper glume less than half the length of lower glume 5. A. stocksii 3b. Glumes subequal in length, upper glume more than half the length of lower glume 2. A. funiculata 4a. Glumes with usually 3-5 mm long awns 4. A. setacea 4b. Glumes unawned, sometimes mucronate, mucro not
915 more than 2 mm long 1. A. adscensionis
1. Aristida adscensionis L., Sp. PI. 82. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 529. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 24. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 392. 1996. 'Kusali'. Tufted, annual or perennial grasses, erect or ascending; culms 30-80 cm high, branched, suffruticose at base. Leaves convolute, linear. Panicles 5-30 cm long; branches subsecund; rachis filiform. Spikelets c 8 mm long; lemma 3-awned, middle awn larger, c 1.5 cm long; column of lemma up to 1.5 cm long. Grains cylindric. FIs. & Frts.; September - April. Illiis. '. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 138. 1935. Distrib.: Common on open gravelly hill slopes and on hillocks, in waste lands, etc. Selected Specimens'. Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174275, Jain 8886; Pimpli, Baramati, Jadhav 170832; Daund, Jain 6187; BSl campus, Pune, Siugh 108955.
2. Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr., Sp. Gram. Stip. 159. 1842; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 531. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 25. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 392. 1996. "Kusali'. Tufted, annual grasses, 12-25 cm high, erect or geniculately ascending from the base. Panicles lax, erect, terminal; lemma articulate; column of lemma twisted, 3.5-4 cm long with an articulation below the middle, terminating by 3 subequal capillary awns. Grains cylindric. FIs. & Frts. : September-December Illtis. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 142. 1935. Distrib.: Very common in gravelly soils in plains and lower ghats. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174280; Law College hill slope, Pune, Jadhav 174243; Daund, Jain 9561; Alandi ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 72798.
3. Aristida redacta Stapf in Kew Bull. 1892; 85. 1892; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 531. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 25. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 393, f p.395. 1996. Slightly tufted, annual, erect grasses, 30-45 cm high. Panicles 10-25 cm long effuse, lax. Spikelets purplish or straw-coloured; column of lemma with indistinct articulation. FIs. &Frts.: September - November.
916 Ilhis.’. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, op. cit. Distrib.: Common in open grass lands in gravelly soils. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174283; Peth ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 72871; Thopatewadi, Khanapur, Haveli, Ansah 101643. Note: It can be distinguished by its spikelets with solitary awns.
4. Aristida setacea Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 22. 1786; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 529. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 21. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D.Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 397. 1996. Perennial, stout grasses, 60-90 cm high, erect or genculately ascending from a woody base, with stout wiry root-fibres, hard, smooth and polished panicles 15-30 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. lUus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 139. 1935. Distrib.: Khandala (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
5. Aristida stocksii (Hook. / ) Domin. in Bibl. Bot. Heft 85; 338. 1915; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 26. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 397, f. p.396. 1996. A. fiiniciilata var. stocksii Hook. /., FI. Brit. India 7; 227. 1896. Tufted, dwarf annual grasses, 15-25 cm high. Leaves up to 10 cm long, involute. Panicles 5-12 cm long, lax, erect. Column of lemmas articulated, twisted, terminated by 3 subequal awns. Grains cylindric. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional in open grass lands in lower ghats and on hill slopes, in waste lands, etc. Selected Specimens: Kurkum ghat, Daund, Jadhav 174290; Monkey hill, Khandala, Maval, Raghavan 85156; Railway line, Khadaki, Pune, Garade 816; BSI campus, Pune, Singh 108960. Note: Somewhat difficult to distinguish from A. fiinictdata Trin. & Rupr. However can be separated by the proportionate size of upper glume with that of lower glume as given in the key to the species. 6. ARTHRAXON P. Beauv. la. Awns long, exceeding 5 cm (7.5-15 cm or more) 2. A.jubatus lb. Awns short, not exceeding 3 cm long or totally absent 2
917 2a. Spikelets dorsally compressed and keeled along the margins of lower glume; pedicelled spikelet well developed, 3-8 mm long 3. A. lanceolatus 2b. Spikelets laterally compressed, not keeled along the margins of lower glume; pedicelled spikelet absent or reduced to 2 mm long only 3a. Pedicelled spikelet developed only in upper part of the inflorescence 4. A. lancifoliiis 3b. Pedicelled spikelet usually absent, if rarely present then reduced to a vestigial lower glume I. A. hispidus
1. Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino in Bot. Mag. Tokyo 26: 214. 1912; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 23. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 398. 1996. Plutlaris hispichi Thunb., FI. Jap. 44. 1784. Arthraxon dliaris P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost, 111, 152, t. 11, f 6. 1812; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 489. 1967 (Repr.). A. micius (Steud.) Hochst. in Flora 39: 188. 1856; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 31. 1980. A. inermis H ook./, FI. Brit. India 7; 145. 1896; T. Cooke, op. cit. 487; Hemadri, op. cit. 28. A. quartwianiis (A. Rich.) Nash in N. Amer. Flora 17: 99. 1912; Hemadri, op. cit. 33. A. satarensis Almeida in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 66: 515. 1970, emend. U.R. Deshp. & Hemadri in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 274. 1970; Hemadri, op. cit. 33.
la. Sessile spikelets very small, 1.0-1.8 mm long, ovate-oblong; lower lemma sometimes absent var. junnarensis lb. Sessile spikelets large, 2-8 mm long, ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; lower lemma always present 2 2a. Joints long pilose; lower glume usually densely speculate var. santapaui 2b. Joints glabrous to short pilose; lower glume not densely speculate var. hispidus var. hispidus Tufted, erect or ascending, annual grasses; 30-50 cm long; culms much branched and rooting at lower nodes. Spikes 2-8, 1-1.3 cm long. Spikelets 3-4 mm long, linear-
918 lanceolate, awned, all sessile or pedicelled spikelets represented by pedicel only; upper glume hispid at apex. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. HIiis. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 45. 1935 {A. inennis). Distrib. : Frequent on hill slopes, foot hills, along bunds of cultivated fields, banks of streams, etc. Selected Specimens'. Sinhagad hill top, Haveli, Jadhav 177934; Inglun, Junnar, Hemadri 107373. Sitabai dara, Arvi, Haveh, Ansari 101889; Bhoma hill, Khandala, Maval, Rolla 83490; Tiskari forests, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99439, 95802. var. junnarensis (Jain & Hemadri) Welzen in Blumea 27: 111. 1981; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra, 23. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 399. 1996. Arthraxon jimnarensis Jain & Hemadri in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 68: 300. 1971; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 28. 1980. Annual, weak grasses, up to 20 cm long; culms capillary, ascending & rooting at nodes. Inflorescence a short panicle. Spikes 5-12, 1-1.7 cm long. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm long. Grains c 1.2 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ulus.: Jain & Hemadri, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare on plateaux, Junnar. Selected Specimen: Warsubai plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 106849 A-G (Holotype & Isotype). var. santapaui (Bor) Welzen in Blumea 27: 280, £ 6. 1981; U.R. Deshp.& N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 23. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 399. 1996. A. santapaui Bor in Kew Bull. 1951: 446. 1952. Small grasses, up to 15 cm high. Leaves 2-5 cm long with bulbous-based hairs along margins in lower half. Spikes 2-3, 2-4 cm long. Sessile spikelets 5-8 mm long, linear- lanceolate; lower glume dorsally, densely spiculate all over, pedicelled spikelets absent. Illiis.: Welzen, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare among the bases of taller grasses. Purandhar. Selected Specimen: Purandhar fort, Kammathy 82686.
919 2. Arthraxon jubatus Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 358. 1889; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 489. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 28. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 399. 1996. Annual, weak, slender grasses; culms 10-25 cm long, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves 2- 4 cm long. Racemes 2, almost enclosed by the spathe. Sessile spikelets c 7 mm long, with very long awns. Pedicelled spikelets c 5 mm long, unawned. FIs. & Frts.; September. Ulus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 50. 1935. Distrib.: Junnar. Selected Specimen-. Dhak fort, Junnar, Hemadri 107489, 117979. Note: A member of scree-vegetation rarely found growing on over-hanging rocks which are constantly moistened by water. Found associated with the species of Utricularia, Indopoa, Leccmtlms, etc.
3. Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst. in Flora 39: 188. 1856; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 487. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 400. 1996. Andropogon lanceolatus Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 262. 1820. Arthraxon prionodes (Steud.) Dandy in Andrews, FI. PI. Sudan 3: 399. 1956; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 31. 1980. A. deccanensis Jain in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 68: 298. 1971 & in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 171, f 17. 1972. la. Tubercles of the keels of lower glumes spinulose in the upper half var. lanceolatus Ib. Tubercles of the keels of lower glumes with penicillate hairs in the upper half var. meeboldii var. lanceolatus 'Sipla\ Tufted, perennial grasses; culms 20-50 cm long, creeping, ascending and rooting at lower nodes, base often covered with cataphylis. Leaf blades 1.5-5 x 0.3-1 cm, ovate- lanceolate, amplexicaule, with tubercle based hairs along margins. Racemes 2-8. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, sessile spikelets awned; lower glume 2-keeled, with two rows of tubercles. Pedicels of pedicelled spikelets white, woolly hairy. FIs. & Frts.: October - April. Illus.: Jain, op. cit.
920 Distrib.; Common on bunds of cultivated fields and on lower hill slopes, under bushes. Selected Specimens: Chilhewadi, Junnar, Jadhav 180731; Dariabai Rai, Junnar, Jadhav 180788; Durgadara, Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 101630; Pashan, Gammi s.n. var. meeboldii (Stapf) Welzen in Blumea 27: 285. 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 401. A. meeboldii Stapf in Kew Bull. 1908: 449. 1908; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 488. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 30. 1980. A. punmdharensis Bharucha in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 52: 481. 1954; Hemadri, op. cit. 32. Annual, erect grasses, 15-30 cm high, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves 2-5 cm long, pubescent, ciliate along margins. Racemes up to 5.5 cm long, solitary or in pairs. Sessile spikelets 6-8 mm long, awned. Pedicelled spiklets unawned. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Ulus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 47. 1935 {A. meeboldii). Distrib.: Common in open grass lands on hill tops, fort walls, etc. Selected Specimens: Sinhagad hill top, Haveli, Ansari 101698; Shivneri hill, Hemadri 118110; Near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98714, Bhoma hill, Khandala, Mishra 176582; Hanuman Talao, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81831. var. raizadae (Jain et al.) Welzen in Blumea 27: 287. 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 401. 1996. A. raizada Jain et al. in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51: 103, f. 6-9. 1972. Annual grasses; culms 25-30 cm high, creeping, ascending and rooting at nodes. Leaves 1.5-3 cm long, hairy. Racemes solitary or 2-4, up to 4 cm long, densely hairy. Lower glume of sessile spikelets densely woolly on back with silky hairs. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Illiis.: Jain et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare on hill tops in open situations. Selected Specimen: Sinhagad hill top, Haveli, Jadhav 177944.
4. Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. in Flora 39: 188. 1956; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 29. 1980; U.R. Deshp. et Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 24. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 402. 1996. Andropogon lancifolius Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 6, 2: 271. 1832. Arthraxon microphyllus sensu H ook./, FI. Brit. India 7: 147. 1896 p.p., non (Trin.) Hochst. 1856; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 488. 1967 (Repr.). A.
921 lancifolius var. hindustanicus Jain & U.R. Deshp. in J. Indian Bot. Soc. 51; 176. 1972; Hemadri, op. cit. 30. Annual, diffuse or weak grasses; culms 18-25 cm high, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves 2-3 X 0.6-1 cm, ovate-lanceolate, cordate-amplexicaule, glabrous. Racemes 2-6, in subdigitate panicles, 1.5-2 cm long. Sessile spiklets 3-5 mm long, awned. FIs. & Frts.; September - November. Illiis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 48. 1935. Distrib.: Very common on foot hills & hill slopes, along roadsides, old walls, etc. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174267; Purandhar fort, Ansari 32700; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Rolla 83521. 7. ARUNDINELLA Raddi la. Inflorescence densely spicate, cylindric 6. A. spicata lb. Inflorescence branched panicles, lax or contracted 2a. Upper lemmas usually unawned (if rarely awned then awn not more than 2 mm long) 2. A. leptochloa 2b. Upper lemmas distinctly awned 3a. Upper lemmas with 2 setae, one on either side of the awn 7. A. tuberculata 3b. Upper lemmas without any setae on either side of the awn 4 4a. Plants woolly at base 8. A. villosa 4b. Plants not woolly at base 5a. Spikelets small, only up to 2 mm long 5. A. ptimila 5b. Spikelets exceeding 2 mm long 6a. Panicles narrow; lower lemmas smaller than lower glumes 1. A. ciliata 6b. Panicles lax; lower lemmas equal to lower glumes in length 7a. Annual, delicate grasses 2>. A. metzii 7b. Perennial, stout grasses 4. A. nepalensis
1. Arundinella ciliata (Roxb.) Nees ex Miq. in Verh. Konink. Nederl. Inst. 3(4): 30. 1851; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 403. 1996. Anmdinella
922 agrostoides Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7: 71. 1896, non Trin. 1836; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 523. 1967 (Repr.). ^Kiidir, Kothir. Annual, erect grasses; culms 20-30 cm high, stout or slender. Leaves softly hairy. Panicles 2.5-12 cm long. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm long; lower glumes with a few bristles on lower half; upper glumes cuspidate-acuminate; upper lemma awned. FIs. & Frts.: October - April. Illiis. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 128. 1935. Distrib.; Occasional in dry open situations. Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, near Bus stand, Khed, Janardhanan 81789; Kondeshwar hill top, Janardhanan 70241 & 70243; Peth ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 75825.
2. Arundinella leptochloa (Nees ex Steud.) Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7; 76. 1896; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 24. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 405. 1996. Panicum leptochloa Nees ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 62. 1854. Anindinella gigantea Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 293. 1861; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 525. 1967 (Repr.). Perennial, tall, erect grasses, almost glabrous; culms 0.4-1.5 m tall, smooth, terete. Leaves 30-50 cm long. Panicles 10-18 cm long, purplish; rachis stout, angular. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm long; glumes ovate, unawned. FIs. & Frts.: October - November. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 130. 1935 {A. gigantea). Distrib. -. Rare. Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Tiskari forests, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99443; Pandavnagar hill, Mulshi, Reddi 99464.
3. Arundinella metzii Hochst. ex Miq. in Verh. Nederl. Inst. 3(4): 31. 1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 523. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar, 35. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 405, f. p. 404. 1996. A. pygmaea Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7: 71. 1896; T. Cooke, op. cit. 522. A lawii Hook./ in Trim. Handb. FI. Ceyl. 5; 180. 1900; T. Cooke, op. cit. 523. Tufted, annual, grasses, 6-30 cm high, erect or occasionally rosette on ground. Panicles 3-15 cm long, lax, decompound. Spikelets c 3 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, hairy; upper lemma geniculately awned. FIs. & Frts.: October - April.
923 Illiis.'. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et. al., op. cit. Distrib.: A very variable species in size o f the plant; common on open plateaux in wet soils along streams in forests, around lakes and ditches. Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 175890 & 177980, Janardhamm 81789 & 69609; Khandala, Maval, Rolla 83457.
4. Arundinella nepalensis Trim., Gram. Panic. 62. 1826; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 27. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 407, f p. 406. 1996. A. brasilietisisauct non Raddi 1823; Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7: 73. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 524. 1967 (Repr.). Perennial, erect grasses, with stout and hard root-stock with stout sheaths, 0.3-1.5 m high. Leaves up to 30 cm long. Panicles pyramidal or thyrsiform; rachis angular glabrous. Spikelets 4-5 mm long, lower lemma bifid, upper lemma bearded at base, awned. FIs. & Frts.: October - February. Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: In ghats, near streams or dams. Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Bhushi dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 96145; Ambavani, Mulshi, Reddi 101039.
5. Arundinella pumila (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1; 114. 1854; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 34. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 407, f 406. 1996. Acrathenim piimiltim Hochst. ex A. Rich., Tent. FI. Abyss. 2: 414, t. 100. 1851. Arundinella tenella Nees ex Steud. op. cit. 115; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 522. 1967 (Repr.). Annual, erect, grasses, 30-60 cm high. Panicles 20-30 cm long, effuse; branches numerous, alternate with capillary spreading branchlets. Pedicels slender. Spikelets c 1.5 mm long, delicately awned. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.: Blatt. &McC., Bombay Grass, t. 127. 1935 {A. tenella). Distrib.: Common throughout in hilly parts in wet soil, along stream banks, in rocky crevices, etc. Selected Specimens: Shirgaon forest, Bhor, Jadhav 175936; Sinhagad hill, Haveli Ansari 101707; Bhivade, Junnar, Hemadri 104220.
924 6. Anindinella spicata Dalzell in Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 293. 1861; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 525. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 35. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 409. 1996. Aimual, small, erect, hairy grasses, 10-20 cm high. Leaves 2.5-3.5 cm long, densely hairy. Spikes 1.5-4 cm long, cylindric, terminal. Spiklets c 6 mm long, upper glume folded round, concealing completely the upper lemma and its awn. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Illus.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 129. 1935. Distrib.'. Occasional in open grassy plateau and on rocky h ill slopes. Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 177975-A; Varsubai plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 106848; Panshet, Wadhva\2%ZQ(). Note-. It looks like Setaria.
7. Arundinella tuberculata Munro ex Lisboa in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 344. 1891; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 521. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar. 36. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 409. 1996. Aimual, erect grasses, 15-60 cm high. Panicles 6-16 cm long. Spikelets c 1 mm long; lower glume with tubercle-based hairs; upper lemma with an awn situated between 2 setae. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. llhis. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 125. 1935. Distrib.: Common on open hill slopes. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174273, Jain 8888; Shivneri hill Hemadri 104577; Law College hill, Pune, Vasavada 4837. Note: A very distinct species due to its dense, tubercle-based hairs on leaves and spikelets.
8. Arundinella villosa Am. ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 115. 1854; Blatter & McCarm, Bombay Grass. 197. 1935. Bor, Grass. Ind. 426. 1960; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 28. 1986. A. villosa Am. ex Steud. var. wightii Hook./, FI. Brit. India 7: 73. 1896. Tufted grasses; culms 30-40 cm high, leafy & villous at base and below the panicles. Leaves 10-20 cm long, tomentose-villous. Panicles 5-10 cm long, spiciform; rachis villous. Spikelets setosely hirsute. Distrib.: Khandala (Blatter & McCann, op. cit.).
925 Note: No specimens seen. Description taken from Blatter & McCann, op. cit.
8. BAMBUSA Schreb., nom. cons. Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd., Sp. PI. 2; 245. 1799; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 569. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 30. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 412. 1996. Bambos aruudinacea Retz., Obs. Bot. 5:24.1789. ^KalakKatas\ Tall, thorny bamboos, stems many together, tufted and woody root-stock, up to 10 m or more high and up to 15 cm in diam.; lower nodes giving horizontal armed shoots; stem sheaths coriaceous, orange yellow, ciliate with golden hairs. Inflorescence forming an enormous panicle almost throughout the stem. Spikelets in loose clusters, 1.5-2.5 mm long, lanceolate glabrous. FIs. & Frts.: October - May. lUits. : K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; tt. 721-722. 1988. Distrib. : Khed, Maval, Velhe. Selected Specimens: Near Bhovargiri, Khed, Jaiuirdlutiian 69103; Ambegaon forest, Velhe Deshmukh 30075; Bombay Road, Pune, Puri 12564. 9. BHIDEA Stapf ex Bor Bhidea burnsiana Bor in Kew Bull. 1948: 445.1949 & Grass. India 103, f2 . 1960; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Sur. India 16(1), FI. Khandala 305. 1953; Deshpande & Singh, Grasses o f Maharashtra 30, t.4.1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 413. 1996; Mishra & N.P.Singh Endemic & Threatened FI. PI. Maharashtra, 283. 2001. Aimual, tufted herbs 8-15 cm high, with hairy nodes.Leaves narrowly linear lanceolate, margins bulbous based, hairy. Racems 1-3, 2-3 cm long. Sessile spikelets 5-8 mm long, geniculately awned. Pedicelled spikelet 5-6 mm long, lower glume winged FIs. & Frts.: September-October Illus.: Deshpande & Singh, op. cit. Distrib.: On bare lateritic flats, Khandala, Lonavala. Selected Specimens.Y^andaXa, without coll. name, 9918 (in BLAT) Endangered. 10. BOTHRIOCHLOA Ktze. la. Lower racemes shorter than main rachis 2 Ib. Lower racemes longer than main rachis 3 2a. Joints & pedicels densely silky 6. B. odorata 926 2b. Joints & pedicels not silky 1. B. bladhii 3a. Joints & pedicelswith transluscent groove 4 3b. Joints & pedicelsterete, rarely when grooved, groove not transluscent 7 4a. Leaves distichous 2. B. compressa 4b. Leaves not distichous 5 5a. Lower glume o f sessile spikelet pitted 7. B. pertusa 5b. Lower glume o f sessile spikelet not pitted 6 6a. Lower glume o f sessile spikelet wholely glabrous 5. B. kuntzeana 6b. Basal part o f lower glume o f sessile spikelet hairy 7. B. woodrowii 1?L. Lower glume o f pedicelled spikelet 9-nerved 3. B. concanensis 7b. Lower glume o f pedicelled spikelet 10-15-nerved 4. B. jainii
1. Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake in Proc. R. Soc. Queensland 80: 62. 1969; N.P. Singh et al. in Bull, Bot. Surv. India 18: 118. 1976. Andropogon bladhii Retz., Obs. Bot. 2: 37. 1781. A. intermedins R. Br., Prodr. 202. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 500. 1967 (Repr.). Dichanthium glabnim (Roxb.) Jain & U.R. Deshp. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 20: 134 (1978) 1979; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 455. 1996. Densely tufted perennial grasses; culms up to 1 m tall, tufted, erect or slightly ascending, softly white hairy at nodes. Leaves up to 40 cm long. Panicles dense 10-20 cm long, terminal. Racemes 1-3.5 cm long; lower glume minutely ciliolate, not pitted. FIs. & Frts.: September - January. Ilhis.'. U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 47, t. 5. £ 3. 1986 {Dichanthium glabnim). Distrib.: Common fodder grasses growing in damp places in clumps and on rocks in streams. Maval (T. Cooke, op. cit.)\ Lonavala & Khandala (Blatter & McCann, 1935).
2. Bothriochloa compressa (H o o k./) Henr. in Blumea 3: 456. 1940; Bor, Grass. Ind. 106. 1960. Andropogon compressits Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7: 172. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 496. 1967 (Repr.). A. ensiformis Hook./., op. cit. 175; T. Cooke, op. cit. 499. Dichanthium compressum (H o o k./) Jain & U.R. Deshp. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 20; 133. 1978 (1979); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 453. 1996. Pereimial stout grasses; culms up to 1 m high, somewhat compressed, erect, leafy, branched; nodes glabrous. Leaves linear, distichous; sheaths strongly compressed and
927 acutely keeled. Racemes 2.5-4.5 cm long, silky hairy, in subcorybose 8-10 cm long panicles. Spikelets 4-5 mm long; callus hairy. Sessile spikelets; lower glume on back below villous and notched at apex, not pitted; upper lemma represented by an awn only. Pedicelled spikelets; pedicels slender, ciliate with silky hairs & with a central translucent line. FIs. & Frts.; October. Ilhis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 53. 1935. Distrib.: A strongly aromatic grass, rare in plain in ghats. Maval, Mulshi, Khed. Selected Specimens: Near Tiskari village, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99425; Kalai Mai, Bhimashankar, Khed, Jamirdhcman 81850.
3. Bothriochloa concanensis (H o o k./) Henr. in Blumea 3: 457. 1940; N.P. Singh et al. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18; 118. 1976. Amiropogon concanensis Hook./., FI. Brit. India 7; 174. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 499. 1967 (Repr.). Dichanthiiim concanensis (Hook. / ) Jain & U.R. Deshp. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 20; 134. (1978) 1979; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 454. 1996. Perennial, erect grasses, culms many from a nodose rootstock. Leaves linear, sheaths terete. Racemes 5-8, 5-7 cm long, loosely fascicled. Sessile spikelets c 3 mm long, narrowly truncate, bearded at callus point; lower glume not pitted; upper lemma a capillary yellowish awn, c 2 cm long. Upper lemma in pedicellate spikelet unequally bifid. FIs. & Frts.: October. Illiis. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 56. 1935. Distrib. : Khandala ( Blatter & McCann, op. cit.). Note: Grows in large tufts in streams on rocks and sandy banks. Looking somewhat waxy grayish.
4. Bothriochloa jainii Deshpande. cfeHemadri, Ind. For. 97 (10); 593, £ 19. 1971; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 36. 1980. Dichanthiiim jainii (U.R. Deshp. & Hemadri) U.R. Deshp. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 21; 198. (1979) 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 456. 1996. Pereimial, robust, tufted, tall grasses; culms 1-1.5 m high. Leaves 30-65 x 0.8-1.5 cm. Panicles c 15 cm long. Racemes 3-15. Spikelets in pairs, dissimilar; sessile spikelet bisexual, 5-6 mm long, lanceolate with a pit-like depression in the middle, stamens 3
928 yellow, c 3 mm long; pedicelled spikelets staminate, 6.5-9 x 1.5-2 mm, oblong, stamens 3, yellow, 3-3.7 mm long. Grains reddish-brown, ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts.: October - January. lUiis. -. U.R. Deshp. & Hemadri, op. cit. Distrib.: Robust grasses, found growing in open h ill slopes and on hill tops above 1000 m. Jurmar. Selected Specimens: Durga fort Junnar, Hemadri 104241-B & C; Dhak fort, Junnar, Hemadri 108222.
5. Bothriochloa kuntzeana (Hack.) Henr. in Blumea 3: 456. 1940; N.P. Singh et al. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18: 118. 1976. Roy in Singh,e/ al., FI. Madhya Pradesh 3: 377. 2001. Andropogon kiintzeanus Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 478. 1989; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2: 979. 1908. Dichanthium kunt-eana (Hack.) Jain & U.R. Deshp. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 20: 134 (1978) 1979; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 457. 1996. Perennial, robust, tufted grasses; culms c 60 cm high, ascending with 2-3 flowering branches above; nodes bearded. Leaves linear. Inflorescence 8-15 cm long. Racemes many, silky purplish, corymbosely fasciculate. Spikelets c 4 mm long, linear-lanceolate; callus & pedicels long hairy; lower glumes o f sessile spikelets glabrous and pitted or not, 2 toothed at apex; upper lemma represented by an awn; pedicelled spiklets unawned. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illits.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. 86. t. 55. 1935 [Amphilophis kuntzeana (Hack.) Haines]. Distrib. : Along the banks o f river, canals, in rocky beds o f mountain streams. Mawal (T. Cooke, op. cit.); Junnar. Selected Specimens: Gogrewadi, Junnar, Hemadri 99799, 107239; Narayanagaon, Hemadri 107059; Malvand dara, near Bhivade, Junnar Hemadri 118029. 6. Bothriochloa odorata(D. Lisboa) A. Camus in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon. 1930 n.s. 76:164.1931. Andropogon odoratiis D.Lisboa in J.Bombay nat.Hist. soc. 4:123. 1989. T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 500. 1968 (Repr.). Dicanthium odoratum (D.Lisboa) Jain & Deshpande in Bull. Bot. Sur. India 20:134. 1979. Pereinnial, aromatic, grass. 90-110 cm high, erect, nodes bearded. Racems numerous. Callous bearded with silky hairs. FIs. &Frts.: October - November. 929 Ilhis.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. 86. t. 56. 1935. Distrib.-. Pune. (T. Cooke, op. cit.) 1. Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus in Arm. Soc. Linn. Lyon 1930, n.s. 76; 164. 1931; N.P. Singh et al, in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18: 118. 1976. Holcus pertiisiis L., Mant. 301. 1771. Andropogon pertiisus (L.) W illd., Sp. PI. 4(2); 922. 1806; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 497. 1967 (Repr.). Dichanthium pertiisiim (L.) W.D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 32: 4. 1977; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 459. 1996. Tufted, perennial grasses, stoloniferous and rooting at nodes; culms 30-60 cm high, erect or geniculately ascending, leafy above. Leaves 10-15 cm long, linear. Inflorescence 3-5 cm long. Racemes 3-many, 2-4 cm long, silky hairy. Spikelets 2-3 mm long. Lower glume o f sessile spikelets obtuse, truncate or slightly emarginated at apex, deep pitted above the middle, hairy below the middle, upper lemma a slender awn, c 1.8 cm long. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illti.s.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 54. 1935 [Ainphilophis pertusa (L.) Nash ex Stapt]. Distrib. : A good fodder grass, both for grazing & stacking. Found common throughout in gravelly hill slopes and on bunds o f cultivated fields. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174244; Pashan, Pune, Snbramanyam 64913; Pavati hill, Pune, Ansari 64375.
7. Bothriochloa woodrowii (H ook./) A. Camus in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1930, n. s. 76: 165. 1931; Bor, Grass. Ind. 110. 1960; N.P.Singh et al. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18: 118. 1976. Andropogon woodrowii H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 7: 173. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 497. 1967 (Repr.). Dichanthium woodrowii (H o o k./) Jain & U.R. Deshp. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 20: 134. (1978) 1979; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 460. 1996. Tufted grasses with woody rootstock; cuteis 0.9-1.2 m high, erect, compressed, obtusely 2-edged, solid, stiff, branched above; nodes glabrous. Leaves 30-60 x 0.3-0.4 cm, rigid; sheaths keeled. Racemes 3-5, 1.3-2.5 cm long, erect, silky hairy; pedicels silky hairy. Sessile spikelet c 4 mm long, oblong-lanceolate; lower glume not pitted ovate, truncate; upper lemma reduced to c 1.5 mm long awn. Pedicelled spikelets narrower than sessile one, unawned. FIs. & Frts.: December - January. Distrib.: Occurring in plains in low rainfall area. Maval, Mulshi.
930 Note: It is an endemic and vulnerable species. 11.BRACHIARIA Griseb Brachiaria eruciformis (J.E. Sm.) Griseb. in Ledeb. FI. Ross. 4: 469. 1853; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 39. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 31. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma, et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 416. 1996. "Shipi, Shiprat'. Annuals; culms 20-50 cm long, weak decumbent or creeping & rooting at nodes. Leaf- blades 3-4 cm long, lanceolate. Racemes 2-more, 1-2 cm long, erecto-patent, appressed to rachis, spikelets, c 2 mm long, solitary, in two rows. Grains 1-1.5 mm long, shining. FIs. & Frts. : Almost throughout the year, particularly September-October. Ilhis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 85. 1935 [Brachiaria ischane (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.,) Stapf]. Distrib.: Merely tufted grass, common throughout as a weed in cultivated fields. Not found in higher ghats. Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Pune, Jadhav 180678, Cherian 63510-A; Purandhar, Mahajan 30120; Lonavala, Maval, RoIIa 77735. 12. CAPILLIPEDIUM Stapf la. Culms weak, decumbent & trailing, much geniculately branched 2. C. filicidme lb. Cuhns erect, robust, simple or branched 2 2a. Lower glume o f sessile spikelet channeled; panicles large, diffuse, o f small spikelets 3. C. parvifloriim 2b. Lower glume flat on back; panicles oflen o f many or few spikelets C. assimile
1. Capillipedium assimile (Steud.) A. Camus in Lecomte, FI. Gen. Indo-Chine 7: 314. 1922; N.P. Singh et al. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18: 118. 1976. Andropogon assimilis Steud. in Zoll. Syst. Verz. 58. 1854 & Syn. PI. Glum. 1; 397. 1854; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 501. 1967 (Repr.). A. glaucopsis Steud., op. cit.A. hitegelii Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6; 492. 1889; T. Cooke, op. cit.Dichanthium assimile (Steud.) U.R. Deshp., Fasc. FI. India 15; 6. 1984; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 453. 1996. Dichanthium hitegelii (Hack.) Jain & U.R. in Bull.. DeshpBot. Surv. India 20; 135. (1978) 1979; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, op. cit. 456.
931 Perennial, suffruticose, spreading grasses; culms 30-70 cm high, decumbent, slender. Leaves linear-lanceolate; nodes glabrous or bearded. Racemes in panicles. Panicles 6-12 cm long. Spikelets distant, 3-4 mm long; lower glume o f sessile spiklet ovate-oblong, truncate. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Illiis. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass.t. 51 & 52. 1935 {Dichanthium assimile & D. hiiegelii). Distrih.: Occasional on h ill slopes. Selected Specimens: Sinhagad hill, Haveli, Ansari 101615.
2. Capillipedium filiculm e (Hook. / ) Stapf in Hook. Ic. PI. sub. T. 3085. 1922; Moulik, Grass. & Bamb. Ind. 1: 269. 1997; Roy in Singhe/ al, FI. Madhya Pradesh 3: 382. 2001. Andropogon filiciilmis H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 7: 181. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 502. 1967 (Repr.). Dichanthium filiculme (Hook. /.) Jain & U.R. Deshp. in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 20: 134. (1978) 1979; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 454. 1996. Tufted, annual grasses; culms 30-45 cm tall, erect or geniculately ascending, slender & filiform , much branched. Leaves up to 15 cm long. Panicles 5-10 cm long, slender, erect. Racemes 1-2 cm long, easily breaking at maturity. Sessile spikelets hairy, awned. Pedicels o f pedicellate spikelets hairy. FIs. & Frts.: August - December. Illtis.: Patunkar, Grass. Marathwada 45, f. 11. 1980. Distrib.: Occasional on hill slopes amidst bushes and hedges. Pune & Maval (T. Cooke, op. cit.) Haveh. Selected Specimens: Sinhagad, Haveli, Jadhav 177935.
3. Capillipedium parviflorum (R. Br.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9: 169. 1917; Bor, Grass. Burm. Ceyl. Ind. Pak. 112. 1960; Roy in Singhe/ al., FI. Madhya Pradesh 3: 383. 2001. Holcus parviflonis R. Br., Prodr. 199. 1810. Dichanthium parviflorum (R. Br.) De W it in Amer. J. Bot. 54: 386. 1967; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 459. 1996. Much tufted, perennial grasses; culms c 60 cm high, erect, stout, terete. Leaves linear, hairy; sheaths pubescent-hirsute. Panicles compound, with spreading branches. Racemes
932 reduced to 1 sessile and 2 pedicellate spikelets. Pedicelled spikelets 5-7 mm long; sessile spikelet c 3 mm long; lower glume truncate. FIs. & Frts.: December. Ilhis.-. U.R. Deshp. in Fasc. FI. India 15; 21, 24, f. 38-40. 1984 {Dichanthiiim pan’iflontm). Distrib.: Very rare. Mulshi. Selected Specimen: Ambavane, Mulshi, Gammie 15973. 13.CENCHRUS L. Cenchrus pennisetiformis Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 109. 1854; Bor, Grass. Ind. 289. 1960; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 421, f. p. 420. 1996. Pennisetum cenchroides L.C. Rich. var. echinoides (Wight ex Steud.) Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7: 88. 1896. Tufted, perennial stout grasses, with woody rhizomes; culms 30-50 cm high, leafy, erect, stout & somewhat compressed; nodes glabrous, basal nodes swollen. Leaves 10-17 cm long, linear; sheaths compressed. Panicles 3-7 cm long. Spikelets c 1 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: July. llltis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. Distrib. : Not common. Occasional in hot & dryer parts o f the district. Indapur. Selected Specimen: Takrarwadi, Bhigwan, Indapur, 170883. Note: Probably this is the second report from Western Maharashtra, next to Ahmednagar District. Not Reported earlier For Pune. 14. CHIONACHNE Br. Chionachne koenigii (Spr.) Thw., Enum. PI. Zeyl. 357. 1864; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar43. 1980. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 422. 1996. Coix koenigii Spr., Syst. 1; 239. 1825. Polytoca barbata (Roxb.) Stapf ex H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 519. 1967 (Repr.). 'Karadi\ Tall, stout grasses; culms 1-1.5 m tall, up to 1-8 cm across. Leaves up to 40 cm long, scabrid hairy above and along margins. Spikes few, distantly arranged in upper leaf-axils on weak peduncles. Male portion o f the raceme appear sessile as i f on the top o f the female spikelets. Female spikelets 1 or 2 per spike, c 7 x 3 mm, planoconvex and ellipsoid; lower glume thick, white shining, closely rapped round the rachis o f spike and other glume. Male spikelets many. Achenes embedded in the bony glumes. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 3. 1935.
933 Distrib.: Common in h ill slopes, foot hills and around cultivated fields in hilly parts. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174287; Talegaon, Maval, Deshmiikh 46988. Note-. Sometimes found tufted and stunted with many short culms due to grazing. Its grains are not hollow at base, unlike Polytoca and the two are thus separated. 15. CHLORIS Swartz, la. Perefct florets two 2. C. boiirnei lb. Perfect floret one 2 2a. Sterile lemmas above the fertile floret one 3 2b. Sterile lemmas above the fertile floret two-four 4 3a. Spikes spreading, 6-25 cm long; sterile lemmas reduced to a fme awn; cariopsis c 4 mm long 3. C. dolichostachya 3b. Spikelets crowded, less than 6.5 cm long; sterile lemmas oblanceolate, not reduced; cariopsis below 2mm long 6. C. virgata 4a. Culms below the inflorescence glabrous 5 4b. Culms below the inflorescence puberulous 5. C. qiiinqiiesetica 5a. Plants 0.3-0.45 m high; spikes 3.5-4.5 cm long 1. C. barbata 5b. Plants 0.6-1.2 m high; spikes 6-10 cm long 4. C. gayana
1. Chloris barbata Swartz., FI. Ind. Occ. 1: 200. 1797;T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 557. 1955 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 35. 1986;Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 425. 1996. Tufted, perennial grasses; culms 30-80 cm high, erect from geniculate or creeping base. Leaves up to 25 cm long, folded; sheath compressed, keeled, glabrous. Spikes 4-16, up to 5 cm long, smooth. Spikelets subsessile unilateral, 2-seriate, c 2 mm long, often tinged with purple; lower glume narrowly oblong, short awned; upper glume up to 5 mm long awned. FIs. & Frts.: September - January. Illus. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 171. 1935. Distrib.: Common in waste lands, growing in large tufts. Selected Specimen: Bhigwan, Inds^^x, Jadhav 170893.
2. Chloris bournei Rang. & Tad. in J. Indian Bot. 2; 189. 1921; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 35. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 425, f. 424. 1996.
934 Perennial, robust grasses; culms 40-60 cm tall, terete, decumbent & rooting at lower nodes, densely leafy at base, geniculately ascending. Leaves linear; sheaths compressed. Spikes 3-5, digitate, spreading, 3-7 cm long, spikelets 3-4 mm long with lower 2 perfect florets & 2 imperfect florets above them. Both lemmas awned. Grains c 2 mm long, linear- oblong. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Distrib.: Rare on bunds o f irrigated fields and in open places in Daund. Selected Specimens: Daund, Jain 6194 & 9559.
3. Chloris dolichostachya Lagasca, Gen. & Sp. PI. 5. 1816; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 35. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 427. 1996. C. incompleta Roth, November PI. Sp. 60. 1821; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 556. 1967 (Repr.). Perennial grasses, 0.6-1 m high; culms terete, procumbent or erect. Spikes 4-6, 10-20 cm long, in terminal whorls. Spikelets 5 mm long fusiform, 2 awned, erect and closely appressed to rachilla; rachilla with a tuft o f hairs at its base. Illus. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 168. 1935. Distrib.-. Rare in hedges. Pune (U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, 1986).
4. Chloris gayana Kunth ex Stapf in Dyer. FI. Cap. 7: 642. 1900; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass.Maharashtra 35. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 426. 1996. Annual or perennial, 0.6-1 m tall grasses; culms erect or prostrate at base and geniculately ascending from stolons, producing runners from lower nodes. Spikes 6-15, 6- 10 cm long, umbelled, sessile. Spikelets c 3 mm long, 3-4 flowered, shortly awned; glumes very unequal, 1-3 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Ilhis.'. Bor, Grass. Ind. f 51. 1960. Distrib. : Pune (Blatter & McCann, 1935); Daund. Selected Specimens: Daund, Jain 6194; BSI campus, Pune (planted), Jain 49725.
5. Chloris quinquesetica Bhide in J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal {n.s.) 8: 311. 1912; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 35. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 427. 1996.
935 Perennial grasses, creeping & rooting at lower nodes, from these nodes forming erect flowering stems of c 60 cm high along with leafy tufts. Spike lets 5-many, 2.5-5 cm long. Spikelets including awns 8 mm long; lower glumes c 1.5 mm long, upper glume 2 mm long. Grains trigonous. FIs. & Frts.: August - September. Distrib.: Rare around lakes. Haveli. Selected Specimen: Katraj lake, Pune, Mahajan 20542.
6. Chloris virgata Swartz, FI. Ind. Occ. 1: 203. 1797; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 44. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 35: 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ctL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 427. 1996. Tufted, leafy armual grasses, occasionally stoloniferous with erect culms; culms 20-60 cm high. Spikes 5-15, 2.5-5 cm long, erect, digitate. Spikelets c 3 mm long excluding awns, 2-awned; lower glume half the length o f upper glume; upper glume 2-fid at apex, producing an awn in between these two lobes. Grains filiform. Fh. & Frts.: July - November. Illtis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 170. 1935. Distrib.'. Very common and abundant throughout the district, along cultivated fields, canals, compound walls, etc., in dry places. Selected Specimens: Bhigwan, Indapur, Jadhav 170896; Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav\lA2A2, & 174271; Daund, Jain 9557; Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 101874. 16. CHRYSOPOGON Trin. la. Plants with creeping rhizomes at base; pedicels half the length o f sessile spikelets or more 1. C aciciilatus lb. Plants without creeping rhizomes; pedicels shorter than half the length o f sessile spikelets 2 2a. Leaves conspicuously distichous 3. C. polyphyllus 2b. Leaves not distichous 2. C.fulviis
1. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 188.1822; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 36. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 429. 1996. Andropogon aciculatus Retz., Obs. Bot. 5: 22. 1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 504. 1967 (Repr.).
936 Perennial, robust grasses; rootstock woody, creeping; culms 20-40 cm long, slender, erect or ascending, leafy at base. Panicles 4-8 cm long, erect; rachis filiform , branches capillary, bearing c 3 mm long, sessile spikelets; callus fulvous hairy; glumes ciliate on keels, lower glume bimucronate, upper glume acuminate or aristate; upper lemma awned. FIs. & Frts.: August. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; tt. 829 & 830. 1982. Distrib.: Rare. Sporadic. Maval. Selected Specimen: Near Valvan dam, Maval, Reddi 98621.
2. Chrysopogon fulvus (Spr.) Chiov., FI. Somala 1: 327. 1929; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 44. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 36. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 430. 1996. Pollinia fulva Spr., Pugill. 2: 10. 1815. Andropogon monticola Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2, Mant. 3: 665. 1827; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 505. 1967 (Repr.). 'Favaiui'. Tufted, perennial, erect grasses; culms 05-1 m tall, terete. Spikelets yellow with brown callus, arranged in threes at the apex o f long capillary, partial peduncles. Pedicelled spikelets 2, longer than sessile one, 1-awned; sessile spikelets solitary, 2-awned. Grains c 4.2 mm long, flat, lanceolate, yellowish. FIs. & Frts.: August - December. lUus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 42. 1935. Distrib.: Common on open hill slopes in gravely soils and on bunds o f cultivated fields. Selected Specimens'. Paud Mulshi, Jadhav, 178288; Kurkum ghat, Daund, Jadhav 174292; Indapur, Jadhav 170885; Saval forests plantation, Baramati, Jadhav 170849; Kuruh, Khed, Puri 25U.
3. Chrysopogon polyphyllus (Hack, ex Hook. / ) Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32; 416. 1928; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 37. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 438. 1996. Andropogon polyphyllus Hack, ex H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 7: 194. 1896. 'Pavana\ Tufted, perennial, erect grasses; culms up to 1 m high, simple or branched. Leaves distichous, 15-25 cm long. Panicles 10-13 cm long. Sessile spikelets drooping; upper glume with 3-8 nmi long awns. Pedicelled spikelets not awned, pedicels naked, villous at the tip only. FIs. &Frts.: September-December.
937 Illus.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 43. 1935. Distrib.: Rare. Along river banks & sandy silted river beds. Daund, Khed. Selected Specimens: Daund, Bhide s.n.\ Pimpalgaon at Sangam o f Bhima & Bhama river, Khed, Janardhanan 72828. 17. COIX L la. Spikelets 5-6 mm broad; male spikelets 8-15 mm long; lower glume o f the male spikelet broadly winged 1. C. gigantea lb. Spikelets up to 2 mm broad; male spikelets under 8 mm long; lower glume o f the male spikelet narrowly or hardly winged 1. C. locryma-jobi
1. Coix gigantea Koen. ex Roxb., FI. Ind. (Ed. Carey) 3; 570. 1832; Hemadri, Grass. Jurmar 45. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 38. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 437, f 436. 1996. 'Kachor . Tall, coarse, stilt-rooted, annual grasses; culms up to 2.5 m high. Leaf blades & sheaths clothed by bristly hairs. Raceme one or many with flat peduncles. Female spikelets solitary, c 5 mm long enclosed by a shining, hard, ovoid, metamorphosed leaf sheath. Male spikelets many, lanceolate; wings o f lower glume 1.5-2.5 mm broad. Grain reddish brown, flat, broadly ovate. FIs.: September - November; Frts. : November - February. Ilhis.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. Distrib.: Uncommon in hill slopes along water course and usually associated with Trilobachne cookei&Chionachne koenigii.
2. Coix lacryma-jobi L., Sp. PI. 972. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 517. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar, 45. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 38. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 438. 1996. "Kachor, Ran-Jondhala\ Photo: PI. 40.C Tall, annual, erect grasses, 0.4-1.5 m tall. Leaves bristly hairy. Racemes one to many, with flat peduncles. Female spikelets c 1 cm long, solitary and enclosed by hard, ovoid, shining, bead-like, metamorphosed leaf sheath. Lower glume o f male spikelet with up to 1 mm broad wings. Grains flat, reddish-brown. FIs. & Fris.: August - December. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 1. 1935.
938 Distrib.: Common along water courses and in drying puddles in ghats. Selected Specimens: On way to Sinhagad, Haveli Jadhav 177907, Patil 7841; opposite Bhushi dam, Lonavala, Maval, Jadhav 180642, Reddi 98792; Purandhar Raghavan 117153; Peth ghat, Khed, Jamirdhanan 75820. 18. CYMBOPOGON Spr. Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) Wats in Atkins. Gaz. N.W. Prov. Ind. 392. 1882; Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. 104. 1935; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 439, f. p.440. 1996. Andropogon martini Roxb., FI. Ind.(Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 280. 1820. 'Rosha-gavat, Surad\ Photo: PI. 40.B Perermial, erect grasses; culms 0.7-2 m tall, terete, stouter, leafy. Leaves up to 25 x 1 cm, linear-lanceolate. Panicles 10-5 cm long. Racemes 1-2 cm long in pairs, with a common spathe, softly hairy, arranged in panicles. Sessile spikelets c 4 mm long, with 1- 1.5 mm long awns. F/s. & Frts.: September - April. Ilhis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common on h ill slopes in ghats. Selected Specimens: Sinhagad, Haveli, Jadhav 177920; Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174286; Muthahie ghat, Otur range, Junnar, Jadhav 180751; Mulshi, Jain 7563; Khadakwasala, Pune, Raghavan 64277. 19. CYNODON L.C. Rich., nom. cons. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 85. 1805; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 554. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 442. 1996. Pcmicum dactylon L., Sp. PI. 58. 1753. ^Haral, HaralV. Perennial, weak grasses with prostrate widely creeping stems, ascending flowering branches and nodal roots. Leaves linear. Inflorescence o f 3-5 digitate spikes. Spikes up to 5 cm long. Spikelets 2-3 mm long. Grains c 1 mm long, obovoid. FIs. & Frts.: Abnost throughout the year. Jllus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 166. 1935. Distrib.ScNote: Common throughout the district in grass lands, along cultivated fileds, preferable in deep black soils, on bunds. Widely spreading and often matted. It is a very good soil-binder & good fodder grass. Medicinal Use: Juice o f the leaves and tender shoots is said to be very effective for diabetic patients. 20. CYRTOCOCCUM Stapf
939 Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum (Steud.) Stapf in Hook, Icon. PI. subt. 3096. 1922; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 444. 1996. Pamciim oxyphyllum Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 65. 1854. Cyrtococcum pilipes A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Nat. 27; 118. 1921; Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. 169, t. 110. 1935. Perennial grasses, c 30 cm high, geniculately ascending from a slender creeping branching base, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves 5-10 cm long, lanceolate. Panicles 5-7 cm long, with remote branches. Spikelets c 1.5 mm long, somewhat globose or ovoid; lower glume half the length o f lower lemma. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. lllus.: Blatter & McCann, op. cit. Distrib. : Rare in dense shady forests, Pune (U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, 1980). 21. DACTYLOCTENIUM Willd. Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Enum. PI. Hort. Berol. 1029. 1809; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 445. 1996. Cynosurus aegyptius L., Sp. PL 72. 1753. Elensine aegy-ptia (L.) Desf, FI. Atlant, 1; 85. 1798, T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 560. 1967(Repr.). Tufted, annual grasses; culms 15-40 cm high, suberect or geniculately ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate; sheaths compressed; ligule membraneous. Inflorescence o f 2-6, digitate spikes; rachis stout, produced as rigid sharp point beyond the spikelets. Spikelets close, 3-4 mm long, pectinate in four rows on one side o f rachis. Grains c 1 mm long, subglobose, brownish. FIs. & Frts.; September - December. Illtis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass.t. 176. 1935. Distrib.; Common in cultivated fields, on bunds, in gardens, etc. Selected Specimens'. Takrarwadi, Bhigwan, Indapur, Jadhav 170898; near Valvan dam, Maval, Reddi 100947; BSI campus, Pune, Singh 108958. 22. DENDROCALAMUS Nees Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees in Liimaea 9: 476. 1834; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 572. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 449, f. p.448. 1996. Bambosstricta Roxb., PI. Cor. 1; 58, t. 80. 1795. "Man, Lahan Bamboo'. Densely tufted, deciduous, robust bamboos; culms up to 8 m x 8 cm, almost solid or with slight cavity. Stem sheaths c 15-30 x 7-10 cm, brown. Leaves up to 25 x 5 cm, oblong-lanceolate rounded at base, acuminate at apex. Inflorescence o f large, branched
940 panicles o f dense, globular heads. Heads c 2.5 cm in diam. Spikelets spinescent hairy; glumes spinescent. Grains c 8 mm long ovoid. FIs. & Frts.: October - March. Ilhis. -. K.M. Matthew, Fur. lilus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t.743.1988; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, op. cit. Distrib. : Found at the outskirts o f the deciduous forests in hilly areas. Selected Specimens: Durga Fort, Junnar Hemadri 89953 Dhak fort, Junnar, Hemadri 104493; Shivneri hill, Junnar Hemadri 104580. 23. DICHANTHIUM Willd la. Lower glume o f sessile spikelets pitted 2. D. armatum lb. Lower glume o f sessile spikelets not pitted 2 2a. Peduncles o f the racemes glabrous; lower glume o f sessile spikelets oblong, bulbous-based hairy I. D. anmdatum 2b. Peduncles o f the racemes white hairy; lower glume o f sessile spikelets obovate, hairs without bulbous bases 3. D. cahcosum
1. Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9: 178. 1917; U.R. Deshp. in Fasc. FI. India 15: 5. 1984; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 452. 1996. Andropogon aumdatus Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 173. 1775; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 508. 1967 (Repr.). Densely tufted, perennial grasses, up to 0.7 m high. Racemes 1-8, 4-8 cm long, subdigitately fascicled. Pedicels sparsely hairy callus thick, shortly hairy. Sessile spikelet 3-4 mm long; lower glume truncate; upper lemma o f 2 cm long scabrid awn. FIs. & Frts.: September - February. Illiis.: Blatter & McCann, Bomaby Grass, t. 62. 1935. Distrib.: Common and very good fodder grass, on old pasture grounds, in cultivated fileds and gardens and in hedges on bunds. Selected Specimens: Sainikwadi, Vadgaonsheri, Pune, Jadhav 180628; on way to Mankey hill, Khandala, Maval, Rolla 78927; Daund, Jain 9550.
2. Dichanthium armatum (Hook./) Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32; 425. 1928 & Bombay Grass. 91, t. 57. 1935; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot 452. 1996. Andropogon armatum Hook. / , FL Brit. India 7: 197. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 507. 1967 (Repr.).
941 Small, tufted, weak, annual grasses; culms slender, erect, 15-50 cm high. Racemes 1.5- 3 cm long, subdigitate. Spikelets 10-20 pairs, loosely arranged, silky hairy. Sessile spikelets c 3 mm long; lower glume with deep dorsal pit; upper lemma represented by c 2.5 cm long awns. Lower glume o f pedicelled spikelets armed with marginal bulbous-based hairs. FIs. & Frts.; September - December. Illiis. -. Blatter & McCann, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional on open rocky plateaux. Selected Specimens: Dhak plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 107490; Inglun-Hathi, Junnar, Hemadri 128539; Foot o f Rasache Jungle, Gadad, Khed, Jcmardhancm 76245.
3. Dichanthium caricosum (L.) A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27; 549. 1921; U.R. Deshp. in Fasc. FI. India 15: 7. 1984; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 453. 1996. Andropogon caricosum L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 1480. 1763; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 507. 1967 (Repr.). Much tufted, perennial grasses, 60-90 cm high; culms erect or occasionally ascending from a creeping base and rooting at lower nodes, leafy. Racemes 3-7, 5-11 cm long. Sessile spikelets 3.5-5 mm long; lower glume obovate, truncate or rounded at apex; upper glume ciliate. Pedicelled spikelets as long as sessile spikelets. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illiis. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 61. 1935. Distrib. : A good fodder grass with much hairy peduncles. Common on bunds and around cultivated fields, on lower hills, etc. Selected Specimens: Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101796; Jawalewadi, Junnar, Hemadri 106861; Tiskari village, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99424. 24. DIGITARIA (Heist, ex Fabr.) Haller la. Verrucose hairs present on spikelets 3. D. longiflora lb. Verrucose hairs absent on spikelets 2 2a. Hairs on spikelets clavate 3 2b. Hairs on spikelets, if any, not clavate 5 3a. Spikelets arranged in threes; cariopsis broadly 6. ellipsoid, c 2.5 mm long D. ternata 3b. Spikelets arranged in pairs; cariopsis ovoid or ellipsoid, c I mm long 942 4a. Inflorescence o f 3-7 racemes; anthers yellow; cariopsis-tip protruding above the lower lemma 1. D. abludens 4b. Inflorescence o f 2-3 racemes; anthers purplish; cariopsis-tip not as above 5. D. stricta 5a. Main rachis with long bristly hairs at the nodes; spikelets under 3 mm long; lower glume absent; upper glume not well developed, only a scale 4. D. setigera 5b. Main rachis absent, if present, without bristly hairs at nodes; lower glume reduced to a triangular scale; upper glume welldeveloped 2. D. ciliaris
1. D igitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.,) Veld, in Blumea 21: 53. 1973; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh et al.. Grass. Maharashtra 50. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monoct. 461. 1996. Pcmicum abludens Roem.& Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 457. 1817. Digitaria pedicellaris (Trin. ex Hook. / ) Praia, Beng. PI. 1181. 1903; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 458. 1967 (Repr.). Tufted, annual grasses, c 30 cm high, erect or geniculately ascending. Spikes linear 3- 01, c 5 cm long, alternate, racemose. Spikelets loose, 1.2-1.5 mm long, elliptic or obovate. Lower glume obsolete; upper elliptic, 5-nerved, almost hyaline. FIs. & Frts.: August-October. Ilhts. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 80. 1935. Distrib.: Rare in open h ill slopes. Haveli; Khed; Chaturshingi hill (Blatter & McCaim, op. cit.). Selected Specimens: Kadus, Khed, Janardhanan 69045; Railway line, Khadaki, Pune, Garade 830; about 15 km South-East o f Pune, Acc. No. 3969.
2. D igitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel., Descr. Gram. 27. 1802; Hemadri, Grass. Juimar 50. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 50. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et at., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 462. 1996. Panicum ciliare Retz., Obs. Bot. 4; 16. 1786. Digitaria sanguinalis Scop. var. ciliaris Prain, Beng. PL 1181. 1903; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 457. 1967 (Repr.). Digitaria marginata Link var. fimbriata (Link) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9: 440. 1919; Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. 125, t. 78. 1935. Tufted, annual, erect or suberect grasses, 0.5-1 m high. Racemes 2-7, 4-15 cm long, digitate or whorled or with a short main rachis. Spikelets in pairs, 3-4 mm long, lower
943 subsessile, upper pedicelled. Lower glume a membraneous scale or obsolete, upper glume and lower lemma densely ciliate. Grains c 2 mm long, oblong, compressed or quite glabrous., yellowish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: Almost throughout the year. Ilhis.: Blatter & McCann, op. ch. Distrib.: A good fodder grass, very common along roadsides, in h ill slopes, around cultivated fields, etc. Selected Specimens: BSI campus, Pune, Jadhav 180678-B; Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari J01518; Kharpudi bill foot, Khed, Janardhanan 71818; Rajni near Saltar, Mulshi, Reddi 99142; Khandala, Maval, Gammie 15466.
3. Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pars., Syn. PI. 1; 85. 1805; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 458. 1967 (Repr); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 52. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 50. 1986. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma ef al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 463. 1996. Paspahim longiflora Retz., Obs. Bot. 4; 15. 1786. Tufted, procumbent, annual grasses; culms 20-30 cm long, slender, ascending, rooting at lower nodes, very much branched. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear. Panicle 2-3, digitate. Racemes 2.5-7 cm long. Spikelets 1.5-2.2 mm long, appressed, elliptic, in threes, with pedicels o f different length, lower glume absent; lower lemma soft hairy. FIs. cfe Frts.: September - October. IIliis. : Blatt & McC., Bombay Grass, t. 81. 1935. Distrib.'. Common in grassy h ill slopes, around lakes, usually associated with Dimeria ornithopoda Trin. Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens'. Lonavala lake, Maval, Reddi 97993; INS Shivaji, Reddi 97766; Bhushi lakes Lonavala, Maval, Acc. No. 3961 (without author’s name); Tiskari forest, Mulshi, Reddi 99317.
4. Digitaria setigera Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 474. 1817; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 53. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 51. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra Monocot. 463, £ 464. 1996. Panicum corymbostm Roxb., FI. Ind.(Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 295. 1820. Paspalum sanguinale Lamk. var. extensum Hook./, FI. Brit. India 7; 15. 1896. ssp. setigera 944 Erect or suberect, annual grasses; culms 0.5-1.5 m long, rooting at lower nodes. Racemes 6-12, 6-10 cm long on a short main rachis. Spikelets in pairs 2.5-3 mm long, lower subsessile, soft hairy along margins, upper pedicelled. Lower glume absent, lower lemma soft hairy. Grains oblong-ellipsoid, white. FIs. & Frts.: September - October (- January). Illits. : Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit. Distrib.; A very good fodder grass, found near rivers, on the bunds o f cultivated fields, in wetlands, etc. Selected Specimens: Fields along Kukadi river near Junnar Hemadri 98178; Inglun, Junnar, Hemadri 107352. ssp. maratbensis (Henr.) Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 53. 1980. Digitaria cotymbosa (Roxb.) Merr. ssp. marathensis Henr., Monogr. Digitoria 152. 1950. It is very similar to typical sub-species in its habitat and habit but can be distinquished by its lower lemmas o f both subsessile and pedicelled spikelets which are with tubercle based bristles between 2"‘^& 3“' nerves, in addition to usual marginal soft hairs. FIs. & Frts.: October. III us.: Henr., op. cit. Distrib.: Very rarely found in the bushes o f Euphorbia neriifolia L. Selected Specimen: Narayangaon, Junnar, Hemadri 106976. Note: The abovesaid Hemadri's collection is the third collection o f this sub-species and second collection from the Maharashtra state (Type collection from Dharwar, Karnataka state, 1884 -Hemadri, op. cit.). This subspecies was not reported by Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, in Flora o f Maharashtra, 1996.
5. D igitaria stricta Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 474. 1817; Hemadri, Grass. Juimar 54. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 51. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 465. 1996. D. royleana fNees ex H oo k./). Prain, Beng. PI. 1182. 1903; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 459. 1967 (Repr.). D. stricta var. denudata (Link) Henr., Monogr. Gen Digitaria 175. 1950. D. stricta var. glabrescens Bor inWebbia 11: 336. 1955. Tufted, annual, erect grasses, very variable in size; culms 10 cm to 1 m high. Panicles with 2-many subdigitate or alternate racemes on a short main rachis. Spikelets in threes, c 1 mm long. Fruits purplish, drying blackish; grains ellipsoid.
945 FIs. & Frts.: August - February. Illus. : Blatter & McCann, Bomaby Grass, t, 82. 1935. Distrih. : Common along streams, in wet soils in cultivated fields, in open h ill plateaux and slopes. Selected Specimens'. Near Vaivan dam, Maval, Reddi 98717, 98628, Hivare-Ralegaon plateau, Junanr, 106868-x; Narayangaon, Hemadri 107062; Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101517; Purandhar, Bhide s.n.-A\ Vandra, Khed, Janardhanan.
6. Digitaria ternata (A. Rich.) Stapf ex Dyer, FI. Cap. 7: 376. 1898; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 457. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 55. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P, Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 51. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 465. 1996. Cynodon ternatiis A. Rich., Tent. FI. Abyss. 2; 405. 1851. Annual, erect grasses, 10-40 cm high, tufted or not. Leaves 5-15 cm long, linear- lanceolate. Racemes 2-4, digitate, silvery white. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long, in pairs, lower sessile and upper pedicelled. Pedicels hairy towards tip. Lower glume absent, upper glume villous along the sides with clavate hairs. Fruits dark purple. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Illus. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 77. 1935. Distrib.: Common in open hill slopes. Selected Specimens: BSI campus, Pune, Singh 108961; near Vaivan dam, Lonavala, Maval Reddi 98609; Khandala, Maval, Gammie 15353-B; Purandhar fort, Bhide s.n.; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 87895. 25. D IM ER IA R. Br. la. Spikelets 8-12 mm long 1. D. blatteri lb. Spikelets up to 7 mm long 2 2a. Upper glume winged on back; wing rounded and corky 5. D. stapfiana 2b. Upper glume keeled, not winged 3 3a. Rachis flat; spikelets 1-2.5 mm long 4. D. omithopoda 3b. Rachis trigonous or filiform ; spikelets 3-6 mm long 4 4a. Annuals; spikelets parallel to the rachis, 3-3.5 mm long 3. D. hohenackeri 4b. Perennials; spikelets spreading along the rachis, 5-6 mm long 2. D. gracilis
946 1. Dimeria blatteri Bor in Kew Bull. 1949: 70. 1949 & Grass. Ind. 140. 1960; U.R. Deshp, & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 52. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 467. 1996. fig.-34 Tufted, annual grasses, 35-60 cm tall; culms slender with bearded nodes. Leaves linear, hairy on both sides, bulbous-based hairy along margins. Racemes 2-4, 4-6 cm long. Spikelets all pedicelled, greenish, laterally compressed, 0.8-1.2 cm long (excluding awns); glumes hairy along keels, upper glume c 7 mm long, linear-oblong. FIs. & Frts.: October - November. Ilhis.: Bor, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. Found in ravines in open condition in higher ghat. Maval. Selected Specimen: Bhushi, lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98791. Note-. This is endemic to Maharashtra, probably Western ghats in Maharashtra.
2. Dimeria gracilis Nees. ex Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1: 413. 1855; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 463. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 52. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 468. 1996. P* 3 ~ Densely tufted, perennial grasses; culms 30-90 cm high, leafy. Leaves up to 15 cm long, erect & rigid, glabrous to hairy. Racemes 2-10, very slender, 5-10 cm long, brownish, flexuous; rachis filiform . Spikelets c 5 mm long, pedicelled, laterally much compressed, secund; lower glume linear, plicate; upper glume aristate, ciliolate; upper lemma 2-fid, with c 1 cm long awn, silky hairy. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.: Bor, Grass. Ind., 141, f. 3(4). 1960. Distrib.-. On grassy slopes in ghats along with other grasses, particularly Arthraxon spp. Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens-. Near Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99461; Lonavala, Maval, Jain 8921, Gannies. n., Bhide s. n. Note-. It has a peculiar look of its light brown or yellowish-white colour of the inflorescence.
3. Dimeria hohenakeri Hochst. ex Miq. in Verh. Konink. Nederl. Inst. 3, 4: 35. 1851; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 56. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 468. 1996.
947 Erect, annual grasses 15-35 cm high; leaves mostly basal, hairy. Racemes 2-4 per peduncle, 2.5-6 cm long; greenish-pink, yellowish-brown on drying; spikelets 3-4.5 mm long, awn 10-14 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. lUiis.-. Bor, Grass. Ind. 142. 1960. Distrih.: Abundant on open Ambe plateau in Junnar along with other grasses and Eriocaulon spp. (Hemadri, op. cit.). Unfortunately, this specimen is misplaced and hence it was neither collected nor seen.
4. Dimeria ornitbopoda Trin., Fund. Agrost. 167, t. 14. 1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 462. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar. 57. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 52. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et at., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 468. 1996. Annual, slender, weak, erect or procumbent, leafy grasses, 10-35 cm high; culms slightly tufted or not. Leaves 3-6 cm long, linear and somewhat good looking. Racemes 2 or 3, 1.5-6 cm long, reddish-brown. Spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm long, narrow. Upper lemma hyaline; awns c 8 mm long; column c 3 mm long, brown. FIs. & Frts. : September - October. Illus. : Blatter & McCann, Bomaby Grass, t. 4. 1935. Distrib.: Common only in higher, open h ill slopes and plateaux, usually found growing in association with species o f Eriocaitlon&Mcmisuris. Selected Specimens: Bhoma hill, Lonavala, Maval, Jain 8926; Tiskari forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99433; Bhivade Khurd, Junnar, Hemadri 102565; Durga fort, Junnar Hemadri 104245, 107532.
5. Dimeria stapfiana C.E. Hubb. ex Pilger in Eng. & Prantl., Pflanzenf 14 e: 109. 1940; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 57. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 52. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 469. 1996. Woodrowia diandra. Stapf in Hook. Ic. PI. t. 2447. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 533. 1967 (Repr.). ^Kothir\ Erect, annual grasses, 20-35 cm high. Leaves chiefly basal, narrowly linear. Racemes 2, 3-6 cm long, drying yellowish. Spikelets 5-6 mm long, somewhat distant. Awns c 15 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. 948 Illus.-. Bor, Grass. Ind. 143, f. 4913). 1960. Distrib.; Common on open plateau, associated with other grasses and Eriocaulon spp. Selected Specimens: Vaghya, near Hanuman Talao, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81830; Durga fort plateaux, Junnar, Hemadri 107530; Lonavala, Maval, Bhide s.n. (Acc. No. 3024-3029). 26. DINEBRAJacq. Dinebra retroflexa(Vahl) Panz. in Denkschr. Acad. Wiss. Munchen 270, t.l2 . 1814; Blatt. & McC. Bombay Grass. 264. 1935;Lakshmin, in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 470. 1996. Cynostinis retroflexus Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2:20.1791. Dinebra arabica Jacq., Phragm. Bot.77, t. 121, f.1.1809; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 562. 1967 (Repr.). 'Lona . Annual, tufted,erect or geniculately ascending grass, 30-60 cm high. Inflorescence 10 - 15cm long, piramidal. Racemes spiketely arranged.
FIs. cS Frts.: October-December. Illus.'. Blatt. & McC.,op. cit.t. 177. Distrib.: A very good fodder grass, very common as awed in cultivated fields. 27. ECHINOCHLOAP. Beauv la. Lower leaves with a ligule of a fringe of stiff hairs 4. E. stagiiina lb. All leaves without ligule 2 2a. Upper lemma over 3 mm long 2. E. cnis-galli 2b. Upper lemma under 3 mm long 3 3a. Spikes less than 12 in number 1. E. colona 3b. Spikes more than 15 in number 3. E. fnimentacea
1. Echinochloa colona (L.) Link, Hort. Berol. 2; 209. 1833; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 58. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 53. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 472. 1996. Panictim coloniim L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2; 870. 1759; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 447. 1967 (Repr.). 'Barad\ Aimual, leafy grasses, decumbent or ascending, 30-60 cm high; culms erect or ascending, sometimes stunted and tufted. Spikes c 2 cm long. Spikelets 2-3.2 mm long, globose-ovoid. Grains c l . 5 mm long, nearly as long as broad, flat, white. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 94. 1935. 949 Distrib.: Common in and around cultivated fields, gardens, etc. Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Pune, Jadhav 180639-A; Bhigwan, Indapur, Jadhav 170889, Peth ghat top, Khed, Janardhanan 71970.
2. Echinochloa crusgaili (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, 761. 1812; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 59. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 53. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 472. 1996. Panicum crusgaili L., Sp. PL, 56. 1753. ^Pakiur. Annual, erect grasses, 30-60 cm high. Panicles erect, 8-15 cm long; rachis triquetrous. Spikes c 3 cm long. Spikelets 4-5 mm long, elliptic or ovate with short or long awns; lower glume cuspidate. Grains c 2 mm long, brownish. FIs. &Frts.\ September - November. Illiis.'. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 95. 1935. Distrib.: Probably an escape from cultivation. Found around water bodies, in stream beds, around cultivated fields, etc. Selected Specimens: Pune, Jain 7633; Ambegaon plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 107598; Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 95741.
3. Echinochloa frumentacea Link, Hort. Berol. 1: 204. 1827; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 59. 1980; Lf.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 53. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 473, f. 474. 1996. Panicum crusgaili var. frumentaceuin H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 7: 31. 1896. P. stagninum var. frumentacea Trim., Cat. Ceyl. PI. 104. 1885; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 447. 1967 (Repr.). ^Barati\ Annual, erect, tall, robust grasses, 40-60 cm high or more. Panicles pyramidal with c 3 cm long, crowded spikes. Spikelets c 3 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 764. 988. Distrib.: Probably an escape. Found occasionally in and around cultivated fields.
4. Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, 161, 171. 1812; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 54. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 473. 1996. Panicum stagninum. Retz., Obs. Bot. 5; 17. 1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 446. 1967 (Repr.).
950 Annual or perennial grasses with many, long with root-fibres and root-lets. Panicles 10- 20 cm long. Spikelets ovoid-lanceolate, awned. FIs.: October. nius. : Rang. & Tad., S. Indian Grass. 77, f. 88. 1921. Distrib. : Khandala, in water in small tank (Blatt & McC., 1935). Not seen this specimen. 28. ELUSINE Gaertn. Elusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 8. 1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 560. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 60. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 473. 1996. Cynosunis indiciis L., Sp. PI. 72. 1753. 'Rati-nachni'. Tufted, annual, erect, glabrous grasses, 20-25 cm high; roots strongly fibrous. Leaves 15-25 cm long, linear; sheaths compressed. Spikes 2-8, digitate, up to 10 cm long, sessile or subsessile. Spikelets 3-5 mm long, compressed, alternately biseriate. Grains c 1.5 mm long, oblong rugose, dark brown. FIs. & Frts.: More or less throughout the year. Illus. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass t. 172. 1935. Distrib.: Common as a weed in cultivated fields and along road sides. Selected Specimen: BSI Campus, Pune, Jaclluiv 175899. 29. ELYTROPHORUSP Beativ. Elytrophorus spicatus (W illd.) A. Camus in Lecomte, FI. Gen. Indo Chine 7; 547. 1923; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass, Maharashtra 55. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 476. 1996. Dactylis spicata Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, Neue Schrift. 3: 416. 1801. Elytrophorus articulattis P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 67, t. 14, f. 2. 1812; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 567. 1967 (Repr.). F ig • " 3 ^ • Annual erect, glabrous grasses; culms 15-30 cm tall. Leaves mostly basal, linear, exceeding culms, glabrous. Inflorescence a false cylindric spike, up to 10 cm long. Spikelets in globose clusters, crowded together in long continuous or interrupted false spikes. Spikes sometimes shortly branched at base. Spikelets c 5 mm long, ovoid. Grains fiisiform. FIs. & Frts.: November - December. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 188. 1935. Distrib.: Rare in Khed & Maval in ghats in shallow, drying ditches and in harvested rice fields. Selected Specimens: Peth ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 11%1A\ Lonavala Maval, Jain 8927. 30. ELIONURUS Kunth
951 Elionurus royleanus Nees ex A. Rich., Tent., FI. Abyss. 2; 471. 1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 491. 1967 (Repr.). “ 3 ^ Annual, small, leafy, slender, slightly tufted grasses, 15-25 cm high; nodes pubescent. Racemes c 4 cm long, erect, terminal, partly enclosed in long narrow sheaths; joints densely silky hairy. Sessile spikelets c 12 mm long (with beak), linear; lower glume c 12 mm long including with slightly divergent, elongate, 2-fid ciliate beak, margins with large violet tubercles, each tubercle with glistining hairs, upper glume linear-lanceolate, acuminate to aristate. FIs. & Frts.; November. Ilhis.; Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 26. 1935. Distrib.: Rare in shady places near a water body. Indapur. Selected Specimen: Bhigwan near Takrarwadi, Indapur, Jadhav 170884. Note: The above collection is the first collection from the district and probably the second from Western Maharashtra after Satara district. 31. ERAGROSTIELLA Bor la. Leaves filiform , often inrolled, tips narrowly acuminate or setaceous; palea ciliolate along margins; keels broadly winged E. bifaria lb. Leaves linear, tips obtuse; palea glabrous along margins; keels narrowly winged 2. E. brachyphylla
1. Eragrostiella bifaria (Vahl) Bor, in Indian For. 66: 270. 1940 & Grass. Ind. 494. 1960; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 55. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 477. 1996. Poa bifaria Vahl., Symb. Bot. 2: 19. 1791. Eragrostis bifaria (Vahl) Wight ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 246 1854; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 550. 1967 (Repr.). Perennial, erect tufted grasses up to 60 cm high, usually with remains o f old leaves at base. Inflorescence a terminal 8-20 cm long spike. Spikelets secund, 6-9 mm long, overlapping by half o f their length, distichously spreading; glumes membranous; palea 2- keeled. Grains c 0.5 mm long, broadly ovoid. FIs. & Fris.: August - October. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; t. 863. 1982. Distrib.: Fairly common in open grasslands, on the exposed rocky, gravelly slopes o f hills in lower elevations.
952 Selected Specimens: Hillock near Moshi, Khed, Puri 6080-A; Katraj, Haveli, Puri 5771; Law College hill, Pune, Janardhanan 64582; Kuruli hill, Khed, Janardhamm 72592.
2. Eragrostiella brachyphylla (Stapf) Bor, in Indian For. 66: 270. 1940 & Grass. Ind. 494. 1960; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 61. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 477, f. 478. 1996. Enigrostis brachyphylla Stapf in Hook./, FI. Brit. India?; 327. 1896. Perennial, erect, tufted grasses up to 50 cm high. Leaves almost radical. Spikes terminal, solitary, 8-20 cm long. Spikelets c 6 mm long, ovate-oblong; glumes c 2 mm long. Grains subovoid, reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - March. Ulus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 770. 1988. Distrih.: Fairly common in the exposed rocky hill slopes. Associated with Tripogon sp. Selected Specimens: Law College hill, Pune, Jadhav 174233; Shivneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 98009; Parvati hill, Haveli, Ansari 64239. Note: The genus Eragrostiella founded by Bor {op. cit.) and segregated from Eragrostis based on a solitary, secund spike. The inflorescence in Eragrostis is always panicled. 32. ERAGROSTIS N M. W olf 1. Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees, FI. Afr. Austr. 408. 1841; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 544. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 57. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 481. 1996. Poa aspera Jacq., Hort. Vindob. 3: 32, t. 56. 1776. Tufted, annual, erect grasses, 30-40 cm high. Panicles lax, thyrsiform, obovate-oblong, 10-22 cm long, pedicels longer than spikelets. Spikelets 4-6 mm long, breaking up from apex to base. Grains subglobose. FIs. & Frts.: November. Illus.: Bor, Grass. Ind. 502. f. 55. 1960. Distrib.: Occasionally found in muddy places around stagnant water pools by the side o f irrigation canal and cultivated fields. Baramati. Selected Specimen: Pimpali, Baramati, Jadhav 170847-A.
2. Eragrostis cilianensis (A ll.) Vignolo-Lutati ex F.T. Hubb. in Philip. J. Sci. Bot. 8; 159. 1913; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 63. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra,
953 Monocot. 481. 1996. Poa cilianensis A ll., FI. Pedem. 2: 246, t. 91, f. 2. 1785. Eragrostis major Host., Gram. Austral. 4: 14, t. 24. 1809; T. Cooke, FI, Bombay 3: 548, 1967 (Repr,), Tufted, annual, erect, leafy grasses, somewhat stouter and branched, 30-70 cm high. Leaves flat, glandular along margins. Panicles erect, up to 20 cm long; branches subrectly spreading rachis stouter. Spikelets 5-15 mm long, ovate; paleas with ciliate keels. Grains minute, reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.; August - May. Illiis. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 157. 1935. Distrib.; Fairly common around cultivated fields and on hill slopes. Daund, Junnar, Haveli. Selected Specimens: Along river, Daund, Bliicle 1329; Shivaneri fort, Junnar, Hemaciri 99689 & 98278; Chinchwad, Pune, Puri 8371; Parvati, Pune, Ansari 64381.
3. Eragrostis ciliaris (L.) R. Br. in Tuckey, Narr. Exp. Congo, App. 478. 1818; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 63. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 483. 1996. Poa ciliaris L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2; 875. 1759. Eragrostis ciliaris var. brachystachya Boiss., FI. Orient. 5: 582. 1884; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 545. 1967 (Repr); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 58. 1986. Tufted, small grasses; branches spreading on ground, then geniculately ascending, up to 12 cm long; nodes glabrous. Spikes terminal, dense, 2-2.5 cm long, oblong, cylindrical, appearing hairy because o f long cilia o f the palea. Spikelets small, c 2.5 mm long & broad; lemmas c 1 mm long densely ciliate on the keels. Grains elongated, reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.; September - November. Illtis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 154. 1935. Distrib.: Less common along roadsides and cultivated fields. Selected Specimens: Pimpali, Baramati, Jadhav 170831; Gibson garden, Junnar, Jadhav 172731; near Narayangaon, Junnar, Hemadri 106989.
4. Eragrostis gangetica (Roxb.) Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1; 266. 1854; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 547. 1967 (Repr.) p.p.', Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 63. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 483, f. p.482. 1996. Poa gangetica Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 341. 1820. ^NaruP. Much tufted, annual, erect or suberect grasses, 30-60 cm high. Leaves long, up to 20 cm long, convolute. Panicles 5-18 cm long, with up to 6 cm long secondary branches.
954 Spikelets 4-8 mm long, linear, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate; prominently olive-green. Grains reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: July - October. Ulus.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Fairly common in river beds on wet bunds, along the margins o f lakes, ponds and streams. Selected Specimens'. Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 97706; Narayangaon, bund site, Junnar, Hemadri 107094; Ghodegaon, Ambegaon, Vasavda 4929; Vanevadi-Inglun Road, Junnar, Hemadri 107344-X.
5, Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 6, 1: 405. 1831; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 64. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 58. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 484. 1996. Poa japonica Thunb., FI. Jap. 51. 1784. Eragrostis interriipta seusii Stapf in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 7: 316. 1896 non (R. Br.) P. Beauv 1812. E. internipta var. koenigii Stapf in Hook. f.op. cU.\ T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 546. 1967 (Repr.). E. namaquensis Sclirad. var. diplachnoides (Steud.) W.D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 25: 251. 1971; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, op. cit. Tufted, annual or perennial, erect, quite glabrous grasses; culms up to 1.2 m tall, stout, terete; nodes glabrous. Leaves long up to 40 cm long, glabrous; sheaths compressed, glabrous, much longer. Panicles very long, up to 50 cm long, smooth to touch, with appressed branches. Spikelets very minute, 1 -3 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: October - January. Illtis. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; tt. 864 & 865. 1982. Distrib.: Occasional in open damp areas in cultivated fields, in river beds, around catchment areas, along water courses, etc. Selected Specimens: Bhigwan, Indapur, Jadhav 170897; On way to INS Shivaji, Rolla 85203; Umbarde, Bhor, Mahajan 30174; Bhovargiri, Khed, Janardhanan 69119; Korai Fort, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 95850.
6. Eragrostis m inor Host., Gram. Austral. 4; 15. 1809; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 548. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 484. 1996. E. poaeoides P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 162. 1832; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 65. 1980. "Chiman-chara'.
955 Densely tufted, annual, erect grasses; culms slender, 30-60 cm tall; nodes glabrous. Panicles 15-30 cm long, lax; branches spreading at maturity. Spikelets 3-12 x 1-1.2 mm, ovoid to linear. Grains brown. Fls.&Frts.-. August-November. Illus. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 158. 1935. Distrib.: Common in damp situations in open grasslands in cultivated fileds. Selected Specimens'. Saval lake, Baramati, Jadhav 170850; Bhigwan, Indapur, Jadhav 170895; Gibson garden, Junnar, Jadhav 172730; Garkantha, Daund, Jain 6191; Purandhar ghat, Rolla 86592; Arvi, haveli, Ansari 101842.
7. Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Nom. Bot. ed. 2, 563. 1840; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 58. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 485. 1996. Poa mitans Retz. Obs. Bot. 4; 19. 1786. Eragrostis stenophylla Hochst. ex Miq., Analect. Bot. Ind. Part 2, 27. 1851; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 547. 1967 (Repr.). Densely tufted, perennial grasses, 30-50 cm high; culms erect or geniculately ascending. Leaves very narrow, convolute. Panicles oblong, suberect or nodding. Spikelets 4-6 mm long, linear-oblong. Grains globose. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. Ulus.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; 111. 1988. Distrib.-. Sporadic. Khandala [Satapau, 1967 (Rev. ed.)]; Borkas, Maval (T. Cooke, op. cit.) Pashan & Purandhar (Blatter & McCann, 1935). Note: No specimens seen. The description is taken ft-om T. Cooke, op. cit.
8. Erogrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 71, 162, 175. 1812; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 550. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 65. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 487. 1996. Poa pilosa L., Sp. PI. 68. 1753. Tufted, aimual, erect grasses, 15-60 cm high; culms erect or geniculately ascending. Leaves narrowly linear. Panicles erect, 10-20 cm long. Spikelets 3-5 mm long, linear, scattered on capillary pedicels; glumes hyaline. Grains c 8 mm long, reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: August - October. Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 778. 1988. Distrib.: Sporadic grasses, found in damp & swampy areas both in plains and in h ill plateaux.
956 Selected Specimens-. Hivare Bk., Junnar, Jadhav 172784; Bhushi dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 68399; Purandhar, Rolla 88602; Chakan, Khed, RoUa 66430; Katraj lake, Mahajan 20538.
9. Eragrostis riparia (W illd.) Nees, Agrost. Bros. 512. 1829; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 487, f. 486. 1996. Poa riparia Willd. in Ges. Natur. Freunde-Berlin, Neue Schr. 4; 185. 1803. Eragrostis tenella var. riparia (Willd.) Stapf in H ook./, FI. Brit. India 7: 315. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 545. 1967 (Repr.). Note: It was collected from Baramati but unfortunately specimen is misplaced.
10. Eragrostis tenella (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2; 576. 1817; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 65. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 489. 1996. Poa tenella L., Sp. PL 69. 1753. Eragrostis tenella var. /?m7ci;/;»;.vStapf in Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7; 315. 1896. E. tenella var. pliimosa (Retz.) Stapf in H oo k./, op. cit. 315; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 545. 1967 (Repr.). ' Chiman-Chara'. Annual, tufted grasses, 15-40 cm high. Leaves narrowly linear. Panicles 5-12 cm long. Spikelets very small 1-3 mm long; glumes unequal. Grains minute, reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: August - December. Illus. -. Blatter & McCarm, Bombay Grass, t. 155. 1935. Distrib.: Common along road sides. Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Singh 108957; Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174284; Bhigwan, Indapur, Jadhav 170892; Daund, Jain 9598; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 83725; Shirur, Puri 6733. Note: Variety insularis C.E. Hubb. in Kew Bull. 1939 is reported under this species from Pune district & is segregated from typical variety by the absence of axillary hairs in panicles. A ll the above cited specimens belong to this variety.
11. Eragrostis tenuifolia Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 268. 1854; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 549. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 66. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 59. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 491, f. p. 490. 1996. Tufted, perennial, erect grasses; 0.3-1 m tall; culms very much tufted, with narrow leaves; basal sheaths much compressed covering the base o f the stem. Panicles up to 15 cm
957 long, lax. Spikelets c 1 cm long, linear, olive-green or grayish-green, lax. Grains oblong reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - April. Ulus. -. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Common around cultivated fields, along river banks and other water chaiuiels. Selected Specimens-. Dariyabai Deorai, along Mandvi river near Chilhewadi, Junnar, Jadhav 180787; Pimpawadi, Junnar, Hemadri 106822; Purandhar, Rolla 88603; Khandala, Maval, Gammie 15398; Sinhagad, Haveli, Mahajan 26716. Note-. It is a good fodder grass and can be effectively used as soil binder due to its strong root system and its perennial nature.
12. Eragrostis tremula Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. PL Glum. 1; 269. 1854; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 549. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 59. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 491. 1996. Annual, tufted grasses, up to 1 m tall, with very diffiise and large panicles with filiform branches. Spikelets 5-18 mm long on slender pedicels, linear. Note-. It is recorded from Lonavala by T. Cooke, op. cit.& Blatter & McCann, 1935, based on Lisboa’s collection. However, these specimens could not be seen and hence the above description is from Blatter & McCann, 1935.
13. Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 264. 1854; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 67. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 491. 1996. Poa unioloides Retz., Obs. 5: 19. 1789. Eragrostis amabilis Stapf in Hook./, FI. Brit. India 7: 317. 1896, non Wight & Am. ex Nees 1838; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 546. 1967 (Repr.). "Lona, Poha-gavat’. Annual, erect grasses, sometimes tufted, 15-30 cm high. Panicles 4-10 cm long. Spikelets 3-6 x 3-4 mm long, tinged with purple or pink, flat, ovate. Grains ellipsoid, reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Ulus. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grasf t. 156. 1935. Distrib.: A good fodder grass found along margins o f water bodies, on open hill plateaux and in harvested rice fields, etc.
958 Selected Specimens: Khubi Phata, on way to Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172754 & 172758; Khandala, Maval, Wadlnva, 64014; Ambavane, Reddi 97688; Dimbhe, Ambegaon, Puri 8473; Vanewadi-Junnar Rd., Hemadri 107343.
14. Eragrostis viscosa (Retz.) Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 6, 1: 397. 1830; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 493, f. 492. 1996. Poa viscosa Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 20. 1786. Eragrostis tenella var. viscosa (Retz.) Stapf in Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7: 315. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 546. 1967 (Repr.). Tufted grass with slender culms. Panicles 5-8 cm long, viscous. Spickelets purple. FIs. & Frts.; November-December. Illus. : Mathew, Further lilus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 784. 1988. Note: Specimens from Pune not available in herbarium.
33. EREMOPOGON (Hack.) Stapf Eremopogon foveolatus (Del.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9: 183. 1917; N.P. Singh et a/.. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 18; 121. 1976; G.P.Roy in N.P. Singh e/a/., FI. Madhya Pradesh 3; 439. 2001. Andropogon foveolatus Del., Fi. d' Egypte 16: t. 8, f 2. 1812; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 496. 1967 (Repr.). Dichanthium foveolatum (Del.) Roberty in Boissiera 9: 170. 1960; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 455. 1996. Perennial, densely tufted, erect or geniculately ascending slender grasses up to 1 mm high; culms proftisely branched, slender. Leaves linear. Spikes 2-5 cm long on weak peduncles, sessile spikelets c 3 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, glabrous, pitted, awned. Pedicelled spikelet pitted or not, with silky, slender pedicel. Grains oblong. FIs & Frts.; October - January. Ulus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 64. 1935. Distrib.: A good fodder grass, commonly found in open grass lands, along the cultivated fields in gravelly situations. Selected Specimens: Hivare, Jurmar, Jadhav 175863; Saval forest, Baramati, Jadhav 170858; Patas tank, Daund, ^.5'. Rao 92732 & 92735. 34. EUCLASTA Franch. Euclasta clarkei (Hack.) T.A. Cope in Kew Bull. 35: 704. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 494. 1996. Andropogon clarkei Hack, in Oester. Bot. Zeit. 41; 49. 1891. Indochloa clarkei (Hack.) Bor in Kew Bull. 1954. 76. 1954 & Grass. Ind. 171, f. 8. 1960; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 68. 1986.
959 Annual, trailing and spreading, weak, leafy grasses, culms 30-45 cm long, glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate. Spikes solitary, 1.7-2.5 cm long, on capillary peduncles. Spikelets 6-8 pairs; sessile spikelets c 0.5 cm long, densely hairy, drying dark brown. FIs. & Frts.: October. Illus.: Bor, op. cit. Distrib.: Very rare in open hill tops in bushes o f Carvia callosa. Selected Specimens: Katepani forests, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 101122; near Nandgaon temple, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99496. Note: It was first collected by Reddi in October 1964, from Pune forming a new record for the state. Afterwards it is not collected from the district. 35. E U LA LIA Kunth la. Annual grasses; culms slender, up to 0.4 m high; leaves and racemes not exceeding the length o f 12 and 6 cm respectively \. E. fimbriata lb. Perermial grasses; cuhns 0.7-2 m high, leaves and racemes far exceeding 15 and 8 cm respectively 2. E. trispicata
1. Eulalia fim briata (Hack.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 275. 1891; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 68. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 495. 1996. Pollinia fimbriata Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 164. 1889; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 468. 1967 (Repr.). f i g - - 3 9 Slightly tufted, annual grasses. Leaves linear, pubescent or hairy. Racemes 2-5, 2-5 cm long, digitate or subdigitate, villous with white hairs.Spikelets c 3 mm long, densely clothed with white hairs; sessile spikelets awned, upper lemma deeply bifid. FIs. & Frts.: October - November. Illiis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. T. 36. 1935. Distrib.: Fairly common on open plateaux. Selected Specimens: Sakar pathar hill slopes, Maval, Reddi 101184; Durga Killa plateau, Jurmar, Hemadri 104216; Pimparwadi plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 106841.
2. Eulalia trispicata (Schuh.) Henr. in Blumea 3: 453. 1940; Hemadri, Grass. Juimar 8. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 496. 1996. Andropogon
960 trispicatiis Schult., Syst. Veg. 2, Mant. 452. 1824. Pollinia argentea Trin. in Bull. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 1:71. 1836; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 467. 1967 (Repr.). 'Riihed'. Much tufted, perennial, robust grasses; culms erect, stout, leafy at abse; nodes glabrous. Leaves linear; sheaths coriaceous with hairy margins. Racemes 5-20, 10-20 cm long, sub-digitate on very long peduncles; rachis compressed. Spikelets c 4 mm long, sessile & pedicelled, densely white-silky hairy, glumes yellowish or reddish-brown. FIs. <& Frts.: September - February. lllus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 35. 1935. Distrib.: Common grass found in open h ill slopes and tops along streams in ghat areas. Note: Occasionally used for thatching. 36. GARNOTIA Brongn 1 a. Arboreal grasses; awns o f lemmas 2 cm long or more 1. G. arborum lb. Terrestrial grasses; awns o f lemmas much shorter, 0.5- 1.2 cm long 2. G. tenella
1. Garnotia arborum Stapf ex Woodrow in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 439. 1901; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 534. 1967 (Repr.); Ved Prakash & Jain in Fasc. FI. India 3: 6. 1979. U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 63. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 497. 1996. Low, stiff, erect, aimual grasses, growing on trees amongst moss and on roofs; culms 5- 20 cm high, slightly tufted, erect, glabrous. Leaves linear. Spikes in 2-3 branched panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered, articulate on the ends o f the branches, early deciduous; glumes 2.5-3 mm long, membraneous, awned; lemmas 2-toothed, awned between the teeth. Grains ovoid-lanceolate. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Ulus. '. Blatter & McCarm, Bombay Grass, t. 135. 1935. Distrib.: On roofs and trees in Maval taluka, Nandgaon, about 15 km towards south of Lonavala (T. Cooke, op. cit.)\ Khandala (Blatter & McCann, op. cit.).
2. Garnotia tenella (Am. ex Miq.) January in Feddes Repert. 17: 86. 1921; Ved Prakash & Jain in Fasc. FI. India 3: 13. 1979; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, MonOctober 497. 1996. Berghatisia tenella Arn. ex Miq. in Verh. Konink. Nederl. Inst. 3, 4: 34. 1851. Garnotia stricta sensu H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India 7: 243. 1896; T. Cooke, FI Bombay 3; 534. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 69. 1980.
961 Tufted, annual, glabrous grasses, 30-60 cm high. Leaves lanceolate to linear-lanceolate. Panicles 5-15 cm long, branches in distant fascicles. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm long, sparsely hairy. FIs. & Frts.: August - September. Illiis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 136. 1935. Distrib.: On roofs in Khandala (Blatter & McCann, op. cit.). 37. GLYPHOCHLOA W.D. Clayton Glyphochloa forficulata (C.E.C. Fischer) W.D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 815. 1981; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 64. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 500. 1996. Manisiiris forficulata C.E.C. Fischer in Kew Bull. 1933: 353. 1933 emend Jain in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 12: 12. (1970) 1972; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 82. 1980. Rottboellia divergens H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India 7: 155. 1896 non Hack 1989;T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 470. 1958 (Repr.ed.). - A -0 Much tufted, annual, erect, hispid or hairy grasses, 10-25 cm high. Leaves linear, hairy. Racemes 1.5-4 cm long, solitary, terminal, sub-terete. Spikelets sessile and pedicelled; sessile spikelets c 6 mm long excluding awns, lower glumes chartaceous with 2 divergent, 5-6 mm long awns, with a few transverse echinulate ridges below the middle. Pedicelled spikelets slightly narrower and longer than sessile ones, lower glume with single awn. Grains c 1.3 mm long, ellipsoid, brown. FIs. & Frts.; September - January. Ilhts.'. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 23. 1935 {Peltophonis divergens). Distrib.: Common on open rocky plateaux. Selected Specimens'. Near Khubi phata on way to Malshej, Junnar, Jadhav 172748; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101691; Khandala, Maval, Reddi 111781; Sakar-pathar hill slope, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98765; Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81735; Ralegaon h ill plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 107322. 38. HEMARTHRIA R. Br. Hemartbria compressa (L ./) R. Br., Prodr. 207. 1810; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 66. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 502. 1996. Rottboellia compressa L./., Suppl. 114. 1781; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 470. 1967 (Repr.). Perennial grasses, 0.5-1 m tall; culms decumbent and rooting at lower nodes. Leaves linear, glabrous. Spike solitary, 5-10 cm long. Spikelets awnless; sessile spikelet enclosed
in a cavity o f rachis.
962 FIs. & Frts.: November - December. Ulus.: Blatter & McCami, Bombay Grass, t. 21. 1935. Distrib.: Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, op. cit.). 39. HETEROPOGON Pers. la. Annual grasses 7 lb. Perennial grasses 3 2a. Glumes ofpedicelled spikelet glabrous 2. H. polystachyos 2b. Glumes ofpedicelled spikelet armed with s tiff hairs from tubercle-based bristles 3. H. ritchiei 3a. Racemes large, 10-15 cm long; pedicelled spikelets over 1.5 cm long 4. H. triticeus 3b. Racemes not exceeding 7 cm long (excl. awns); pedicelled spikelet under 1.2 cm long 1. H. contortiis
1. Heteropogon contortus (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 836. 1817; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 70. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 67. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 503. 1996. Amlropogon contortus L., Sp. PI. 1045. 1753; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 510. 1967 (Repr.). 'Kusal'. Densely tufted, perennial grasses, 0.25-1 m tall; culms erect or decumbent below. Racemes 3-6 cm long, solitary, with very long coarse brownish or black awns in its sessile spikelets. Grains cylindric. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Ulus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 71. 1935. Distrib.: Common throughout in open grass lands, more so in gravelly soils. Also found along cultivated fields. Selected Specimen: Pimpli, Baramati, Jadhav 170830. Note: It is one o f the most dominant species o f the open grasslands. Eaten by cattle in tender condition.
2. Heteropogon polystachyos (Roxb.) Schult., Syst. Veg. 2, Mant. 460. 1824; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 503. 1996. Andropogon polystachyos Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey «& Wall.) 1; 265. 1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 508. 1967 (Repr.).
963 Annual, dwarf, erect grasses, 15-25 cm high; culms slender, leafy above. Leaves hairy on both the sides with long slender hairs. Racemes 2.5-5 cm long, solitary. Spikelets sessile, pedicelled and lower 5 or 6 pairs neuter. Upper lemma in sessile spikelets represented by an awn. Fls.\ November. Distrib. : Khandala (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
3. Heteropogon ritchei (Hook. / ) Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32: 623. 1928 & Bombay Grass. 108. 1935; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 76. 1985; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 504. 1996. Andropogon ritchiei H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 7; 201. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 509. 1967 (Repr.). ^Kusal'. Stout, erect, annual grasses, 25-40 cm tall or more. Leaves hairy with bulbous-based hairs, linear. Racemes 3-5 cm long, hispid. Spikelets c 6 mm long with c 3 cm long awns. FIs. &Frts. : September - December. Illus.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 70. 1935. Distrib.: Common in open rocky plateaux. Selected Specimens: Purandhar, Ansari 32660; Khandala, Maval, Gammie 15456; Sakarpathar, Maval, Reddi 100925; Katraj, Heveli, Gammie 1037.
4. Heteropogon triticeus (R. Br.) Stapf ex Craib in Kew Bull. 1912: 432. 1912; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 71. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 67. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 504. 1996. Andropogon triticeus R. Br., Prodr. 201. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 509. 1967 (Repr.). ‘Patang\ Perennial, stout and very robust grasses, 1-2.5 m high. Leaves narrowly linear. Racemes 8-15 cm long, glabrous. Sessile spikelets c 1.2 cm long, dark brown hairy; awn up to 10 cm long; pedicelled spikelets c 2 cm long, unawned. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. llhis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 69. 1935 {Heteropogon insignis Thw.). Distrib.: Common on the tops o f open hills in ghats. Selected Specimens: Katraj, Haveli, Puri 103; Rasache Jungle near Gadad, Khed, Janardhanan 76253; Hemadri 104240, Mishra 176803. 40. HYGRORYZA Nees
964 Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn. in Edinb. New Phil. J. 15: 380. 1833; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 563, 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharshtra 67. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 505. 1996. Phants aristatm Retz., Obs. Hot. 5: 23. 1789. Aquatic, floating glabrous grasses with spongy culms, rooting at nodes. Leaves lanceolate. Panicles 3-5 cm long. Spikelets very narrow, c 2 cm long (including awns). FIs. & Frts.: April. Ulus. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 184. 1935. Distrib.: Agriculture College garden, Pune (Blatter & McCann, op. cit.). 41. IMPERATA Cyr Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel., Nom. Bot. ed. 3: 10. 1797; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 505. 1996. Lagunis cylindricus L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 878. 1759, Lagunis cylindricus L., PI. Rar. Neap. 2: 26. t. 11. 1792; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 464. 1967 (Repr.), /. cylindrica var. major (Nees) Hubb. ex Hubb. & Vaughan, Grass. Maur. 96. 1940. Perermial, erect rhizomatous grasses, up to 50 cm tall. Panicles 5-10 cm long, spiciform, cylindrical. Spikelets c 3 mm long. Note: There is no specimen from Pune in herbarium BSI. Included here based on Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. 42. INDOPOA Bor. Indopoa paupercula (Stapf) Bor in Kew Bull. 13. 225. 1958 & Grass. Ind. 523. 1960; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 71. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, MonOctober 506. 1996. Tripogon pauperculus Stapf in Hook., Ic. PI. t. 2442. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 558. 1967 (Repr.). Small or tiny, armual, densely tufted grasses, 4-10 cm high. Leaves setaceous. Spikes up to 4 cm long, terminal. Spikelets 2-3, distant, 0.8-1.5 cm long including awns; oblong- lanceolate glumes narrowly lanceolate, narrowly acute or acuminate at apex; lemma 3-6, c 5 mm long, linear-oblong, 2-lobed on either side o f the awn; awns 1-1.5 cm long twisted at base, lobes aristate. Grains linear, reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Illits. : Blatt. Et. McC., Bombay Grass, t. 178. 1935. Distrib.-. On exposed rocky plateaux, in wet rock-crevices. Associated species are Manisuris forficulata, Eriocaulon spp., Fimbristylis woodrowii, Tripogon Sp., Smithia sp., etc.
965 Selected Specimens: Amboli near Darya ghat, Juimar, Jadhav 172795; near Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 100916; On Ambavane fort top, Mulshi, Reddi 99045; Dhak plateau, Junnar, Heinadri 117992; Khandala, Gammie 15446. 43. ISACHNE R Br la. Spikelets not exceeding 1 mm long 4. /. gracilis lb. Spikelets exceeding 1.25 mm long 2 2a. Lemmas with tuft o f long hairs at its base 1 .1, borii 2b. Lemmas without any tuft o f hairs at its base 3 3a. Florets equal in size or nearly so; lemmas similar 4 3b. Florets unequal in size; lemmas dissimilar 6 4a. Branches o f panicles and pedicels with several conspicuous glandular bands 7. /. swaminathanii 4b. Branches o f panicles and pedicels without glandular bands 5 5a. Spikelets subsessile or shortly pedicelled; glumes setosely hirsute all over, conspicuously longer than spikelets 5. /. lisboae 5b. Spikelets long pedicelled; glumes hairy in upper parts, as long as spikelets 2. /. elegans 6a. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm long; leaves 2.5-6.5 cm long, linear- lanceolate 3 .1, globosa 6b. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm long; leaves 2.5-4 cm long, ovate-lanceolate 6. /. miliacea
1. Isachne borii Hemadri in Indian For. 97: 223. 1971 & Grass. Junnar 72. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 70. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 509, f p. 508. 1996. Armual, erect grasses, 15-75 cm high; leaves linear-oblong; inflorescence in lax panicles; spikelets 2.5-3 x 2.2-2.75 mm, callus o f the lemmas bearded with long white hairs. Grains c 1.8 x 1.3 mm, yellowish-brown, ellipsoid. FIs. & Frts.: August - September. Illus.: Hemadri, op. cit., f£ 1-8 & plate I; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare, on plateaux in moist places among other armual grasses. It was described from Pune district by Hemadri in 1971. Apparently endemic to Maharashtra state. Selected Specimen: Dhak killa, Junnar, Hemadri 117968 B-D.
966 Note: It resembles Isachne elegans Dalzell ex Hook. /, in its size o f florets. The presence o f long, copius, woolly tuft o f hairs on the callus o f both lower and upper florets is very distinct character in this species, which distinguishes it from rest o f the species o f Isachne.
2. Isachne elegans Dalzell in Dalzell & A. Gibson, Bombay FI. 291. 1861; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 439. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 73. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 70. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 509. 1996. 'Diinda. Annual, erect, densely tufted grasses, culms geniculate at base, 12-40 cm high, occasionally rooting at lower nodes. Panicles 5-15 cm long with slender rachis. Spikelets 2-3 mm long, globose; glumes suborbicular, reddish-purple margined. FIs. & Frts.; August - January. lllits. : Blatter & McCann, Grass. Bombay t. 121. 1935. Distrih.: An elegant fodder grass. Common in moist & wet places on plateaux and lower hill slopes along the banks o f streams. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jain 8206; Purandhar (at base o f hill), Ansari 32685; Valvandam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98602; Inglun, Junnar, Wadhva 128508.
3. Isachne globosa (Thunb.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2; 778. 1891; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 74. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass Maharashtra 70. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 510. 1996. Milium globosum Thunb., FI. Jap. 49. 1784. Isachne australis R. Br., Prodr. 196. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 439. 1967 (Repr.). Tufted, erect to suberect, slender grasses, 20-30 cm high, culms occasionally rooting at lower nodes. Leaves scabrous on both surfaces, linear-lanceolate. Panicles up to 8 cm long, compact or efftise. Spikelets 2-3 mm in diam., globose or subglobose. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 122. 1935. Distrib.: Common in water-logged or marshy areas on plateaux, along cultivated fields, along streams and river beds, etc. Very much favoured by cattle for grazing. Common & troublesome weed in rice fields. Selected Specimens: Toma h ill base, Velhe, Jadhav 170820; Bhovargiri, along Bhima river, Khed, Janardhanan 70153; At the base o f fort, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 97686; Gogre wadi, Aptate, Junnar, Hemadri 102307; Lonavala, Maval, Mishral76594.
967 4. Isachne gracilis C.E. Hubb. in Kew Bull. 1927: 77. 1927; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 74. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 70. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 511. 1996. Annual, erect or suberect, glabrous, much branched, slender grasses, 10-40 cm high, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves 2-6 x 0.7-1.5 cm, lanceolate, rounded at base. Panicles very lax, 3-10 cm long. Spikelets minute, c 8 mm long or across, globose; lemmas unequal. Grains reddish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. lUiis. -. Ved Prakash & Jain in Fasc. FI. India 14: 24-25, ff. 1-15. 1984. Distrib. : A delicate grass, mostly found in shady, moist and rocky places on hills at higher elevations. Selected Specimens: On way to Sakarpathar from Bhushi, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 100921; Choura hill, Bhimashankar, Jcmardhaium 81858; Katepani forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99487.
5. Isachne lisboae Hook. /., FI. Brit. India 7L 22. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 438. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar. 75. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 511. 1996. Aruiual, erect or sub-erect grasses, up to 30 cm long, rooting at lower nodes o f culms. Leaves ovate-elliptic, bulbous-based hairy. Panicles 5-10 cm long. Spikelets c 2 mm in diam., secund on lower side o f the branches, bulbous-based hairy. Grains dark brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illiis.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 120. 1935. Distrib.: Found in water-logged areas on plateaux. Junnar. Selected Specimens: Dhak plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 107471; Ambe plateaux, Juimar, Hemadri 107599.
6. Isachne miliacea Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 476. 1817; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 439. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra, 70. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 512. 1996. Annual, slender grasses; culms 10-25 cm high, prostrate and creeping below and then ascending or simply erect, tufted. Leaves 3-4 cm long, Hnear-lanceolate, hairy. Panicles
968 3.5-7.5 cm long, terminal. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm long, ovoid or ellipsoid, greenish-purple, hairy. FIs. & Frts.: August - September. Illiis. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 123. 1935. Distrib. : A monsoon species found in moist and wet places at bases o f hills in ghats, associated with the species of Minxlaiiia, Utriailaria, etc. Selected Specimeti: Khubi phata, on way to Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 172753.
7. Isachne swaminathanii Ved Prakash & Jain in Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (PI. Sci.) 92: 19, f 10. 1983 & in Fasc. FI. India 14; 36. 1984; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra, 71. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 512. 1996. Panicles 10-15 cm long, branches slender 5 cm long. Spikelets globose. Illits.: Ved Prakash & Jain op. crt
D/.sY/vTj. :Lonavala, Pune (Ved Prakash & Jain op. cit).
EXCLUDED SPECIES: Ischane pulchella Roth ex Roem. & Schult., is included by Lakshmin. in Sharma et al. for Pune in Flora o f Maharashtra, probably based on single specimen, Reddi 95747, collected from Pune. This is now determined as Isachne elegans D alzell. Hence, it is excluded here for Pune. 44. ISCHAEMUM L. la. Margins o f the lower glumes o f sessile spikelets expanded below the middle 2 lb. Margins o f the lower glumes o f sessile spikelets narrowly and evenly intumed from base to apex 3 2a. Lower glumes o f the sessile spikelets obovate or ovate-oblong, winged on both sides in upper half 6 .1, indicum 2b. Lower glumes o f the sessile spikelets ovate-lanceolate, usually slightly winged at apex 14. /. timorense 3a. Pedicels o f the pedicelled spikelets more than one- third the length o f the sessile spikelets 4 3b. Pedicels o f the pedicelled spikelets less than one-third the length o f the sessile spikelets 8
969 4a. Lower glumes o f the sessile spikelets with two tufts o f hairs on the margins near the middle 4. /. diplopogon 4b. Lower glumes without such tufts o f hairs 5a. Racemes fascicled, 2-5, pilose; dorsal surface o f lower glumes o f the sessile spikelets pilose and flat 9 .1, pilosiim 5b. Racemes not fascicled, usually 2, glabrous or villous; dorsal surface o f the lower glumes o f sessile spikelets smooth and glabrous 6a. Lfpper glumes o f the sessile spikelets awned and with a tuft o f hairs in the upper third portion 7 .1. kingii 6b. Upper glumes unawned and without such tufts o f hairs 7a. Annuals; upper glumes o f the sessile spikelets with a hump in the center o f the dorsal surface, not keeled, with an article like wing 5 .1. impressitm 7b. Perennials; upper glumes without a hump in the middle o f the dorsal surface, keeled, not winged 3 .1, commiitotum 8a. Culms with many roots and numerous stilt roots fi-om the lower nodes; racemes in fascicles fi"om the upper most nodes; lower glumes o f sessile spikelets usually smooth 12.1, santapaui 8b. Culms rarely with few stilt roots form the lower nodes; racemes simple, usually not fascicled; lower glumes usually with distinct or obscure side-nodules 9a. Nodules on the margins o f the lower glumes o f both sessile and pedicelled spikelets interlocked and joined by distinct transverse ridges 10. /. ritchiei 9b. Nodules not interlocked, connected by ridges or not 10 1 Oa. Culms densely tufted with numerous leaves; racemes and spikelets densely silky villous, lower glumes densely covered with white silky hairs 8 .1, molle 10b. Culms not so densely tufted; racemes and spikelets grabrous or villous; lower glumes glabrous or sparsely villous 11 1 la. Upper glumes o f both sessile and pedicelled
970 spikelets with 2-3 nodules on dorsal surface 2.1, bombaiense 1 lb. Upper glumes without nodules 12 12a. Lower glumes o f sessile spikelets with 3-6 deep, stout, transverse ridges and furrows 11. / riigosum 12b. Lower glumes o f sessile spikelets with shallow ridges 13 13a. Lower leaves narrowed at base; lower glumes o f sessile spikelets keeled and narrowly winged 1.1, barbatiim 13b. Lower leaves cordate, hastate, sagitatte at base; lower glumes not winged 14 14a. Lower leaves with distinct filiform petioles; marginal nodules o f the lower glumes o f sessile spikelets connected by bar- ridges 13.1, semisagittatiim 14b. Lower leaves sessile or pseudo-petiolate; lower glumes irregularly wrinkled with or without obscure side nodules 15.1, tumidiim
1. Ischaenium barbatum Retz., Obs. Bot. App. 6: 35. 1791; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 73. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 915. 1996.1, goebelii Hack, in Oestr. Bot. Zeit. 51; 149. 1901; Santapau in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 315. 1967 (3^^* Rev. ed.). Perennial, stout grasses. Racemes 2. Sessile spikelets with boat shaped, keeled lower glume and shortly bicuspidate upper glume, keels o f lower glume ciliate. Distrib.: Occasional in Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.). Specimens not seen.
2. Ischaemum bombaiensis Bor in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49: 165. 1950 & Grass. Ind. 178. 1960; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra, 73. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 515. 1996. Aimual grasses, up to 30 cm tall, slender, branched at nodes. Racemes paired, terminal. Spikelets large, oblong; pedicelled spikelets with a broad wing on one margin. FIs. & Frts.: October. Distrib.-. Near Tata’s lake, Khandala (Type locality, Bor, op. cit.). Note-. Presence o f nodules on the upper glume o f both the sessile and pedicelled spikelet is a very distinct and remarkable feature in this species (Bor, op. cit.).
971 3. Ischaemum commutatum Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 209. 1889; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra, 73. 1986; Lakshmi. in Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 516. 1996. Annual or perennial slender grasses, c 25 cm high. Racemes c 2 cm long. Spikelet c 5 mm long, lower glumes smooth with 2 marginal nodules. FIs. & Frts.: February. Ilhis.-. K.M. Matthew, Ulus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2 tt. 884 & 885. 1982. Distrib.: Rare. Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, Rollas.n.
4. Ischaemum diplopogon H oo k./, FI. Brit. India 7; 129. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 478. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 74. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 516. 1996. ^^^0 ’ ^ Perennial, erect grasses; culms 20-25 cm high, branched from the base and upwards. Racemes usually 2, 3-6 cm long compressed. Sessile spikelet 5-6 mm long, awned; glumes shortly bifid, pedicelled spikelet unawned. Grains c 2.5 mm long, yellowish-brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - January. llhis.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 8. 1935. Distrib.-. Less common in hill slopes in ghats, along temporary streams in exposed areas. Selected Specimens: Near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98716, near Bhushi dam, Lonavala, Maval, Mishni 176558; h ill near Sakarpather, Gammie 15963; Gogrewadi, Junnar, Hemadri 102302; Bhimashankar, Khed, Puri 8447, Janardhanan 81843.
5. Ischaemum impressum Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 210. 1889; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 77. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra, 74. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et at., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 517, f. 518. 1996. Aimual, tufted, erect grasses, 20-60 cm high. Leaves sessile or long petiolate, hairy on both sides. Racemes 2-4 cm long, in pairs. Sessile spikelets 6-7 mm long, awned; awn 2.5- 3 cm long geniculate below the middle, lower glume depressed in upper half; pedicelled spikelets 6-7 mm long, unawned; pedicels equaling the lower glumes. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illits.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional in open gravelly grassy h ill slopes and h ill tops in ghats.
972 Selected Specimens'. Dhak fort, Junnar, Hemadri 92206, 117955; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101701; Purandhar, Ansari 32633; Sakarpathar, Lonavala, Maval, Reddi 98779.
6. Ischaemum indicum (Houtt.) Merr. in J. Arnold. Arbor. 19: 320. 1938; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 77. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 517. 1996. Phleiim indicum Houtt., Nat. Hist. 2, 13: 198, t. 90, f. 2. 1782. Ischaemum ciliare Retz., Obs. Bot. 6: 36. 1791; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 481. 1967 (Repr.). I. aristatum auct. non L. 1753; T. Cooke, op. cit. Tufted, erect or sub-erect grasses, up to 0.5 m high; culms sometimes decumbent and rooting at lower nodes. Racemes 2 or 3, terminal, 3-6 cm long. Spikelets 3-5 mm long; sessile spikelet oblong, awned; glumes bifid; pedicelled spikelets c 3 mm long; pedicels bearded. FIs. & Frts.: September - January. Illus.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 12. 1935. Distrib.: In open h ill slopes and plateaux. Sometimes on silted stream beds. Selected Specimens: Atkarwadi, Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101784; Pimparwadi plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 106834-x; Paud, Mulshi, Jain 7684; Bhosari, Pune, Mahajan 8340; Pokhri Khed, Vasavada 29061. Note-. Subvariety villosum (Nees) Bor has been also recorded for the district under this species. In this subvariety, leaves and sheaths are villous with erect hairs while in subvar. indicum leaves are glabrous or pubescent.
7. Ischaemum kingii H o o k ./, FI. Brit. India 7: 129, 1896; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 78. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 74. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma e ta i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 519, f 520. 1996. Annual, erect grasses, 20-50 cm high; lower leaves narrowed at base, linear. Racemes 2, c 4 cm long, almost enclosed in spathe. Spikelets 8-9 mm long. Sessile spikelet awned, awn c 2.5 cm long; lower glume 2-aristate. Pedicelled spikelet unawned; pedicels 4-5 mm long. Fls.\ September. Distrib.: Very rare on grassy h ill tops. It was associated with Ischaemum impresstim Hack. Junnar. Selected Specimens: Dhak killa, Junnar, Hemadri 117955-x.
973 Note: It is characterized by the lower glume o f sessile spikelet with a hump in the lower 1/3'^^' portion.
8. Ischaemum molle H o o k./, FI. Brit. India 7: 128. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 477. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 78. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 74. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI Maharashtra, Monocot. 523, f. 523. 1996. Perennial, very much tufted, densely leafy, erect grasses, 0.6-1 m tall. Leaves sessile, linear much longer, hairy. Racemes 6-10 cm long, densely hairy, in pairs. Spikelets 6-7 mm long; sessile spikelets awned, awns c 2 cm long; pedicelled spikelets unawned; pedicels c 3 mm long. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. lUus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, op. cit. Distrib.: Less common around cultivated fields in moist conditions. Junnar, Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens'. Mulshi, Jain 9531 & 9443; Lonavala, Maval, Bhide s.n.\ Gogrewadi Junnar 102328, 102335; Junnar-Somatwadi road, 81914.
9. Ischaemum pilosum (Klein ex W illd.) Wight, in Madras Lit. Sci. J. 138. 1835; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 479. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar. 79. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Mahaarshtra 74. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 523. 1996. "Kiinda\ Perennial, tall, erect glabrous grasses, culms 0.6 to 1.5 m high, rhizome producing long scaly stolons. Leaves up to 30 cm long, linear, glabrous. Racemes up to 6 in number, 8-16 cm long, terminal, fascicled, pilose. Spikelets 6-7 mm long, narrowly-lanceolate, white- hair, sessile; spikelets awned; pedicelled spikelets shortly awned. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Ilhis.-. Blatter & McCarm, Bombay Grass, t. 9. 1935. Distrib.: Occasional in cultivated fields, particularly in black soils. Selected Specimens'. Sasvad-Purandhar Road, Purandhar, Mahajan 26936; Sitabai Dara, Haveli, Ansari 101744; Hillock near Mulshi, Puri 6086; Ralegaon, Junnar, Hemadri 107330.
974 10. Ischaemum ritchiei Stapf ex Bor in Kew Bull. 1951; 449. 1952 & Grass. Ind. 184. 1960; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 75. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot, 524, f. 525. 1996. 'Tambat-gavat, Turacla . Annual, erect, slightly tufted and spreading grasses, 30-60 cm high; culms geniculately ascending, rooting at basal nodes, slender. Leaves 5-12 cm long, linear-lanceolate or lanceolate, sparsely hairy, subsessile, subcordate at base with short petiole or with prominent slender petiole clearly distinct from sheaths and lamina. Racemes 1 or 2, 3.5-4,5 cm long, erect, terminal. Spikelets sessile and pedicelled, 5-6 mm long; sessile spikelet with c 2 mm long awns; lower glumes o f sessile spikelet c 5-6 mm long, distinctly and transversely ridged on back, nodular on margins, glabrous; pedicelled spikelets and joints gibbous, glabrous, shining. F/s. (& Frts.; October - December. Illiis.'. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Uncommon in open forests and plateaux in higher ghats. Bhor, Maval. Selected Specimens'. Shirgaon forests, next to Hirdoshi, Bhor, Jadhav 175937 & 175939; Khandala, Maval, Puri 9131. Note: Whole plant becomes reddish-purple or reddish after maturity and thus called ‘Tambeta-gavat’ . It is an Endemic species. Recently, while working on Tansa W ildlife Sanctuary, from Thane district, this species was found completely dominating the Mahuli h ill top and plateau at very high altitude in October, 2006.
11. Ischaemum rugosum Salisb., Icon. Strip. Rar. 1, t. 1. 1791; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 477. 1967 (Repr.); Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 524. 1996. ^Bardi, Beod\ Annual, erect or ascending, very much branched, spreading grasses, up to 1.5 m high. Leaves up to 8 cm long, lanceolate. Racemes 2, tightly appressed, erect, glabrous. Spikelets 5-6 mm long, linear-oblong or oblong-ovate, lower glumes yellowish, with wrinkles or discontinuous ridges on back in lower 2/3 portion, incurved along margins, winged at outer margins. Sessile spikelets awned; pedicelled spikelet unawned. FIs. & Frts.: September - December. Illiis.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 7. 1935. Distrib.: Infrequent, in open area at the foot o f the hills, sometimes on the margins o f stagnant water bodies.
975 Selected Specimens'. Near Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99481; Pokhari, Khed, Vasavda 29041; Khandala, Maval, Jain 8999.
12. Ischaemum santapaui Bor in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 49: 167. 1950 & Grass. Ind. 185. 1960; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 75. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 524, f. 526. 1996. Robust, tall grasses, 1-1.5 m tall; culms in substantial tufts and supported on long stilt roots arising from lower nodes. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Racemes 2, c 9 cm long, hairy. Spikelets c 5 mm long callus villous. FIs. & Frts.: October. Ulus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. Along the cultivated fields. Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimen: Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99460.
13. Ischaemum semisagittatum Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 322. 1820; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 479. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 75. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 527. 1996. /. conjugatum Roxb., op. cit.I. semisagittatum var. dasyantha Hack., Monogr. Andropog. in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6: 209. 1889; T. Cooke, op. cit. 480. 9 ' ” Annual, weak and trailling grasses, culms 30-60 cm long; culms slender; nodes glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, hastate, sagitate or semisagitate at base, scabrid along margins. Racemes 2, 3-4 cm long, softly villous with long hairs. Spikelets 4-5 mm long; callus and pedicels o f pedicelled spikelet villous. FIs. &Frts. : October. Illus.: Blatter & McCannm Bombay Grass, t. 10. 1935. Distrib.: Rare. In open areas on plateaux, in river beds, etc. Selected Specimens: Saltare, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99144, 101056, Near Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 68373; Lonavala, Maval, Bhide s.n.
14. Ischaemum timorense Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 369, t. 98. 1830; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 75. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., Maharashtra, Monocot. 527, f. 529. 1996. Perermial, straggling grasses, 0.5-0.9 m tall; stems slender, branched. Leaves hairy. Racemes 2, 6-7 cm long. Spikelets c 5 mm long. Sessile spikelet awned lower glume c 5
976 mm long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, flat, 2-cuspidate at apex, many nerved; upper glume 2- toothed, 3-5 nerved, upper lemma 2-lobed, shortly awned from the cleft. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. Illus.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit. Distrib.: Occasional on higher ghats in undergrowth o f forests, and forest clearings. Junnar, Khed, Mulshi, Maval. Selected Specimens: Yethalmachi, near Vandra, Khed, Janardbanan 75995; Rajani, near Saltar, Mulshi, Reddi 101054; Inglun-Hatti, Junnar, Wadhva 128540; Durga Mai, near Gadad, Khed, Janardhancm 76335.
15. Ischaemum tumidum Stapf ex Bor in Kew Bull. 1951. 450. 1952 & Grass. Ind. 186. 1960; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 75. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma etal., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 530. 1996. Annual, tufted, erect or ascending grasses, 15-30 cm high. Leaves smaller, 2.5-4 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, hairy, cordate or sagittate at base. Racemes 2-3, tightly appressed, 2-3 cm long; joints swollen. Spikelets 4-4.5 mm long; sessile spikelets awned, lower glume hairy on back except tip portion, with shallow and obscure transverse ridges (rugose). FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Distrib.: Very rare. Along the sides o f the river beds or along the nalas. Maval, Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, Billore 115960; Lonavala, Maval, Bhide s.n.; Saltar, Ambavane nala Sangam, Mulshi, Reddi 99092. EXCLUDED SPECIES: Ischaemumdalzellii Stapf ex Bor: The specimen Reddi 101056, collected from Saltar from Pune district was earlier identified as Ischaemum dalzellii Stapf ex Bor, but it has now been corrected and determined as Ischaemum semisagittatum Roxb. Hence, omitting the occurrence o f this species Ischaemum dalzellii from Pune District. 45. ISEILEM A Anderss. la. Tubercles present on proper spathe and margins o f the lower glume o f involucral spikelets. 3. /. prostratum lb. Tubercles not present on spathe and on margins o f the lower glume o f involucral spikelets 2 2a. Pedicels o f involucral spikelets linear and evenly thickened 2. /. laxum 2b. Pedicels o f involucral spikelets broadened upwards
977 and as long as broad 1 .1, anthephoroides
1. Iseilema anthephoroides Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6; 683. 1889; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar. 80. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 76. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 532. 1996. Annaul, tufted, diffuse grasses, 30-40 cm tall. Leaves flat, sheaths compressed. Inflorscence a narrow panicle; lower spathes leafy, upper with shorter blades. Racemes partly or fully enclosed in the spathe. Involucral spikelets 5-6 mm long, lower glume 3-5 nerved, upper glume 3 nerved; hermaphrodite spikelets lanceolate, glabrous, awned; lower glume with 2-fid apex; pedicelled spikelet reduced to a pedicel. Grains brown. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. Ulus. : K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: tt. 886 & 887. 1982. Distrib.: Common in open grasslands. Selected Specimens: Kurkum ghat grasslands, Daund, Jadhav, 174296 & 174297; Kondanpuri on way to Shirur, Janardhamm 98813; Pinpli, Baramati Jadhav 170834; Yenere Junnar, Hemadri 106892; Katraj, Haveli, Patil 5790.
2. Iseilema laxum Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 682 1889; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 516. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 80. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 76. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra Monocot. 533. 1996. Tufted, erect annual grasses; culms compressed, erect or ascending, 30-50 cm high. Leaves linear. Panicles raceme-like. Spikes supported by spathes; involucral spikelets whorled, 4.5-6 mm long, strongly nerved, pedicelled; hermaphrodite spikelets 5-6.5 cm long. Grains oblong, ellipsoid, brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illiis.-. K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: tt. 794 & 795. 1988. Distrib.: Common in open grasslands, along cultivated fields particularly in moist places. Selected Specimens: Amboli, on way to Darya ghat, Juimar, Jadhav 175829; Vitthalwadi, Pune, Mahajan 7244; Mahalunga, Khed, Janardhanan 72957.
3. Iseilema prostratum (L.) Anderss. in Nov. Act. Soc. Sci. Upsal. 3, 2: 251. 1856; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 76. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI.
978 Maharashtra, Monocot. 533. 1996. Andropogon prostmtiis L., Mant. 304, 1771. Iseilema wightii Anderss., op. d/.; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 516. 1967 (Repr.). Annual or perennial, tufted grasses; culms compressed, prostrate and rooting at base and then ascending. Panicles linear-oblong, compound, erect and spreading. Pedicelled spikelets on very slender pedicels; bisexual spikelets 2-3 m long, awned. Involucral spikelets shortly pedicelled. FIs. & Frts.: November. Illus. -. Patunkar, Grass. Marathw. 82, f. 23. 1980. Distrib.'. Pune (T. Cooke, op. cit.). Note: Sometimes this whole plant becomes reddish. This plant was observed to be growing at Daund in Kurkum ghat, but unfortunately not collected. 46. JANSENELLA Bor Jansenella griffithiana (C.Muell.) Bor in Kew Bull. 1955: 98. 1955 & Grass. Ind. 426. 1960; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 81. 1980; Lakshmi in Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 534. 1996. Danthotiia griffithiana C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. 14; 347. 1856. Ariindinella avenacea Munro e.x Thwaites, Enum. PI. Zeyl. 362. 1864; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 520. 1967 (Repr.). Annual, erect, slender, leafy grasses; culms 10-25 cm high, with stilt roots at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Leaves up to 5 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, amplexicaul and auricled at base. Panicles 1.5-3 cm long, spicate-capitate, ovoid in outline. Spikelets 5-8 mm long; glumes both upper and lower single awned; upper lemma 3-awned, with tuft o f hairs. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illus.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 124, 1935. Distrib.; Fairly common on open grassy plateaux. Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Jadhav 177975, Janardhanan 81807; Durga Killa plateau, Junnar, Hemadri 107544, 107533; Near Ambavane temple, Mulshi, Reddi 99131; Khandala, Maval, Mahajan 30482. 47. LO LIU M L. Lolium temulentum L., Sp. PI. 83. 1753; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 77. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 535, f 536. 1996. Annual grasses growing from 0.3-1 m high. Distrib.: Pune (U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, op. cit.). 48. LOPHOPOGON Hack.
979 Lophopogon tridentatus (Roxb.) Hack, in Eng. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 2(2): 26. 1887; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 484. 1967 (Repr.); Heniadri, Grass. Junnar 81. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 537. 1996. Andropogon tridentatus Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & Wall.) 1: 261. 1820. Densely tufted, perennial, erect, slender grasses, 12-45 cm high, glabrous. Inflorescence 1.5-1.8 cm long (excluding awns), terminal, erect, solitary (in fact usually it consists closely appressed together 2 spikes appearing like one), obovate-elliptic in outline, pilose with golden or ferruginous hairs, drying yellowish-brown. Peduncle very slender or filiform , shortly exerted & remaining enclosed in sheaths standing erect. Spikelets 4-6 mm long, excluding awns and aristae. Grains c 2 mm long, oblong, compressed. FIs. (& Frts.: August - December. Ulus. : Blatter & McCarm, Bombay Grass, t. 19. 1935. Distrib. : Very common in open grasslands in gravelly soil particularly in eastern & south eastern drier part o f the district. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174277; Kurkum, Daund, Jadhav 174290; Saval forest, Baramati, Jadhav 170851; Walhe, Jain 6975; Purandhar, Mahajan 26967; Arvi, Haveli, ^7;.SY/;7 101835. 49. MELANOCENCHRIS Nees Melanocenchris jacquemordii Jaub. & Spach, Illus. PI. Orient. 4: 36, t. 325. 1851; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 83. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 537. 1996. Gracilea royleana H ook./, FI. Brit. India 7; 284. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 553. 1967 (Repr.). Small, tufted, annual, erect, very slender grasses; culms 10-23 cm high, erect or decumbent at base. Leaves 2-4 cm long, linear-lanceolate. Spikes up to 5 cm long, filiform , flexuosus with up to 10 clusters o f greenish-purple spikelets. Spikelets 4-5 mm long; awns o f glume longer than remaining part o f glume & awns o f lemma shorter than remaining part o f lemma. Grains c 2 mm long, brown, compressed. FIs. & Frts.: August - November. Ilhis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 165. 1935. Distrib.: Common in open grasslands in gravelly soils in dry conditions. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174281; Bhigwan, Indapur, Jadhav 1708999; Hiware Bk., Junnar, Jadhav 175806; Near Bhor, Jain 551. 50. MICROCHLOA R. Br.
980 Microchloa indica (L. / ) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 20. 1812; Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. 248. 1935. Nanitis indica L . / , Suppl. 105. 1781. Microchloa setacea R. Br., Prodr. 208. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 553. 1967 (Repr.). ^ ^ Annual, small, erect, slightly tufted, very slender grasses, c 10 cm high. Leaves small subseataceous. Spikes c 3.5 cm long, solitary curved like sickle, much slender. Spikelets in a single row, 2-3 mm long. Grains c 1 mm long, oblong. FIs. d Frts.; September. Ilhis. : Blatter & McCann, op. cit. t. 164. Distrib.: Rare on rocks near Talao, Bhosari, Pune. Selected Specimen: Bhosari, Pune, Jadhavs, n. Note: A very unique, small grass with curved or sickle-shaped, slender spikes, first time collected from the district. 51. MNESITHEA Kunth la. Sessile spikelets sphericai; lower glume o f fertile sessile spikelet without any disk or wings, irregularly foveolate and verrucose on back 2. M. granularis lb. Sessile spikelets not spherical; lower glume o f fertile sessile spikelet with ovate disk and hyaline wings, scabrid hairy on back below the middle, not verrucose 1. M. clarkei
1. Mnesithea clarkei (Hack.) Koning 8c Sosef in Blumea 31: 290. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cd., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 538. 1996. Rottboellia clarkei Hack, in Oesterr., Bot. Zeitschr. 41: 8. 1891; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 472. 1967 (Repr.). Manisiiris clarkei (Hack.) Bor ex Sant, in Rec. Bot. Surv. India 16(1): 357. 1953; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 78. 1986, Annual, 30-60 cm, erect, somewhat hairy grasses. Leaves linear-lanceolate, subcordate at base. Racemes solitary, axillary & terminal. FIs.: September. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 29. 1935 [Coelorachis clarkei (Hack.) Blatter & McCann]. Distrib.: Khandala (Santapau, op. cit.).
2. Mnesithea granularis (L.) Koning & Sosef in Blumea 31: 295. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 539. 1996. Cenchrus granularis L., Mant.
981 2, App. 575. 1771. Manisuris gronulris (L.) L. f , Nov. Gram. Gen. 40. 1779; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 473. 1967 (Repr.). Hackelochloa graiiitlaris (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 776. 1891; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar. 69. 1980. Annual, erect, small leafy grasses; culms 10-35 cm high, slender, tufted or not. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, hirsute, cordate at base. Racemes 0.8-1.5 cm long, solitary or few in fascicles, axillary and terminal. Spikelets minute in dissimilar pairs; sessile spikelet c 1.5 mm in diam., subglobose, rugose; pedicelled spikelet flat, ovate. FIs. & Frts.; August - October. lllus. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 29. 1935 {Manisuris granularis). Distrib.; Fairly common in open hill slopes in gravelly soil. Note: Said to be a good fodder grass in Junnar area. Selected Specimens: Hiware Bk., Junnar, Jadhav 175810; Law College hill, Pune, Jadhav 174245; Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 99918; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Hemadri 99652, 99713. 52. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb Muhienbergia himalayansis Hack, ex Hook. /. , FI. Brit. India 7; 259. 1896; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 79. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 540. 1996. Perennial, decumbent or ascending, branched grasses, 30-45 cm long, with narrow, flaccid leaves. Panicles c 10 cm long, elongate, interrupted, fastigiately branched. Spikelets 3-4 mm long bright green, glistening. Distrib.: A grass o f moist, shady places. Khandala (Bor, 1960). 53. OCHTHOCHLOA Edgew. Ochthochloa compressa (Forssk.) Hilu in Kew Bull. 36: 559. 1981; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 540. 1996. Panicum compressum Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 18. 1775. Elettsine flagellifera Nees in Linnaea 16: 220. 1842; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 560. 1967 (Repr.). Perennial, prostrate, profusely branched grasses; culms smooth, stiff, widely spreading, rooting at the distant thickened leafy nodes, and sending up slender branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Spikes 3-6, digitate, 2-3.5 cm long. Spikelets imbricate, upper glume aristate, lllus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 175 {Eleusineflagellifera). Distrib.: Poona (T. Cooke, op. cit.). 54. OPHIUROS Gaertn./.
982 Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2; 780. 1891; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 83. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 79. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a i, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 541. 1996. Aegilops exaltata L., Mant. 575. 1771. Ophiuros corymbosiis Gaertn./ , Fruct. 3: 4, t. 181. 1805; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 468. 1967 (Repr.). Tufted, perennial, robust grasses; culms 1-2 m high, cylindric, solid from hard, woody, thick, horizontal rhizomes. Leaves up to 20 cm long, flat, linear-lanceolate, hairy above. Spikes 5-10 cm long, 1-2 mm broad, erect, linear-stout, corymbosely, densely fasciculate from leafy spathe with stout or long naked peduncles. Spikelets sunken in the rachis, c 4 mm long, oblong-lanceolate, unawned. FIs. & Frts.; September - October. Ulus.'. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 28. 1935 {Ophiuros corymbosiis). Distrib. : Occasional along the banks o f rivers, canals and streams forming a pure strand. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav 174272; Khanapur, Haveli, Ansari 101629; Talegaon, Maval, Puri 8390; Mahalunga, Khed, Janardhanan 72942. 55. OPLISMENUS P. Beauv. la. Lower spikes o f the panicles not exceeding 2.5 cm long; spikelets closely arranged on rachis; awns pale, barbellate, capillary, often flexuosus 1. O. burmanii lb. Lower spikes o f the panicles far exceeding 3 cm long; spikelets distantly arranged on rachis; awns reddish smooth, viscid, filiform, stiff 2. O. compositus
1. Oplismenus burmannii (Retz.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54, 168, 169. 1812; T. Cooke, FI. Pres Bombay 3: 443. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 84. 1980; Lakshmi. in Sharma et a l, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 541. 1996. Panicitm burmannii Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 10. 1783. Aimual, prostrate-ascending, diffusely branched, slender, leafy grasses; culms 30-60 cm long, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves up to 4 cm long, elliptic lanceolate, pubescent. Panicles up to 10 cm long, with up to 2.5 cm long, distant spikes. Spikelets c 3 mm long, excluding 5-8 mm long awns, elliptic-lanceolate. Grains c 1 mm long, elliptic-oblong. FIs. & Frts.: October - December. lUus.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 97. 1935. Distrib.: Along river banks forming carpet in shady places.
983 Selected Specimens: Durga dara, KJianapur, Haveli, Ansari 101662; Shera village, Mulsi, Jain 7619; Kukadi river bed, Junnar, Ansari 81978.
2. Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 54, 168, 169. 1812; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 442. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 84. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass, Maharashtra 80. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 542. 1996. Panicum compositum L., Sp. PI. 57. 1753. Trailing or suberect, perennial, slender, leafy grasses, 0.3-0.9 m long, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves up to 12 cm long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Panicles 7-20 cm long. Spikes up to 7 cm long, one sided. Spikelets 2.5-4 mm long, excluding awns, lanceolate. Grains c 2 mm long enclosed in lemma and palea. FIs. & Frts.: September - November. Illiis. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 96. 1935. Distrib.: Common in ghats in shady undergrowth o f forests and in bushes. Selected Specimens: Shirgaon forest, Bhor, Jadhav 175939-A; Bhimashankar, Khed, Puri 8459; Khandala, Maval, Puri 9141, Ansari 32862, Mahajan 30754, Rolla 83475; Malvand dara, Junnar, Hemadri 107409; Maluste forests, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 93231. 56. OROPETIUM Trin. la. Perennial grasses; lemma cleft at apex in to 2 lobes, awned at cleft 1. O. roxbnrghianum lb. Annual grasses; lemma neither cleft nor awned 2
2a. Culms repeatedly branched; spikes less than I/2 the length o f plant 3. O. villosidum 2b. Culms not branched; spikes more than 3/5 the length o f plant 2. O. thomaeum
1. Oropetium roxburghianum (Steud.) S.M. Phillips in Kew Bull. 30: 469. 1975; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 80. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 542. 1996. Leptunis roxburghiamis Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1; 357. 1854. Tripogon roxburghiamis (Steud.) Bhide in J. Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 1911 (N.S.) 7; 512. 1972; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 107. 1980. Tufted, perennial, erect, small grasses. Leaves filiform ; sheathed compressed. Spikes 5- 6 cm long, straight or slightly curved. Spikelets deeply sunken into the cavity o f the rachis. FIs. & Frts.: July. 984 Ulus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit. f. 543. Distrib.; Rare. Junnar, Haveli, Indapur, Purandhar. Selected Specimens’. Indapur, Jain 18954; Dive ghat, on way to Purandhar, Rolla 86570; Junnar & Chaturshingi, Bhide s.n.
2. Oropetium thomaeum ( L ./) Trin., Fund. Agrost. 98, t. 3. 1822; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 568. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 85. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 544. 1996. Nardtis thomaea L.f, Suppl. 105. 1781. Tufted, very small, annual, erect grasses, 4-10 cm high; culms slender, densely tufted. Leaves 1-2 cm long, setaceous. Spikes 1,5-3 cm long, erect or slightly curved. Spikelets sunken in the deep cavity o f rachis, c 2 mm long. FIs. Frts.: August-October. Ulus. -. K.M. Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 903. 1982. Distrib.: Occasional on gravelly and rocky or stony soils along road sides in open places among other grasses, in rock crevices, etc. Selected Specimens: Hiware Bk., Junnar, Jadhav 175801; Between Kondanpur-Sinhagad hill, Haveli, Ansari 87782, near Junnar, Hemadri 99619.
3. Oropetium villosulum Stapf ex Bor in Kew Bull. 1949; 571. 1950 & Grass. Ind. 474. 1960; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 85. 1980; Desh & Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 81. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 544. 1996. Small, tufted, annual grasses, 3-10 cm high leaves acicular. Spikes up to 2.5 cm long, green. Grains brown. FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Illus.: Jain in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 9: 284 (1967). 1968. Distrib.: Rare. Junnar. Selected Specimens: Jalwade, on way to Amboli, Darya ghat, Juimar, Jadhav 175852; Near Khubi phata, on way to Malshej ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 175866; On way to Kukadi river, Jurmar, Ansari 81947; Shivaneri, Junnar, Hemadri 104568. 57. PANICUM L. (Key adopted Irom U.R. Deshp, & N.P. Singh, 1986) la. Lower glume orbicular, rounded or truncate 2 lb. Lower glume; acute, acuminate or cuspidate 5 2a. Lower glume Vi to % the length o f spikelet or more 2. P. notatum
985 2b. Lower glume Va to '/2 the length of spikelet 3
3a. Annuals; spikelets elliptic, obtuse 4. P. psilopodium
3b. Perennials; spikelets narrowly lanceolate or elliptic-
lanceolate, acute 4
4a. Culms spongy, floating; leaf blades flat, broad, green 3. P. paludosum
4b. Culms tough, rhizomatous; leaf blades narrow, often
involute, glaucous 5. P. repens
5a. Plants with creeping rootstock; lower glume
subobtuse at apex 1. P. antidotale
5b. Plants without creeping rootstock; lower glume
cuspidate-acuminate at apex 6. P. trypheron
1. Panicum antidotale Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 17. 1786; T. Cooke, FI.Bombay 3:453. 1967
(Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 84. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D.
Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 547. 1996.
Perennial, glabrous grasses; culms c 1.5 m high, woody, terete, smooth. Leaves up to
15 X 0.5 cm linear, narrowly acuminate. Panicles c 15 cm long, pyramidal; branches filiform, spreading and drooping. Spikelets c 3 mm long, ovoid; lower glume ovate, subobtuse, half as long as upper glume; upper glume broadly ovate, acuminate.
Fh. & Frts.: October - November.
Illus. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 104. 1935.
Distrib.: Rare under shelter o f bushes on foot hills. Selected Specimens'. Law College hill, Pune, Mahajan 18430; BSI Campus, Cherian
63473,65935.
2. Panicum notatum Retz., Obs. Bot. 4: 18. 1786; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 84. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 550. 1996. P. montamim Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & W all.) 1; 315. 1820.
Tall, perermial grasses; culms 0.8-1.25 m high, erect, hard, with woody rootstock.
Leaves up to 19 x 2.8 cm, broadly lanceolate. Panicles large, 20-30 cm long, much branched, effuse. Spikelets 2-3 mm long, ellipsoid or ovate, obtuse, distant with long capillary, erect pedicels; glumes ovate, 5-nerved.
FIs. & Frts.: October - November. Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 105. 1935 {Panicum montanum).
986 Distrib.: Rare in higher ghats in the undergrowth o f forests. Khed, Mulshi, Maval.
Selected Specimens'. Ambavane forest, Mulshi, Reddi 93404; Yethalmachi, Vandra, Khed, Janardhanan 76012.
3. Panicum paludosum Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & W all.) 1; 310. 1820; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 85. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 550. 1996. P. proliferum sensti H oo k./, FI. Brit. India 7: 50. 1896, non Lam. 1797. P. proliferum Hook. / var. paludosum Stapf in Dyer, FI. Cap. 7: 407.
1899; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 454. 1967 (Repr.).
Perennial, simple or branched grasses, 0.6-0.9 m high; culms ascending from creeping
or floating spongy rootstock, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves linear, flat glabrous, sub-
cordate at base. Panicles 10-20 cm long, branches straight. Spikelets 3-4 mm long narrowly
ovoid-lanceolate, acuminate, solitary or germinate; lower glume c 1 mm long, orbicular;
upper glume 3-4 mm long, ovate-acuminate.
FIs. & Frts.: August - May.
Illus. : K.M . Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; tt. 802 & 803. 1988. Distrib.-. Uncommon in marshy places, stagnant & still water, river banks. Sometimes partially submerged in water. Lonavala & Khandala (Blatter & McCann, op. cit.).
4. Panicum psilopodium Trin., Gram. Panic. 217. 1826; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 86. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 85. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 551, f. p. 552. 1996. P. psilopodium Trin. var. coloratum H o o k. / , Brit. India 7: 47. 1896; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, op. cit.
Tufted, annual glabrous, erect or suberect grasses, 30-60 cm high, leafy up to panicle.
Leaves up to 30 x 1 cm, broadly linear. Panicles 10-24 cm long with capillary branches
and slender pedicels. Spikelets c 3 mm long, geminate, narrowly elliptic, acute at tip; lower
glume oblong-ovate.
FIs. & Frts.; August - October. Illus.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. f. 552. Distrib.: Fairly common in open, somewhat moist situations. Selected Specimens'. Amboli, Darya ghat, Junnar, Jadhav 175835; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 99958, 101783; Rajni near Saltar, Mulshi, Reddi 99141; near Lonavala, Reddi 99168; Shivaneri, Junnar, Hemadri 9 9690.
987 5. Panicum repens L., Sp. PI. ed. 2. 187. 1762; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass.
Maharashtra 85. 1986; Lakshmiti. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 553.
1996.
Perennial grasses with short creeping rhizomes; culms 0.3-0.9 m long, trailing & rooting at lower nodes; nodes glabrous. Panicles 5-10 cm long, lax. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm
long, elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous, acute; lower glume 0.8-1 mm long rounded-obtuse; upper glume 2-3 mm long, acute.
FIs. d Frts.: July - April.
Ulus.: K.M . Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; tt. 805 & 806. 1988.
Distrib.: Occasional in moist situations in cultivated fields, particularly as a weed in gardens.
Selected Specimens: BSI Campus, Pune, J a d h a v 180638; Canal near Kabristan, Pune,
K a n o d i a 64452; Mundhwa, Pune, Cherian 68297.
6. Panicum trypheron Schult., Syst. Veg. 2, Mant. 244. 1824; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
452. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 87. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass.
Maharashtra 85. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 553.
1996.
Annual, erect grasses, 15-45 cm high; culms slender, tufted or not, leafy at base, nodes
glabrous. Leaves linear, hairy. Panicles 10-20 cm long, effuse; branches capillary.
Spikelets c 3 mm long, ovoid, very distant; lower glume broadly ovate, acuminate. Grains
c 1 mm long, suborbicular.
FIs. & Frts.: October - November.
Ulus.: K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: tt. 904 & 905. 1982.
Distrib.: Sporadic grass in moist areas in hill slopes and tops, in pasture lands and in
cultivated fields. Occasional along stream beds.
Note: It is a distinct species due to its hispid leaves and sheaths.
Selected Specimens: Shivaneri hill, Junnar, H e m a d r i 104597; Malhargad, Jejuri,
Purandhar, without name and number o f collector; Parvati hill top, Subramanian 64 5 7 8 ;
N D A hills, Pune, V a s a v a d a 6991 (checked at CNH).
58. PASPALIDIUM S tap f la. Annuals; spikes shorter than intemodes 1. P. flavidum
lb. Perennials; spikes (atleast upper) longer than intemodes 2
2a. Rachis produced into a sharp point beyond the spike;
988 upper glume I/2 as long as upper lemma or slightly more;
upper lerrmia granulate 3. P. punctatum
2b. Rachis not produced into a sharp point beyond the
spike; upper glume almost equaling upper lemma;
upper lemma smooth or nearly so 2. P. geminatiim
1. Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A. Camus in Lecomte, FI. Gen. Indo-Chine 7; 419. 1922; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 88.1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 555. 1996. Paniciim flavidum Retz., Obs. Bot. 4; 15. 1786; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 445. 1967 (Repr.).
Perennial, erect or suberect grasses, 25-50 cm high; culms erect or ascending from shortly decumbent base, tufted. Leaves mostly basal, narrowly linear, obtuse to acute at apex. Racemes 15-20 cm long. Spikes 3-8, 0.5-2 cm long, sessile with biseriate second spikelets. Spikelets 2-3 x 2 mm, ovoid, gibbous, glabrous. Grains ellipsoid, compressed.
FIs. & Frts.: August- October.
Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 90. 1935. Distrib.: Common in moist and damp places along river banks, canals, near dams, etc.
N ot seen in higher ghats.
Selected Specimens: D aund, Jain 9594; Shivaneri hill base, Junnar, Hemadri 104587; Bibi, K hed, Janardhanan 66124; Arvi range, Haveli, Rolla 91028.
2, Paspalidium geminatum (Forssk.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9: 583. 1920; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 88. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 556. 1996. Paniciim geminatum Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 18. 1775. P. fluitans Retz., Obs. Bot.
3: 8. 1783; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 446. 1967 (Repr.).
Perennial grasses, 0.4-1 m high; culms ascending from stout creeping or floating stolons, hollow but stout, striate, smooth, shining, greenish-yellow; nodes glabrous. Leaves long, 2-28 cm long, linear-lanceolate, fmely acuminate, glabrous. Racemes 8-22 cm long.
Spikes 5-20, 0.8-2.2 cm long, sessile, erect or appressed to rachis, second of biseriate spikelets. Spikelets c 2.5 x 1.5 mm, ovate, glabrous.
FIs. & Frts.: November.
Ilhis.-. K.M . Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: tt. 809 & 810. 1988.
Distrib. -. Very common grass in ditches, river-beds, along margin o f pools, dams, streams, etc.
989 Note: Eaten by cattle. Lakshminarasimhan in Sharma et al, op. cit. has given a key character as annual plant with upper lemma granular in P. geminatiim, w h ich is not correct.
It is stoloniferous, perennial grass with upper lemma usually smooth or nearly so, but never granulate.
Selected Specimens'. Bhigwan, Indapur, J a d h a v 170886.
3. Paspalidium punctatum (B urm ./) A. Camus in Lecomte, FI. Gen. Indo-Chine 7: 419.
1922; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 86. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 556. 1996. Panicum punctatum B urm ./, FI. Ind. 26.
1768; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 8; 445. 1967 (Repr.).
Perennial grasses; culms up to 1 m long, prostrate with floating base, rooting at lower spongy nodes. Leaves linear. Spikes many 1.3-2.5 cm long, distant, sessile, appressed.
Spikelets 2.5-3 mm long, ovoid, oblong, biseriate.
Illtis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 91. 1935.
Distrib.: Pune (Blatter & McCann, op. cit. 142). 59. PASPALUM L
la. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 8-13 mm broad 1. P. canarae
lb. Leaves linear, 2-8 mm broad 2
2a. Perennial grasses with creeping culms; spikelets elliptic
acute at apex 2. P. paspalodes
2b. Annual grasses; spikelets ovate-oblong, rounded to obtuse
at apex 3. P. scorbicidatum
1. Paspalum canarae (Steud.) Veldk. in Blumea 21; 72. 1973; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 557. 1996. Panicum canarae Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1;
58. 1853. Paspalum compacttim atict. non Roth ex Roem. & Schult., 1817; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 460. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 89. 1980.
la. Upper glume fimbriate along margins var. fimbriatiim
lb. Upper glume glabrous along margins var. canarae
var. caaarae
Annual erect or suberect slender, scabrous, leafy grasses, 15-30 cm high; culms decumbent and branched below, terete. Leaves 1.5-4 cm long, hairy on both surfaces and ciliate along margins; sheaths densely hairy. Racemes 4-7 cm long with many spikes.
990 Spikes 0.5-2 cm long. Spikelets c 1 mm long, hemispheric, close. Grains c 0.5 mm long, hemispheric brown.
FIs. & Frts.: August- September. lllus. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 88. 1935.
Distrib. -. Common on open grassy plateaux in moist or wet soils in ghats. Selected Specimens'. Khubi phata on way to Malshej ghat, Jurmar, Jadhav 172772; Mulshi, Reddi 99236; Khed, Puri Lonavala, Maval, Chibher 3; Juruiar, Hemadri 107403. var. fimbriatum (Bor) Veldk. in Blumea 21: 72. 1973; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Mah. 87. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 558, f. p.559. 1996. Paspaliim compactum Max. fimbriatum Bor, Grass. Ind. 336. 1960. FIs. &Frts.: October. Ulus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Rare. Vagha, HanumanTalao, Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 8 1828.
2. Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribner in Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. 5: 29. 1894 CPaspaloides'); Lakshm in. in B .D . Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 558, f. p. 560. 1996. Digitaria paspalodes Michx.. FI. Bor Amer. 1: 46. 1803. Paspalum distichum auct. non L., 1759, nom. confus.\ T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 460. 1967 (Repr.).
Perennial grasses; culms sheathed throughout, ascending from a creeping and rooting branched base. Spikes c 3 cm long, elliptic; lower glume absent.
FIs.: October. lllus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. f. 560. Note: It was illustrated by Lakshminarasimhan in Flora of Maharashtra from Pune specimen (i.e. along Sangam bridge, Pune, Wadhwa 64662), however, Pune was not included under distribution.
3. Paspalum scorbiculatum L., Mant. PI. 1: 29. 1767; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 460. 1958; Desh & Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 88. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 561. 1996. P. commersonii Lam ., lllus. 1: 175, t. 4 3 , f. 1. 1791;
Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 89. 1980.
Annual, erect, tufted grasses, 30-50 cm high; culms sometimes spreading and as ascending lower most leaves soft hairy. Spikes a few, 3-5 cm long, sessile, distant.
991 spreading. Spikelets c 2.5 mm long, suborbicular, hemispheric, imbricate, 2-seriate; lower glume absent. Grains c 1.5 mm long, scorbiculate.
FIs. & Frts.; September - November.
Ilhis.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 87. 1935; Bor, Grass. India 337, f. 38. 1960.
Distrib. : Occasional in bushes in open hill slopes and foot hills in moist soils.
Selected Specimens'. Near Tiger slip, INS Shivaji, Lonavala, Maval, ReckH 97765; South
Inglun, Junnar, H e m a d r i 107364.
60. PENNISETUM L.C. Rich, ex Pers.
la. Lemmas heteromorphus; lower 3-lobed 2
lb. Lemmas almost alike, lower not 3-lobed 3
2a. Spikelets pedicelled 3. P. pedicillcitiiin
2b. Spikelets sessile 4. P. polysuichyon
3a. Rachis o f spikes glabrous, often scabrid 2. P. hohenakeri
3b. Rachis of spikes villous or woolly 4
4a. Spikelets sessile 5. P. piirpiireiim
4b. Spikelets long pedicellate 1 .P. cilopecuroides
1. Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spr., Syst. Veg. 1; 303. 1825; U.R. Deshp. & N.P.
Singh, Grass. Maharashtra, 89. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cd., FI. Maharashtra,
Monocot. 562, f. 563. 1996. P a m c i i m lopeciiroides L., Sp. PI. 55. 1753.
Tufted perennial grasses, 30-60 cm high. Racemes c 15 cm long, spiciform. Spikelets c
6 mm long, solitary, long pedicellate. Involucral bristles 2-3 cm long.
Ulus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit. f 563.
Distrib.&. Selected Specimen: Near Bund bridge, Pune, W a d h w a 6 4327.
Note: Occurrence is based on only above cited one specimen.
2. Pennisetum hohenackeri Hochst. ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1; 103. 1854; Hemadri,
Grass. Juimar 90. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 562.
1996. P. alopeciiros Steud., op. cit. 102 non Jacq. 1844; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 430.
1967 (Repr.). 'Mohl, Mohl-bet\
Densely tufted perennial, erect, very tough grasses, growing in small to large clumps; culms 0.3-0.9 m high, stout, branched above. Leaves linear, coriaceous, convolute, glabrous. Racemes 12-15 cm long, spiciform. Spikelets c 1 cm long, narrow, lanceolate, involucral bristles unequal, 2-3 cm long, purple.
992 FIs. & Frts.: September - January.
Illiis. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 1 13. 1935.
Distrib. -. Frequent around streams and along irrigation canals and around cultivated fields.
Selected Specimens'. Pimpali, Baramati, Jadhav 170833; Mundhwa, Pune, Jadhav 172482; Hadapsar, Pune, Kanodia 65733; Vishrantwadi, Pune, Ansari 64726; Near Tiskari, Mulshi, Reddi 101043; Hivare, Junnar, Hemadri 107014.
3. Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 6, 3: 184; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 431. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 89. 1986;
Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 564. 1996.
Up to 1 m tall grasses, with c 10 cm long panicles; rachis winged. Spikelets pedicelled;
bristles dark-purple, villous below; lower glumes woolly. Planted in gardens. Used as
fodder when yong.
FIs. & Frts.: August-January
Selected Specimens: Furgusson College Garden, Pune, Garade s.n.; BSl Campus, Pune, Singh 106597.
4. Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schult., Syst. Veg. Mant. 2: 146. 1824; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 89. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 564. 1996. Panicum polystachyon L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2; 870.
1759.
Annual, 1-1.5 m tall, stout grasses. Leaves linear-lanceolate, hairy on both sides.
Spikelets 12-15 cm long, cylindric, with pubescent peduncles. Spikelets c 3 m m long.
Involucral bristles yellowish, plumose.
Distrib. : Pune (U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, 1986). Note: This annual grass closely resembles perennial Pennisetum setosiim, in which culms
are not or sparingly branched while in this grass culms are much branched.
Probably introduced and considered to be a good fodder for cattle when young and can
be made into excellent hay (Bor, 1960).
5. Pennisetum purpureum Schumach., Beskr. Guin. PI. 44. 1827; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 89. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra,
Monocot. 566. 1996.
993 Perennial grasses, with creeping rhizome, 2-3 m tall or occasionally more, erect, tufted.
Spikes 8-20 cm long or more, dense, cylindric, yellow or tinged with brown, purple or
quite blackish-purple. Involucral bristles plumose towards base. Spikelets sessile or
pedicelled.
FIs. & Frts.; October - December.
Illiis. -. Bor, Grass. India f. 40. 1960. Note: Linear, hairy leaf blades are inserted on the sheaths with very marked hinge-folds.
Commonly called 'Elephant Grass', it is indigenous in Tropical A frica and introduced in
India as a rapid growing, best fodder grass. Commonly found growing on bunds of
cultivated fields.
Selected Specimens: Bhatghar, Bhor, Jadhav 175991; BSI Campus, Pune, Singh 110632. 61. PEROTIS Ait. Perotis indica (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2; 787. 1891; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass.
Maharashtra 90. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 568.
1996. AiUlio.xajithiim indicxtm L., Sp. PI. 28. 1753. Perotis iatifolia Ait., Hort. Kew ed. 1;
85. 1789; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 538. 1967 (Repr.).
Annual or perennial, decumbent-ascending grasses, 20-30 cm tall with cylindric,
squirell's tail-like, 10-15 cm long, erect spikes.
Ulus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 147, 1935.
Distrib.: Pune (U.R. Deshp. &. N.P. Singh, 1986). 62. PHALARIS L. Phalaris minor Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 8. 1783; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass.
Maharashtra 90. 1986; Ugale & Patil in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 73. 558. 1976;
Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 568, £ p. 570. 1996. ■ Chiria-bajra ’, ‘Duthiegrass
Annul grasses; culms 30-90 cm long, slender, hollow. Panicles 3.5-6 x 2 cm, ovoid.
Spikelets very shortly pedicelled, shiny, all similar, hermaphorodite, strongly compressed.
Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit. Distrib.: Farm o f College o f Agriculture, Pune (Ugale & Patil, op. cit.). It might have been introduced as an adulterant in wheat as it was found to be quite vigorous in rabi season (Ugale & Patil, op. cit.). 63. PHRAGMITES Adans. Phragmites vallatoria (Pluk. ex L.) Veldk. in Blumea 37; 233. 1992; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharm a et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 569. 1996. Anmdo vallatoria Pluk. ex L., Herb.
994 Amb. 15. 1754. Phragmites karka (Retz.) Steud., Nomencl. Ed. 2, 1; 144. 1840; T. Cooke,
FI. Bombay 3: 527. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 90. 1986.
Tall, perennial grasses with woody, creeping rhizome; cuhns up to 3 m x 1.5 cm, stout, hollow, leafy upwards, simple or branched. Leaves up to 3.5 cm broad. Panicles 30-60 cm long, decompound, erect, oblong, grey or purplish (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
Distrih.: Daund (T. Cooke, op. cit.).
64. POGONACHNE Bor.
Pogonachne racemosa Bor in Kew Bull. 1949. 176. 1949 & Grass. Ind. 200. 1960; U.R.
Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 90.1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI.
Maharashtra, Monocot. 571. 1996.
Annual, erect grasses, 50-80 cm high. Leaves up to 20 cm long, linear-lanceolate, hairy on both the sides. Racemes c 4.5 cm long with prominent spathe. Spikelets with c 2 cm long awns.
FIs. & Frts. \ N ovem ber.
I Hu s.: Bor, Grass. India, f. 11 (without habit) 1960.
Distrih.-. Lonavala (Maval).
Note: It is based on a single specimen collected from Lonavala on 23/11/1906, without number and name of collector (Acc. No. 9253). It was not included by
Lakshminarasimhan, 1996, inspite o f having been reported by U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh,
1986 for Pune. However, there are two specimens in Blatter Herbarium collected by
Santapau on 4/11/1951. from Khandala (St. Xavior's Villa) vis. Santapau 13806 &13798 and later on determ ined as Pogonachne racemosa. It seems to be a species of Sehima probably S. sulcatum.
65. PSEUDANTHISTIRIA (Hack.) Hook./ la. Peduncles o f pseudo-racemes and lower glumes o f sessile
spikelets glabrous \. P. heteroclita lb. Peduncles o f pseudo-racemes and lower glumes o f sessile
spikelets all over hispid 2. P. hispida
1. Pseudanthistiria heteroclita (Roxb.) Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7: 219. 1896; Hemadri,
Grass. Junnar 91. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 92. 1986;
Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 573. 1996. Anthistiria heteroclita Roxb., FI. Ind.( Eds. Carey & W all.) 1: 253. 1820.
995 Densely tufted, annual, branched grasses; culms 40-70 cm high, erect from geniculate base. Leaves linear ciliate. Panicles 10-15 cm long, dense, leafy, compound with many spathaceous fascicles o f spikes. Spathes longer than spikes, bristly towards margins, hairy.
Spikes 6-8 mm long. Sessile spikelets 3-4 mm long, linear; pedicelled spikelets bristly.
FIs. &Frts. \ September - December.
Illits.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 76. 1935.
Distrib.; Very common on hill slopes and grassy plateaux.
Selected Specimens: Sinhagad hill slopes, Haveli, J a d h a v 177933; Dimbha, Ambegaon,
Va s a v a d a 29017; Aptale, Junnar, H e m a d r i 99797; Warsubai plateau, Junnar H e m a d r i
106851; Lonavala, Maval Jain 8951; Purandhar fort, G a m m i e 1010.
2. Pseudanthistiria hispida H ook./, FI. Brit. India 7: 219. 1896; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
512. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 92. 1986; Lakshmin. in
B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot 573. 1996.
Densely tufted, somewhat stout, annual grasses, up to 60 cm high. Panicles up to 7.5 cm long; branches usually in pairs. Fascicles of spikes c 2 cm broad, much hirsute; spathe up to 4 cm long, hirsute, bristly hirsute on margins. Sessile spikelets c 4 mm long, lower glume truncate at ciliolate apex, otherwise glabrous; pedicelled spikelets hairy.
Distrib.-. Khandala, Lonavala & Purandhar fort (Blatter & McCann, 1935).
Note: A few specimens are there in B S l collected fi-om Pune and initially identified as
Pseudanthistiria hispida, but latter on determined as P. heteroclita.
66. PSEUDODICHANTHIUM B o r Pseudodichanthium serrafalcoides (T. Cooke & Stapf) Bor in Indian For. 66: 272. 1940
& Grass. Ind. 204. 1960; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 92. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 577. 1996. Andropogon serrafalcoides T . C ooke & S ta p f in
Kew Bull. 1908: 450. 1908. A. cookie Stapf ex Woodr. in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 13:
438. 1901. nom. tautiim; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 506. 1967 (Repr.). ~
Aimual, erect or weak and straggling, much branched grasses, 30-50 cm high, glabrous; nodes glabrous. Leaves linear, thinly hairy. Spikes 2.5-4 cm long, solitary. Spikelets broadly winged; sessile spikelets 6-8 mm long with c 2 cm long awns; pedicelled spikelets
8-10 mm long,*unawned. Grains elliptic-oblong.
FIs. & Frts.: September - October.
Ulus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 63. 1935.
Distrib.: Occasional on open grassy hill tops and fort walls.
996 67. PSEUDORAPHIS Griff. Pseudoraphis spinescens (R. Br.) Vickery in Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensl. 62, n. 7, 69. 1952; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 577. 1996. Panicitm spinescens R. Br., Prodr. 193. 1990. Chamaeraphis spinescens (R. Br.) Poir. in Lam.
Encycl. 2; 189. 1811; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 437. 1967 (Repr.).
Aquatic grasses, forming floating much branched mass, with leafy, ascending, slender stems. Leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate. Panicles 5-10 cm long, loose, shortly pedunculate.
Spikelets 6-8 mm long, including 2-3 mm long awns; upper glume setosely scabrid on sides, lanceolate, setosely awned.
FIs. & Frts.: September- November. lllus. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 109. 1935.
Distrib. : Submerged in water with panicle and leaves above the surface. Khandala (Blatter & M cC an n, op. cit.). 68. PSEUDOSORGHUM A . Camus Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxb.) A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris 26: 662. 1920; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 578. 1996. Andropogon fascicularis Roxb., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & W all.) 1; 269. 1820. "Choiia'.
Annual, 30-60 cm high grasses with decumbent culms, 7-10 cm long panicles with 3-4 cm long racemes appressed to one another. Spikelets ellipsoid-lanceolate; sessile awned.
Distrib.-. Pune (U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.). 69. PSEUDOXYTENANTHERA Soderstrom & Ellis Pseudoxytenanthera ritcheyi (Munro) Naithani in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87: 440. (1990) 1991; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 579, f. 580. 1996. Bambusa ritcheyi Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. 26: 113. 1863. Oxytenanthera ritcheyi
(Munro) Blatter & McCann in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 33: 773. 1929; U.R. Deshp. &
N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 82. 1986. O. monostigma Bedd., FI. Sylv. 233. 1873; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: Bombay 3: 571. 1967 (Repr.).
Medium sized, unarmed bamboos, 3-4 m high & c 2.5 cm in diam., solid, covered with soft, pale yellow, velvety tomentum, with stout, creeping, stoloniferous rootstock. Stem sheaths 2-lobed at tip, linear-lanceolate, striate.Leaves linear-lanceolate, unequally rounded at base in to a flat petiole. Panicles large, terminal; branches spicate. Spikelets m dense
globular heads, 2-2.5 cm long, numerous; glumes 2-3, mucronate.
FIs. & Fris.: A p ril. 997 Distrib.: Sakarpathar hill, Lonavala, (Blatter & McCann, 1935) & Karla, Maval.
Selected Specimen: Karla, Maval, G a m m i e 16168. 70. ROTTBOELLIA L,f. Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W.D. Clayton in Kew Bull. 35: 817. 1981; U.R.
Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 93. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI.
Maharashtra, Monocot. 582. 1996. Stegosia cochinchinensis Lour., FI. Cochinch. 1: 51.
1790. Rottboellia exaltata L. f, Suppl. 114. 1781, non (L.) L. / 1779; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3; 472. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 93. 1980.
Tall, perennial, erect, stout and stiff grasses; culms 1.5-3 m high, branching from base.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, spinulose-scabrid along margins. Spikes up to 15 cm long, terete
with 4-5 mm long, dorsally rounded intemodes. Sessile spikelets c 5 mm long, glumes
truncate at base, upper glume somewhat twisted, broadly ovate; pedicelled spikelet
im perfect.
FIs. & Fi ts.: October.
/Hus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 27. 1935.
Distrib. -. Occasionally found as a weed in cultivated fields, especially sugarcane fields in
plains and rarely on hills.
Selected Specimen: Pune, Bhide s.n. (Acc. No. 3117). 71. SACCHARUM L. Saccharutn spontaneous L., Mant. Alt. 2: 183. 1771; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 465. 1967
(Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 93, 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra
94. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ciL, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 583. 1996.
"DharbV.
Tufted, perennial, rhizomatous, erect grasses; culms 0.8-3 high, solid above, silky below the panicle. Panicles very large, 30-60 cm long, conical with reddish or purplish horizontal or slightly ascending branches, densely clothed by very long silvery-white, silvery hairs. Spikelets 3-4 mm long on capillary branches, paired, sessile and pedicelled, unawned.
FIs. & Frts.: Almost throughout the year.
Distrib.: Occasional along the silted banks o f rivers, irrigation canals, streams, near dams,
etc.
Selected Specimens: Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 101908; Near Valvan dam, Lonavala, Maval,
Reddi 100948; Kukadi river near Narayangaon, Junnar Rolla 83604.
7 2 . SACCIOLEPIS N ash
998 Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 21; 8. 1908; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 94. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al. FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 584, f. 585. 1996. Aira indica L., Sp. PI. 1753 in “Errata".
Annual, erect, slender, usually unbranched grasses, 15 to 60 cm tall. Leaves linear.
Panicles spiciform, 2-4 x 0.4 cm. Spikelets c 2 mm long, ovoid. FIs. & Frts.; October - November. Illus.-. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.
Distrib.; Very rare in open grass lands. Mulshi.
Selected Specimen: Gaokund on way to Saltar, Mulshi, Reddi 101032. 73. SCHOENEFELDIA K unth Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1; 283, t. 53. 1830; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 96. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 588. 1996. Chioris pallida (Edgew.) H ook./, FI. Brit. India 7; 289. 1896. Tufted, annual, slender or filiform grasses. Spikes 1-3, erect, digitate, golden-yellow, c
10 cm long, with 2 rows o f erecto-patent, very long, awned subsessile spikelets.
Illus. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 167. 1935. Distrib.: Lonavala (Blatter & McCann, op. cit.). 74. SEHIMA Forssk. la. Lower glume o f sessile spikelet distinctly rounded on the
back almost up to apex, with a deep longitudinal slit 3. 5. sulcatum lb. Lower glume of sessile spikelet not as above 2
2a. Lower glume o f sessile spikelet flat, with a longitudinal
groove 2. S. nervosum
2b. Lower glume o f sessile spikelet rounded in lower half
with a deep groove and flat in the upper half 1. S. ischaemoide
1. Sehima ischaemoides Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 178. 1775; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar.
94. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 96. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D.
Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 589. 1996.
Tufted, weak grasses, up to 50 cm high. Spikes 3.5-6 cm long, erect or slightly nodding; joints and pedicels densely hairy on angles. Sessile spikelets c 1 cm long, linear; lower glume with 2-toothed long beak; pedicelled spikelets c 1.2 cm long.
FIs. & Frts.: September - October. Distrib.: Rare around cultivated fields and in lower hill slopes in gravelly soils.
999 Selected Specimens: Near Bhushi lake, Lonavala, Maval, Mishra 176553; Near Pashan. Pune, Gammie s.n.\ Pavana, without collector's name and number (Acc. No. 3242).
2. Sehima nervosum (Rottl.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9; 36. 1917; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 94. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 589. 1996. Andropogon nervosus R ottl. apud. W illd. in Verh. Ges. Naturf. Freuns. Berlin, Neue Schr. 4; 218. 1806. Ischaemtim laxiim R. Br., Prodr. 205. 1810; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 482.
1967 (Repr.).
Densely tufted, perennial, erect, stout grasses, 0.5-1.2 m high. Leaves longer, up to 25 cm long. Spikes 5-10 cm long, solitary, sessile. Spikelets 6-9 mm long, linear-lanceolate; lower glume oblong-lanceolate, with unequally 2-toothed beak deeply grooved below the middle, hairy; pedicelled spikelets 8-12 mm long. Grains brown.
FIs. & Frts.: November - December. Ulus.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 14. 1935. Distrih.: Common in hill slopes and tops in open, gravelly & rocky soils. Also found around cultivated fields.
Selected Specimens: Rayareshwar hill top, Bhor, Jadhav 175977; Near Sinhagad hill top, H aveli, Jadhav 177926; Mahalung, Khed, Janardhanan, 72948; Bhoma hill top, Khandala, M a v a l, Rolla 83487; Walhe, Jain 6973; Shivaneri, Jurmar, Hemadri 104352; Bavdhan, M u lsh i, Jain 7569, Purandhar, Bhide s.n.
3. Sehima sulcatum (Hack.) A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27; 373. 1921; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 95. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 590. 1996. Ischaemum sulcatum Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6; 248. 1839; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 483. 1967 (Repr.).
Tufted, perennial grasses up to 50 cm high. Spikes up to 7 cm long. Sessile spikelets c
1 cm long; lower glume, lanceolate, bicuspidate, margins incurved above, open below, with furrow in middle in place o f mid-rib; upper shortly 2-dentate with c 1 cm long awns; pedicelled spikelets smaller, unawned.
FIs. & Frts.: O ctober - Decem ber. Ilhis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 15. 1935. Distrib.: Occasional in open grasslands and along road sides. Selected Specimen: Gogrewadi, near Aptale, Junnar, Hemadri 102324; Ambavane,
M u ls h i, Mishra 176572.
1000 75. SETARIA P. Beauv., nom. cons.
la. Bristles on the inflorescence retrorsely barbellate 3. S. verticillata
lb. Bristles on the inflorescence antrorsely barbellate 2
2a. Inflorescence distinctly panicled 1. S. intermedia 2b. Inflorescence a false spike 2. S. pitmila
1. Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 489. 1817; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3;
436. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass Maharashtra 97. 1986; Lakshmin. in
B.D. Sharmae?«/., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 593. 1996. Panicitm tomentosiim R oxb ., FI. Ind. (Eds. Carey & W all.) 1: 303. 1820. Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1;
47. 1829; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 97. 1980.
Tufted, much branched, annual, erect or ascending grasses, 0.4-0.7 m high. Panicles
2.5-6 cm long, narrowly pyramidal, bristly. Spikelets c 2 mm long, ovoid, glumes orbicular-oblong or ovate, lower 1/3 and upper '/2 as long as spikelets; upper lemma rugose. Grains c 1 mm long, plano-convex. FIs. & Frts.; September - December.
Illus.'. K.M . Matthew, Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 2; tt. 935 & 936. 1982. Distrib.: Common in moist places in and around cultivated fields. Selected Specimens: Arvi, HaveU, Ansari 101923; Kondanpuri, Shirur, Janardhamm 98836; Purandhar, Rolla 88608; BSI Campus, Pune, Singh 108962, Owrian 65923; Bhimashankar, Khed, Janardhanan 81788.
2, Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schuh., Syst. Veg. 2: 891. 1817; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 98. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 595. 1996. Panicum pumilum Poir. in Lam., Encycl. 4; 273. 1816. Setaria pallida-fusca (Schumach.) Stapf. & C.E. Hubb. in Kew Bull. 1930; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 96. 1980. S. glatica non (L.) P. Beauv. 1812; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 435. 1967
(Repr.); Hemadri, op. cit. 'Kolva.
Tufted, armual, erect or ascending grasses; culms 10-60 cm high, branched from base.
Spikes 1-7 x 0.6-0.8 cm, cylindric, bristles of involucel pale to reddish-brown. Spikelets numerous, close, c 3 mm long, ellipsoid, glabrous. Grains grayish, plano-convex.
FIs. & Fris.: September - November.
Ilhis.: K .M . Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamihiadu Carnatic 4; t. 823. 1988.
1001 Distrib.: Common in open grass lands, in and around cultivated fields, etc, both in plains & hills.
Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, J a d h a v 174282, Jain 7658; Ghodegaon, Ambegaon,
Ptiri 7313; Purandhar, Ansari 32634; Pimpalwadi plateau, Junnar, H e m a d r i 106810.
3. Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 51, 178. 1812; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3;
436. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 97. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI.
Maharashtra, Monocot. 595. 1996. Paniciim verticillatum L., Sp. PI. ed. 2: 82. 1762.
Tall, annual, erect grasses; culms 0.3-1 m high, leafy, branched. Leaves linear to linear-
lanceolate, flat. Inflorescence spicate, 3-12 cm long, coarsely bristly; bristles retrosely barbed. Spikelets 1.5-2.5 mm long, ellipsoid, glabrous; glumes ovate. Fruit whitish or brownish.
Illtis.-. K.M. Matthew, Illus. F I Tamilnadu Carnatic 2: t. 186. f 57. 1982 & 4; t. 824.
1988.
Distrib.: Common in moist and shady places, cultivated fields, etc.
Selected Specimens: Bhigwan, Indapur, J a d h a v 170891; BSI Campus, Pune, Singh
108936; J a d h a v 180639; Narayangaon, Junnar H e m a d r i 107056; Hadapsar, Pune, K a n o d i a
65762, Arvi, Haveli, Ansari 101924.
Note: In one of the specimens cited above i.e. J a d h a v 180639, it was observed that bristles are retrorsely barbed about below the middle and antrorsely barbed above the m iddle.
76. SORGHUM Moench., nom. cons. la. Sheath-nodes glabrous or finely pubescent, not
bearded; sessile spikelets 4-5 mm long; more or less obtuse 2. S. halapense lb. Sheath nodes densely bearded;sessile spikelets 7-8.5 mm
long, acute, densely hirsute with reddish brown hairs 1. S. deccanense
1. Sorghum deccanense Stapf ex Bor, Grass. Ind. 245. 1960; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh,
Grass. Maharashtra 102. 1986; Lakshmi in Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 598, f 599.
Densely tufted, perennial, erect, somewhat stout grasses, leafy at base, with short stout rhizomes; culms 0.3-1.2 m high, tufted, terete, smooth, yellowish, sheath nodes (upper) densely silky hairy. Leaves up to 25 cm long, fmely acuminate. Panicles 10-18 cm long,
pyramidal, loose, reddish-brown; rachis slender; branches spreading; joints largely brown
1002 hairy. Spikelets 7-8 mm long, elliptic-lanceolate, densely hirsute with reddish-brown hairs, sessile, up to 4 cm long awned; pedicelled narrower.
FIs. & Frts.: September - November.
Illiis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et cii, op. cit. Distrib.: Rare in open hillocks. Khed, Mulshi. Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, Jadhav \1M1\\ Alandi ghat, Khed, Janardhanan 72799; Nimgaon, Khed, Janardhanan 72650.
2. Sorghum halapense (L.) Pers., Syn. PI. 1: 101. 1805; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 98. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 598. 1996. Holcus halepensis L., Sp. PI. 1047. 1753. Andropogon halepensis (L.) Brot., FI. Lusit. I; 89. 1804; T, Cooke, FI. Bombay 3;: 502. 1967 (Repr.). 'Bom, Bose'.
Tall, perennial, erect, stout grasses, up to 1-3 m high. Leaves 30-60 x 2-5 cm. Panicles large, 25-40 cm long. Spikelets 5-6 mm long, deciduous at maturity, green or purplish.
FIs. & Frts.: October - April. Illiis.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 37. 1935. Distrib. : A gregarious grass, occasional along the banks o f streams, rivers etc. Sometimes found in cultivated fields. It is said to be a good fodder grass.
Selected Specimens: Junnar-Otur road, Junnar, Hemadri 9 8 1 7 5 , Ansari 81942; Khadakvasla, Pune, Puri 53803; Toma, Khed taluka Janardhanan 75853; Singha hill, K hed, Janardhanan 75905. 77. SPODIOPOGON T rin . Spodiopogon rhizophorus (Steud.) Pilger in Eng. & Prantl, Pflanzenf Aufl. 2, 14 e; 119. 1940; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 99. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 608. 1996. Andropogon rhizophonis Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1; 381. 1854. Spodiopogon albidits Benth. in J. Linn. Soc. 19: 66. 1881; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 464. 1967 (Repr.). 'Kukadus'.
Annual erect or suberect, much leafy grasses; culms 0.5-1.5 m high, branched, rooting at lower nodes. Leaves distinctly petiolate; petioles slender, 0.5-7 cm long; sheaths ciliate along margins. Panicles 7-12 cm long. Spikelets 6-8 mm long, lanceolate, silky-villous, both sessile & pedicelled spikelets with up to 1.5 cm long awns. Grains reddish-brown.
FIs. & Frts.: September - November.
Illiis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 34. 1935. Distrib.: Very common in open forest areas and along forests paths, along streams in ghats.
1003 Note-. A very distinct species due to its very attractive, softly yellowish-white, silky-hairy panicles and distinctly petiolate leaves.
Selected Specimens: Shirgaon forest, Bhor, J a d h a v 175938; Dhak range, Junnar, H e m a d r i
107457; Khandala, Maval, Ansari 32887; Tamhini, Mulshi, D e s h m u h k 27755; Sinhagad,
Wa\e\i, Atisari 101684.
78. SPOROBOLUS R. Br.
la. Spikelets 1-2 mm long; grains obovoid 2
lb. Spikelets 0.8-1 mmlong; grains ellipsoid-oblong 3. S. tenuissimiis
2a. Perennial, hard to uproot; upper glume distinctly
shorter than lemma 2. 5. indiciis
2b. Annual, easy to uproot; upper glume and lemmas subequal 1. S. coromandeliamis
1. Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Kunth, Rev. Gram. 1: 68. 1829; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3; 542. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 97. 1986;
Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 610. 1996. Agrostis coromandeliana Retz., Obs. Bot. 4; 19. 1786.
Annual grasses; culms 15-35 cm tall, tufted, erect or ascending or much branched from base and spreading from roots. Panicles 3-6 cm long, pyramidal; rachis capillary, branches whorled towards base. Spikelets 1.2 mm long.
FIs. & Frts.; August - December.
Illiis.: Blatter & McCaim, Bombay Grass, t. 153. 1935.
Distrib.: Commmon in open grasslands and cultivated fields, along compound walls, trenches, canals, etc.
Note: A very good fodder grass.
Selected Specimen: D aund, Jain 6192.
2. Sporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br., Prodr. 170. 1810; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI.
Maharashtra, Monocot. 613. 1996. Agrostis indiciis L., Sp. PI. 63. 1753.
Tufted, perennial, erect, slender grasses (spreading at maturity), 20-60 cm high. Leaves convolute. Panicles 10-30 cm long; oblong or pyramidal. Spikelets 1.5-2 mm long, green or grey. Stamens 2 or 3. Grains obovoid, reddish-brown.
FIs. & Frts.: August - November.
Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 148. 1935; K.M. Matthew, Fur. lllus. FI.
Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 826. 1988 {Sporobolus diander).
1004 Distrib.; A good fodder grass, common in open grass lands and along streams.
Note: Based on structure of panicle and number o f stamens, two following varieties have been recorded for the district.
la. Panicles diffuse; stamens 2 var.flaccidiis lb. Panicles contracted; stamens 3 var. m a j o r
var. flaccidus (Roem. & Schult.,) Veldk. in Blumea 35: 433. 1991; Lakshmin. in B.D.
Sharm a et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 613. 1996. Agrostis elongata (R. Br.) Roth ex
Roem. & Schult., var. flaccida Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 368. 1817.
Sporoboliis diander (Retz.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 28, 147, 178. 1812; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3; 539. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 90. 1980.
Selected Specimens: Dehu Road, Maval, Puri 227008; Pune Camp Canal, K a n o d i a 6 4 4 1 7 -
A; Sinhagad hill, Haveli, Ansari 87707, 87752, Shivaneri, Junnar Hemadri 104563.
var. m ajor (Buse) Baaijens in Blumea 35; 437. 1991; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI.
Mahaarshtra, Monocot. 613. 1996. Sporobohis diandnis (Retz.) P. Beauv. var. m a j o r Buse in Miq. PI. Jungh. 3: 343. 1854. 5. indicus war. fertilis (Steud.) Jovet & Guedes in Bull.
Centre Et. Rech. Sci. Biarritz. 7; 50. 1968 & in Taxon 22; 163. 1973; U.R. Deshp. & N.P.
Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 107. 1986. S. indicus aiict non (L.) R. Br., 1810; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3; 539. 1967 (Repr.).
Selected Specimens: Mahalunga, Khed, Janardhanan 72911 & 72909; Pet ghat top, Khed,
Janardhanan 71985; Sherewadi, Khed, Janardhanan 72383.
3. Sporobolus tenuissimus (Schrank) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 3; 369. 1893; Bor, Grass.
Ind. 633. 1960; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 615. f p. 616
1996. Panicum temnssimum Schrank in Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. 2; 26. 1822.
Sporobolus minutiflonis (Trin.) Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 1; 88. 1827; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3; 540. 1967 (Repr.).
Aimual erect, delicate grasses, 10-30 cm tall; culms simple or little branched near the base. Leaves finely acuminate at apex. Panicles 5-25 cm long, oblong, effuse, somewhat delicate. Spikelets 0.8-1 mm long, lanceolate; lower glume very minute, truncate.
FIs. & Frts.: August - September.
Illus.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, op. cit.
1005 Distrib.: On open hill slopes. Haveli.
Selected Specimens: Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 8783; Dharjai foot hill, Sinhagad hill range,
H a v e li, Ansari 9 7556.
Note: Distribution o f this species in Pune District was not recorded by earlier workers.
79. TETRAPOGON D e s f
Tetrapogon tenellus(Koen. Ex. Roxb.)Chiov.in Ann 1st. Bot. Roma 8:352.
1908;Lakshmin. in B.D, Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 618. \996.Chloris
tenellci Koen. ex Roxb., Fl.Ind. 2:421.1832; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 555. 1967 (Repr.).
Annual,erect grass, 15-20 cm high. Leaves linear-lanceolate: ligules truncate. Spikes
3.5-4 cm long. Spikelets obconical, 3-awned, bifarious.
FIs. & Frts.: September-December. llliis.: Blatt. &M cC., Bombay Grass, t. 169. 1935;
Distrib.: Occasional in ghats.
SelectedSpecimevs.MahVie) ghat, Junnar, J a d h a v 1 7 2 7 6 9 -A
80. THELEPOGON Roth ex Roem. & Schult.,
Thelepogon elegans Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2; 788. 1817; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 490. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 100. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D.
Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 618. 1996.
Annual or perennial, coarse, geniculately ascending or erect grasses, with stout roots;
culms 30-60 cm high, stout, terete, branched. Leaf-blades, lanceolate, cordate, aplexicaule
at abse, wavy along margins, hispid or scabrous; sheaths hispid. Spikes 2-few, up to 10 cm
long on stiff, glabrous peduncles, corymbose; joints equal to spikelets. Sessile spikelets 6-7
mm long, ovate, yellowish-white, deeply rugose, tubercled with raised and discontinuous
edges, awned; pedicelled spikelets reduced to pedicels only. Grains 3-4 mm long, oblong-
ellipsoid, brown.
FIs. & Frts.: September - November.
lllus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass t. 18. 1935.
Distrib.: A very handsome grass, common in hilly areas on hill slopes and hillocks, on
bunds o f cultivated fields, etc.
Selected Specimens: Paund, Mulshi, J a d h a v 174268; Shivaneri hill top, Junnar, Rolla
83592; Purandhar, Ansari 32677; Katraj ghat, Haveli, G a m m i e 1040; Sinhagad, Haveli,
Ansari 101723.
81. TH E M E D A Forssk.
1006 la. Involucral spikelets in closely superposed pairs; lower
glume of sessile spikelets deeply channeled dorsally 3. T.tremula
lb. Involucral spikelets fully verticillate; lower glume of
sessile spikelet not channeled dorsally 2
2a. Involucral spiklets c 9 mm long 4. T. triandra
2b. Involucral spikelets 5-7 mm long 3
3a. Ligules present; panicles dense, congested 2. T. qitadrivalvis
3b. Ligules absent; panicles very loose with fan-shaped
racemes 1. T. laxa
1. Themeda laxa (Anders.) A. Camus in Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 26: 423. 1920; U.R.
Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 109. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI.
Maharashtra, Monocot. 622, f p. 621. 1996. Antliistiria laxa Anders, in Nov. Act. Sci.
Upsal. 3, 2: 243. 1856.
Tufted annual or perennial erect, much leafy branched grasses; 30-60 cm high.
Racemes 1-1.5 m in diam., fascicled. Involucral spikelets 5-6 mm long; callus glabrous; lower glume narrow, spinously acute, tubercled hairy; sessile spikelets c 4 mm long with hairy callus; lower glume truncate; upper lemma reduced to up to 3.5 mm long awns.
FIs. & Frts.-. September-November.
Illiis.: Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., op. cit.
Distrib. : A fodder grass common in open grasslands in hilly areas, along other species o f
T h emeda.
Selected Specimens'. Mulshi dam site, Deshmtikh 9799; Bhosari, Pune, M a h a j a n 8341;
Paud, Mulshi, Jain 8226.
2. Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 794. 1891; Hemadri, Grass.
Junnar 100. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 622. 1996.
Andropogon quadrivalvis L. in Murr., Syst. Veg. Ed. 13. 58. 1774. T h e m e d a ciliata ( L . / )
Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 664. 1889; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 514. 1967 (Repr.).
Densley tufted, perennial, erect or ascending, stout, leafy grasses, 0.5-1.5 m high.
Spikes in leafy, interrupted panicles; spathioles cymbiform. Involucral spikelet 4 in number, 6-7 mm long, subsesile, linear-lanceolate, situated at same level, with golden
brown tubercle-based hairs; pedicelled spikelets 2, 5-6 mm long, linear; hermaphorodite
spikelets solitary, not exerted from involucre, 5-6 mm long, awned. Grains brown.
1007 FIs. & Frts.: September - December.
Distrib.: Very common and abundant in open grass lands in pure strands, in hilly region.
Note: A good fodder grass in young condition. Many times it is confused and mistaken as T h e m e d a triancira, but can be differentiated from the latter by its smaller and glabrescent, hermaphorodite spikelets.
Selected Specimens: Paud, Mulshi, J a d h a v 174278, Jain 8868, 7572; Sinhagad, Haveli,
J a d h a v 173932; Bhimashankar, Janardhanan 81790; Khandala, Maval, Puri 9132;
Bhivade, Jurmar, H e m a d r i 104222.
3. Themeda tremula (Nees ex Steud.) Hack, in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6; 667. 1889; T.
Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 515. 1967 (Repr.); U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra
109. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 623. 1996.
Anthistiria tremula Nees ex Steud., Syn. PI. Glum. 1: 401. 1855.
Perennial, erect or ascending grasses with creeping root-stock; culms 0.3-1.2 m high, stout or slender, leafy, polished brown. Panicles 15-40 cm long; fascicles distant on capillary peduncles, subflabelliform or subglobose. Involucral spikelets paired c 1 m m long, bulbous based bristly hairy; pedicelled spikelets many, glabrous; hermaphrodite spikelets 2, c 5 mm long, sessile, awned.
FIs. & Frts.: October-January.
Illus. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 75. 1935.
Distrib.: Rare.
Selected Specimens: Khanapur, Haveli, A h u j a 47748; Mulshi, Jain 734.
4. Themeda triandra Forssk., FI. Aegypt.-Arab. 123 & 178. 1775; Hemadri, Grass.
Junnar 102. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 623. 1996.
Anthistiria imberbis Retz., Obs. Bot. 3: 11. 1783. Themeda imberbis (Retz.) T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 2: 993. 1908 [3: 513. 1967 (Repr.)]. ‘Bongaral, Phiil-gavaf.
Densely tufted, perennial, robust, erect grasses, up to 2 mm high; culms woody, terete, branched. Spikes laxly arranged, reddish. Involucral spikelets c 9 mm long, subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, situated at the same level; lower glume with stiff bristles; hermaphrodite spikelets c 8.5 mm long, terete, narrower at both the ends, dark reddish-
brown.
FIs. & Frts.: September.
Illiis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 74. 1935.
1008 Distrib.-. Very common like earlier species in pure strands in hilly areas, along water courses.
Selected Specimens: Vandra, Khed, J a n a r d h a m m 76180; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101805,
P a t H 7667; Paud, Mulshi, Jain 8259; Khandala, Maval, Ansari 3 2842.
82. TRAGUS A. Hall., nom. cons.
Tragus roxburgbii Panigr. in Kew Bull. 29: 496. 1974; Hemadri, Grass. Jurmar 102.
1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 624. 1996. T. r acemosus H oo k./, FI. Brit. India 7; 97. 1896 n o n Scrop 1777; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3;
535. 1967 (Repr.). T. biflonts aiict. non Schult., 1824.
Tufted, annual, small grasses, 10-15 m tall; culms erect or decumbent, stoloniferous.
Racemes 1-2.5 cm long, spiciform, solitary, terminal. Spikelets in pairs, appearing single,
4-5 mm long, strongly ribbed with sharply spinous processes, echinate. Grains pale brown.
FIs. <& Frts.: August - October.
Ulus. : Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 141. 1935.
Distrib.: Fairly common in dry, gravelly and stony soils along road sides, in open grasslands.
Selected Specimens: Vadgaonsheri, ?\xne Ja d h a v 175900-A; Junnar, H e m a d r i 99622; near
Shirur, Janardhanan 98808; Dive-ghat, on way to Purandhar, Rolla 86590; Daund, Jain
9560, 6190; Walhe, Jain 6565.
83. TRILO BACHNE Schenck ex Henr.
Trilobachne cookei (Stapf) Schenck ex Henr. in Meded. Rijks-Herb. Leiden n. 67: 4.
1931; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 103. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI.
Maharashtra, Monocot. 625. 1996. Polytoca cookei Stapf in Hook., Icon. PI. t. 2333. 1894;
T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 518. 1967 (Repr.). >'3' '
Annual, erect grasses, 0.5-1.2 m high, somewhat stout. Leaves bristly, large up to 30 cm or more long; sheaths striate, hairy. Panicles up to 15 cm long, in upper leaf axils, half enclosed by the spathe. Female spikelet solitary, 0.8-1 cm long, or 2-3 arranged one above other; lower glume flat, 3-lobed at apex. Male panicles 6-8.5 cm long, male spikelets many, geminate, one short & another long, 0.8-1.2 cm long, lanceolate. Grains compressed.
FIs. & Frts.: September - December. llliis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 2. 1935 {Polytoca cookei).
Distrib.: Fairly common along temporary flowing streams in slopes in ghats.
1009 Selected Specimens: Katepani forest, Ambavane, Mulshi, Reddi 99482; Sakarpathar, near
Lonavala, Red d i 100932.
84. TRIPLOPOGON Bor
Triplopogon ramosissimus (Hack.) Bor in Kew Bull. 1954; 501. 1954 & Grass. Ind. 255.
1960; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 103. 1998; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et ai, FI.
Maharashtra, Monocot. 625. 1996. Ischaemiim ramosissimiim Hack, in DC., Monogr.
Phan. 6; 249. 1889. I. spathiflonmi Hook. / , FI. Brit. India 7: 138. 1896; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3; 481. 1967 (Repr.). ~ '
Annual, erect, grasses, much branched and leafy above, 0.5-1.5 m tall. Racemes c 5 cm long, somewhat compressed, green linear-lanceolate. Sessile spikelet shallowly grooved, long awned, lower glume with 2 tufts of silky hair in the middle, upper with one tuft; pedicelled spikelets c 1 cm long, short-awned.
FIs. & Frts.: October - February.
Illiis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 13. 1935 {Sehima spathiflonim).
Distrih.: Occasional in ghats in moist situations, often along the silted beds of forest streams and rivers.
Selected Specimens: Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101813, 101694; Rai Jungle, Bhimashankar,
Khed, Jananihcman 81764; Panshet forest, Velhe, W a d h a w a 128314, Malvand dam,
Bhivade, Junnar, H e m a d r i 107441; Purandhar hill base, Ansari 32676; Ambavane, Mulshi,
Reddi 99462.
85. TRIPOGON Roem. & Schult., la. Leaves much longer than the inflorescence and exceeding
4 mm broad, rarely rolled., mostly flat 5. T. lisboae lb. Leaves shorter or equaling the inflorescence and not
exceeding 3 mm broad, convolute or filiform 2
2a. Awns far exceeding 6 mm long 2. T. capillatus
2b. Awns not exceeding 5 mm long 3
3a. Lemmas cleft at the apex into 2 lobes 4. T. jacqiiemontii
3b. Lemmas cleft at the apex into 4 lobes or with a definite
lobe between each lateral awn and the median 4
4a. Upper glumes bifid; median awn shorter than or nearly
equal to lem m a 1- T. bromoides
4b. Upper glumes 2-toothed below apex, median awn double
as long as o r m ore than lem m a 3. T. filiformis
1010 1. Tripogon bromoides Roem. & Schult., Syst. Veg. 2: 600. 1817; Hemadri, Grass.
Junnar 105. 1980; Lakshmin. inB .D . Sharma et al, FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 626. 1996.
Much tufted, perennial, erect, slender glabrous grasses, 15-40 cm high; culms erect
very slender. Leaves 5-20 cm long, filiform. Spikes 6-15 cm long, erect. Spikelets 5-8 mm
long, glumes deeply notched or bifid; lemmas aristate.
FIs. & Frts.: August - October.
Illus. -. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 182. 1935.
Distrib.: Fairly common in open hill slopes, on rocks near water courses & on old walls in
ghats. Junnar, Haveli.
Selected Specimens: Amboli, Darya ghat, Junnar, J a d h a v 172798; Sinhagad, Haveli,
Ansari 101676; Ralegaon hill & Ambe plateau, Junnar, H e m a d r i 107267, 107590
respectively; Malvand dara, Junnar, H e m a d r i 107442.
2. Tripogon capillatus Joub. & Spach., Illus. PI. Orient. 4; 47, t. 332. 1851; T. Cooke, FI.
Bombay 3: 558. 1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar, 105. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D.
Sharma £>/rt/., Maharashtra, Monocot. 628. 1996. ^* 9 ^
Densely tufted, weak, subfiliform, erect or geniculately ascending grasses, 10-40 cm
high. Leaves 15-20 cm long, linear. Spikes 5-20 cm long, filiform or capillary, flexuosus.
Spikelets 5-7 mm long, with many, slender, 1-2.5 cm long, flexuosus awns.
FIs. & Frts.: September - January.
Illiis.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 179. 1935.
Distrib.: Common on tree-trunks with densely covered mosses in ghats and occasional on
open rocks along the side o f river beds and on old walls.
Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, G a m m i e 15413; Lonavala, Maval, Jain 5996; Reddi
98739; Sahar, Ambavane nala sangam, Mulshi, Red d i 99093; Dhak hill range, Junnar,
H e m a d r i 107454.
3 . Tripogon filiformis Nees ex Steud., PI. Glum. 1; 301. 1854; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh,
Grass. Maharashtra 111. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra,
Monocot. 628, f 626. 1996.
Slender grasses, 10-15 cm high. Leaves filiform. Spikes 3-4 cm long, linear. Spikelets c
4 mm long, narrow.
FIs. & Frts.: October.
1011 Illus.'. Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al, op. cit.
Distrib.: Rare in rocky crevices on slightly moist, accumulated soils.
Note: It is included based on only one specimen collected from Bibi, near Gaymuhk,
Khed, Jamirdhanan 81643.
4. Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf in Kew Bull. 1892: 85. 1892; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3:
559. 1858 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 106. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et a!., FI.
Maharashtra, Monocot. 628. 1996. 'Chirka.
Much tufted, perennial grasses; culms 0.3-0.7 m long. Leaves filiform up to 25 cm
long, convolute, glabrous. Spikes 10-30 cm long. Spikelets 8-20 mm long, linear-oblong;
lemmas many, 4-5 mm long, shortly av^^ned. Grains reddish-brown.
FIs. & Frts.: August - January.
Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 181. 1935.
Distrib.: The most common and abundant grass of the genus throughout on open rocks and rocky substratum, in the vicinity o f streams & rivers, on old walls, etc.
Selected Specimens: Hivare Bk., Junnar, J a d h a v 172784; Shivaneri, Junnar, H e m a d r i
108113, Ansari 88709; Kharpudi hill top, Khed, Janardhanan 71835; Purandhar, Jaiu
4194; Katraj, Haveli, Jain 4076.
5. Tripogon lisboae Stapf in Kew Bull. 1892; 84. 1892; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 558.
1967 (Repr.); Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 106. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh. Grass.
Maharashtra 112. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 629. 1996. Pig- “
Much tufted, perermial, robust, usually hanging grasses, 0.4-0.75 m long. Spikes 15-40 cm long. Spikelets 5-8 mm long, more or less appressed to rachis; lemmas c 3 mm long, very shortly (c 1 mm long) awned. Grains c 1.5 mm long oblong-linear, brown, glabrous.
FIs. & Frts.: October - January.
Illus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 180. 1935.
Distrib.: Common in higher ghats in tufts, over hanging on rocks and drooping fi-om steep rocky slopes.
Note: An endemic grass, it is a common member of scree vegetation. Mainly found
associated with Eriophonim comosum, Tripogon jacquemontii, species of A nthraxon and
Euph o r b i a nerrifolia.
1012 Selected Specimens: Bhimashankar, Khed, Puri 12598, Janardhanan 81766; Shivaneri hill, Junnar, Ansari 83723; Sinhagad, Haveli, Ansari 101704; Ambavane fort top, Mulshi,
R e d d i 99051.
86. UROCHLOA P. Beauv. la. Spikelets 1.25-2.50 mm long 2 lb. Spikelets 2.5-5.0 mm long 4
2a. Leaf lamina 2.5-5 cm long; stem 10-45 cm long 3
2a. Leaf lamina 7-12 cm long; stem 60-90 cm long 6. U. setigera
3a. Spikelets solitary; lower glumes obtuse 5. U. semiiindidatci
3b. Spikelets paired; lower glumes truncate 4. U. reptaus
4a.Upper floral glume abruptly awned 1. U. panicoides
4b. Upper floral glume only apiculate 4
5a. Leaves narrowly linear or oblong, 0.4-1.0 cm
broad; spikelets 1-2 mm long, elliptic-oblong 3. U. remota
5b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, (1-) 2-3 cm wide; spikelets
2-3 mm long, obovate 2. V. mm o s a
1. Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, t. 11, f. 1. 1812; Hemadri, Grass.
Junnar 107. 1980; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma eta/., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 630. 1996.
Panicum javanicum Poir in Lam., Encycl. 4: 274. 1816; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3: 450.
1967 (Repr.). Urochloa marathensis Henr. inMeded. Rijks.-Herb. Leiden 43; 2. 1922.
Kiiri, Phadya, Waghnachi-gavat\
Tufted, annual, decumbent or erect grasses, up to 40 cm high or long; culms decumbent and rooting beneath, ascending, much branched. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cordate or amplexicaule at base. Panicles 5-6 cm long, erect. Racemes 2-many, 3-5 cm long.
Spikelets 3.5-5 mm long, ovate-lanceolate, secund, 2 seriate.
FIs. & Frts.: August - October.
Ulus.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 93. 1935 {Urochloa helopus).
Note: A good fodder grass, commonly found as a weed in cultivated fields. Distinguished fro m U. r a m o s a by having very shortly awned upper lemma.
Selected Specimens: Khandala, Maval, G a m m i e 548, 905, 488; Katraj ghat, Haveli,
Shevade s.n., Patil 5779; Purandhar, M a h a j a n 2 6 9 7 3 , Rolla 88605; Shirur Janardhanan
9 8 8 1 7 .
1013 2. Urochloa ramosa (L.) Nguyen in Novosti Sist. Vyss. Rast. 1966; 13. 1966; Ashalatha
& V.J. Nair in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 35: 29. 1993. Paniciim ramosum L., Mant. PI. 1: 29.
1767; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 449. 1967 (Repr.). Bnichiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf in Prain,
FI. Trop. Afr. 9: 545. 1919; Hemadri, Grass. Junnar 39. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh,
Grass. Maharashtra 32. 1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot.
4 1 7 . 1996.
Annual erect grasses; culms 30-90 cm high, occasionally rooting at lower nodes, rarely tufted. Leaf-blades up to 13 x 1.2 cm, lanceolate. Panicles 5-15 cm long. Racemes 5-10,
1.5-5 cm long. Spikelets ovoid, in pairs, 2.7-3 mm long; lower glume half as long as the upper glume or lower lemma. Grains ellipsoid with pointed ends, rugose, yellow.
FIs. & Frts.; July - October.
Illus.-. Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass. T. 86. 1935 {Bnichiaria ramosa).
Distrib.: A good fodder grass, common on hill slopes, as a weed in cultivated fields & gardens.
Selected Specimens: BSl campus, Pune, J a d h a v 175893, Cheriaii 63430; Walhe,
Purandhar, Jain 6575; Katraj, Haveli, Rolla 81540.
3. Urochloa remota (Retz.) Ashalatha & V.J. Nair in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 35; 29. 1993.
Panicum remotiim Retz., Obs. Bot. 4; 17. 1786. Brachiaria remota (Retz.) Haines, Bot.
Bihar & Orissa 1005. 1924; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 32. 1986;
Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 417. 1996.
Annual grasses; culms c 50 cm high, decumbent, slightly tufted and rooting from lower nodes. Leaves 7-9 cm long, lanceolate, glabrous. Spikes c 10 cm long. Spikelets distant, obovate-ellipsoid, not turgid, somewhat compressed.
FIs. & Frts.: A ugust - N ovem ber.
Illiis.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4; t. 111. 1988 {Brachiaria remota).
Distrib.; Common weed in cultivated fields and gardens.
Selected Specimens: BSI campus, Pune, J a d h a v 175895-A; Chaturshingi, Pune, Bhide s.n.
4. Urochloa reptans (L.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9; 601. 1920; Ashalatha & V.J. Nair in Bull. Bot. Surv. India 35; 29. 1993. Panicum reptans L., Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 870. 1759. P. prostratum Lam., Illustr. 1; 171. 1791; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 2; 932. 1908. Brachiaria reptans (L.) Gard. & C.E. Hubb. in Hook. Icon. PI. Sub. T. 3363. 1938; Hemadri, Grass.
1014 Junnar 40. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 32. 1986; Lakshmin. in
B.D. Sharma et al.^ FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 417. 1996.
Annual, weak and slightly tufted grasses; culms 15-40 cm long, ascending and rooting at lower nodes, much branched. Leaf-blades 3-5 x 0.4-1 cm, lanceolate, glabrous. Racemes
5-15, 1.5-2.5 cm long, erecto-patent or spreading. Spikelets c 2 mm long, paired or solitary, glabrous; lower glume membranous, truncate or rounded at apex. Grains 1.5-2 mm long, ellipsoid, pointed at ends, rugose.
FIs. & Frts.: September - December.
Ilhis.: Blatter & McCann, Bombay Grass, t. 92. 1935; K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI.
Tamihiadu Carnatic 4: t. 728. 1988 (Brachiaria reptcms).
Selected Specimens: Takrarwadi, Bhigwan, Indapur, J a d h a v 170888; BSI campus, J a d h a v
180679; Furussan College garden, Pune, G a r a d e 382.
5. Urochloa semiundulata (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Ashalatha & V.J. Nair in Bull. Bot. Surv.
India 35; 30. 1993. Panicum semiundulatiim Hochst. ex A. Rich., Tent. FI. Abyss. 2; 364.
1851. Brachiaria semiundulata (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9: 556.
1991; Hemadri, Grass. Junar 41. 1980; U.R. Deshp. & N.P. Singh, Grass. Maharashtra 32.
1986; Lakshmin. in B.D. Sharma et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 419, f. 418. 1996.
Annual, erect, tufted, grasses; culms 15-30 cm high. Leaf blades lanceolate, villous.
Spikelets c 2 mm long solitary or in pairs, subsessile. Grains c 1.7 mm long, ellipsoid, rugose.
FIs. & Frts.: September - October.
Illus.: K.M. Matthew, Fur. Illus. FI. Tamilnadu Carnatic 4: t. 729. 1988 {Brachiaria semiundulata).
Distrib.: Rare. Found restricted to open hill tops only. Junnar.
Selected Specimen: Shivneri hill top, Junnar, Rolla 83584.
6. Urochloa setigera (Retz.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9; 598. 1920; Lakshmin. in B.D.
Sharm a et al., FI. Maharashtra, Monocot. 631. 1996. Panicum setigerum Retz., Obs. Bot.
4; 15. 1786; T. Cooke, FI. Bombay 3; 449. 1967 (Repr.).
Aimual grasses; culms prostrate, spreading or straggling below, slender, rooting at lower nodes. Panicles with 3-10 racemes. Racemes 2-5 cm long, lower much distant.Spikelets c 2.5 mm long, 2 seriate, ovoid, glabrous or pubescent.
FIs. & Frts.: September - December.
1015 Distrib.: Poona (T. Cooke, op. cit.)\ Ganeshkhind Botanic Garden and Manjri farm
(Blatter & McCann, 1935).
Specimens not seen.
CULTIVATED SPECIES :
The following species are grown in the district for ornamental or economic purposes.
Arundo donax L., Sp. PI. 81. 1753.
Perennial grasses, 2-3 m high. A native of the lower Himalaya, the Panjab, Naga,
Nilgiri hills, often grown as an ornamental grass in clumps in large gardens.
Axonopus compressus (Swartz.) P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 12 (154): 167. 1812. 'Carpet grass'.
Aimual grasses. Introduced and naturalized in India. An excellent pasture grass.
Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. in Wendl. Collect. PI. 2: 28, t. 47. 1810.
‘ Udha-hans ‘Yellow Bamboo'.
Cultivated probably for its stems.
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf in Kew Bull. 1906; 357. 1906. 'Gavati-chaha'Lemon grass'.
Perennial, tufted grasses, 0.6-0.8 m high. Cultivated for its aromatic leaves which are used to prepare tea. It is generally used to cure cough and cold.
Deadrocalamus gigantea Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. 26; ISO. 1868. 'Giant Bamboo'.
A thin walled, giant bamboo growing up to 25 m high & up to 25 cm in diam.
Occasionally grown in gardens.
Euchlaena mexicana Schrad., Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1932.
A large and strong, annual, growing up to 3 m tall. Cultivated for fodder.
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 8, t. 1, f 11. 1789. "Nachani, Nagali, Ragi'.
Pereimial, robust, 0.3-1 m tall with 4-7, digitate spikes.
Cultivated as a food grain in hilly areas. The straw is excellent fodder for cattle.
Oryza sativa L., Sp. PI. 333. 1753. 'Bhat, Deobhat, Sal, TanduV.
Aimauls, 0.6-1 m tall. Cultivated on large scale for food grains.
Panicum hippothrix K. Schum in Eng. Pflanzenw. Ost.-Afr. C. 103. 1895. "Tan-Sawa\
Annuals, growing up to 0.6 m tall. Cultivatde rarely for its grains used as food for fasting days and T. Cooked like rice (Blatter & McCann, 1935).
Panicum maximum Jacq., Ic. PL Rar. I: 2, T. 13. 1781-86 & Coll. Bot. 1; 76. 1786.
1016 ■ Gini-gavat, Guinea-Gavat".
Tall, perennial grasses, growing up to 3 m high. A native of Africa, cultivated as a fodder crop.
Panicum miliaceum L., Sp. Pi. 58. 1753. 'Ghod-sava, Vanii'.
Annual hairy grasses, growing c 1 m high with much branched panicles.
A native of Egypt and Arabia, cultivated in ghats for food grains which are T. Cooked like rice, usually on fast days.
Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult., Syst Veg. 2: 434. 1817. P. miliare Lam ., lllus. V. 173. 1791. 'Bagad, Halvi-Varai, Kathel, Kiilthi, Sava'.
Annuals, growing up to 1 m high.
Occasionally cultivated for grains which become dark-brown when ripe.
Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum. in Engl. Pflanzenew. Ost. Afr. B. 51, C. t. 4, f
A & B. 1895. 'Panicum americanum L., Sp. PI. 56. 1753. Pennisetum typhoicleum Rich, in
Pers. Syn. Pi. 1: 72. 1805. 'Bajari
Annuals, growing 1.5-2 m high, with spicate, cylindric, 15-30 cm long racemes.
Probably a native o f Africa, widely cultivated for food grains. The straw is a good fodder for cattle.
Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. in Mem. Acad. Sci. Petersb. 6, 3; 184. 1834.
Annual grasses, 0.3-1.2 m tall with reddish purple spikes nodding with age with densely white or red bristles.
C ultivated as a fodder grass.
Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunth, Enum. PI. 1; 478. 1833.
Densely tufted, annual grasses, with 15-30 cm height.
Cultivated occasionally in gardens probably as an ornamental grass.
Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack in Allg. Bot. Z. 12: 178. 1906.
' Bamboo-Grass'.
Perennial, tufted grasses, growing up to 0.6 m high. Occasionally grown in gardens for ornamental purposes.
Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf, FI. Atl. 1: 67. 1798.
Armual, tufted small grasses, 15-30 cm high. Cuhivated in Pune (Lakshmin. in B.D.
Sharm a et al., 1996). Purpose not known.
Pseudoxytenanthera stocksii (Munro) Naithani in J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87; 446.
(1 9 9 0 ) 1991. ‘ Chivari, K o n d a M e s ’.
A stout, strong hollow, bamboo growing up to 9 m tall & 2.5-3.5 cm in diam.
1017 It was rarely cultivated in Agriculture College garden, Pune.
Saccharum officinarum L., Sp. PI. 54. 1753. 'Sugar-cane . 'Us'.
Stems stout, rigid, cylindric, tufted, growing 2-3 m tall.
Cultivated on large scale as cash crop and used in Sugar factories. Sugar, jagary, bagas
& mollases, alcohol, etc. are its products.
Saccharum ravennae (L.) Murr., Syst. Veg. 88. 1774. "Veda U s \
Gigantic, tufted grasses growing up to 6 m tall. Culms said to be used for making
screens.
It was planted in College garden, Pune (Blatter & McCann, 1935).
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., Meth. 207. 1794. "Joiulhala, Jmiri'.
Cultivated for food grains.
Following species and varieties of Sorghum were found cultivated in Agriculture
College Farm, Pune (Bor, 1960), probably for hybridization purposes.
Sorghum caudatum (Hack.) Stapf in Prain, FI. Trop. Afr. 9; 131. 1917,p.p.
Sorghum cernuum Host, Gram. Austral. 4; 2, t. 3. 1809.
Sorghum cernuum var. subcylindricum Snowden in Kew Bull. 1935: 252. 1935.
Sorghum cernuum var. technicum (Koem.) Snowden in Kew Bull. 1935. 235. 1935.
Sorghum membranaceum Chiov. in Monogr. Rapp. Col. Roma, 19, 23, 24, 27. 1912.
Sorghum subglabrescens (Steud.) Schweinf & Aschers in Schweinf. var. latum
Snowden in Kew Bull. 1935; 235. 1935.
Sorghum subglabrescens var. pabuiare Snowden in Kew Bull. 1935: 252. 1935.
Sorghum subglabrescens var. paniculatellum (Chiov.) Snowden in Kew Bull. 1935: 253.
1935.
Stenotaphrum dim idiatum (L.) Brongn. in Duperr. Bot. Voy. Coq. 127. 1831.
' La w n - g r a s s ’’.
Cultivated in gardens as a lawn grass.
Thysanolaena maxima (Roxb.) O. Ktze., Rev. Gen. PI. 2: 794. 1891.
Perermial, stout grasses, 2-3 m tall.
It was found grown in Ganeshkhind Botanic Garden, Pune (Blatter & McCaim, 1935), probably for medicinal purposes. A decoction o f the root is used as a rinse for the mouth in
case o f fever (Cambell)-Blatter & McCann, 1935.
Triticum aestivum L., Sp. PL 85, 1753. ' G a h u .
Aimuals, growing up to 0.8 m high in tufts.
1018 Cultivated on large scale for food grains.
Vetivaria zizanioides (L.) Nash in small, FI. S.E. U.S. 67. 1903. 'Kbas-Khas, Vala .
Perennial, much tufted grasses, growing 1 -2 m high.
Cultivated, probably for its roots. The roots are made into mats commonly known as
Tattis o r Khciqs and hung over doors and kept wet to cool the air during the hot season. The aroma from wet roots is very agreeable and preferable.
Zea mays L., Sp. PI. 971. 1753. ' M a k a .
Stout annuals, growing up to 3 m high. Cultivated both for food grains as well as for fodder.
1019