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Biological Control Agents for Tradescantia Fluminensis November 2012

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Biological Control Agents for Tradescantia Fluminensis November 2012 EPA staff report Biological control agents for Tradescantia fluminensis November 2012 Advice to the decision making committee on application APP201362: – To import and release the yellow leaf spot fungus Kordyana sp. as a biological control agent for the weed tradescantia (Tradescantia fluminensis) under section 34 of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 www.epa.govt.nz 2 EPA staff advice: APP201362 Executive Summary and Recommendation In September 2012, Auckland Council made an application to the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) seeking to import and release the yellow leaf spot fungus Kordyana sp. as a biological control agent for the weed tradescantia (Tradescantia fluminensis). Host range testing shows that no native and/or taonga plants will be adversely affected by this agent, and we recommend that it be approved for release. November 2012 3 EPA staff advice: APP201362 Table of Contents Executive Summary and Recommendation ........................................................................................ 2 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................. 3 1. The application process ............................................................................................................. 4 Purpose of this document .............................................................................................................. 4 Submission process ...................................................................................................................... 4 Application summary ..................................................................................................................... 4 2. The organisms proposed for release ........................................................................................ 5 3. Host-range testing ....................................................................................................................... 6 4. Minimum standards .................................................................................................................... 9 5. Adverse effects .......................................................................................................................... 12 6. Positive effects .......................................................................................................................... 13 7. Conclusion on adverse and positive effects .......................................................................... 15 8. Effects on Māori and their culture and traditions and the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi (Te Tiriti o Waitangi) ........................................................................................................ 16 9. Recommendation ...................................................................................................................... 19 10. Submissions .............................................................................................................................. 20 11. Comments from DOC and MPI ................................................................................................. 20 12. References ................................................................................................................................. 21 Appendix 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Appendix 2 ........................................................................................................................................... 27 Appendix 3 ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Appendix 4. .......................................................................................................................................... 30 November 2012 4 EPA staff advice: APP201362 1. The application process Purpose of this document 1.1. This document has been prepared by EPA staff; Asela Atapattu (Manager, New Organisms), Kate Bromfield (Senior Advisor, New Organisms), and Linda Faulkner (General Manager, Māori Policy and Operations), to advise the HSNO decision making committee on the results of our risk assessment of an application to import the yellow leaf spot fungus Kordyana sp. as a biological control agent for the weed tradescantia (Tradescantia fluminensis). The document discusses information provided in the application and other readily available sources. Submission process 1.2. Application ERMA201362 was publicly notified as required by section 53(1)(b) of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act. The 30 working day notification period began on 12 September 2012 and closed on 25 October 2012. 1.3. Submitters were asked to provide information, make comments and raise issues, particularly with regard to, but not limited to the following matters: methodology of the host-range testing; adverse effects1, especially adverse effects not identified in the application, and positive effects2, especially positive effects not identified in the application. Application summary 1.4. Auckland Council makes this application on behalf of the National Biocontrol Collective, a collective comprising 13 regional councils and the Department of Conservation (DOC). Landcare Research was the science provider for the application, and contracted Professor Robert Barreto (Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil) to determine if the yellow leaf spot fungus would be suitable to release in New Zealand. Landcare Research also contracted Jane Barton to provide expert input on plant pathology, and Richard Hill & Associates to prepare the application and manage the application process on behalf of Auckland Council. 1 Adverse effects can include any risks and costs associated with approving the release of these organisms. 2 Positive effects can include any benefits associated with approving the release of these organisms. November 2012 5 EPA staff advice: APP201362 1.5. This application seeks approval to introduce a white smut fungus – the Brazilian yellow leaf spot fungus (Kordyana sp.) – as a biocontrol agent of tradescantia. The EPA has already approved the introduction of the chrysomelid beetles Neolema ogloblini (approval code NOR000043), Lema basicostata and Neolema abbreviata (approval code ERMA200683) as biocontrol agents for tradescantia. These feed on the leaves, stems and shoot tips of the weed respectively. The applicant considers that leaf infection by Kordyana sp. will complement the effects of these insects. 1.6. Tradescantia (sometimes called wandering Willie or wandering Jew) forms thick mats at many forest margins, in forest clearings, and on stream margins in northern New Zealand. Mats overshadow and kill low-growing plants, including native tree seedlings that are essential for forest regeneration. Without intervention, heavy tradescantia infestations may cause the eventual destruction of small forest remnants and shrinkage of larger stands over time as forest margins retreat. Tradescantia is a prominent weed in suburban backyards and civic parks, and commonly causes severe allergic reactions in dogs that walk in it. Tradescantia has no significant beneficial attributes. 2. The organisms proposed for release Background on Kordyana sp. 2.1. Kordyana sp. is a white smut fungus that causes distinctive yellow spots on infected leaves. Molecular analysis has shown that this organism has the following taxonomy: Kingdom = Fungi Phylum = Basidiomycota Sub-phylum= Ustilaginomycotina Class = Exobasidiomycetes Order = Exobasidiales Family = Brachybasidiaceae Genus = Kordyana 2.2. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the organism is not K. tradescantiae (another Kordyana species known to infect Tradescantia hosts) and is distinct from any other Kordyana species (Barreto et al. 2010). We expect it to be formally described using the specific epithet brasiliensis, the name used in unpublished reports. Until the taxonomy November 2012 6 EPA staff advice: APP201362 is published, the organism remains unnamed and is referred to as Kordyana sp. in this application. 2.3. There are no inseparable organisms associated with Kordyana sp. 3. Host-range testing 3.1. The applicant has demonstrated that Kordyana sp. poses no threat to native flora through off-target effects. EPA staff consider that Kordyana sp. is host specific, and will only act as a pathogen on Tradescantia fluminensis. 3.2. Wapshere (1974) states that the plants most likely to be attacked by a proposed biocontrol agent are those most closely related to the target weed and growing in the area where that agent will be used. He developed the centrifugal phylogenetic testing system for selecting test plants, which accurately predicts the range of hosts that the control agent will use in its new environment. This system has been universally adopted by biological control practitioners worldwide and continues to be effective at preventing unexpected attack of non-target plants in the field, especially for pathogens (Barton (née Fröhlich) 2004, Barton 2012). The technique was modernised by Briese (2005), who refined the method, reducing the need for distantly related ―safeguard‖ plants to be included in test lists, as these have been found to add no additional value to host range testing procedures. Fowler (2007) selected the test-plant species to be included
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