1 Bildungsroman for the Nation Transylvanian

CEU eTD Collection Iordachi Second Constantin reader: Professor Supervisor: Balazs Professor Trencsenyi TRANSYLVANIAN In requirements for fulfillmentof the thedegree partial of BILDUNGSROMAN Submitted toCentralSubmitted European University

AUTOBIOGRAPHIES History Department Budapest, Hungary Emilian GhelaseEmilian Master of

ROMANIA 2013

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CEU eTD Collection such with accordance in instruct made copies Further made. copies such any of part a for must Library.lodged European theCentral in thelibrarian. from be Details obtained This page may m be may part, or full in Copyright in the text of the thesis rests with the Author. Copies by any process, either either process, any the by Author.with Copies rests thesis the of text the in Copyright ions may permissionmade ofthe thewritten without notbe Author. ade only in accordance with the instructions given by the the by and given Author instructions the with accordance in only ade i

CEU eTD Collection threerelation theState. autobiographers to in pu the explain to means a as employed is autonomy and regionalism of pre the of th inter the in Writtennarratives. autobiographical their through behind unification political agents the as themselves present to drive common a is share all they what views, Counc National Romanian Central the of creation the of proponents the of one is who class working the from Social coming a is one third the model; Transylvanian the after Party National w Bessarabia to Transylvania from goes who educator and fighter nationalist prominent a is one second the model; Masaryk's against Austria volunteers Transylvanianthe mobilize to Russia t travels who Banat from owner newspaper a is one first The standpoints. different from and contexts different in written are accounts whose Roma with Transylvanians unification three of the autobiographies by offered context the in e autobiographies analyzed here are seen as a vehicle for transferring the political language political the transferring for vehicle a as seen are here analyzed autobiographies e In this thesis, I am analyzing the self the analyzing am I thesis, this In - war national activism to the politics of Greater Romania. The analytical framework framework analyticalGreaterRomania. of The politics the to activism national war il. Beyond their differences in terms of social status and political and status social of terms in differences their Beyond il. here he mobilizes the Moldovans to establish their own their establish to Moldovans the mobilizes he here ABSTRACT –

ee Bc, nsfr hb ad o Flueras Ion and Ghibu Onisifor Bocu, Sever -

thematization of Transylvanian political figures figures political Transylvanianof thematization ii

o Dobrudja in the 1910s and afterwards to afterwards and 1910s the in Dobrudja o

nia. My research follows the the follows research My nia. - Hungary according to T.G.to according Hungary blic position of the the of position blic - Democrat leader leader Democrat - war period period war –

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography VI. Conclusions V.Ion Flueras. Social V. TheOnisifor ReturnsGhibu. of The Jou IV.Bocu. SeverFrom Revolutionary Nation Interwar Period II. Limits andThe Conditions Moment. ofRomanian Canonical Autobiography inthe II. Makingmaking&Theoretical selves countries Considerations: INTRODUCTION Contents Slalom betweenSlalom definitions Conclusions Social Movement and Autobiography InsuranceSocial Healthcare” and “Positive Social LifeThe and Timesa of Transylvanian Social Conclusions “Brother Petre”, or From Alsace Writing myLife. theBarricadesLife ownOn of At theCrossroads. An Educator Nation inthe Service ofthe Printing, Reprinting. Contexts Shifting Conclusions Masaryk Revolution Russian and the The Blessed landof Dobrogea Telling theStoryNati ofthe Time,Family History and The Memoiras Autobiography ofthe Nation NationalismRomantic andOrganicUnity Conclusions Transylvania. Cultural Unification, TraditionsIgnoredGenre. an of Workinga Canon of Romanian towards Autobiography Time and Autobiographical Narratives Space a ZiguPeriodization. IrinaLivezeanu and Ornea Historians Do it Too - Democracyand Feelings National nd the nd the Autobiographical Narrative

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- How IBecame a Bolshevik How Democracy, Eugenism and the InternationalThird

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LiteratureLaw and German

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103 100 117 110 111 . .

35 33 30 28 25 20 13 98 95 95 93 86 84 80 73 70 69 67 62 59 54 52 50 47 47 43

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CEU eTD Collection Organic Regulations. OrganicRegulations. century, ofthe nineteenth beginning inthe Russian Kingdom the the of Old under project as a readership, modernity. of Iorga's of project long the point will raise duree Transylvanian I furtherdown and starts, It 1 agents individual and processes historical s the to challenges and tendencies, regionalist to birth giving therefore is state single Romanians. of History massive his in volumes engineere who those of names ultimatelythe challenging and authority homogenizing andstate's centralizing of questioning continuous a into backfire would unification the and war the before decades Wa Great the by unleashed energies latent and blood Romanian the of effort joint the be possible made dream a time, the at to referred often astrue dreamcome a as wouldpass paperthis state.on one While into together abo narrative monolithic the into breaches creating is level political a on foremost and first like look should state this how becomes of question The that problematic. state the of nature the exactly is it making, state of process the in involved to bethe coming ofthe “national tofruition idea”. present present, the into past the of thought proj the between that nonetheless and subject, individual self of means a as writing autobiographical of practice the used figures Transylvanianhow public to plans thesis this topic, my down narrow further To Romania. interwar in written

Nicolae Iorga, Istoria Romanilor. Unificatorii, vol IX, (Bucuresti, 1938) as a Iorga, Romanilor. is framed the of Nicolae Istoria Union act 1938) The (Bucuresti, vol IX, Unificatorii, - representation and exploration of the relation between past and present, state, nation and nation state, present, and past between relation the of exploration and representation hl te ainl da f Getr oai i a osnu aog l th all among consensus a is Romania Greater a of idea national the While autobiography the about is it specifically More autobiography. about thesis a is This te nfcto, r the or unification, the d

INTRODUCTION r, in fact the radicalization of politics specific to the the to specific politics of radicalization the fact in r, unifiers unifiers

that in the post the in that – 1

f h uiiain Te loig integral blooming The unification. the of The act of bringing all Romanians into one into Romanians all bringing of act The o s te il o oe f ioa Iorga's Nicolae of one of title the use to

ut the idea of all Romanians living living Romanians all of idea the ut cin f h ntoait political nationalist the of ection - 1918 Romanian context appears context Romanian 1918 ources ources e agents agents e

explore

–

CEU eTD Collection specifically the autobiographies are a rich source, and in some cases the only one available, available, one only the cases some in and source, rich a are autobiographies the specifically the into Transylvania in as well astransfer unprofessional writers. point focal a and target moving a becomes identity context, this In past.and state between individual, relationnegotiating crucialin the becomes throughwriting exposed publicly memory of role the provinces, acquired newly the of identities political an social cultural, diverse the homogenize and integrate to attempt its in force centralizing nation of process the by Triggered memory. Romanian the m war, literary world first the of aftermath the In unification. Romanian of context t and self the between relation “imagined community,”andfor their of work theunification Romania. the define authors the which in way the analyze will it studies case significant Three movement. nationalist strongest with province the also and the of creation the to tied indissolubly is self the Creating event. experienced directly common, a to access offered were readers The point. turning deep a marks conflagration world the of experience self of becoming the 19 the of self of form favored a became it reality. into projection own its by own its by all of first challenged be therefore would nationalism n y iw tee et wl acut o itleta auto intellectual for account will texts these view, my In the in production autobiographical of subject fascinating the analyze will study The Autobiography emergedgenre innationa as aprivileged

re fcs n vrbnac o non of overabundance an faces arket century are kindled around the process of modernization, telling the story of either either of story the telling modernization, of process the around kindled are century

nation. The study will focus on Transylvania, the largest province of Romania Romania of province largest Transylvania,the on focus will study The nation. legiti - made

mating

turbulent context provided by the Greater Romania. More More Romania. Greater the by provided context turbulent - e, o men,

of the political thought of the Romanian nationalist movement nationalist Romanian the ofthought political the of - definition in bourgeois culture. Whereas the autobiographies the bourgeoisculture. Whereas in definition r a place for nostalgia of the aristocratic elites, the the elites, aristocratic the of nostalgia for place a r 2

- ulig sinn te tt te oe f a of role the state the assigning building - ito nraie woe an ujc is subject main whose narratives fiction list culture at the same time as time as culture same list at the - thematization and for the the for and thematization for both professional and professional both for

he d CEU eTD Collection (Stanford,2009) University Ca:Standford Press, 2 collide subject collective their and Individual persuade forces. to own their trying through are created was themselves readership they state new the of framework the into big” this history, life everyday the Unlike them. between points divergent and common negotiations, the and subjects and state unification, the of narratives personal and official the both together bring will day the immer this time, same the other.At the on state middle the individual Fitzpatrick bewill explored further inthe theoretical chapter. Sheila like studies Soviet of classics now by the regarding approach critical his especially Here, Druzina. of model Czech the after soldiers volunteer Romanian into turned war of prisoners Transylvanian the of presence the including topic, right the another integra its and Revolution of meaning bethe for: look to have will thesis this threadthat will It Revolution. the of ideals the with common in nothing have to appears anti the of admirers dedicated points at and observers active worth were Transylvanians is that It noticing Revolution. October the to especially and Russia Soviet to scholars Western fo instructive very still HollyCase of here work the is exactly it And state. and individual between negotiation subjective ultimately an to access offer that

Holly Case, Betw HollyCase, - imperial olwn tee osdrtos wa cms o h fr i nt p not is fore the to comes what considerations, these Following mention can I and issue, this into advancements prolific made has literature Recent - wing nationalism of the interwar. As far as I know, little literature is devoted to this to devoted is literature know, little I as interwar. far the As of nationalism wing

this subjectivitythatdeserves attention. this special

- subject ground between history,and ground between individual and hand, one the on literature and politics ist Revolution, although, strikingly enough their integral, radical nationalism nationalism radical integral, their enough strikingly although, Revolution, ist een States: een during The WorldTransylvanianIdea the European and Question WarII,

or the the or m edao te irhsoy and microhistory the endeavor my r

construction of the self the of construction

s soy f mid of story a is 2

for the Transylvanian but a general more note, while on context,

- ee clerks level 3

sion into the autobiographical production of of production autobiographical the into sion revealed through self through revealed

- cum

the work of Jochen Hellbeck and and Hellbeck Jochen of work the

- politicians trying to “make it it “make to trying politicians Alltagsgeschichte - narratives, but exactly but narratives, articularly the the articularly ple by applied tion into into tion CEU eTD Collection uoigahr, ihr ht t s h cs o Tcts Gbo o Tn Ju Tony or Gibbon Tacitus, of case the is it that either autobiographers, concept famous other his Nora's Pierre by exemplified case the be would autobiography account, historical parents. both Yetof bastard a be to plan appears oversees properproduction sometimes a for subjective too being or autobiography), Lejeune Phillipe the (See tragedy or novel a provide to attempting either factual/non reasons, same very the for history nor proper, literature unwanted an of matter a more rediscovery the ispre of it that argue would I incognita. terra a upon stumble pos as mambo modernist this all label would that historians conservative more of disapproval worrisome the to sometimes mind, everyone's in out pop immediately would Ricoeur Paul and White simila a of “discovery” its and through passes history genre, this discover studies literary While 1970s. theory the in autobiography literary of perspective the from subject my approaching bridg Before thesis. my for parameters working of series a down narrowing of purpose the with it of study the into leads main the and autobiography of definitions main the survey will I source. historical prop and studies autobiographical fornew take statewhoisto that. came intobeingcredit and indistinguis Intuitively, of state the examine will Chapter Theoretical the Introduction, the Following r transformation. Historians discover their own narrative side. The names of Hayden Hayden of names The side. narrative own their discover Historians transformation. r - hable into what is designed to be an alternative, yet “truer” history of how this how of history “truer” yet alternative, an be to designed is what into hable fictional account of one's life and being rendered below the genre's qualities of a of qualities genre's the below rendered being and life one's of account fictional

- jumbo. More or less at the same time, both history and literature students students literature and history both time, same the at less or More jumbo. autobiography can be placed at the juncture between these two. Neither Neither two. these between juncture the at placed be can autobiography ing the gap between history and literature, I will therefore start start therefore will I literature, and history between gap the ing - nineteenth century century nineteenth iu d memoire de lieux ose a way in which autobiography would be used as a a as used be would autobiography which in way a ose mettier d'historien mettier – 4

Paul de Man debate on the generic status of of status generic the on debate Man de Paul

Essays d'ego Essays . Historians have always been prime prime been always have Historians .

- histoire, and nicely framed by framed nicely and t Te ok of work The dt. ning, and that that and ning, t -

CEU eTD Collection 4 3 Goga towards leaning slowly in or Party, Peasant National the with Party continuing 1926 National the of members (former towards migrating Averescu'swar the People after them of Transylvaniasome right, the to either politicians military), classes ( social upper of from array come authors vast the The where memory. mass, protean of a kingdom form autobiographies a called be can that something create would r “world has society. the of strata the Casanova'smetaphor all Pascale Following sayI dare captured genre this by exercised fascination The texts. of corpus the of size the by amazed be tool contemporary the with Armed overlooked. simply are texts these of most autobiographies judging for criteria unstable the to and genre the of nature hybrid the to due that show will I ot literature, Romanian of collections the of overview an with Starting reception otherwise. and shows publication production, the genre, this into interest little show time the of means narratives payingattention towhat falls through crac the these Understanding forget. autobiographers and nations both stories, aspe last forgetting,of BenedictIthat follow here autobiographyandis share In their telling Anderson. One themselves. historians by autobiographies of production actual the from starting autobiography, and history between gap the bridging for Popkin D. Jeremy historian either aristocrats, or political key figures), or from peasantry from or figures), key political or aristocrats, either Archdiocese that republishes a series of testimonies (peasants, soldiers, mayors,officers) taken police soldiers, (peasants, oftestimonies series a that republishes Archdiocese Aqu 2005) Press History, Popkin, D. Jeremy & Historians, Autobiography, Chicago ofLondon: University and The (Chicago that these “contribution” projects are in their vast majority coming from coming majority vast inTransylvania. their are projects “contribution” that these or the Unification, Targuto towncontribution g. Banat's or (e. the.. to Mures'contribution the region “our”whererepresents the Union” to “Our contribution theon theme after1989 of thatappeared the immediatelyafter un ofthe celebration AlbaIulia The second chapter brings forward a forward brings chapter second The ite interesting project is that published in the early 1990s under the coordination of the Banat Banat the of underthe coordination early1990s isthat in the published project interesting ite epublic of letters” the interwar striving for meaning and for its own sense of presenceofsense own its meaningfor and interwarfor striving the letters” of epublic

is exemplary in this way and has become a major contribution major a become has and way this in exemplary is

kit for reading these self these reading for kit nother major point. Although the literary studies studies literary the Although point. major nother ks, what left is behind. ks, 5

ification. The book is part of a whole ofprints series a of is part book ification. The ews cmeln bibliographic compelling herwise - narratives the researcher can only only can researcher the narratives 4 , clerks (mayors, high ranking high (mayors, clerks , ct that both history and and history both that ct

. and so on) note on) so and . 's Party or after after or Party 's - Cuza), or or Cuza), CEU eTD Collection 5 onlyafter published was 1960 in writing started he which project,autobiographical ambitious writing. autobi single one of wrote Ghibu moment the on emphasis special a put will chapter This Romanians. of mass know nationalist Transylvanianthe transferring by Romania being that story, the of side his on and nation about tell to more has Livezeanu's Irina of heroes radicalizes regionalist his andanti he where (Banat) “fatherland” his for plead to tries he where Conference Paris the and Russia wh from newspaper, Tribuna the for working nationalism Romanian of center new the to Arad, forward him takes journey His journalism. in career a towards turns he affair Memorandum the of thrill the under but bank, Romanian to Brasov to goes he Banat, from Coming Transylvanian. andcritical a somehow against stance democracy. interw the in theme recurrent a be will that feature common one show all They state. the and nation the on views political their and front the Transylvaniaon from Romanians three of peregrination the show Closer journey. their of dimension spatial the cover to trying while typologically, organized are cases three These picture. this into Transylvanianfit how actorsshow will I 1918, after production autobiographical of overview from the leftist Transylvanian Socialsoldiers or figures. Democrats;simple academic

By far the most striking case is that of that of is Vasilecase most striking fartheBy autobiography, Mateescu's 2. in chapter discussed hpe 4 el wt te uoigahe o Oiio G Onisifor of autobiographies the with deals 4 Chapter siecle the fin of example typological the represents 3) (Chapter Bocu Sever studies. case three with deal will chapters three next The r a eun dsaifcin ih tt isiuin anti institution, state with dissatisfaction genuine a ar:

Cultural Politics Cultural -

building. I will focus particularly on his activity in Bessarabia Bessarabia in activity his on particularly focus will I building. ography that was published during his lifetime. The rest of his of rest The lifetime. his during published was that ography - centralizing position. centralizing position.

that he single handedly brought this province to to province this brought handedly single he that to the to

ich he fled to Dobrogea and back to Banat via via Banat to back and Dobrogea to fled he ich 6 in Greater Romania, Greater in

Bildungsroman

- use lcaie oiin n a in position lucrative a pursue how to a disorganized and inert inert and disorganized a to how After presenting the general general the presenting After

hibu. Although one of the the of one Although hibu. tradition, these three cases three these tradition,

I think that his life his that think I - parliamentarism

- story story CEU eTD Collection answer a regionalism iseither for desire orsilence. of trajectories the life three These Regeneration. National of Front II's Carol King support to him o favor in argues constantly and union, labor the with work his continues he While unification. the after Romania Greater in revolutionary nationalist a of journey the for example good politics. Bucharest was alsoan representingcommunism. in attempt tonationalize himself after wrote he memoranda the with them contrast and autobiographies his at look will I death. his f Social f 1945 in an attempt to rehabilitate himself. These memoranda also show how the author author the how show also memoranda These himself. rehabilitate to attempt an in 1945 Social into looks 5 Chapter - Democracy, his revolt against capitalism and Romanian politicianism ultimately led politicianism Romanian and Democracy,capitalismagainst revolt his –

lea, n o te edr o Taslain Social Transylvanian of leaders the of one Flueras, in the end the in –

three misfits. Their views on the st the on views Their misfits. three - Democrat Ion Flueras' attempt to integrate into the the into integrate to attempt Flueras' Ion Democrat 7

ate are rejected, and the the and rejected, are ate

- eort ofr a offers Democrats - stories show show stories CEU eTD Collection intellectu history. by provided method the around centered patterns, interpretation and reading largelybe would onewith last concerned the interwar while in discourseRomania, nationalist historical a as considered be to autobiography of possibility the on focuses part second The mappings. terminological its with and autobiography of definitions the with deals one first The parts. I dimensions temporal and spatial well as thetradition ofautobiography inRomania. relation the into light betwee shed unification the of narratives, experience the collective to and connected individual autobiographies between connection the express to language Transylvanian Rom Greater by genre was literary what of project thisthe into integration their of of experience the practicerecounting autobiographers the on molded is it autobiography, to intended were that determinants of series a introduced have I “autobiography.” subject, the down To narrow n individual and state, between non between state, and individual n II.

Beginning with the 1970s the study of history and the study of literature are reunited reunited are literature of study the and history of study the 1970s the with Beginning genre), a as autobiography (i.e. generic these behind theory the explores chapter This The

Theoretical Considerations ore wt a pca epai o te context the on emphasis special a with source, Introduction na Mr ta a osrcin f h sl, r mas f tlzn literary utilizing of means a or self, the of construction a than More ania. clarify what I am going to write about. While still being a study on on study a being still While about. write to going am I what clarify announced the subject of this study to be, quite unproblematically, quite be, to study this of subject the announced Slalom between definitions have announced. I will therefore divide the chapter in three in chapter the divide therefore I will announced. have : Making selves & making selves countriesMaking & - writer memorists and the literary language language literary the and memorists writer 8

- on rdclzto o the of radicalization bound

–

as as al CEU eTD Collection 8 Popkin, genres.” Autobiography two the between separation 7 clear a force collectivity & Historians, Autobiography, national cre the of mission of the with memory and training specialized requiring discipline academic an periods Napoleonic and revolutionary the about memoirs with inundated 6 well. not are things the that notice but help cannot one Yet oppositions. distinct ultimately as object and subject fiction, and fact history, and literature world, and self seeing with away breaking towards step first the side” historians' the from largely constructed been has autobiography and history between wall “the that Popkin with assuming autobiography, and of facets two the between choice of question a than More subject itself. LauraMarcusAs out, points fact in not is instability this whether and instabilitypractice. ofthisliterary hybridity the admitting by beginning very the from start to have I autobiography, of defini a character.Workingtoward eclectic somewhat a have to deemed is itself, subject the chapter,like this that observed be can it mind, in Withthat share. literature and history of liter narrative, fact, fiction, 19 the of break the after

Popkin

in the reveals autobiography of definitions of series vast The

will appear either as a dangerous double agent, moving between these these between moving agent, double dangerous a orasoppositions, amagical of instrument r as either autobiography distinct, appear irreconcilably as will world, seen are and these which… self in between context opposites postulated the an literature of terms in instability “ Postulating Laura Marcus, Marcus, Laura “ autobiography is itself a major source of concern because of its very very its of because concern of source major a itself is autobiography Only in the first half of the ninet the of half first the in Only , 15. , , (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 13. 2005), Press, Chicago of London: , University (Chicagoand

instability instability hsoy fc ad ito, ujc ad bet I a intellectual an In object. and subject fiction, and fact history, d 8

Auto

it appears that the historians ar historians the that appears it

p. 15. p. - th biographical Discourses, Discourses, biographical

ariness, language or referentiality are concepts that both the study the both that concepts are referentiality or language ariness, etr ta ld o hi professionalization. their to led that century

going so smoothly when it comes to the study of literature as literature of study the to comes it when smoothly so going per t b a ofral lcs yt n ne nt ignore not need one yet locus, comfortable a be to appears

eenth century century eenth a reflection of a particular discourse concerning the the concerning discourse particular a of reflection a

7 apud. Jeremy D. Popkin, Popkin, D. Jeremy apud. 7 –

econciliation.” ironically, a period when the European public was was public European the when period a ironically, e put in the ingrate position of making of position ingrate the in put e –

did the new definition of history as as history of definition new the did 7

- depth problematic status problematic depth ating a scholarly historical historical scholarly a ating 6 itr, Histor History,

itr, literature, History, as & ians, History, tion tion CEU eTD Collection 1993, p. p. 57. 1993, Construct Autobiography. of 10 only can position This happened.” ofautobiography. instability generic with the locus really “what in “wall” the interest of obtuse persistence “too the sole, confirm was his for it demonized because still autobiography is from historian themselves distanced historians the s novel, the say than literary” “less being it of basis the on autobiography rejected scholars literary the while that shows insight Her 1980s. the herwas part theory,most interesting posthumanist the and mediafar by alternative up the for trend representative is this say would CEU's by hosted autobiography on workshop her in 9 “ the retains autobiography of theorizing critical dominant the autobiography, in “life” constitutes what of and canon the of legitimacy the “post the is it th is theory model” time “new against argument Her rehearsing. longer no and this rehearsed only rehearsal, same the into included is autobiography of theory model” cir the closes Watson turn her in topos, critical the rehearsing by offered perspective the From that. to prior autobiography ofstudy the in employed exclusiveness factual the rejected it that hi between intersection the at autobiography placed Sturrock John or Renza Louis Lejeune, Philippe like theorists through and autobiography towards interest concerted a show to started that theory the understands – model” “new the rehearsing Watson to it. proceedsusing too from her prevent not does topos grounded observation: Ju 1990s, early the In literature. of students the from coming foremost and first texts, these of ubjective” to qualify as a historical source. Now, a couple of decades later, and rather problematically, the the problematically, rather and later, decades of couple a Now, source. historical a as qualify to ubjective”

lia Watson opens her essay “TowardAnti an essay her Watsonopens lia i.e. developed after 1970s 1970s after developed i.e.

cle and includes the theory that had been employing the same critical topos. The “new “new The topos. critical same the employing been had that theory the includes and cle decades.” by autobiography of theory the of discussions begin to topos critical a become has “It throu critics by assumed positions changing the rehearsing

Julia Julia Watson,“Toward an Anti part taking of Julia Watson, about chance writingthe had and I chapter Coincidently, this writing while The fact that the feminist critic acknowledged the annoying existence of the critical the of existence annoying the acknowledged critic feminist the that fact The - structuralist dismantling of the metaphysics of subjectivity” and its negation of both both of negation its and subjectivity”of metaphysics the of dismantling structuralist

os f Self of ions

story and fiction. The main merit of the “new model” theory is is theory model” “new the of merit main The fiction. and story

–

between literature and history, a wall that shares the same comfortable comfortable same the shares that wall a history, and literature between - hois of theories Metaphysics of Autobiography”, in Robert Folkenflik (ed). (ed). Folkenflik Robert of in Metaphysics Autobiography”, - Representations - to

- date research in the field of literary theory theory literary of field the in research date Gender Department. Although her most recent work recent most her Department. Although Gender

10 uoigah. hog te nw oe” she model” “new the Through autobiography.

- Metaphysics of Autobiography”of Metaphysics

, (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press), Press), University Stanford California: (Stanford, , bios - bia ” xoe b Gsdr o Georg or Gussdorf by exposed s”

story on the state of affairs ofin state the on story ghout the last three three last the ghout – 9

deals with the the with deals with a well well a with T at despite despite at he Culture he –

and I I and CEU eTD Collection 13 12 11 main “the that namely literature, of study the to specific theory” to “resistance certain a exposes argumentation Her th transhuman. the even or privileges patronymic lacking towards voiceless, it orient and subject metaphysical the against ifnotnopowerthe author little whatsoever. holds of thetext autobi all after that argued Man de Paul author, and reader between contract or pact, autobiographical Lejeune's of fiction legal the rejecting tone, similar a In theorist. French the of critic main the with communicates autobiography on autobiography.ofpractice the from excluded Ultimately, Le of rejection her are privilege” patronymic with authorized not are who “those that argues further Watson author, character and narrator, isregarded by Watson as an between identity the establishing book the of cover the on name legal author's of appearance eleme paratextual to gives the he importance the of and pact theory autobiographical his autobiography, of inescapable study the of reflection a as the considered is pact” “autobiographical in facts of Olne primacy James the alongside who questioning theorists leading the of one was Lejeune Philippe life of form classical the li writer” the of Misch inthe mitation excluded texts that do not provide a historically meaningful writer's biography and and biography writer's meaningful historically a provide not do that texts excluded mitation

Watson,60. Id. Paul de Man, “Autobiography as Defacement,” as Defacement,” “Autobiography Man, de Paul

Julia Julia autobiography Watson'sof theory the redefine effort to an than more is argument the is, 'worth' writing. of genre World First a c dominant is autobiography that […] assumption implicit 'biography' the comprise that events historical accumulated “the as defined is bias The Geistegeschite 11

and is viewed as limiting autobiography to the to autobiography limiting as viewed is and ulture written by persons whose lives are culturally endorsed, that endorsed, culturally are lives whose persons by written ulture

12 - writing that constituted the autobiographical canon. Although Although canon. autobiographical the constituted that writing

tradition.

MLN, MLN, 1 1

ography is just a figure of reading, on which which on reading, of figure a just is ography 1979, Vol1979, 5: 919 No 94,

e more concrete subject, the the subject, concrete more e

bios/ life - 930. 930.

of “great men.” This This men.” “great of bios

nts, including the the including nts, jeune's legal view view legal jeune's - bias.

Lejeune's y started started y CEU eTD Collection Eakin ed. Eakin 3. ed. p. Trans.Leary,1989, Press) Katherine of Minnesota University (Minneapolis: 15 14 existence, life, where hisindividual is focus inparticular the his personality.” thestory of real a by written narrative prose “retrospective a is autobiography that conclusion the reaches Lejeune Philippe autobiography, of definition challenged also and famous most the become has what In work. his reconsidering mildly it put to or rejecting in definition, his reevaluate to one first the was he since so more target, mandatory other the be would Lejeune Philippe phenomenon. late a as Western culture, the in autobiography also Gusdorf bridge a as Autobiography” of Limits and “Conditions essay, 1956 Gusdorf's Georges and porous a mallea as treated been has autobiography 1970s the from that showing language, theorists, among autobiography by exercised i not if valid definitions and challenge theminorder tomake for other room voices. al this Yet by replaced be to former the genre; and autobiography of concepts the both replace to designed of definition own its offer to having of challenge the with faced when theory literary of conundrum the for indicator theoretical ofliterary interest con theory

life

Paul de Man, “The Resistance to to Theory”, Resistance “TheMan, de Paul - ble environmentground works asafor theory's that testing capacities. writing

The remaining question is how to define and collate series of autobiographies so that that so autobiographies of series collate and define to how is question remaining The take should position changing the rehearsing of act the that norm a become has It aTwenty still is afteryears Watson'stopos critical rehearsing the essay,that appears it an as viewed be can positions,” changing the “rehearsing that, attention into call I hlpe een, Te uoigahcl at, n hlpe Lejeune, Philippe in Pact’, Autobiographical ‘The Lejeune, Philippe o hw ta a e ciia tps s on I hs eoe tps o rehearse to topos a become has It born. is topos critical new a that shows so ecpbe hoeia vnue Mr ta soig h cniuu fascination continuous the showing than More venture. theoretical nescapable

, a new concept that allows equal treatment to previously marginalized texts. marginalized previously to treatment equal allows that concept new a , became an accessible target for criticism due to the fact that he located located he that fact the to due criticism for target accessible an became

uoigah. h rjcin f h mtpyia sbet is subject metaphysical the of rejection The autobiography. YaleFrench S sists in theimpossibility definition.” in sists ofitsown 12

t i fsiain lo oe te usin of question the poses also fascination his tudies , 63 (1982), p. 3. (1982), 63 ,

person concerning his own own his concerning person n Autobiography, On

Paul John John Paul 14 - head. head. 15

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CEU eTD Collection 17 p. 1. 1983) Press, University Harvard 16 XXth Century) or e contemporary Gibbons' Edward through either autobiography, of practice the with touch intimate more somewhat a finds History research mathematics, studies, Africana psychology,medicine agenda withand theexplicit biologyexploring: of education, law, anthropology, film, music, art philosophy, history, studies, religious studies, ethnic theater, studies, literary from examples of number impressive an collates, disciplines academic and autobiography ac writing Frey's Olivia and P. Freedman Diane research. interdisciplinary of growth the under and theory literary of exclusiveness the to pertaining Doit Historians Too autobiographystudent ofhistorya thatforofall reassuring. ismost histories” family memoirs, autobiographies, a feelings] and things [hopes such “discover historians how for explanation Davis' Zemon Natalie of swiftness the theory, the of intricacies the Against ease. more with history joins theory,autobiography narrati historical a into way their find they

Disciplines. Disciplines. AUniversity Reader,London: Duke and (Durham in P Feda, lva ry es) Discipline (eds.), Frey Olivia Freedman, P. Diane

one another? other In life. own writer's so are what academic words, the and […] knowledge for search the autobio of study The Natalie Zemon Davis, Davis, Zemon Natalie os h disciplines the ross ape ofrd yTn Jd (h Cae o Mmr, n Rtikn the Rethinking and Memory, of Chalet (The Judt Tony by offered xamples Timothy Garton Ash's 17

ot noe n h ps” y okn a “etr ad diaries, and “letters at looking by past” the in anyone bout me of the ways self and discipline coalesce into and shape shape and into coalesce discipline and self ways the of me h Rtr o Mar of Return The Memoirs, graphy is no longer limited to literature or history, no longer longer no history, or literature to limited longer no is graphy

oe f h ms cnitn poet o te eain between relation the on projects consistent most the of one ,

or The File. The File. A Personal History. h Euain f er Adams Henry of Education The ve. Contrasted to what one can find in the literary the in find can one what to Contrasted ve. i Guerre tin 13

- 16

Autobiography: Autobiographical Writing Across the the Across Writing Autobiographical Autobiography: Discipline

rsns vrin f okn with working of version a presents

(Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: England: London, Massachusetts, (Cambridge,

Press, 2003), 1 2003), Press, - Autobiography: Autobiographical Autobiography:

- 2.

r hog the through or history, CEU eTD Collection personality behind their erudition... , to flee from themselves into another era, to express themselves only only themselves express to era, another into themselves from flee Popkin, throughothers.” to , erudition... their behind personality ab required claimed, to Nora as historians which, objectivity,” historical of foundations classic the of "shaking the with terms 20 19 725. p. (1999), 104:3 18 become placestexts ofmemory practicesare ofstory. thesame part objectivity to claim historian's and subjectivity inherent autobiography's history,” connect call to attempts we Popkin construct analytic the into transformed is past, the of representation memoire, the lieux their corefeature, namely brou are autobiography and history both definition, Lejeune's on largely based and level first a At autobiography. and history between reviewed”) rarely are publications (aga similarities the highlighting by historians of records autobiographical analyzing to proceeds discipline” their of members by explored often more terrain Eaki John Paul thanking that autobiographies write do historians that discovery of 'surprise' the Following own. its in topos proper a become has autobiographies gro fertile a finds definition Lejeune's

Historical S Historical Jeremy D. Popkin, “ Popkin, D. Jeremy inst the dismissive attitude of scholarly journals in the field of history where “such “such where history of field the in journals scholarly of attitude dismissive the inst

tr wt a oe eea soy n h ms smhw ae i personal his make somehow must he And story. general more a with story individual his identify to way a find must He action. of man a as well as pen H memoirs. other of aware be must writer memoir The Nora's ego Nora's on drawing time this on, Further camps, literary from coming reconsiderations and criticism the aside Leaving “ Frontier” Autobiographical the on “Historians Popkin, D. Jeremy Having historians examine their own personal history was a way to make the profession come to to come profession the make to way a was history personal own their examine historians Having 20 Fr ht h big tgte Ljue a Lejeune together brings he that, For . tudies andon the tradition that had taught them to “let their work speak for them, to hide their their hide to them, for speak work their “let to them taught had that tradition the andon lieux de memoire de lieux

, , Vol.1141. 4, No. 19, Historians on the autobiographic the on Historians rjc ta eaie “h wy n hc mem which in way “the examines that project Ego n and Philippe Lejeune “for encouraging a historian's venture into into venture historian's a encouraging “for Lejeune Philippe and n -

Histoire and Beyond: Contemporary French Historian French Contemporary Beyond: and Histoire the reconstructions ofthe pastreconstructions a usually chronological in order.

in themselves

also come at hand when discussing autobiography, as these these as autobiography, discussing when hand at come also

und in history. The rediscovery of historians' historians' of rediscovery The history. in und 14 “ :

enjoy a dubious status in our profession”, and and profession”, our in status dubious a enjoy

frontier,al 1731. - histoire, which, in connection with the with connection in which, histoire, d oa soig ht atr l, both all, after that, showing Nora, nd 18

e must be a man of the the of man a be must e h mrcn itrcl Review, Historical American The , , historian Jeremy D. Popkin Popkin D. Jeremy historian , - Autobiographers” ory, the unreflective unreflective the ory, ght together by by together ght , French

19 a

CEU eTD Collection memory memory 24 23 22 21 milieux ac the argues, Nora as since, remembering replaces Narration profound changesandultimately inconsciousness, estrangement. Romanian in of biographies present These culture. autobiographies of cohort other the with chapter) following the in (present discussion a up open would This it'. know we 'as state the of existence the to led that retrospectively is autobiographer the nationalism, of product the as conceived being state the With function. this perform attention into calls but the origins asa full ofnationalism sleep” from “awakening Anderson's taking and itself makes propertyovertext useof the inasomehow it co time in is of part being as himself project he community the which in way the and of part author,i between connection he community the showingthe thus light, new a to brought and context original the from extracted reinterpreted, symbolically are they memoire, de lieux As

17. 1996), Edition Id. 204. Id. Anderson, Benedict Nora, Pierra

markets yearyear.markets by print flood biography and autobiography of narratives narrated. seven the over years, replaced be is body human must a in cell 'remembered,' single every that be demonstration not can it because personhood, of conception a comes estrangement this of Out study my which autobiographies the literature, of history Romanian of phase this In study, my to closer us, lead will nations and individuals Remembering, these together, Taken rationality. public memoire. with o characteristics consonant rationale – “ to bereplaced the by

The 'acceleration of history' thus brings us face to face with the enormous distance that separates real real separates that distance enormous the with face to face us brings thus history' of 'acceleration The the kind of inviolate social memory that primitive and archaic societies embodied, and whose secre whose and embodied, societies archaic and primitive that memory social inviolate of kind the , (London, N (London, ,

Imagined Communities. Communities. Imagined

els f eoy o I Cnlcs n Divisions and Conflicts I. Vol Memory. of Realms 21

ew York: Verso, 195. 1991), Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism Revised Revised Nationalism of Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities. Imagined te er cme u t tik f t eepas as exemplars its of think to us compel genre the f 22

. It is no longer the question of discovering the national origins, national the discovering of question the longer no is It . 23 lieux de

the nation spring from oblivion and amnesia brought about by by about brought amnesia and oblivion from spring nation the

Now, the “new nationalism” no longer imagines itself as as itself imagines longer no nationalism” “new Now,the

memoire - fledged, self

15 .

mapping the story of the very nationalism nationalism very the of story the mapping - aware anaware

( New York: Columbia University Press Press University Columbia York: New ( d self celeration of history causes the causes history of celeration

- referential process. Against biology's biology's Against identity - proprietary fashion. - capitalism's capitalism's lieux de de lieux which,

to Benedict to

s t CEU eTD Collection 27 26 25 2. Nora, drivenchange.” by are they because them with died express are voices these that account into takes it unless task incomplete an be only can self the of models Western of presence monolithic the from coming seen intellectuals As appear. texts these which in picture larger the account texts.” social/ and thematic formal, the of significance the of definition Lejeune's about questions some to “answering at aims that framework a according builds and pact autobiographical literature travel the defining at proceeds Chirico travel of that as such case borderline a in genre narrative travel the of analysis recent Chirico's David history. and literature of students from both coming questions both influence literature and history of stepchild the recognition.” full it granting disciplines those of neither with literature, and history of stepchild of kind “a as autobiography defined Olney James historian of peculiarity the show o in insists Popkin which on literature and history between rupture century 18th the

“Building a Bridge of Words: The Literary Autobiography as Historical Source Material”, Material”, Source Historical as Autobiography Literary Volume 446. The 2006, Summer Number3, 29, Words: of Bridge a “Building New York:2008). Press, University CentralEuropean Eas Under Chirico, 27 Chirico, Drace Alex in Genre”, Literary a as Narrative “Travel Chirico, David Olney, James Studiesin Autobiography,(New York:UP, Oxford Jensen Walla Jennifer apud XIII, 1988), 27 One has to note the importance of the of importance the note to has One to how and it, is what difficulties: similar with comes it level conceptual a On reinforce these all section, this started that discipline on discussion the to back Going themselves ina

More than reading individual works, the student of autobiography has to take into into take to has autobiography of student the works, individual reading than More –

it has a twin brother hasit atwinintravel writing. tern Eyes. A comparative Introduction to East European Travel Writing in Europe (Budapest, (Budapest, Europe in Writing Travel European East to Introduction comparative A Eyes. tern - – 28.

from history, which is how modern societies organize a past they are condemned to forget to condemned are they past a organize societies modern how is which history, from

perfectlyenclosed self

26 literary -

autobiographers within their discipline. In a similar vein, vein, similar a In discipline. their within autobiographers is extremely useful for understanding the importance of of importance the understanding for useful extremely is

–

f and here once more we can read Lejeune's massive Lejeune's read can we more once here and ield neaal fo a from inseparable 16 o id e vie ta wud hleg the challenge would that voices new find to - question of genre of question

referentiality.

artvs and narratives, itrcl atr wih nt these unite which factors historical 25

Con

rdto o rtn and writing of tradition - sidering that autobiography is is autobiography that sidering Francis & Wendy Bracewell (eds.) (eds.) Bracewell Wendy & Francis in discussing autobiography discussing in in my case autobiography. case my in before

the , attempts Biography

rder to rder do use it, use

not ch, ch, of . ,

CEU eTD Collection 29 28 social specific a under self the of making the only not fore with generaeither deal would we which of absence the in reality”, the “discursive and together reality” brings “historical property” “discursive The metrical. or phonological comedy), from fic the underlies which disbelief suspended of convention the to opposed as autobiography, an in authenticity of claims as (“such pragmatic story), detective a in plot the (structuring narratological follows: pro discursive a codifies society given a codification.” that by constituted texts individual institutionalizes genre the circularity, Avoidingsociety.” properties. discursive of codification such.” ha as that texts perceived of classes only “but texts, of classes are genres whom anthropological andgroupsof oftexts.” thefunctions analysis ofour and meanings texts literary historical, the assist “also and on” so and movements locate “rel a as genre of understanding contentious a for room leaving Although analysis. historical a for point and texts individual narrative I n an attempt to reevaluate reevaluate to attempt an n

Id., 30. Id., Id.

rvl rtn txs wti ter w ntoa ltrr taiin, ihn literary within traditions, literary national own their “within texts writing travel Autobiography, as a codification of a discursive property will therefore bring to the the to bring therefore will property discursive a of codification a as Autobiography, What is a genre? genre? a is What

within its its within

l poetics, or literary sense. historyinthe broad l poetics,or ic from an era of prescriptive literary criticism”, Chirico argues that it can it that argues Chirico criticism”, literary prescriptive of era an from ic to boundaries ae on Based

the functions of travel. ofthe functions inlt o the of tionality

David h nto o gne s o lo te nerto o the of integration the allow to as genre of notion the

, Chirico

29 David which ooo' dfnto, h genre the definition, Todorov's

Genres are historically determined according to the norm the to according determined historically are Genres 's definition starts definition 's oee, the However, Ch are produced and perceived perceived and produced are Bildungsroman rvds information provides rc argues irico perty. Todorov defines “discursive property” as as property” “discursive defines Todorov perty. 17 In this sense, thesesense, Inthis

emphasis for ” teai (itnusig tragedy (distinguishing thematic )”, from Todorov, Tzvetan to according

literary a - cultural framework, but also has has also but framework, cultural

about the given society that that society given the about here narratives narratives - itrcl socio historical, a b udrto as understood be can - “ theoretical approach to to approach theoretical in relation to the norm the to relation in is placed on “a given given “a on placed is e en historically been ve become logical or or logical a starting starting a travel travel 28 help help

a CEU eTD Collection 30 of norms the to connection in all of interwar,firstof autobiographies the history.read with I ultimately and present, the of experience the to projects, selves” “making contemporary other the to: new i its memory,leaves its and past a the as understood of experience was the case, my what In about. brought has War under Great the that order subsequentlyEuropean/World and state, new a under identity th that add to crucial is it time, of period a over genre literary specific a of history literary than more history,as with understood dealing are we Since selves. creating or formation identity of projects independent about only not is w a transferredto very dimensions the with butsame texts, the of dimension experiential or literary the with concerned only not is It history. about study a is this Yet research inadouble story lived and “I andthat” didthis recognizableher tobothauthor andreaders. or his the make that references factual the find we text the Outside that.” or this do and see to up “I and born” was“I autobiographicaltext: each referencesin factual minimalculturalof seriesand determinants. social the a Thereare tightlyto connected is life” (an self the together bringing of advantage major the has source historical a as autobiography “life previous of comparison by available are insights reality.Its showin of potential the

d how it is build, recognized) and the cultural and social environment. The “story of my my of “story The environment. social and cultural the and recognized) build, is it how d 1999), IX. 1999), Paul John Eakin, How Our Lives Become Stories: Making Selves, (Ithaca, (Ithaca, Selves, Making Stories: Become Lives Our How Eakin, John Paul usuallycomparatively a phase. late life a writing of story a butalsoin lifelong process act the in only in not display constructed, we doubly selves are the autobiographies for experiential, and literary both are concerns my to introduction Eakin's John Paul the genre and to the challenges they brought to it, the most important being that being important most the it, to brought they challenges the to and genre the

- bind form: bind g how the autobiographer relates to both historical and discursive discursive and historical both to relates autobiographer the how g

ndividual character behind and enters a complex relation relation complex a enters and behind character ndividual

of identity formation of which the writing is ofwhichof formation the identity writing is 30 is period is concerned with creating a collective a creating with concerned is period is o or Live our How

Bcm Stories Become s - writing booms”. As argued, As booms”. writing N.Y., Cornell University Press, Press, University N.Y., Cornell

lived, experienced, came came experienced, lived, hole new level. It level.new hole introduces his his introduces

CEU eTD Collection nation “dis be can that entity construction an not is self the that propose I Eakin, Pa John Following history. informing and by informed process a not and history of front in account can that entity an is self political or economic religious, community, either whole exemplary pre the of autobiography, European of phase multitud the of complexities of (re)search the for the search The in lives. exemplary selves, together lives, individual brought limitations, conditions, directions, main the are specif the on the case his Here building is on. critic literary so and person single a or parent a housewife, a or worker a child, a or man a woman, a with deal can it down, narrowed or expanded be can It example. hypothetical Thatcher's Margaret in herself represents perceives woman Irish an how instance for of story personal youthe tell would production, entire the from text somehow placedat the edgepublicdiscourse, and public and personal of perso are autobiographies the histories, unofficial statements. As political as planned are text these - state, inthe making. Searching social In is more ofanis more –

through language, but a process. Closer to my case, it is at all points, like the like points, all at is it case, my to Closer process. a but language, through - cultural history, autobiographies are generally read selectively.history,read cultural generally one areSelecting autobiographies for the individual, the best exemplification of a collective trend of the the of trend collective a of exemplification best the individual, the for exemplum

e can be read, interpreted, understood as a reflexion of the early the of reflexion a as understood interpreted, read, be can e of how to construct one's life in devotion for how one's thefaith. toconstruct life indevotion of 19 -

icity of his subject. Time, space and narrative narrative and space Time, subject. his of icity Romantic religious autobiography where the the where autobiography religious Romantic

exemplary ra Bian I i js an just is It Britain. Great - covered” ahr hn o the for than rather nal history. –

to use his his use to

ul CEU eTD Collection 32 31 of dominance symbolic the against picture the into brought is regionalism and regions of question the Thus, Romania. Greater into integrated be to regions the in paces different context, local the to paid nation of project the for narratives personal of mobilisation nationalism's bourgeois in rooted (…) nation of process the into integrated nationalism, and narrative personal the between that be would thought for contact aofits autobiography reevaluation soci with of inthe light is here argue I What Genette. Gerard or Poulet Todorov,Georges Tzvetan by stylistics, and bo With structuralism. French of lines the along autobiography of limitations and conditions perspectives critical two The one. literary the paralleling canon a d at attempts critical the All work. that of recontextualizing and republishing of time the at place in environment political the of hand other the on and writing, of time the of hand one the on tradition and is autobiography the that show would overview information. of sourceA auxiliary an generalmainlyas position marginal a givenappear, is it does autobiography when and studies, historical and literary both for valid is undervaluation II. Romanian Moment. of Canonical The Limits Conditions and the in Autobiography

th books written in the 1980s, the theoretical apparatus is largely informed by narratology by informed largely is apparatus theoretical the 1980s, the in written books th Autobiography: Self Nation and Society (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 3. 2007), Macmillan, Palgrave Society(Basingstoke: and Nation Self Autobiography: Harte, Liam Holban, Zamfir, Mihai - building” n hs ih, gnrl otx fr h rlto bten uoigah ad political and autobiography between relation the for context general a light, this In a as passes autobiography tradition, literary Romanian the In Literatura română subiectivă de la origini până la 1990: Jurnalul intim.literară Jurnalul Autobiografia la 1990: până la origini românăde Literatura subiectivă Introduction: Autobiography and the Irish Cultural Cultural Irish the and Autobiography Introduction: eoi v. mgnţe u mmn a poe rmnşi i scll l XIX al secolul din româneşti prozei al moment un imaginaţie: vs. Memorie 32 -

building. “The symbolic refraction symbolic “The building. is certainly valid in the Romanian case as well. But here attention has tobe attention But well. here case as inthe Romanian valid is certainly elineating the genre, few as they are, were oriented towards establishing establishing towards oriented were are, they as few genre, the elineating

as the Romanian bourgeoisie is not a uniform block, developing at developing block, uniform a not is bourgeoisie Romanian the as

InterwarPeriod 20

closely intertwined with the political thought thought political the with intertwined closely of the individual to nation and society and nation to individual the of

Moment , in Liam Harte (ed.) Modern Irish Irish Modern (ed.) Harte Liam in , al and political thought.al and 31 n ignored genre. The The genre. ignored n

r etbihn the establishing are

- lea

and Ioan Ioan and .

CEU eTD Collection 33 Memoirs biographies directions: three around the in collected built is and monumentality unmatched an shows autobiogr the to connection Iorga's Nicolae Historian interwar. the remains genre the for period flowering most the but development,' 'national of context the in placed subject multifar a find will autobiography of student the fascism, to nationalism liberal romantic from and century The state. the about visions and autobiographical ne is agendas political of transferring a further as works for and medium thought political the of evolution the mirrors autobiography Romanian Cătrelegionary regenerationroumainela Memoiresl'histoirede sur Rădulescu's Heliade From state. Romanian experienc the and unification 1918 the by triggered are identity and memory the where period interwar the be would one last the and politics, Gheorge Literare, Convorbiri experience documents” and aegis the under placed 1830 around roughly literature Romantic Bucharest or

Mihai Zamfir,Mihai of radicalization siècle de fin the by occasioned be would moment second The the is first The autobiography. Romanian the for moments grand three are There In between these temporal and ideological extremes, stretching across nearly a a nearly across stretching extremes, ideological and temporal these between In

Sion, Ion Sion, Creang organized around the key moments in the contemporary historyof contemporary the organizedmoments in thekey around

Iasi, centres ofRomanianIasi, culture tothe unification. centres prior ious net of possible directions, yet all are connected by the aim to define the the define to aim the by connected are all yet directions, possible of net ious Cealaltă faţă a faţă prozeiCealaltă

Oameni cari au fost au cari Oameni ( ToLegion My

when autobiography reached a phase of maturity through Ion Ghica, Ghica, Ion through maturity of phase a reached autobiography when ver neutral and never concerned with its individual subject neutral individual concerned withits andnever ver alone.

of memory understood as “valorification of the precedent prose, life life prose, precedent the of “valorification as understood memory of

33 and Ioanand Slavici. , which came to a peak in the 1870s with Junimea inthe 1870swith , which toa came peak and journal its

naires

(Bucureşti: Editura Eminescu, 1988). Eminescu, (Bucureşti: Editura

) series, the daily notes gathered in six thick volumes of volumes thick six in gathered notes daily the series, –

to pick the most extreme examples extreme most the pick to - 1880. The Romantic literary prose of this period is period this of prose literary Romantic The 1880. Souveniers et impressions d'un proscritimpressions etd'un Souveniers

e of being a Romanian into an all an into Romanian a being of e (1851), up to Corneliu Zelea Corneliu to up (1851),

Romanians, more Romanians, more –

the tradition of tradition the - Codreanu's Codreanu's (1850), or (1850), - national national aphical aphical

CEU eTD Collection 37 36 35 34 Iorga'sV at 1916 in published and 1876 in Written before. decade a Iorga by matriarchal, the obsession withtracing one back namely autobiographies, in feature common a of rejection comic a as expanded be can This century's memoirs thatstart withseventeenth VasileLupuwith end up and Rosetti's Radu at hinting matter” this upon agree cannot Darwin or Moses like men “better since sure be to just that, All Simpanzeu.” and “Goril to or Eve, and Adam to either family Gane's Constantin to drawn be family. boyar countryside small Byzanti his mother, deserve origin andtheir knownby their development”. tobe whi natureautobiography: of fost a cum aşa autobiography his finally and journal, a than chronicle a of

mrec o Postco of Emergence on article proper a find not could farI so Unfortunately narratives’.” history,of‘national combines life withmemoirsthose and writing, travel semi a is ‘nationalogue’“A Malreddy: Pavan Chemnitz's Universität Technische by of concept the organizedaround best as autobiography) literature, welTo as (hugeseries wouldthe entire that all I add Constantin Gane, Gane, Constantin 3. Id. Iorga, Nicolae chemnitz.de/phil/english/chairs/englit/courses_ws12.php ch, when it comes to the nature of the narrated subject is: “A history of ideas, and ideas ideas and ideas, of history “A is: subject narrated the of nature the to comes it when ch, In contrast to Iorga's vision of the present as an almost unbearable rupture with the with rupture unbearable almost an as present the of vision Iorga's to contrast In his of cult the lies evolution their and genesis their ideas, of history the Behind people of whom he knew only in part, at a certain moment and whose whose and moment certain a at part, in only in memory, knew more, could linked tomany have deformed been with time? bring he to allowed whom one of is law people what Under thing. moral and embarrassing autobiography an write To

Byzantine past, we find another autobiography published, edited and corrected and edited published, autobiography another find we past, Byzantine

(3 volumes, 1934) volumes, (3 O viaţă de om. I Copilărie şiom. ti Copilărie de I viaţă O Pe aripa vremei aripa Pe ne roots, a cult for learning, and ultimately the story of the decay of the the of decay the of story the ultimately and learning, for cult a roots, ne

lonial ‘Nationalogues’ Intercultural Competence) Competence) Intercultural ‘Nationalogues’ lonial

37 (Bucureşti: 1923). nationalogue, nationalogue, e rp vremei aripa Pe

34 On the basis of 'boyar self 'boyar of basis the On ’s . The last one is opened by an insightful reflection on the on reflection insightful an by opened is one last The . –

origins. and I often thought of that of thought often I and nereţă but only a seminar description (Logging the Nation: The The Nation: the (Logging description seminar a only but 22

l) of travel literature. I find this literature (journal, travel (journal, literature this find I literature. oftravel l) (Bucureşti: Editura N. Stroilă, 1. 1934), N. Editura (Bucureşti:

wo uoosy rcs h ros f his of roots the traces humorously who , .

nationalogue 36 Orizonturile mele. O viaţă de om de viaţă O mele. Orizonturile -

narratives' a nice parallel could parallel nice a narratives' –

seemed to me an me to seemed , a newfound genre proposed proposed newfoundgenre a ,

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CEU eTD Collection 41 40 39 38 Life The perspective. minority's a from modernization andintolerance, ultimately constitutionalplans, naturalization, offers history Romania's the of Romanian the law” a Romanian like and live Saxon “Roman, to in “appeared Nabab”) he Wallachian which in (period Germany in doctorate a holding German, Peace Conference. Berlin the to (1848) birth his of year the from Bessarabia and Transylvania Kingdom, Old Romania a of life the narrating Arthur Gorovei. turn its in autobiography, picaresque 1845 Vârnav's Teodor with account century. nineteenth the of middle the in Romanians ego historical a as reused and later century a half Iorga ul and name his a as changing life his of Iaşi, account An autobiography. of city the in property owning self a Bukovina, from orphan century nineteenth Vasilehouse, publishing Mateiescu's

dl Stern, Adolf Bucureşti1876) Mateiescu, Vasile at published Vibe to announced mea viaţa Adolf Stern, Adolf Translations that would offer him the naturalization. Stern,Translationsoffer would naturalization. himthe that Translator of Shakespeare of Translator autobiographies two Stern's Adolf by presented be would origins on take Another nationalism is waging a fiery war, I lived the tragic life of the Romanian Romanian the most precious energies anegative of a into life tragic the lived intellectual, I Jewish war, fiery a waging is nationalism a of part m As (…) religious autobiographical. strictly be to intended not are notes My - eih nelcul s netie wt te itrcl elte o religious of realities historical the with intertwined is intellectual Jewish

Bcrşi Eiua ecli ietta 12) A eod oue tid n h sre) was series) the in (third volume second A 1921). Libertatea, Cercului Editura (Bucureşti: Din viaţa unui evreuunui viaţa Din i vaa ni evreu unui viata Din

. (V .

inority, against which for the last 40 years a blind and false false and blind a years 40 last the for which against inority, oeta ni ăa d l ţr (igai li aie aeec scris Mateiescu Vasile lui (Biografia ţară la de băiat unui Povestea ă lenii -

de - Munte: Neam Munte: élsé srgln wt te ne trol wsig the wasting turmoil, inner the with struggling déclassé,

aţa Românească, but it never appeared. never it but Românească, aţa n Jew, blending together the history of Romanian Jewry in the the in Jewry Romanian of history the Jew,together blendingn - român - 41 român

and Schiller into Romanian and of Vasile of into and Alecsandri Romanian into Schiller and Povestea unui băiat de la ţară la de băiat unui Povestea , p. , V. (uuet: i. rgeu, 1915) Progresul, Tip. (Bucureşti: , ul Românesc, 1916). Românesc, ul

picaro 23

nd sterile fight.

- , this autobiography was rediscovered by by rediscovered was autobiography this , made Î

nsemnări din viaţa mea viaţa din nsemnări One has to note the similarity of this this of similarity the note to has One

- of a Romanian a of document about the life and times of times and life the about document

- a wo oe o h cniin of condition the to rose who man

38 self ;

is the journey of a mid a of journey the is dl Stern, Adolf - - Jew is the exemplary the is Jew iaey rtn his writing timately the ,5. aiain f the of matization

discovered ă

Î smăi din nsemnări de el însuşi. însuşi. el de by by 39 - , CEU eTD Collection 44 43 42 servitudeand tonaturecan thelivesof theweakest/unfit beas preserved well.” extra is he work, his society modern in disappears man us; to territorialized.” alien is action collective our of individual combining than more capacities something as displayed is action collective the Stern, counterbalance“anti to movement Zionist a into community Peixotto Franklin Benjamin lawyer American of understanding state. Athe leftist of part integral an as Romanian the towards directed patriotism of understanding a professional disqualification: tod of Quixote Don Iorga is one other the and politics, dominant the to sold pen a as only regarded and talent poetic his given excused somewhat is who Eminescu, is one first The Semitism. Stern persona. biographical of times and life the of narrator diligent as himself projecting identity, collective the to room leaves and introspection autobiographical of subject as down steps individual the how of model

Id. 144. Id. 143. Id. 195. Id., Characteristic to the modern society, the law of social solidarity left behind not only only not behind left solidarity social of law the society, modern the to Characteristic civic a called be can that something of exponent the is Stern considered, things All and teach when precisely this branch of science deserves the highest highest the deserves science of branch this precisely objectivity and impartiality. when teach and he history of kind at and truth, of researcher a meaning savant a as ill fanatic, a man, fiery this that thought the at appalled is One

–

it is a creative fo creativea is it 43

replaced by the “higher law of social solidarity, through which we defeat the defeat we which solidarity,through social of law “higher the by replaced

lo i rpae te Driin a o te uvvl f h ftet, n a in fittest”, the of survival the of law “Darwinian the replaces it Also, associationism ay's [1906] Romanian anti Romanian [1906] ay's

rce that answers to alienation: “Wealienation: to answers that rceproduct that illusion the have

42 ae o te eih itrcl omnte ad on and communities historical Jewish the on based

ons t w mi fgrs f h fn h sèl anti siècle the fin the of figures main two at points - liberal with progressive views, he offers an insightful insightful an offers he views, progressive with liberal 24 - Semitism” Semitism” 's failed attempt to organize the entire Jewish Jewish entire the organize to attempt failed 's

–

whose antiwhose - state and the Jewish community,Jewish the and state Semitism as a state dogma.” For dogma.” state a as Semitism - - hearted, passes passes hearted, Semitism is viewed as as viewed is Semitism can write write can 44

–

“the great “the - - CEU eTD Collection 48 47 46 45 ri extreme the on and (European object asas ofdesireisalways amonolithic projected West) interwar the tr the to of belonging their and period Europeanness the of basis the on center European the to belonging their validate to attempt Romanians' to and Europe” “Central of rekindling Kundera's to connected cou the enveloped had that 'darkness' the for brighter the all shimmered which freedom and flowering cultural of age golden a period, historical closed completely “distant, a as regarded widely were 1920's the how explains Livezeanu Livezeanu's one ofthe checked most surprisingly,Not books. cult somewhat become have they say dare I and separation, temporal thi of representative most the are books Two1930s. the from 1920s the separating caesura fight for survival.” t in beings human other the all defeats that beast' 'blond the to 'superman'; to get “could and change immutable apparently and profound this of aware not was philosopher Darw

Cf. Todorova especially her note on the “implicitly accepted notion of a homogeneous Western Europ Western homogeneous a of notion accepted “implicitly the on note her especially Todorova Cf. IX. p. Livezeanu, 1918 Livezeanu, Irina 144. Id. Europe”, in Europe”, Cla “Between Todorova, itself.” West, one Euro entire the of conceive 'to syndrome West European “the by explained juxtaposed” were entities European Eastern different which n bt lo itsh, hs philosophy whose Nietzsche, also but in, The second periodization of the interwar period puts a special emphasis on the 1930s the on emphasis special a puts period interwar the of periodization second The artificial an find would historiography Romanian interwar the on outlook general A - 1930

Cultural Politics in Greater Romania Greater in Politics Cultural (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1995). Press, CornellUniversity London:(Ithaca & I magining the Balkans, Balkans, the magining

Cultural Po Cultural 45

Periodization. Livezeanu Irina Zigu Orneaand ght -

out historyCentralIrina Library booksofthe European University is - wing politics, and it appears to be the subject of a more extensive extensive more a of subject the be to appears it and politics, wing - Asian land mass as four Easts (Near, Middle, Far and Eastern Europe) and only and Europe) Eastern and Far Middle, (Near, Easts four as mass land Asian litics in Greater Romania. Regionalism, Nation Building & Ethnic Struggle, Ethnic & Building Nation Regionalism, Romania. Greater in litics

( New York:141. 1997), Press, University Oxford agedy of a Europe that was crudely severed from the Westthe from severed crudely was that Europe a of agedy ssification and Politics. The Balkans and the Myth of Central Central of Myth the and Balkans The Politics. and ssification 25

–

. s tr wsfly argues wishfully Stern as 46

ntry after 1947.” after ntry Starting with the with Starting

48 context of the 1980's, the of context

This general view is view general This

bythe Red Army.

–

hat gruesome hat ald a the as failed, e to to e

s CEU eTD Collection 52 51 50 49 past.anticommunist pre the of heroes fledged full were status ambiguous an had previously who figures understood.” is little and known is much which about 1930s, the 1920s the of study Cioran,would have Eliade orNoica fallen t under like figures because precisely book the writing of plans the abandoned he observes, Ornea As 1980s. Romanian the but Europeanness, of model Western a with complying interwar Czechoslovakia or Hungary Poland, from dissidents of agroup of influence the caseof the longer Itno different.is is story yet the 1980s, same the to Timişoara through 1980s the of frenzy European Central the contextualizing by 1920s the of monograph her Livezeanu opens româneascădreaptă Extrematreizeci. Anii extreme the to due mainly research,

Debates over Central Europe in Hungary, Poland and Romania” and Poland Hungary, in Europe Central over Debates Iord Constantin Janowski, Maciej fascismului problema la contribuţie o politică, internaţional Organizaţie and şi Socială economic Mişcare the Mihail” “Arhanghelului with attention to back coming of factor untouched, mainleft were crisis of signals and unsettledness for reasons other the the satisfied, were claims territorial but 1930s, the and 1920s the between delimitatio caesura same the apply would Heinen Armin Livezeanu, XV. Livezeanu, 23. 2008) Ornea, Zigu 1 part Ornea's approach and a and approach Ornea's the forargument Livezeanu's in appear generation” “new the of names same very The for arguments brought have would it interdictingwork. their because inopportune was Constantin It Cioran, others). Emil Eliade, (Mircea generation new the of personalities prominent the were 30s the in who those of credo ideologicaland political the unveiled it because published been have not should book] [the It - 2, 5 2,

- n is the economic crisis and not exclusively the political dimension. “Whereas in 1918/1919 the 1918/1919 in “Whereas dimension. political the exclusively not and crisis economic the is n 58. – Anii treizeci.Extremadreaptărom Anii , the second edition. (Bucureşti: Humanitas, 2006) 26. 26. 2006) (Bucureşti: Humanitas, edition. the second ,

which, to be right, Romanian intellectuals join only in the in only join intellectuals Romanian right, be to which,

- – based “A treia Europă/The Third Europe” Group Europe” Third Europă/The treia “A based

years that “deserve attention both in t in both attention “deserve that years

51 genda has to be dealt with some reserves. As he notes in the in notes he As reserves. some with dealt be to has genda

ci ad aas rnsni “ Trencsenyi, Balazs and achi,

- right wing politics, especially legionarism. Zigu Ornea's Ornea's Zigu legionarism. especially politics, wing right â

nească would be the other marking point. marking other the be would 26

social depression of the 1930s”. Heinen, Heinen, 1930s”. the of depression social heonce risk ofbeing more: banned, , 3 , rd

edition, (B edition, ,

East Central Europe/ECE Central East heir own right, and as a prelude to prelude a as and right, own heir Why Bother About Historical Regions? Regions? Historical About Bother Why

over reevaluating East Europe's Europe's East reevaluating over ucharest: EST ucharest: 52 50

– e atr 99 these 1989, after Yet

Zigu Ornea appeals Ornea Zigu

- Samuel Taster Samuel Editeur, oc, and Noica, 90s and especially especially and 90s 49

, vol. 32, 2005, 32, vol. , Just as Irina as Just Legiunea Legiunea

and and CEU eTD Collection 54 53 II.of King Carol right extreme nationalism, radical by about brought fractures the by and merged Transylvania in Party National the and Peasantists the Peasa National founded newly the by dominated is scene political the 1928 after while C. Constitution, 1923 I. the Ion and Party by Liberal dominated Brătianu's politically is decade first The decorum. of change significant a maki although decades, two the lines, political along Separated decades years two along the be divided interwar can indeed the argue, Ornea and Livezeanu both As bloc”. “unitary a represent not did period interwar unacceptable tothe regime,hisworkcould be not published at that poi were who authors émigré the of some of works the eliminate to refused Chimet since and re the over control ideological its impose to sought regime the A published. being before decades more two wait to had century twentieth and nineteenth the throughout discourses identity the of panorama planned Chimet's 1970s, the in Collected lite Romanian newlyreinte were who intellectuals the of positions canonic the endangering not towards caution Ornea's from different be to had book new the preface,

Emergence of the Modern 'National Idea' 'National Modern the of Emergence (1770 Europe Southeast and Central Inter Id., 12 Id., the 1970s). in historiography revolutionary “the from shift to introduction Heinen's Armin also, See 12. p. Ornea and Livezeanu's periodization is based on the valid assumption that the the that assumption valid the on based is periodization Livezeanu's and Ornea [who] Ceauşescu the Nicolae by Stalinist regime. suppressed tradition national the Secretary recovering of project their with First fore the to come to the intellectuals marginalized previously of number a of encouraged turn independentist - Texts Identity of - 13. 13. grated intothe nationaloffered uniquepicture canon nota is inthe context by the

rary historian Iordan Chimet's “The Right to Memory” offers a similar story. similar a offers Memory” to Right “The Chimet's Iordan historian rary

in Balazs Trencsenyi and Michal Kopecek (eds.), “Discourses of Collective Identity in in Identity Collective “Discourses of (eds.), TrencsenyiinBalazs MichalKopecek and 53

proletarian internationalism” to “specifically national events” in Romanian Romanian in events” national “specifically to internationalism” proletarian

- 1945)”. Texts and Commentaries, Volume I, I, Volume Commentaries, and Texts 1945)”.

(Budapest, New York: Central European University Press, 2006) 2006) Press, University European York:NewCentral (Budapest, - The Legion of Archangel Mihail Archangel of Legion The wing movements and by the Royal Dictatorship Dictatorship Royal the by and movements wing 27

Traditionalism and Modernity in the 1930s the in Modernity and Traditionalism ntist Party, which was created in 1926 after after 1926 in created was Party,which ntist –

1918 to 1930 and 19 1918 to1930 ng room for continuities, mark continuities, for room ng - narration of national identity,national of narration nt. , especially pp. 19 pp. especially , 54

Lat

e Enlightenment Enlightenment e 30 to1939. 30 - 22 (the (the 22 – s . .

CEU eTD Collection 55 shared a to according space, over time value would unification on accounts of majority The time” of dominance theoretical a for opted have time, or space of alternative the with confrontedwhen had towards(theas the sameinthecaseEuropeanists). 1918GreaterRomaniaCentral of importanceregions the and past nationalist reemergencethe the of witness we hand, other the the liberalism, exploring at t multicultural attempt and democratic the with idea European Central the of emergence the find we hand, one the On space. national the of and past the of reevaluation, twofold a an 1980s late the of context the 1980s. What the in climate political Romanian of context the in with dealt be to impossible was 1930s, for hand, other the On Europe”. Central of Tragedy W the into past region's this integrating at aimed that Europe, emotionally deeply a about brought counter a as 1920s lo Livezeanu hand, one the separately.On with dealt be can that decades two into divided be can years interwar the that agree both they agendas, and backgrounds intellectual obst may merits, heuristic undeniable having its although decades, two the caesurabetween abrupt an hand, other the On decades. two the between separation this confirms period interwar

Reinhart Koselleck, Koselleck, Reinhart ut h oeal itr. lhuh h to uhr cm fo cmltl different completely from come authors two the Although picture. overall the ruct Reinhart Koselleck's observation that “the overwhelming majority of all historians, historians, all of majority overwhelming “the that observation Koselleck's Reinhart wit Dealing 55

is most certainly true for the for true certainly most is - reaction against the myth of democracy and Europeannes that in the 1980sthe in that Europeannes democracyand ofmyth againstthe reaction h history from above and focusing on politics as the main drive of the the of drive main the as politics on focusing and above from history h Zeitschichten, Studien Historikzur Zeitschichten, Space an

radition as first and foremost crafted along regional lines regional along crafted foremost and first as radition d thed NarrativeAutobiographical - hre reauto o te newr eid n Eastern in period interwar the of reevaluation charged

historical narrative of the interwar period in Romania.in period interwar the of narrative historical d more preeminently of the 1990s brings about is is bringsabout 1990s the preeminentlyof more d 28

(Frankfurt, 2002) 81. 81. 2002) (Frankfurt, Ornea, the second decade, that of the the of that decade, second the Ornea, est along the lines set by “The by set lines the along est

oks at the at oks

;

on CEU eTD Collection 57 56 Arad about informing Romania”, Greater to Contribution “Our title, same the under generally published, locally were documents of collections these unification, national especi the with parallel in emerged, remembrance of politics nationalist of kind 1990s, new a Europe, Central over discussions early the During nationalism. Ceauşescu's in place special 19 the with starting published literature of corpus massive the with dialogue unexpected an enter narratives these national ones. pas they that fact the by together brought are autobiographies. personalliterature notesand memoirs, journals, included All these narratives memoire under was memory of industry new a war, the after immediately that claim to exaggeration no be would It role. crucial a play to come identity and memory mineure) proposedby Octavian T Etats (Les States EasternUnited the Confederationofless known the or 1915, Bucharestin in proposedproject C. Aurel here mention can Po We lines. national along reconfigured get or halt a to come multi and transnational a at aiming projects ideal. spell the Under awaited long nation's a of fruition to coming the as seen unification the of version

povici's United States of Greater Austria, Christian Rakovski's Federal Balkan Republic, Republic, Balkan Federal Rakovski's Christian Austria, Greater of States United povici's Remembering WarRemembering in Twen in Narratives”, Autobiographical throughWar Great the “Remembering Bucur, Maria mineure:proposition entente la petite pour T Octavian ally in Transylvania. With the aim of revisiting the national past and the struggle for for struggle the and past national the revisiting of aim the With Transylvania. in ally pl aaye b Mra uu udr oiis f remembrance of politics under Bucur Maria by analyzed Aptly all the and attempts transnational these between In

and informing the readership about the daily life during the war, this booming booming this war, the during life daily the about readership the informing and ă slăuanu,

of national unification, and of a Europe that has entered a new era, previous previous era, new a entered has that Europe a of and unification, national of - Unis d'orient: une confédération des etats de l'Europe o l'Europe de etats des confédération une d'orient: Unis 80s, when the survivals of the 1918 unification at Alba Iulia gained a a gained Iulia Alba at unification 1918 the of survivals the when 80s, Les Etats Les

tieth Century Romania Century tieth - Unis d'orient : une co une : d'orient Unis

ă slăuanu in1924. slăuanu , (Bucharest: s. n., 1924). n., s. (Bucharest: ,

(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009). Press, University (Bloomington: Indiana 29 -

tnc eosrcin f at eta Europe Central East of reconstruction ethnic s local and personal experiences as allegedly allegedly as experiences personal and local s

- ainl pta experience, spatial national its way. Building way. its 'Europe orientale et de l'Asie de et 'Europeorientale 57 rientale et de l'Asie de et rientale I ol ad that add would I , Heroes and Victims: and Heroes Timişoara, ,

lieux de de lieux - - CEU eTD Collection 59 58 preoccupied theway butwith withthe self, theself ispart inwhich o exclusively longer no are They experience. collective the to cling would Romania Greater of birth the around centered autobiographies the sma years, formative and the emphasizing community, years childhood their in memory their locate would Iorga or Slavici Creangă, neurosis. of to the point Greater of years Romania. first and existence the to contribution author's the and aspects political the on rather but years, formative the or childhood on focused longer no is autobiographical national. as experience particular of a place passing into the zone neutral nationally terms, or transnational spatial the from dislocated In is remembrance appear. shifts two remembrance, of places the locating dominanc theoretical the under is space so, single country. Târgu

recent recent Matei, Pamfil Racoviţan, Mihai 1993), RaduPaiusan, 1992), Banatului, Zaberca, Mircea Vasile Munteanu, Ioan Nistor, Silviu Ioan here name can We (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007). Macmillan, Palgrave (Basingstoke: (London: IV, Volume Freud”, Century Nineteenth to Mind”: Nation Governing Irish Victoriaa and Life Experience: Heroic a “With Bourgeois Ryder, Sean apud. The 3 p. HarperCollins), Heart: Naked “The Gay, Peter - Mureş, Banat, or Bihor's local “contribution” to the unification of all Romanians into a into Romanians all of unification the to “contribution” local Bihor's or Banat, Mureş, As the immediate post immediate the As ha Gay Peter even but narratives, local/regional of form a in 1989, after play into come does Space Aradul şiMareaAradul Unire

alist Autobiography, in Liam Harte (ed.) (ed.) Harte Liam in Autobiography, alist 58

s argued that 'the nineteenth century was intensely preoccupied with self, with preoccupied intensely was century nineteenth 'the arguedthat s 59

In other words, whereas the previous generation of intellectualsgeneration like whereas previous of words,In other the Time and Narratives Autobiographical , (Arad: (Arad: Vasile2008). Press, University Goldiş

- 1918 period offers a broad selection of memories of the Great Great the of memories of selection broad a offers period 1918 Mişcarea Naţională din Banat şiMareaBanat din Mişcarea Unire Naţională

Contribuţii mureşene la Marea Unire Marea la mureşene Contribuţii iil i ae Unire Marea şi Sibiul t h sm tm, tmoa sit cus The occurs. shift temporal a time, same the At

aau ş Mra nr: 1918 Unire: Marea şi Banatul 30 o tm. hn t oe t life to comes it When time. of e

Modern Irish Autobiography: Self Nation and Society and Nation Self Autobiography: Irish Modern

(Sibiu: Cercul Militar, 1993), or the more more the or 1993), Militar, Cercul (Sibiu: (iior: Edi (Timişoara: ,

, (Cluj , f a largerf national frame. , (Timişoara: , de Vest, Editura - Napoca: Dacia, 1981), 1981), Dacia, Napoca: tura Mitropoliei Mitropoliei tura - rtn and writing ll ll

CEU eTD Collection 60 figures, public certain on imposed ban the th with either resurface will and period interwar the on narratives autobiographical 1947 after changes the to due time, clear i loses period interwar the like something this, Following wars. or governments politics, say by offered delimitation imposed an than malleable more extent certain a to is span time birth, as natural in born given is beginning author.the its While of life the by determined itself in is narrative th as natural, the with do to has it foremost, and unitaryas theapologeticdiscourse wouldclaim. the either of tradition the or PeasantistNational democratic alleged the that forget to ready is author the parties”, social socialists, they be adversaries their eliminated politic communists a as characterized be can It 1947. after Romania in tradition democratic the of termination the presents which narrative master the with associated be to have would 1918 to contributions local the opinion, my In times. hero for as well as nationalism, of figures real the for period interwar the into look would outlook, regional a on focused memory,albeit of industry 1989 post the context, this In thought. nationalist the of reemergence a to birth gave also decades the for Westernappetite the than more bring idea, European1990s and Central 1980s or the scene, Romanian the In history. national the to contributions local the values that one and scattered Much appears. memory of reevaluation of sort new a 1989 after unification, the of Warand

Philippe Lejeune, Philippe - cut understanding as something that happens between the two world wars. At the same same the wars. At world two the between happens that something as understanding cut The rules of the autobiographical genre impose a different take on periodization. First First periodization. on takedifferent a impose genre autobiographical the of rules The that

year, and read a classical approach to the autobiographical pact autobiographical the to approach classical a read and year, published by local publishing houses, a new industry of remembrance emerges, remembrance of industry new a houses, publishing local by published e upeitbe n byn nrain hrfr, h tmoa lmt the limit, temporal the Therefore, narration. beyond and unpredictable yet On Autobiography On Autobiography

Social Democrats was not that democratic, and nonetheless not that not nonetheless democratic,andthat not wasDemocrats Social

(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989). Press, ofMinnesota University (Minneapolis: 31 o vciiain Wt te eif ht the that belief the With victimization. of s

e subject constructed in the autobiographical the in constructed subject e

es of pre of es - democrats or “historical “historical or democrats -

and anti and 60

e rehabilitation rehabilitation e –

the end is as is end the - communist communist –

I was was I these these ts - CEU eTD Collection knowledgeand time. about space both nation th with intertwined are narratives these that clear becomes it centralization, of process the with connected closely is journey their that mind in Bearing borders. within and convuls The time. and space through journey his on focusing by self the of story with the mobility, telling concerned narrative the is autobiography level, primary a On insight. philosophical a and day certain autobiography. of a practice in narrative live the people placein That particular a found space the 1990swould accou in which past usable a recover to attempt an of part is policy editing This 1953. in prison in death his to due written never were volume, first the in announced although which memoirs, published, be to regime the of fall the until wait to had that autobiography interwar Ghibu's Onisifor of case the be would This 1989. after only published but period, interwar the and 1918 about and in written autobiographies became or imprisoned banned, were authors their as communism, of fall the after until wait to had sometimes texts say.own their Autobiographical have history of events the that ignored be cannot it will, a as and past the of reevaluation a as lives their of end the at authors by written age, old autobiographies 1918. of autobiography While generallyas aliterary ofthe practice isviewed thi To turning point. this after and before both spans material narrative the course, Of 1918. is period of those writersorafter during socialism, 1989. - building at a certain moment. Thus, autobiography becomes a vehicle for transferring transferring for vehicle a becomes autobiography Thus, moment. certain a at building At the same time, a similar effect is to be found on the spatial dimension. Time and and Time dimension. spatial the on found be to is effect similar a time, same the At interwar the on narratives autobiographical throughout present ever moment key The ive times brought about by the Great War forced individual actors to move between move to actors individual forced WarGreat the by about brought times ive itra dnmc oe ut d te xenl odtos ht hpd the shaped that conditions external the add must one dynamic, internal s e n ta te mv i a osrain ht eurs o special no requires that observation an is move they that and ge nt for aof interwar reevaluation nationalistnt figures. esn nn grata non persona

or the last two volumes of Sever Bocu's planned planned Bocu's Sever of volumes two last the or fe 14. t s t is It 1947. after 32

herefore no exception to find find to exception no herefore

e realities of of realities e sometime sometime CEU eTD Collection 61 The genre. this to belonging as narratives those of acknowledgement an least at or research proper a by doubled not is autobiographies as qualify would that sources of overabundance Traditions ofIgnored an Genre. Working Romanian of aCanon towards Autobiography the linesof in involved thecamps individuals the process. and mono a not National the for call therefore 1933 is Party. Nationalism Socialist National the his of tactics the follow to Party and Peasantist Bocu Sever on chapter the in especially discussed pa same the within clashes deep shows politics national and nationalism on views the points, At politics. right extreme and mainstream between consensus national a as nationalism interprets that view the against here c corethe nationalism, for valid is same difference,the equally and also but affair, temporal important, aquestion a of space. only not is journey” “my of story The been?”. have where I, am “where with coupled be to has form, narrative this of thread main the I?” am “who of question Therefore,the regionaliz with subject of projects individual which in way the with dealing when order in is geographies symbolic and space about discussion a that think I behind, lagging Europe, Central of concept

Lejeune, h suet f autobio of student The their in considered and contextualized be to have space and time that Seeing the to reference direct a making by monograph her begins who Livezeanu, Following The Autobiographical P The Autobiographical lithic substance calling for national consensus, and it has to be contextualized on contextualized be to has it and consensus, national for calling substance lithic ation and the homogenizing process of nation of process homogenizing the and ation

fashionable at that time but to which Romania was somehow somehow was Romania which to but time that at fashionable

act rty (most notably the National Peasantist Party), as it will be be will it as Party), Peasantist National the notably (most rty graphies finds himself facing a difficult reality: the the reality: difficult a facing himself finds graphies .

that the students of autobiography generally label as generally label autobiography of students the that 33

oncept behind these narratives. I argueI narratives. these behind oncept -

building in interwar Romania. interwar in building - building enter a dialogue a enter building I

CEU eTD Collection 63 62 literary the reinforce canon,canon first place a'young thatinthe generation'. the excluded to called were confessions” “literary the hand, other the On aesthetic work. his and creator the of character and personality the work, artistic the of genesis the on emphasis special a with developments, European the to history literary Romanian Carac Thus, did. Dragomirescu Mihail colleague his congress, the in part take not did he although and Bucharest, in Department Literature Romanian Modern the of head the was Caracostea time, Internation the of influence 1932 between Caracostea, and first who foremost ismissing Hungary, in readership Romanian “the to known novelists Romanian the Vienna,of University a canonical a with coupled managethe 1980sdidnot tochangeRomanian autobiography fatethe the of toomuch. deb theoretical grand the and genre the of 'liberalization' The genre. the representing ones only the were century, earlymen' twentieththe old beardedStillin 'white, canon. the the w of attempts first

22 invitations sent, only 12 authors replied: Nicolae Gane, Iacob. C. Negruzzi, Ioan Slavici, Duiliu Duiliu Slavici, Ioan Negruzzi, C. Iacob. Gane, Nicolae replied: authors Brătescu Al. Zamfirescu, 12 only sent, invitations 22 Regat”, the from Novelists “Contemporary Puscariu, Sextil h nms nldd n aaotas rjc ae Otva Gg, on l Brătescu Al. Ioan Bar Ion and Pillat Ion Davidescu, N. Rebreanu, Liviu Goga, Agârbiceanu, Ion Octavian Minulescu, Ion Sadoveanu, are: Mihail Arghezi,Tudor Galaction, Gala project Bart, Jean Pavelescu, Caracostea's in included names The Ciocâ The last approach to Romanian autobiography would include Ioan Holban's Holban's Ioan include would autobiography Romanian to approach last The D. of that is project autobiographical collective Luceafărul's to Comparable agenda heuristic a had together autobiographies more bringing of project first The rlan, Ion Ion rlan, Sadoveanu. Mihail Adamand se' am a double was aim ostea's orking with the concept of Romanian autobiography are closely linked to linked closely are autobiography Romanian of concept the with orking the contactRomanianculture with from theOld Kingdom.” Luceafărul -

Voineşti, Ion Gorun, Constanţa Hodos, Vasile Pop, Alexandru Basarabescu, Ion Ion Basarabescu, Alexandru Pop, Vasile Hodos, Constanţa Gorun, Voineşti,Ion - al Congress of Literary History held in 1931 in Budapest. At that that Budapest. At in 1931 in held History Literary of Congress al 1933 at the Bucharest Faculty of Letters, initiated under the the under initiated Letters, of Faculty Bucharest the at 1933 m Iiitd n 95 y etl ucru privatdozent Puşcariu, Sextil by 1905 in Initiated im.

magazine, as an autobiographical project, aimed at making making at aimed project, autobiographical an as magazine, - folded. On the one hand, to adapt the state of art in in art of state the adapt to hand, one the On folded.

bu. bu.

Luceafărul,

August 15, 1905, p. 295. p. 1905, 15, August 63

- Voineşti, Cincinat Cincinat Voineşti, 62

Out of the the of Out

ates of of ates

at the the at

CEU eTD Collection 65 64 that are from seen t youth experience childhood family and and past, its writing with of time the poetic persona of the link to way a of more is it but actions, his behind truth factual the uncovering at designed a to himself engaging is Blaga present, the truthful a uncovering at aims Slavici representation as thepast historicalexplain close leaving ofhimself to astruth, tothe possible Whereas intention. author's with do to has one for autobiography Transylvanian the for models paradigmatic the as two these consider I Blaga. Lucian and Slavici Ioan Transylvania,of in autobiographythat IorgaIbrăileanu,NicolaeLucian or Blaga. V (Georges Ger Poulet, structuralism French of stronghold the a from in analyzed Arranged and autobiography”. order “literary chronological the of canon a build to attempt an find we too Subiec “Literatura â

nv wo rt hs uoigah i 1845 in autobiography his wrote who rnav, near Tecuci in Southern Moldavia, through B through Moldavia, Southern Tecuci in near village his (from provinces Romanian the through him, feed to able being not him abandoned basically who family bankrupted a from coming boyar Moldovan the of travel the namely narrative, the of part “juiciest” under significantly it find I literară Holban, Ioan representative for a bankrupted petty boyardom turned bourgeois after 1830s. 1830s. bourgeois after turned petty boyardom bankrupted a for representative self a of notary journey the is public adventure picaresque Vârnav's that, a than More absent. appointed is man) be is to well he where (Bukovina) Hotin to way the all little a schooled is he where Sibiu to further then from and merchant, Greek a under trade the pursues he where Leipzig) from on lvc i a els atborpe. His autobiographer. realist a is Slavici Ioan Transylvania. Cultural Unification, , (Iaşi: (Iaşi: , Tipo2007). Moldova, r Gnte, h cnn f oain ieay uoigah sat wt Teodor with starts autobiography literary Romanian of canon the Genette), ard In this part of the paper I will discuss two paradigmatic models for the the for models paradigmatic two discuss will I paper the of part this In Literatura română subiectivă de la origini până la 1990: Jurnalul intim: Autobiografia Autobiografia intim: Jurnalul 1990: la până origini la de subiectivă română Literatura iă ( tivă” he prism ofthe maturehe prism poet.

ujcie Literature Subjective - researched. Not only that it is the first Romanian autobiography (1845), but th but (1845), autobiography Romanian first the is it that only Not researched.

ucharest's Lipscani Street (named after the German merchants merchants German the after (named Street Lipscani ucharest's

35 Poporal )

64 65

raie c. o hm uoigah i not is autobiography him For act. creative a ocp tkn rmTdrVau Here Vianu. Tudor from taken concept a , ad otne wt In rag, Garabet Creangă, Ion with continues and , ue pi cr a trecut am care prin Lumea

Lit erature German and Law

several reasons. The first first The reasons. several

and becomes a a becomes and

s o that not is - made man, man, made

e CEU eTD Collection 68 1921). Românească, 67 66 grandfather who toreading him introduced bothreligious andliter well a in boy only The the closed world helivedin. with runaway a as years teenage troubled Eminescu's comparing childhood, own his public his overtime. positions explain to attempt an life personal the into insight the and childhood, blessed anti and n to on goes Slavici Romanians”, born not were they fault their not is it “because all thesea autobiographical citiesthesubject would separate make of volume. more in experience prison The prison. in and work at school, in Bucharest, and Sibiu free a of thelife place.His is s the of support full the receives he which in utopia democratic a into cast is individual the there, In patched. self immutable natural, the topographyworld its with is theopening sc history,matter.write that forto attempt his from or literature, his differentfrom

Ioan Slavici, Ioan 1924) 12. 1924) Slavici, Ioan Recounting his friendship with Eminescu i Eminescu with friendship his Recounting Germans and Hungarians the to rightful and kind being of advice maternal the From

ar id n cm, pet hg ht dw t te ne olive knee the to down hat, high pretty a comb, a in tied breaded Long, hair days. high his of fashion the watching closely was seventies, a happy.frighteningly seems the after and age my at Now, nothing. knew and disappointmen world narrow a in living been had I And -

on Slavici, Ioan Semitism in his later years. The old age becomes a melancholic reflection for the the for reflection melancholic a becomes age old The years. later his in Semitism carbonaro

Ardealul.Studiu Istoric mnii Eiec, rag, aail, obc Maiorescu Coşbuc, Caragiale, Creangă, Eminescu, Amintiri. ociety he was born into. This is the space in which the remembering takes takes remembering the which in space the is This into. born was he ociety

ts that I faced, and under the circumstances that I live my life, my childhood childhood my life, my live I that circumstances the under and faced, I that ts

Î cioie ee srsr arst uu pitn i at lume altă din prieten unui adresate scrisori mele: nchisorile f oaat' tms wo vn fe 16, el no his into well 1860, after even who times, Bonaparte's of

- to - enclosed world, the world and the rules of men and society are society and men of rules the and world the world, enclosed - - floater between Şiria, his home village, hishome Şiria, between floater Budapest,Arad, Vienna, 68

do family, Slavici remembers growing up with a paternal paternal a with up growing remembers Slavici family, do

, (Bucharest: (Bucharest: , T ene in both his fiction hisand autobiography. inboth ene his Onto 36 ipografia şi Fonderia de Litere1893). Basilescu, de şi Fonderia Thoma ipografia

s an occasion for Slavici to also reflect on on reflect also to Slavici for occasion an s ary texts, ary texts,

(Bucur - eşti: Cultura Naţională, Naţională, Cultura eşti: wool brown

(uuet: Viaţa (Bucureşti: , 67

The natural The ationalism

all less less all

CEU eTD Collection 71 70 the in 69 as vein same the find can we it in and contrast sheer in is Putna at celebration activism, isdully narrated. To thesafe ofthechildhood environment at the Arad Vineyard, the vitiated somehow world, new the home, at times happy the organized Junimea's to him introduced poet Romanian causedcon by the on theEmperor's money,knew German a l well the of appendix of kind a rather but village, the with connection the of loss the mean not does city great the Slavici, for village the from away being and city the in studying of tragedy the Unlike money!”. Emperor's on it did “I exclaims: proudly he in Vienna,studies university his continue to decided coffeehe houses”.out When and in time o most months, “four spent having recounts university, he the at Pest in irony.Studying self and humor exclude not does However, nostalgia.this with past the to back looks Slavici ( things of order good the but science, “not valued who sister elder an of watch close the under up Growing

Id. 17. Id. 14. Id. 12. Id., ept tee ifrne, lvc ws acntd y Emine by fascinated was Slavici differences, these Despite was look introspective the time, first the For change. to about was that all However, to beloved. between made he deserving and that good were people all difference mind my In people. the other and Romanians admit nor understand neither could I wonderful such saw I where thingsI stranger and all. feel a didnot atcity, big the of middle the in man happiest the jacket, walking long stic

Romania Jună Romania buna rânduială buna tact with Eminescu's tact with nationalism: 71

group. While the first part of Slavici of part first the While group.

- established democratic order at home. After all, he was there there was he all, After home. at order democratic established k withasilver handle shoes a and with big buckle. ) in everything and the conduct towards doing things right”, right”, things doing towards conduct the and everything in ) –

that one may read in Goga in read may one that ittle and considered and ittle himself 37

ovrii Literare Convorbiri

’ s autobiography is reserved to to reserved is autobiography s by maturity and the national national the and maturity by ’ s accounts s

n ti i hw they how is this and scu's personality. The The personality. scu's

for instance instance for 69

f the f – -

CEU eTD Collection 74 73 72 identi regional addressed inthe autobiographysentto poporal th is thinking of way Slavici's of feeling.” and thinking A of waypeople's constant Romanian “the reflect truthfully to capacity the quality ofSlavici'shecould writing,Creangă wagedwrite that a better shattersof the oursocial foundations life.” that influences Parisian and byzantine “the erase would which culture, one within Romanians on into Romanians all of unification of project The people.” Romanian the of life cultural the in “unity establishing of question a ratherbut question, territoriala festivity,not Putna is the of descriptionit that insists Slavici Yet,festivities. the at entrepreneurs Romanian with compete not would anti This replacedincluding by political decision, anti acts of is environment familiar safe the of world parochial unification. The national towards road the Transylvania the by written autobiographies

Id. 140. Id. 115. Id. 62. Id. Just like Eminescu, Creangă's literary talent is judged from the point of view of his of view of point the from judged is talent literary Creangă's Eminescu, like Just ep Creangă the in revealed is connection autobiographical The literature. pieces precious most the of one nonetheless is which ofhis first part the read me heafter twodays thatand I he do insisted decided preparations, we norinthecelebrationaloud Putna. in tobe day Jews and Jews with crammed was Bukovina

- flih fo te ok n fr h fl) ieaue Fo ta sadon, (also standpoint, that From literature. folk) the for and folk the from (folkish,

Semitism is explained by the author through economic reasons economic through author the by explained is Semitism

ty in himself. Any attempt to unite Romanians into one single culture single one into Romanians unite to attempt Any himself. in ty 74

at the thought and feelings are best represented by the the by represented best are feelings and thought the at e state is deemed impossible, without unifying all the the all unifying without impossible, deemed is state e Luceafărul 73

ns narrating their experience on the front and on on and front the on experience their narrating ns 38

in 1905) Slavici would bring to the fore the fore the in 1905)Slavici wouldbringtothe - Semitism: Semitism:

of our “poporal”/folkish our of that neither during the the during neither that

isode. Dissatisfied with with Dissatisfied isode.

throughout the entire entire the throughout 72 Budulea Taichii.

–

so that the Jews Jews the that so Amintiri , –

not not

CEU eTD Collection 77 76 75 his of consistency the and integrity moral his contemporaries his to proving and truth the Literary Social the of aegis Academic Jună. Society Romania the under Eminescu and himself by initiated abroad from monarchy,and Habsburg the from Romanians all of meeting Putna the during 1871 as early – politicianism of act an not is war the during Germans the Supporting autobiographies. his by Transylvaniansconti the with unification, cultural on views His WWI. during Germans” the to “selling no and attitudes political his in shift no was there that showing and persona public the to individual comes tothe political life” it when support their also is who people, German great defining the the “from characteristics received cultural Transylvanians monarchy, Habsburg the in living Romanians As Romanian culture had tostart from Transylvanians: the of regeneration any that argue would Slavici thought, of stream that With first accomplished be to had unification cultural the all the if case, any in or, state single one necessarily

dreadful word for Transylvanians for word dreadful

Ioan Slavici, Ioan Slavici, Ioan Editura 1915). Autorului, Slavici, Ioan also See hra Saiis uoigahcl rtns r de are writings autobiographical Slavici's Whereas of case the in Like the thought that a healthy cultural movement could only come from from come only could movement cultural healthy in a streams Transylvani that divergent the thought by the afraid was I with concerned was I and life national the falsify but could that streams Romania, decided, be will Romania of forms the that admitted I Putna to Romania from coming those from and Eminescu Bechnitz, from advice the Following Politica Naţională Politica pri Lumea a. nuing their allegiance to the Habsburg monarch, are therefore backed up up backed therefore are monarch, Habsburg the to allegiance their nuing 76

n care n trecut am oiia ainl Rmn: rioi cii e a 81 âă a 1881 la până 1871 la de scrişi Articoli Română: Naţională Politica

77 , Slavici argued. poporal poporal

Rom

ână – , 84. , , 5. ,

li but a commitment to the national project expressed as expressed project national the to commitment a but terature, the autobiography aimed at connecting the the connecting at aimed autobiography the terature,

- 75 Romanian national state were to exist, exist, to were state national Romanian

the Romanian cultural life in life cultural Romanian the –

a t sat rm h folk the from start to had eply concerned with establishing establishing with concerned eply , (Bucureşti: (Bucureşti: , culture. CEU eTD Collection 80 79 78 su poetic the constructing of means a is autobiographical under the mulberry tree, the From family Liviu. heated son older disagreeing the and Iorga for admiration father's his between Crainic's Nechifor at collaborator journal his and Iorga his ownspirit.” of exigency the history,of to “accordingblueprint the but autobiographyagainst his write not ( romanced between division the follows autobiographies and biographies between difference volume the in earlier year one announced vârstelor germanophilia his given thought romanţate

Lucian Boia, Germanofilii. Germanofilii. Boia, Lucian Blaga, Blaga, Hronicul vârstelor şicântecul Blaga, Lucian 2009). Humanitas, Whereas for a historian the autobiography is a history of ideas, for Blaga the the Blaga for ideas, of history a is autobiography the historian a for Whereas self a As trilo philosophical his after and maturity poetic of age the at Written the problems were coming tolife. and made, mulberry,were gesturesair. our thin ampleUnder of out but books, was I way this from not times, those of Inquestions the of sound the with acquainted getting discussions. the of pieces and bits understanding begun I otherwise; be would prefer suicide towriting. not could it and romanced always are non and romanced kinds: two of are Biographies

Hronicul goes to the opposite. The poet wrote poet The opposite. the to goes ) and non

eae o ntoait oiis carried politics nationalist on debates

Discobolul - , 48 , portrait, Blaga's retrospective look at his own life is closer to Iorga to closer is life own his at look retrospective Blaga's portrait,

- - 49. romanced accounts:romanced S

, apud. George Gane, Gane, George apud. , mănătorul mănătorul lt itlcul rmnac î ai piuu rzo mondial, război primului anii în românească intelectuală Elita

(Bucureşti: Minerva, 1997), p. VI. 1997), (Bucureşti: Minerva,

78 G

would play a part in the formative years of the future future the of years formative the in part a play would uig h wr Lca Blaga's Lucian war, the during â 79 ndirea.

Lucian Blaga Memori Blaga Lucian 40 Discobolul Discobolul

Still a child Blaga would act as a mediator mediator a as act would Blaga child a Still his autobiography between 1945 between autobiography his

n li soleil plein en -

romanced. Autobiographies Autobiographies romanced. bject. The lines of comparison go comparison of lines The bject. 14) hs nesadn o the of understanding his (1945), alist otherwise in Lucian Blaga, Blaga, Lucian in

n h sal backyard, small the in rncl i cântecul şi Hronicul , the authors authors the , gies, Blaga does does Blaga gies, - 1946 and, as and, 1946 Opere

the

(Bucureşti: ’s

. Also, Also, . Vol. VI CEU eTD Collection 83 82 81 appetitegender along lines: the wi for knowledge limited compensating roots, archaic the with link the Urmutter,” “Eine is Mother Blaga, for roots, Byzantine the to link the was mother his Iorga tranquility.for Whereasmatriarchal format intellectual of that theme, another share Blaga and Iorga that, Following be. to them prove would times and life the the through language, reader inaway, bolder otherwise characteristic but historian:ego for ofthe the polymath sign of“being chosen”: a child. Afor butalsoa tragedy indeedan albeitexpressionism, aforof admirer poet, German his la coreof the found life, his of years four first the for speaking from him hinder would that impediment speech a with born swan”, a as “silent poet, phrases. The memorable are texts further.both even of openings The

Liviu Rusu, Rusu, Liviu Iorga, Blaga, the historian, the and poet the both For the with pactautobiographical the locates Iorga'sideas” “historyof of phrase first The earth. of poetical The (…) m gave father. also She my mother. my from from inherited were productivity philosophy and labor inclinations, for passion the inherited I syllables,them into me the inthe end word. wouldgive which combining letters, discovering for 'pedagogical'training of hour anyremember n did I fruitlesslyfor silence. that search thetraces initial of word/logos the of absence fabulous a of mark the under are beginnings My O via O Hronicul storytelling 83 ţă De la Eminescu la Lucian Blaga, Blaga, Lucian la Eminescu la De ot learn to read and write: these things came naturally to me. I cannot cannot I me. to naturally came things these write: and read to learn ot

e the sentiment ( sentiment the e

de om de , 3. ,

, , 10. , magic and religion. […] Through her I feel connected to the to connected feel I her Through […] religion. and magic , th her intense way of feeling ( feeling of way intense her th word,

and reveals a certain kind of predestination of the prodigy that that prodigy the of predestination of kind certain a reveals and

trăirea ter self ter o ad f evn te lse ln o cidod and childhood of land blessed the leaving of and ion ) as well as the profound sense of superstition, superstition, of sense profound the as well as ) - portrait in the impossibility of expressing himself as impossibilityexpressingas the of himself in portrait (Bucure 41

ş ti: Cartea Românească, ti: Cartea first contact with the world is through through is world the with contact first tr ă ire) 81 . Blaga would divide the cultural cultural the divide would Blaga .

1981) 227, apud Gane. Gane. apud 227, 1981) 82

. I .

CEU eTD Collection 86 85 84 as play into come inhabitants) SubCarpathian and Transylvanians as Romanians pure (the Romanians” pure “undeniably being although Blaga, and Rebreanu Goga, Coşbuc, Creangă, infer ethnic of complex their theory a behind hiding ones, specific the rarely are (which) specificity the highlighting “those to opposed characteristic a conclude), would historian literary the birth, by eugenists are (Romanians Romanian” “ethnically being of condition sole the on itself reveals specificity The Literature. Romanian of History his to conclusion and chapter standalone ( Specificity' 'National 1941 G.Călinescu's with peak bewildering resources.” bound tothe greater is questionofThis perception self the into to fitted affordable innovations, perfectly “small are the introducing that also machines courtyard, farming buys and Pest to goes he Strauss, David or Kant Schiller, reading between priest In entrepreneur. a mechanical a father,also is philosopher, Blaga's element. destructive a not is and Pest, or Vienna from either West, the from comes always Progress parenthesis. timeless a in stuck is space world shattered a away sweeps and hard hits progress the by either self picaresque a becoming represented to road the on cataclysm,cholera, or Turks the Russians, universal of kind some avoiding always run, the a goodorder

Sorin Mitu, National Identity of Romanians in Transylvania (Budapest, New York: Central European European Central York: New (Budapest, Transylvania in Romanians of Identity National Mitu, Sorin Călinescu, 974. Călinescu, 978. G.Călinescu, 3. 2001) Press, University

h rgoa seetps n salsig h 'ainl pcfct' ol r would specificity' 'national the establishing in stereotypes regional The of sense a with endowed is village Lancrăm utopia, democratic Şirian Slavici's Like mythology. self a of shaping full the towards step first the only considered be will consciousness national of awakening the nd stability.nd Moldavian'sautobiographiesthe in Unlike Istoria Literaturii Române de la origini până în prezent în până origini la de Române Literaturii Istoria

- image and of a modern political a political modern a of and image 42

iority.” 86 –

nothing actually happens, and the and happens, actually nothing hrfr, mnsu Maiorescu, Eminescu, Therefore, , (Craiova: Vlad & Vlad, 1993) 97 1993) Vlad, & Vlad (Craiova: , - image, whereimage, Specificul naţional) Specificul

– ; it it ; the paucity of villagers villagers of paucity the

with the hero always on alwayshero the with is genetic and racial racial and genetic is - nd national nd made man, where man, made n part and

each a a each 85 - , time time the 4 -

CEU eTD Collection 89 88 87 history, nature. butin the of features constitutive the on discourse new the of core the of part are matrix stylistic the and space mioritic the 'sub Blaga's by represented speculation role. important an play matrix stylistic the or space mioritic of concept the where plays, theater his in and works philosophical his in traced be also can which Romanianness, of manifestations three offer would mountains the in people Ge the house, the environments, three these All horizons. his expanding mountain the also but culture, German the and city m bringsfirstestrangement, of signs butalsoapride: the sense of civilization.” t in primordial specific, than rather “primordial” y horizons”, exiting the small world provided by family,by provided world small the the both yexiting that discover horizons”, would Blaga

would borrow from the Sebe the from borrow would drama historical 1934 His Blaga, Balazs Trencsenyi, “History and Character. Visions of National Peculiarity in the Romanian Political Political Romanian the in Peculiarity National of Visions Discour Character. and “History Trencsenyi, Balazs mountainexperience. ofthe memory Erji named Under the banner of “Bildung is Freiheit” and of the common theme of “broadening “broadening of theme common the of and Freiheit” is “Bildung of banner the Under Sebe of city the in school to going village”, Romanian “purely the from rupture The gotI real that onething. schoolhasbegun. knew just that. Iall in And pride of sense a got Surprisingly,I think. myself, me for even classroom. the in place last the in placed was I Hronicul se of the 19 of se

and

, 26. 26. , Boji. The 1848 hero would fall in love with the same character,Erji same thewith love in would fall hero 1848 Boji. The th

century”, century”,

va Inu daa într drama Iancu: Avram ş community.

Mountain episode of his childhood, when he had a crush on a Hungarian girl, Hungarian a on crush a had he when childhood, his of episode Mountain CAS Sofia Sofia CAS WorkingSeries Papers

89 - Conclusions Conclusions historical' or Mircea Eliade's 'atemporal' ontologies, ontologies, 'atemporal' Eliade's Mircea or historical'

In this sense, the community is no longer rooted in rooted longer no is community the sense, this In 43

- un prolog şi trei faze faze trei şi prolog un – 88 e es o rgesn t te “archaic the to regressing of sense he

an unknown part of nature of part unknown an

As part of a turn towards metaphysical towards turn a of part As This belittling experience made made experience belittling This , 3:2011, , 33 87

- 34. (Sibiu: Dacia Traiana, 1934) 1934) Traiana, Dacia (Sibiu:

rman school and the and school rman / Boji, constructed on the the on constructed Boji, –

are equally are ş ,

CEU eTD Collection 91 90 1914. and 1890s between movement mass a becoming and maturity reaching the movement national of the sense by preceded new was This a 1820s). the of to (1770s dissemination community and community” the of customs and language, 1830 between that is three the of consistent most The nation. Romanian the of evolution the in stages main three identifies time, same the at occurred nations of emergence em the and the society capitalist that coincidence a not is it that argument his on especially and nation his norm, European/Western of understanding the Hroch's Miroslav on Building attention. deserves nevertheless periodization with synchronizing to way their on letters Romanian th of backwardness the for characteristic a and prose literary in achievement highest the as sub a as autobiography seeing in persists which relation, binomial the self and theindividual’s defining work community towards thenational and specificity. its 19 the between relation the into light shed would authors, obscure the autob the of time, same status the canonical At authors. the around clustered studies literary the by imposed limitations the beyond go can period interwar the of autobiographies the that showing at aims thought and texts the of a reading close providing a and between balance interpretation of levels macroanalytic and microanalytic the Adapting matter. that for remembrance, and memory of politics the to or autobiography of practice n is category historical a as period interwar the show, to tried I

Hitchins, Re 22 1985) Press, Hroch, Miroslav - Searching the Nation: the Romanian File Searching the Nation: Romanian the Although I do I Although period. interwar the byAs represented autobiographyare Romanian of times high The Romanian Nation Romanian - 24, apud. Keith Hitchins, Hitchins, Keith apud. 24, oil rcniin o Ntoa Rvvl n Europe in Revival National of Preconditions Social not totally agree with Mihai Zamfir's use of the “memory the of use Zamfir's Mihai with agree totally not

- Formation in in Formation Transylvania

- 80 floig is scholarl first following 1880, iographies, more than mapping the life of sometimes sometimes of life the mapping than more iographies, Romanian Nation Romanian

(Cluj - 44 Napoca: International Book Book International 62. Napoca: Access,2008)

, 62. 62. , hi itgain no agr tem of streams larger into integration their

- formation in Transylva in formation

(Cambridge: Cambridge University University Cambridge (Cambridge: ot easily translatable into the the into translatable easily ot iqiy no h “history, the into inquiry y - genre of the novel, viewed viewed novel, the of genre th

century obsession with with obsession century 91 nia

ih h relation the With 90 , in Sorin Mitu (ed.) (ed.) Mitu Sorin in ,

Keith Hitchins Keith - imagination” imagination” ergence of of ergence

CEU eTD Collection 94 93 92 connected inexperienced) and (immature cultures new to and crisis) (in cultures mature both politi defining in Rădulescu to According trait. core its point as capitalism, other The autobiographies. through reinforced and constructed superiority moral of argument the of representative target a become constitutional will too a this and regime”, with “states the in work only can this him, to According RădulescuConstantin Philosopher threshold. 1914 the preceding and him following generation the at Hungarians (Slavici) culture and politics German/Ha the of influence positive the on based is superiority.superioritymoral The community, thenation. and thestate sense this preserve period interwar the of autobiographies century,the nineteenth the of middle the at capitalism world” old “the of Romant the Kogălniceanu by even or Creangă Mateiescu, fueled are Romania in genre the of the nation of project for the fornarrativespersonal of mobilization genre preferred bourgeoisie's the as seen is autobiography where capitalism, and importanceautobiographies inthe construction of of theimagined isevident. community Anderson Benedict by identified already capitalism print and nationalism between

Co., 1904) 3. 1904) Co., Rădulescu Constantin MihailKog Benedict Anderson, Transylvanians' rejection of Romanian politicianism is rooted in the belief in their their in belief the in rooted is politicianism Romanian of rejection Transylvanians' the between that here, highlighted be to has relation Another in transforming public institutions and services, from means of pursuing the public good, means in ofpursuing as theyprivate should, interest. the pursuing of means from services, and institutions public transforming in succeed sometime and tend state a of citizens the of handful a which through p skilled the say better activity, or political of kind a ă lniceanu

Imagined Communities Imagined , , Autobiografie - - Motru, Motru, Motru offersMotru thecomprehensive most of politicianism: definition

Cultura Română şi Politicianismul şi Română Cultura

r n ulte aqie drn the during acquired qualities on or

(Bucureşti: Alcalay,1908).

, rev. , New (London and ed. York: Ver

93 of ), born out of the transformations and the decay the and transformations the of out born ), 45

bildung

- Motru, politicianism is characteristic to characteristic is politicianism Motru, , while being oriented towards the the towards oriented being while ,

c iaeqe artvs (Vârnav, narratives picaresque ic , 3 , - building. Whereas the beginnings beginnings the building. Whereas rd ractice of political rights, political of ractice

edition, (Bucureşti: Librăria Socec & Socec Librăria (Bucureşti: edition,

genre of autobiography of genre so, 1991). so, national fight against against fight national 94

ins is cianism bsburg 92

the ,

CEU eTD Collection 95 account ownand times. life oftheir the appeal authors' superiority, moral their to somewhat inthe autobiographers' priggish blend nat the of building the for projects individual parliamentarism, – interests private to according acting and Romania Greater behind ideal national the betraying Polit lines. these along developed are chapters three next the in analyzed autobiographies The interests. individual the towards only from acts severed ultimately and is good good common private which sha to is according good shift common this and describes private Politicianism between balance the CEU, at lecture recent a by“declineperception presented capitalismalongand linesJurgen ofas fall”, of the Kocka in featureglobal ofa surprisingly world, by industrialists.” and “capitalists influent Together wi

hi own their Id., 7. Id., rm otsue' “u omre ter t te ae 19 late the to theory commerce” “du Montesquieu's From rnva ad n lot l o te ot fia cutis i Jpn n in and Japan in countries, manycountriesFar of the African South the of all almost in and in Transvaal countries, Balkan the and Romania to republics American South the from

, r vn os te oeges, r f h Jw. nieiim anti Antisemitism, Jews. the of or foreigners', the worse even or

East.

th politicians, they represent a common theyath politicians, represent common ional community defended by by defended community ional th

al 20 early icians are seen as seen are icians th

century ttered. - CEU eTD Collection Bukovina. VoicuBessarabia) for (Minister Halippa for for Transylvania), Minister (Minister Nitescu Saveanu Sauciuc 96 Romania celebration 10 May the pie “a becomes of occasion the with 1929, In Europe.” Old of ashes the from raised that States the all of State consolidated most “the characterizing equilibrium the Nation.” of totality “the on erected something was needed anniversary year 10 the what enough, not is communion spiritual a on based majority a highlights,organizer the as case, this In hours.” of “totality the on celebration this built to was task main yearshistoryGreaterRomania. the often in official first the the of celebrationBocunotes, As Banat of ministerial as point highest the under prison Sighet in 1953 in conditions. unknown A died second Bocu village Sistorovat in 1874 in Born history. We inthe name ofthree demand adictatorship words: King! State! Christ! In politic

IV. SeverFrom Bocu. NationalismParliamentary Revolutionary to Skepticism In contrast to his “re his to contrast In In

In 1929, Regional Ministerial positions wereh positions Regional Ministerial In1929,

s, habit is stronger is s, habit reason than

the last few years Sever Bocu has become one of the leading figures of Banat's Banat's of figures leading the of one become has Bocu Sever years few last the

ce of Europe dreamed by pacifism.” Leaving aside the local echo, news about news echo, local the aside Leaving pacifism.” by dreamed Europe of ce

Romantic Organic Unity Nationalismand

gionalism” for which he is praised today, Bocu here praises the the praises here Bocu today, praised is he which for gionalism”

- tier politician in the National Party his political careerre political PartyNationalhis the in politician tier

96 Thomas Garrigues Masaryk, Sever Bocu, , while the year 1929 finds him in charge with the with charge in him finds 1929 year the while , 47 eld by Sever Bocu (Minister of Banat), Pantelimon Pantelimon of(MinisterBanat), Bocu Sever by eld

Towards Organic Unity

the Nation, even if only for 24 24 for only if even Nation, the

The Making of aState of The Making

ached ached

CEU eTD Collection Regent paid to the medieval voivods. For the events of after 1848, the state state the 1848, after of events Forthe voivods. medieval the to Regent paid Patriarch the that thanks special the with 1848 at stopped Romaniannes of display public The last The bishop. Catholic Hungarian the Napragyi, the as well as corporations” the priests, “the alongside Iulia Alba entry his of reenactment the and Brave the Michael Great, the Stephen with side by side Wallachia), walk in settlers first the of image realistic more the for present sheep of stock a Voda'sNegru Middle Ages. the in states chronol a in Roman followed The were Legionnaires plowers. Dacian and chores) household doing costumes Dacian in family (women Dacian a priests, the and Decebal King bearers, oriflame Dacian Romanianness. historica of parade a with crowned was a monograph on Transylvania by a by committee led Gusti. Dimitrie o construction the starting of that National the for occasion Another Bratianu.” Ion great “the for carry people the love the for contemporaries warn precaution, of dose a with Bratianu mentions Bocu Bratianu and Rosetti Kogalniceanu, byIancu, Avram statues) without (yet completed is line genealogical This unification. the behind agents the and origins the o making the to contributed only Moldova. This in Barnutiu for one another and Transylvania in Balcescu for one statues, two erect to decided committee the as history display continental new the in alike states the are which geographies symbolic of representations the in point marking in published were anniversary the

two tableaux of the Alba Iulia parade were Horia, Closca and Crisan and Avram Iancu. Avramand Crisan and Closca Horia, were parade Iulia Alba the of tableaux two Completing the romantic nationalist myths of the continuity of the nation, the festivity festivity the nation, the ofcontinuity the mythsof nationalist romantic the Completing - Pasantist to besmirch his Liberal adversaries. The other major decision is decision major other The adversaries. Liberal his besmirch to Pasantist odnVd, i Mlain onepr, olwd y ica e Elder, de Mircea by followed counterpart, Moldavian his Voda, Bogdan n the Church for the Salvation of the Nation and the plan for for plan the and Nation the of Salvation the for Church the n Volkermagazin descalecat descalecat l characters that are fundamental for the myths of of myths the for fundamental are that characters l gcl aho b te ones f h Romanian the of founders the by fashion ogical 48

, Prager Presse, Prager and an entire cohort of settlers (including settlers of cohort entire an and n ta i i nt h mrt f the of merit the not is it that ing –

– are mirrored by the appeal to to appeal the by mirrored are

what was the Old Europe and and Europe Old the was what and Warsaw'sand

–

with the reserve that reserve the with had at its disposal its at had f the myths about about myths the f Epoka.

This CEU eTD Collection 97 moral and fascist) and (nationalist revolution autobiography: his in reflected largely are that thought political his of concept key two defines it that is pamphlet the of merit biggest o face the not is politician Banat the to shown had Europe as Hybrids hybrid. political of form new a creating be would outcome only the anti an into righ extreme the to PNTmoves the Unless nothing.” wants he that signal the masses the “gave and Lenin destroy to refused who Kerensky of fate the have should National the that ar Bocu specter, political the of center the for aim and left and right extreme both avoid to PNT the asks Mihalache while break, ideological an on Based Mihalache. Ion and Bocu for Hitler. Hitler,in model in aseek but not should was politicians who Cuza Romanian C. A. Mussolini or Hitler without dictatorship a for Calling the state, subtitled a dictatorial party, following theinfluence“events happening ofthe inNuremberg”. Nat the which in context the fascism. in that All straightforward to nationhood of myths Romanticist the from goes that one nationalism, of the living.

to secure national territory. its Searchingfor horizons!... new mechanized, economy. planned subjectsorder in 40million has toreach Romanian Nation f little 30 From Sever Bocu, Spre Unitate(Timisoara,Organica. Spre Bocu, Sever Tipografia1933) Romaneasca, From a From of nature on pamphlet short a itself in is 1933, in published “Towards Unity” Organic face new a shows Bocu Sever Timisoara, in celebration, 10 May the after years Four

- liberal, anti liberal, political point of view this pamphlet marks the ideological separation between separation ideological the marks pamphlet this view of point political - Peasantist should make a step forward, from center to the right, lest they they lest right, the to center from forward, step a make should Peasantist

as o snl oe te ainl n! rm cnmc ieaim to liberalism economic From one! National the one: single a to lags –

- Semite, against “parliamentary control”, youth oriented dictatorship, oriented youth control”, “parliamentary against Semite,

Bocu even advances the fantasist scenario according to which which to according scenario fantasist the advances even Bocu

dcao i te tit es o a hrsai lae like leader charismatic a of sense strict the in dictator a 49

ional Peasantist party is demanded to become to demanded is party Peasantist ional

f twentieth century Europe. Ultimately, the the Ultimately, Europe. century twentieth f 97

t, transforming itself transforming t,

the

model model gues CEU eTD Collection 99 98 disconnected, if notstraightforward betrayingcoordinates. exactly these two Romania Greater adds war,Bocu the during ToArad.that, the was war the by sanctioned be to had only that Romania with Transylvania of unification the to led that movement national the view, o the but periphery, onto will its imposing center the of result mid the in especially and period interwar the in Parliament Romanian the Transylvanianin politicians unification.” territorial Ciorogariu the sanctioning of task the left only brought effectively Goga, Octavian by lead youth literaryTransylvanian whole “The Arad:of youth” Arad, in Tribuna of redactors the followedof Greater inthe creation Romania. have to claims continuouslyBocu Volunteersmodel Masarykian the to and Russia in Legions mora same the politics, Romanian Greater of politicianism against uses Bocu that superiority” “moral the that aspect major another is there h the by (held superiority

Roman Ciorogariu, Zile Zile Ciorogariu, Roman Traite,(Oradea: 7. Tipografia1926), Diecezana, The heyday, its real during exactly was name. his a happens to connected That newspaper whenthis Gh. Tulbu Revolution of the the of TransylvanianRevolution idea national h mte a sae a t slc ad rps wih cam which propose and select to was stake at matter The memoir his In - Transylvania and Romania together into a unified language and culture. The war was was war Theculture. and language unified a into together TransylvaniaRomania and 1930s l argument that he will use to link his activity and his life altogether to the the to altogether life his and activity his link to use will he that argument l – re, re,

from a vantage point that allowed him to observe and criticize the leani the criticize and observe to him allowed that point vantage a from Roman Ciorogariu Roman –

Sever Bocu follows the same lines, namely that the unification was not the the not was unification the that namely lines, same the follows Bocu Sever - kpiim Bc cms o e te post the see to comes Bocu skepticism, Zile Trăite (Days that I Lived), I that (Days Trăite Zile The MemoirThe as the Natio of Autobiography

eralds of New Europe's aforementioned revolutionary spirit). Yet spirit). revolutionary aforementioned Europe's New of eralds

, “Familia”, Seria III, III, “Familia”,Seria , Nr. Anul III, “Tribuna 4. 1, 1936: in isArad closely 98

is straightforwardly assigning agency to the “steeled “steeled the to agency assigning straightforwardly is Towards Organic Unity TowardsOrganic voluntari

.( 50

myhighlight)

eouinr nationalism revolutionary sm. Roman Ciorogariu the mentor behind mentor the Ciorogariu Roman Under the guise of what can be called be can what of guise the Under

accounts for: the argument of argument the for: accounts

- 99 ther way around. In Bocu's Bocu's In around. way ther 1918 state as completely completely as state 1918

Writing a decade after after decade a Writing n

p of the nationalist nationalist the of p

f h rbn in Tribuna the of

revolution ngs of ngs . CEU eTD Collection 100 of accusations the shows, Livezeanu Irina As politics. “official” Romanian Greater the in involved to becoming Transylvanians than against directed approach criticism his to role more is the It acknowledge front. the to on failed volunteers state Transylvanian new the that dissatisfaction the with coupled history own their of character revolutionary the of rejection Transylvanians' of lines the Par Peasant National the of 1926 after or Party National the either of figures prime the among not was conferences, allofthemthesame telling story. arti political memoirs, through public general the to disseminated is and regionalist strong The identity. Banat of history local the of interpretation his by the kindled therefore is discourse preservinghis of component of means a as tha also of story but the transfer, as work memoirs The state. the new of the realities into incorporated the newly into province transfer its reinterpret to and century, nineteenth the including for proxy a as memoir of genre the uses Bocu Sever unification, the of history official the as readers of community the by accepted be to attempt an in state the of making the into camps and produci of trend general the Following nation. the by subdued completely almost is self the memoirs, Bocu's Sever in see shall we as that, extent the to nation, the creating to tied indissolubly is self the constructing p general the to war” “unification the on experience personal the translating in capacity distinct a enjoys genre the memoirs, for appetite an open having already market local the With unification. the mastered Transylvania in movement

Rascruci, Memorii, Memorii, Rascruci, Vol (Timisoara, I, 47. 1939), together.”them that links Drumuri Si thread theBocu, red spirit, Sever therevolutionary creates one, character,own c Historyits their give the revolutionary Banat in cyclicalrevolutions Transylvania is revolution... evolution and The “Here[Transylvania Banat] and The criticism from the periphery, first of all a political periphery, since Sever Bocu Sever since periphery, political a all of first periphery, the from criticism The

i ve o te itr o Banat of history the on view his ty and hold only regional positions positions regional only hold and ty

g uofca” itre ta hglgt h mrt f individuals of merit the highlight that histories “unofficial” ng

– 51

intermingled with Transylvania with intermingled politicianism –

of Greater Romania's realities comes along comes realities Romania's Greater of haracter. the next prepares revolution One ublic. Through that, the strategy of of strategy the that, Through ublic.

coming from the from coming ls ad public and cles,

leaders of the of leaders –

p o and to up 100 of of t

CEU eTD Collection 103 102 101 time “the because Conference Peace the to events of flow the stop will he that Announcing volume first the released he when 1939 By nation. the of past the about generations” “future the informing of aim vo Rascruci) si (Drumuri his voluntarism. against directed largely was that conjuncture post of politicianism the against Vaida moveme national the of leaders the of disease” federalism “incurable on but regionalism, on not Kingdom Old the of the politics to opposition this pinpoints Party, Liberal the of member Transylvanian Abrudeanu, “nationa a of stereotypes employing largely is position this regionalism. of dose strong a conveys politics Romanian of style Balkan the against correctness” and honesty their for notable Ghibu, Onisifor or Maniu, “Iuliu Party National lume,

qualify as one of the “balkanized” Transylvanians.“balkanized” the of qualifyas one Rusu 1930). Party,Liberal member Romaneasca, of the Cartea Abrudeanu, (Bucuresti: himself Vechiului(Transylvanian Facsimile Sins Kingdom), Old Documente, Fapte, the of Regat. theSoul Against Habsburganti and (this time) and against Maniu version Al. counterbalanced a For Vaida 1918 Re Romania: inGreater Politics Cultural Livezeanu, Irina attempts of federalizing federalizing attemptsof Austria pre fromthe inherits “regionalism” whatinterwar the would be question16. p. The Abrudeanu, especiallyby was cause real the enigma: consuming ever this “Isolved finally - Voevod's Sever Bocu planned to publish four volumes under the title of title the under volumes four publish to planned Bocu Sever - 1930, (Ithaca, N. 1930, Y.: 134. 1995), Press, University Cornell Beliefs.

Alex. Alex. Vaida rell Ardelenilor Ardealul It is an ambitious plan for designed around the genre of memoir, with the with memoir, of genre the around designed for plan ambitious an is It - Romanian feelings Romanian : VolI. :

engineer and tireless informer in archduke Franz Ferdinand's “la Ferdinand's Franz archduke in tirelessinformer and engineer

eor (Memorii), Memoirs -

Hungary. Memoirs, Time, Family and History - 98i nt ae ncaatr u o a potns of opportunism an on but character, on based not is 1918

see. Ion Rusu Rusu Ion see. Pacatele Abrudeanu, sufletul fatade Ardealului

92 aplt O te te hn, ou argument Bocu hand, other the On pamphlet. 1922 Vol.II.

Discourses, Discourses, ou kthd h pa o hs memo his of plan the sketched Bocu gionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle,Ethnic and Building, Nation gionalism, own ideas of of ideas own

habsburgism

Vol.III caatr kind. character” l - nt, and particularized through through particularized and nt, Voevod

or or – Evocations Evocations

who stand accused ofpro whoaccused stand Roads and Crossroadsand Roads austrophilism 103 eouinrs and revolutionarism

en ee s an as here seen boratory.”Rusu 102 and a fourth a and

, introduced introduced , - would would

war Ion Rusu Rusu Ion 101

But irs. irs. - CEU eTD Collection 105 104 reproduce front Russian the on volunteers fellow or Party National the of members friends, eulogi figures, historical Banat's of commemoration the at speeches The volumes. independent in published were that conferences various of texts the together bringing by Vestul West)or newspaper, (TheBocu's Sever in published the combined and Suciu automobile.” the on soci individual focus to chose Nemoianu Russia, in prisoner and volunteer nationalist, he a Although himself Lugoj. of Prefect and Deputy of position political the to up school through the exposing and Banat, copilarie) din (Amintiri peculiar Nemoianu's Bocu's autobiographies. of particularity The past. light the to comes personal patriarchalism the of understanding his about telling ultimately is that understanding particular a family to give memoirs Bocu's respect, the andTransylvania” other Banat, “other the life to bring powers” moral greater “with ultimately will who generation next the to legacy Banat the of down passing a represents it fact in dedication this of value sentimental the Beyond The history.” for ripe not still is present, the with interwoven organically Conference, the after

memoirs. grandfathers' oftheir in and the republishing case, GeorgescuBocu's in get involved Nemoianu) Alexandru Nemoianu and inBocu both afterthe 2000s memory, the and especially how see to patriarchalism Banat extremelyinteresting the on Expanding it is copilarie, din Amintiri Goga's by Octavian was published first version The Romania, with brotherly love, Sever Bocu. Bucharest, 1945, 22 March 1945, Bucharest, Bocu. Sever withlove, brotherly Romania, “ToP. Greater to us wereleading that exile of Russian roads harsh mythrough the friend Nemoianu, Incidentally,handwritt Bocu's with Sever incame had hands volumeI the Memoirs Memoirs It was not until 1945 that the second and last volume appeared. volume last and second the that 1945 until not was It

al mobility achieved through education, or as he puts it “from the ox the “from it puts he as or education, through achieved mobilityal r ddctd o i gado, osatn wo il un will “who Constantin grandson, his to dedicated are this time a more mature and rich (including quantitatively) is published in 1939. in 1939. is published quantitatively) rich(including maturemoreand a thistime

are the description of a personal, rather than historically collective historically than rather personal, a of description the are Evocations personal journey of a Romanian peasant child from his household, his from child peasant Romanian a of journey personal

eois (Amintiri) Memories

if we compare his memoir to Petre Nemoianu's series of of series Nemoianu's Petre to memoir his compare we if with 's cases their relatives, in this case grandsons or nephews (Peter nephews (Peter or grandsons case this in relatives, 's casestheir Discourses, Discourses, 53

Tara Noastra

rebirth of the “revolutionary spirit.” In this this In spirit.” “revolutionary the of rebirth 104 mainly be collecting material collecting be mainly

and magazine in 1928. vers second magazineThe 1928. in eois rm y Childhood my from Memories nd

en dedication to Petre Nemoianu: Petre to dedication en es held at the funerals of funerals the at held es 105 Evocations, esad t later.” it derstand

Edited by I. D. D. I. by Edited - wagon to wagon s already already s public public ion, CEU eTD Collection 107 106 an only is self the and family, his intermediary a phase, account passage, thatneedsf of to story the with interwoven is nation the of story C. Aurel to self of means Bredicens, the to Mocioni, another Popovici.” to order sovereign somehow a in and to Vichentiedown passesfurther Mocioni and it Andrei Babes, hands these Murgu.From th in and Petrovici Stoichescu Lipova, of archpriest the by up picked is it while a another. For to hands of pair one from down handed is Flag National the Tichindeal, re and ethnic on defined largerfamily a becomes it which in extent the to appropriated is nation Banat.the national fightin the The of that goal, thatareconnectedsame by the individualities fo argument an as offers historical grander a of continuation a as himself projecting is Bocu Romania, with Banat entire the of unification fore and first himself Building practices. writing” autobiographical search general more the of part a constitutes family Gudmundsdóttir,Gunnthórunn biographya that is with argue I memoirs. own his in presented as fight national the of understanding same the inl ai; cig s fml i hs t on as f neiac: Fo Iroii and Iorgovici “From inheritance: of laws own its has it family a as acting basis; gional

Sever Bocu, Drumuri si Rascruci, Rascruci, Drumuri si Vol.Bocu, Sever 51. p. II. New (Amsterdam, York: 183. p. 2003), Rodopi, Gudmundsdóttir,Gunnthórunn Borderlines: Autobiogr The first volume of Sever Bocu's political memoirs starts with his explanation of what what of explanation his with starts memoirs political Bocu's Sever of volume firstThe 107 - discovery, but more of an attempt to overlap personal over national history.discovery, national over overlappersonaltoattempt an of more but The

n i cs, rtn aot i kn s f fml i nt a not is family a if as kin his about writing case, his In family.

106 r that his memoirs as one individual in a familiar series of of series familiar a in individual one as memoirs his that r Going beyond social or biological ties, he proposes himself and himself proposes he ties, biological or social beyond Going

– Telling theStoryNation ofthe

n I r t epn hs ruet eod contemporary beyond argument his expand to try I and

ot s political a as most 54

aphy and Fiction in Postmodern Life Life Writing,Postmodern Fiction in and aphy

form of autobiography,of form or itself.

for origin and identity present in in present identity and origin for

agent

acting towards the the towards acting s much a narrative narrative a much s –

“Writingone'son e end by Eftimie Eftimie by end e CEU eTD Collection 110 109 108 Vaida from figures, political day present the of fiber moral the for account orderproperto memoir. in presentthe and past the mingling Constantly formi 1930s, late the in written is memoir proper the introducing to order overview in historical the story.certainly Most own his of character history as himself place cautionary to appeals Bocu self, the of reflection a into plunging Before 1910s. o events to reader the familiarizing than more at aims chapter introductory the right, personal history memory ofthecommunity. and imagined the how nutshell is a in memoir presents It the view. of opening point another preamble from interesting historical the newspaper, the of director the is Bocu Sever when 1910s the in peak a reaching nationalists Romanian the of organization political itself. project national the of unity the undermining conflict inherent the of marks deeper the showedTribuna of leaders the and aft the between in (PNR), Party National the of organization and strategy part. crucial the playing Memorandum channeled is newspaper Tribuna of fate The crossroad. a of more is it but path, straightforward not a is roads the indicates autobiography his of title the as newspaper,Tribunaand the around circle Transylvaniain (PN Party National Arad the

moment is still alive. I was 18 and I was in Sibiu, with Banca withwasBanca Transilvania. Sibiu, I and was in 18 I still The alive. moment is Tribunist Memorandist and Banca for workingTransilvania he joined and waswhen Tribuna. Bocu18 Sibiu,Sever in “That In1892, (T Rascruci, Spirit “Revolutionary Bocu, Sever Vlad Popovici, Popovici, Vlad Tribun Rascruci, Drumuri siVol301. p. II, futuremy about worried but opportunistic wasi current an ermath of the Memorandum trial the quarrel between the leaders of the National Party Party National the of leaders the between quarrel the trial Memorandum the of ermath More than telling the inside story of what the what of story inside the telling than More - ae Tiua esae ws n te at t lyd n itr o te Romanian the of history in played it part the and was newspaper Tribuna based

around two main dimensions. The first one is the temporal, with the 1892 1892 the with temporal, the is one first The dimensions. main two around imisoara, 1939), 45 pp. 1939), imisoara, rresistible attraction so that I was forced, against my parents' will, myparents' against forced, was that so I attraction rresistible ismul 1884

- 1905, (Cluj 1905, –

- 167.

Historical Oportunism. What was Oportunism. What Historical Tribunaat si in Drumuri Arad?” R). 110

108 –

to leave my job and join join myand Bocu, Sever Tribuna's job leave to board.” editorial

109 - on byn te nrct po underlai plot intricate the beyond Going Napoca: Presa Universitară Clujeană, 2008) Clujeană, Universitară Presa Napoca:

The roads of Sever Bocu start with his entry in the the in entry his with start Bocu Sever of roads The

h scn oe a t d wt te political the with do to has one second The 55

tribunism - ovds potns o te 1910s the of opportunism Voevod's

was and what side was in fact in was side what and was ng a separate body from the the from body separate a ng activism – oiis neat with interact politics

they weretheynot

and

pasivism n by the the by n the f . In . CEU eTD Collection 113 112 111 of morality of lack and opportunism the against attacks of form the takes It period. interwar is conflict the and Committee, National the and PNR the cause, Romanian the of representatives official the of dominance the with competition in enters tribunism Arad The Transylvania.” “historical the of representatives of history the age for of opportunism account the that opposes Bocu structures Transylvania, grand the of tone general a On Committee. National the of and PNR the of members the of opportunism the ultimately and impotence, heade is defense Bocu's himself. defend to director its forced results election disastrous 1909 the of aftermath the in Tribuna struck that crisis The is Bocu himself. Province the of history a offer to one the course, Of Provinces. the of history a is proposed is typologies. temporal overarching on build is it since weak methodologically found thei hide masses masses” of history Banat and Transylvania of history the renders Bocu Whereas nine Iorga's Nicolae by offered is substantial methodologically more time this revolutionary intervention, contemporary Transylvanian Another history. of framework larger the in examples these integrates Bocu prime future the of ambitions the announcing

Bărnutiu, the Laurians, or the Papu Ilarians. “It would be a mistake to believe that because Vasilebecause that believe mistaketo a would “Itbe Ilarians. the Papu or Laurians, the Bărnutiu, Goldis, Vasile Goldis, Teodor Mihali or Alexandru Vaida theUniversity.” id. Yet at colleagues his youngerhistorians, voluntary, by is other the distinction the disregarded and personal “Reform title, generic as idea summarizing a has “Everyvolume 46. p. vol I, Rascruci, Spirit “revolutionary Bocu, Sever Rascruci, vol I, p. 89. p. vol I, Rascruci, Spirit “Revolutionary Bocu, Sever entire Transylvaniaop is TeodorMihali, Alexandru Vaida First and foremost it is a first a is it foremost and First

aprtos eid esnl rivalries,” personal behind aspirations r –

in opposition to the history of the Principalities Principalities the of history the to opposition in portunistic. Alas, no, we still have not met the historical historical portunistic. met theTransylvania not wehave(Ardeal).” still no, Alas,

- Voevodvain, the in hopes put their whomthepeople on were opportunists – - – v

Historical Oportunism. What was Oportunism. What Historical Tribunaat si in Drumuri Arad?”

Historical Oportunism What was Oportunism Historical What Tribunaat si in Drumuri Arad?” olume - hand access to the meaning Bocu assigned to history. to assigned Bocu meaning the to access hand not limited to the 1910s, but it is prolonged into the into prolonged is it but 1910s, the to limited not soi Românilor Istoria - VoevodGheo to contraposed are 56

iitr o cainGg' “Hitlerization,” Goga's Octavian to minister,

f alaetr activism parliamentary of ers”, “revolutionaries”, “Nation “revolutionaries”, ers”, d against what he identifies the the identifies he what against d 111

pbihd ewe 1913 between (published

– Iorga's

“a history of revolutions, a a revolutions, of history “a – rgheLazăr, Simion

soi Românilor Istoria “a history where the where history “a 113 - 112 builders”. builders”. -

1936). 1936). o the to

What is

CEU eTD Collection 115 114 impo Crossroads and Roads interests. Transylvanians' against acting therefore Bucharest, of occupation the during Marghi Alexandru with rallying parliament Bucharest the in representatives Transylvanian the see to is sight Transylvania disturbing Greatergained butthe ofmost the part Romania, andwas freedom its struggl political Romanian the characterizes that revolution historical continuous the which to according history of version history, a from but literature, from borrow not does writing autobiographical identity,Bocu's “Transylvanianthe revolu of betrayalhistorical a asseen Greater social inrealizi involved andpolitical mechanisms and consolidation national rapid for desire the by driven discourse nationalist Romania's all nearly “the consensus, nationalist the against rather but right anti Arad the that fac the despite PNR, the of politics activist the against opposition the to back projected is anti the Parliamentarism, Romanian interwar of rejection his to consistency Ma Iuliu Party politicians Transylvanian the

“The oportunism seeks oportunism “The 14. p. Livezeanu, Irina my soul was bitter: our voluntarism was cornered, it fought in vain.” Drumuri si Rascruci, Rascruci, Vol si Drumuri it foughtvain.” in cornered, was voluntarism our bitter: was soulmy 61. p. I. Transylvania for,fought weand sadness wasvague isa thisby the I touched Transylvaniadreams? ofour Marghilomaninwhen P the session applauding Transylvanians werevigorously the day during than gloomier no had I Kingdom. ofthe ofMangra kind a Marghiloman, to up nationalism - alaetrs hs o e eaae fo te anti the from separated be to has Parliamentarism - ssibility of adapting to the realities of the new state. Against the trend of taking his his taking of trend the Against state. new the of realities the to adapting of ssibility wing, since his opposition was not directed against the principle the against directed not was opposition his since wing, The - Romania targeted isnot againstthe monarchy, thestate, hisownparty, theking or but Memoirs - based Tribuna (1903 Tribuna based niu loman, accused of germanophilism and colaborationism with the Germans the with colaborationism and germanophilism of accused loman, – are the story of a defeated man, his dissatisfaction with the outcome of of outcome the with dissatisfaction his man, defeated a of story the are

ne nee i te oain alaet I a atmt o offer to attempt an In Parliament. Romanian the in entered once justifications. And the ideas guided the representatives of the the of Transylvanianthe representatives justifications. guided theAnd ideas is ultimately the story of the dissatisfaction with the present, of the the of present, the with dissatisfaction the of story the ultimately is

–

ih h ecpin f h lae o te National the of leader the of exception the with i Taslai rahd t ls sae ih h war. the with stage last its reached Transylvania in e - 1912) was in fact supporting the activist politics. Bocu's politics. activist the supporting fact in was 1912) 57

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115 t

CEU eTD Collection 117 116 r expected. not is Front Eastern the the of on voluntarism Druzina the Transylvanian which in context bitter the in and what administration, in state thinking concerns technocratic of form original an towards leaning likely more morality 1918, after together come these All spectrum. political the anti activism, over pasivism history, Transylvanian of character revolutionary the threads: intertwined several around memoi and History 1930s. the in constantly employ will Bocu that defense path for of theliberation Transylvania. dire and back projected also but anti the Parliament, Romanian the enter Party National the of leaders former the Once right. proved history the that nationalism the of redefinition his around 1930s late the in rekindled that to “regionalism” of type the from and another to system political one from knowledge of transfer incongruous the at looked be to have regionalism Bocu's of origins identity cultural for drive regionalism contemporary a overlapping anachronism of form a in granted for regionalism

their sacrifice “as a living protest against empty and soulless intellectualism”, against the state employees employees state the against intellectualism”, soulless and against empty “asprotest living a theirsacrifice (New Values)newval the heopposes quotes he entirely that article Inthe Valorvolunteers. inlandingthe for Director an order Ministerial As aTimisoaraheissued Noua lastemergesleader.” “our as on ofrepresentation the and loss weforgotare) who (We identity regionalcultural a for search mainofa idea underthe offered culturalthe Banatians a turn, inte local sametitle or Vasileregionalism) ofBanat supporter underthe ofreleased essays book wella in as filmas in Bogdan, Memorii, ofBocu's Sever edition second a housepublished publishing (whose Marineasa Sever memory of The through others” to “the assault to to “the assault to throughothers” of Transylvania liberation camewith the end the that in gloriousassault, grandand “the fromtheshift mainof thelosers are peasants the and volunteers framework the Inthis back.” gets moreit than the stateto givi is peasant “because the the peasant to opposed officers) clerks, themselves they physicians, (lawyers, The turmoil of the 1910 the of turmoil The 117 llectuals from Banat “Sara Bănătană”/Banat Evening where the regionalism is “depoliticized” and and “depoliticized” is thewhereregionalism Evening “SaraBănătană”/Banat fromBanat llectuals with the preface of Marineasa where he makes a strong case for Bo for case strong a makes hewhere Marineasa of preface with the Sever Bocu, a troubled a Bocu, Sever life

I will analyze this evolution and how these landmarks fuse with each other in in other each with fuse landmarks these how and evolution this analyze will I Bocu resurfaced as main promoter of Banat regionalism in the works ofworks in the Viorelregionalism ofBanat mainpromoter as resurfaced Bocu

116

- Parliamentarism, regionalism and a revanchist attitude against attitude revanchist a and regionalism Parliamentarism,

ht otas ou s h ls lae o Bnt I Banat, of leader last the as Bocu portrays that - jobs and honors of the future Romanian state.” His decision was canceled was canceled Hisdecision Romanianstate.” future honorsofthe and jobs 1912 at the Tribuna in Arad puts in motion the mechanism of of mechanism the motion Tribunain the in atputs 1912 Arad cted against the same people who happen not to follow his follow to not happen who people same the against cted . An interesting case is also that of the public conferences organized by. conferences public that also ofthe iscase Aninteresting - centralist drive is mobilized against the present politics, politics, present the against mobilized is drive centralist

tribunism tribunism 58

the central level, where the figure of Sever Bocu Bocu ofSever wherefigure the level, thecentral

of th of cgie a te re au Bocu value true the at ecognized ues represented by the voluntarism and and voluntarism the by represented ues e 1910s as the version of one of version the as 1910s e coupled with a high sense of of sense high a with coupled cu as a inventor and main and inventor cu as a Drumuri si Rascruci, Rascruci, si VolDrumuri I. ae kindled are r believe that that believe – -

true true ng CEU eTD Collection 121 120 119 118 Californian by driven followed we that roads the Dobrogea, of pastures silky rich, “the Transylvani of repetition a as seen is lands”, Romanian the property urban and rural owned who colonists Romanian with permissive more was that law 1912 throughcolonization Romaniannon modernization economic incorporation of mechanism threefold of post to specific uniformization cultural and administrative Quadrilateral) the or Dobrogea, (Southern Bulgaria and Dobrogea) (Northern Romania between (1878) Treaty Berlin the at divided multi the of integration The province. of part Northern war.” Dobr Brătianu) andmodel ofstate theMasarykian Greater his on views between relation incongruous the on placed be will emphasis special A memoirs. his

Pittsburgh, 2001), p. 1. p. 1. Pittsburgh,2001), 1878 Romania, into Dobrogea StateNorthern and Nation, Integration of The Building: Citizenship, Iordachi, Constantin Memorii, Vol. Rascruci. Drumuri si Bocu, Sever 169. p. I. whatsoever.”amorality or immorality Bocu, malevolence, Sever “Iorga bygovernment the Iordachi, p. 61. p. 61. Iordachi, Struggle,1918 Ethnic and Building, Nation Regionalism, Romania: inGreater Politics Livezeanu,Cultural Irina See ogea, “my California.” He will spend there four years “the time between Tribunafour spendwill there ogea, “my California.” He the and 118 In 1912, with Tribuna coming to an end, Sever Bocu leaves his native Banat for for Banat native his leaves Bocu Sever end, an to coming Tribuna with 1912, In 121

During these four years Bocu is part of the Transylvanian wave of colonizing the colonizing of wave Transylvanian the of part is Bocu years four these During . The road of the colonist from one Quadrilateral to another, “to the other end of of end other the “to another, to Quadrilateral one from colonist the of road The . - - 1930, (Ithaca, (Ithaca, N. 1930, Y.:1995) Press, University Cornell

1913. Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European S European East in and Russian BeckCarl Papers 1913. - Romania (without the entire Ba entire the (without Romania

Argetoianu (the technocratic government!) canceled it, out of lack ofknowledge, outlack of it, canceled government!) Argetoianutechnocratic (the –

rpsd y odci i st y h pcla mdl f inner of model peculiar the by set is Iordachi, by proposed The Blessed land of Dobrogea land Blessed of The - nationals, namely the Transylvanians –

ethnic colonization, cultural homogenization, and homogenization, cultural colonization, ethnic - 119 building to which Bocu again towhich and building time returns. 59

nat, a loss that he will never forgive I. I. C. C. I. I. forgive never will he that loss a nat, –

niiae te ope poes of process complex the anticipates Drumuri siRas Drumuri - 1918 Romania. 1918

- tnc rvne f Dobr of province ethnic an shepherds' transhumance to to transhumance shepherds' an

tudies (Pittsburgh: University of University (Pittsburgh: tudies cruci cruci and especiallyafter

120 vol II, p. p. 115.vol II,

Aspeci

ogea ogea al case al –

CEU eTD Collection 124 123 122 capitalist own his builds Bocu belong, not did one.” become to want I do citiz a not am I Romania Little in because Romania, Greater in only but happen might this that answered “I principle: of one is colonization” “political resistance colonist's behind Pa Liberal Brătianu Constan of prefect the from came the of appeal the rejects Bocu integration. economic the of favor in downplayed is struggle ho national Bocu's Romania, economic and political cultural, the for model future a and realities, same the under roughly falling province a in although Banat, Outside eclecticism. Babylonian the to Banatof civilization the transferring Dobrogea, of virgin the tamingland is sub Habsburg civilized the which to according way one only work not does colonization citizenship, the where multi uproot once him more. industry.hotel and Soo farming by of status the in comfort a found he a moment For mission. civilizing economic an for struggle nationalist the abandoning start, fresh Babylonian a in live or out eclecticism.” die traditions the where land man's no a towards impulses

Sev Sever Bocu, Drumuri si Rascruci, Rascruci, Drumuri si VolBocu, Sever 170. p. I. p. 24. Iordachi 1908 in wereonly gradually passed 4 in article announced ofDobrogeans emancipation the political “Laws on - ethnic status. The question of citizenship in both provinces create a special connecti special a create provinces both in citizenship of question The status. ethnic er Bocu, Drumuri si Rascruci, Rascruci, Drumuri si VolBocu, er 169 p. I. Seen in relation to the Center, Banat and Dobrogea share the same peripheral and and peripheral same the share Dobrogea and Banat Center, the to relation in Seen - 1913. From 1878 to 1908, the inhabitants of Dobrogea thus enjoyed only a local type ofcitizenshi type only local a thus enjoyed ofDobrogea to the1908, inhabitants From 1878 1913. –

t i Dboe, elcn Lc One, lo rnyvna. h motivation The Transylvanian. also Oancea, Luca replacing Dobrogea, in rty heimatlos 123 xrse i Ia in expressed 122

but also a place for exercising and fostering national identity. The The identity. national fostering and exercising for place a also but In the Californian no man's land the land man's no Californian the In

id a second a finds

Romanian Liberal Party to join its ranks as deputy, proposal that that proposal deputy, as ranks its join to Party Liberal Romanian 124 ș truhAeadu Lepădatu Alexandru through i

Rejecting political integration in a state on which his which on state a in integration political Rejecting ț n, as he so worrisomely notes, the news about the war will will war the about news the notes, worrisomely so he as n, a, Gheorghe Mumuianu, as well as the intention of I. I. C. C. I. I. of intention the as well as Mumuianu, Gheorghea, patria, patria, - 170.

heimatlos 60 a place where he was not offered Romanian Romanian offered not was he where place a

- run version of Greater Romania. More than More Romania. Greater of version run former director of Tribuna is prone to a to prone Tribunaofis director former

enjoying economic prosperity offered prosperity economic enjoying –

to appoint him leader of the the of leader him appoint to oeiain f interwar of mogenization en, nor en, heimat p.” p.” ject ject on

CEU eTD Collection 127 126 125 sho in with dealt are province Greater of making the and War the Transylvanian history. stag final the but event, particular the to limited not revolution. the to 1918 assigned November of events the understands WhereasCiorogariu meaning the in lies difference main the here yet revolution; fo ends conflagration world the started, it when moments distinct Romania'sneutrality.of end the war”atthe of start“the two Dobrogeathe until of Regardless in stay his prolongs collaborator former his while 1914, in starts war the as soon as Arad to war the of moments distinct two about write memoir. own his in episode the recounts Se 1914, Austria against fight the in volunteers Transylvanian the organize to mission the with Kiev to road the takes he 1917 of summer the in and Iasi, Californ his behind leave to had Bocu Powers, Central the against Entente the joined Romania the when 1916, August 1915 Sturdza and Ghica Lahovary, Mavrocordat, Busche, der von Czernin, also but guest, constant a was Family Royal The creation. its in involved powers the of and state future the of version scale a represents place, meeting TekirghiLake of shore the on Bocu by built hotel the farmer,a just

“I had my strong reserves to these people. There was much to be forgiven, and they were insisting that we forgiven, that be were insisting wasto theymuch and people. There these to strongmyreserves “I had 1926), p. 90 1926), Vasile Mari, Vol Romaniei Rasboiul din Insemnari Bianu, de Institutul (Cluj: II ArteGrafice Ardealul, 11pp. trăite, Zile Ciorogariu, Roman Rascruci si Drumuri amongthem.” upstay should together, not show did but I - 1916. In the economy of the narrative, the Dobrogean experience is undermined by that of of that by undermined is experience Dobrogean the narrative, the of economy the In In hotel. seaside Bocu's chose tourists unwanted the and Family Royal the only Not ver Bocu was in the company of his mentor at the Tribuna, Roman Ciorogariu who Ciorogariu Roman Tribuna, the at mentor his of company the in was Bocu ver

ia for the Romanian army at Craiova and from then on marching to to marching on then from and Craiova at army Romanian the for ia

rt. Although one gets the sense that exactly the experience of of experience the exactly that sense the gets one Although rt. - 13.

- oai. or er set n h nw borderland new the in spent years Four Romania. 126

families

61 – The two representatives of the Arad tribunism tribunism Arad the of representatives two The

the future bishop of Oradea (1920) goes back goes (1920) Oradea of bishop future the

125 - Hungary. Two years earlier, in August August in earlier, years TwoHungary. e in the revolutionary character of of character revolutionary the in e

where spending there the winter of winter the there spending where 127 , for Bocu the revolution is revolution Bocuthe for , ol, the future Eforie, as a as Eforie, future the ol,

bt o te wt the with them of both r pp. 171 pp. - 172. 172.

Ș tirbey,

CEU eTD Collection 129 of128 fall the after took it that importance the to due called, was it as cities Russian all figures political Romanian of majority the by it, admit unity our of fate the mysterious connections which through question: a by consumed obsessively was “I unity. Romanian th of fate the and Kiev in presence his between connections cultural and historical rooted deep establish to tries Bocu contingency, historical the Beyond Russia.” in camps prisoner s he later Dobrogea. oflands the to civilization bringingBanatof economiccoordinates on developsknowledgeof th Dobrogea, and Banat between In Romania.” “Little into integration political been have would equivalent Romanian the because to” used get of rewriting memoir.Bocu's fictional postmodern, Mândruleasa's Viorel for material narrative main the i stay his “life rich the observe to fails memoir Bocu's material, narrative main the

France and Italy.” and France between January, reappears 7 July,to 20 1990) ViorelMilitară, Editura (Bucuresti: Inpasaj, Marineasa, heimatlos In July 15, 1917 Bocu reaches Kiev “the mother of the Russian cities”, and five days days five and cities”, Russian the of mother “the Kiev reaches Bocu 1917 15, July In n Dobrogea during the Balkan wars and Romania's neutrality. In turn it would make make would it neutrality.turn InRomania's and wars Balkan the during Dobrogea n at pbihn “oâi Mare” “România publishing tarts

December, 22 1917 subtitled “newspaper of the Romanian ofthe December,Romanian Volunteers “newspaper 1917subtitled 22 in Austria

– leaving the multi the leaving

128 Bocu borrows from English to complete the Californian image, but also also but image, Californian the complete to English from borrows Bocu

The economic integration of the of integration economic The

Masaryk and theMasaryk Russian and Revolution –

April, 8 1919 subtitled “newspaper of Romanian volunteers and soldiers in soldiers and volunteers ofRomanian “newspaper subtitled 1919 April,8

- ethnic patria for a Babylonian no man's land would be the be would land man's no Babylonian a for patria ethnic –

treated as a chimera by all political thinkers, and let us let and thinkers, political all by chimera a as treated 129 62

newspaper that is distributed “to all the the all “to distributed is that newspaper peasant farmer “ farmer –

to this muscovit this to

–

living a life to which we coul we which to life a living is preferred to the cultural and cultural the to preferred is

- material” provided by by provided material” e city, the mother of of city, mother e the - e only transfer transfer only e Hungary. It d e CEU eTD Collection 133 132 131 130 état d'un résurrection válce arevoluce ve války za his that, than more but steppe” Russian the on will God's through “found resources Corps.” ForBocufinds a modelinthe Czech examplesetby that, Volunteers' “Romanian the Romania's of organization to the for path accounting of this short behind falls it and unification, war the behind realities the of foundations overall “sămănători. the of works the in together come idealism and fanaticism Here, plains. Russian the on events works of Transylvanians' matrix over decides the and reality behind force mysterious the as God Ultimately, origin. We of is culture and language the while East, the inbetweeness. to Romanians of the tying one ultimately is Romanianness of understanding Bocu's too, j mystery, andGod's is will, it of terms terms butin political orstrategic notin isexplained and through religion. approp to way One lands. Russian on solved of name be will Transylvania in fight the national the of in fate the that Bocu All for unthinkable faith.” is mystery, it our of Orient to us attached definitively have that traditions t through passes that Union to road the between correlations Byzantium.” new the as Constantinople ustified by the existence of the Orthodox Church, the ultimate resort of Romanian life. Here Here life. Romanian of resort ultimate the Church, Orthodox the of existence the by ustified

Yet the firstin the revolution Transylvanianofrevolutions since cycle one, contextual a is this inbetweeness the reality.” of revelation and interpretation 97 p. th the event, to ofonlymade posthumously aware we are willwhich the divine expressionof reality,than interpreting more the meditatingand nothing thatnot“When seeitis to it isimpossible in inKiev” “Opt luni Bocu, Sever Bessarabian academics.” Sever Bocu, Bocu, Sever academics.” Bessarabian the sentimentsamong and ideas ofRomanian “The Sowers(sămănători) real Transylvanian were officers Memorii, VolRascruci, Drumuri si Bocu, Sever Reformation.” was our church 48. p. I. Re (Györgythe Gheorgheand led Dózsa) Doja rebellion ofthe crushing by isstarted The future Czechoslovak president is not only a model of managing the human human the managing of model a only not is president Czechoslovak future The and curiosity of banner the under is Russia in army Transylvanian the of activity The 131

: ovnr t élxos 1914 réflexions et Souvenirs

, 1914

Drumur - 1918 1918 Opt luni luni Opt i si Rascruci, Rascruci, i si published in 1925 and with the French translation French with the in1925and published 130 inKiev

riate this curious and mysterious development is development mysterious and curious this riate

63 The obsession takes the form of a search for for search a of form the takes obsession The

133 , p. 99. p. , Vol. p. 97. 1945), Discurses (Bucuresti: II ” While the will of God may God of will the While ” - 1918

(1930) is (1930) e rhdx iv n “these and Kiev orthodox he Thomas Masaryk.Thomas a model for how Sever Sever how for model a formation. “The Uniate Uniate “The formation. 132

h fih is faith The rough rough

explain the explain

Světová stern stern La CEU eTD Collection 137 136 135 134 Lacking of of conception instead activism. 1910spromoters ofMasaryk's philosophical the mid the of model and Messianism admiring Bocu romantic only excludes [that] Chauvinism.” reciprocity of doctrine Kollar's in g healthy“thein Rooted character, position. nationalgeographic and history from starting the of definition same the employ Masaryk and Bocu Both environment. political the was al was what at third this in cracksthrough the falls What grasped. improperly himself he that nationalism constructing of way a integrating politica the on as well as mindset “world of concept the around Massaryk the “national question.” preoccupi are them of both but historians, Neither are Masaryk nor Bocu, History. the and build Reformation revolution, to of model lines the a along also character Transylvanian but views historiographical Bocu's organize that concepts Masaryk's in find We memoirs. war his organizes Bocu

TomasState,of a 381. Making p. Masaryk, The York: p.409. 1969) Fertig Press, H. peoples other of hatred repudiates and the and Fatherland, people ofone'sown love positive “Humanityrequires altruism Comte's to fallscloser oflove, definition where more national.” humanthe morethe webe, shall human nationality.without th internationalism no canbe there for repeat, nations, I an organization idea, practical of concrete, a isus for “Mankind defined “rationally” mankindis Where ed., Hanak, T.G. Masaryk (1850 in: Harry versusPekař,” Pekar, Masaryk historyHauner,History: and MilanCzech see Meaningof“The of school Goll's to relation his Question”, “Czesch the on views intoMasaryk's look an insightful For razboi Bocu Sever freedom.” national and political it all, having when? thatall and fashion, ofwas out Barnutiu our wereoutdated, Constitution mid of grandtheoreticians “The Looking at the shortcomings in translating the Czechoslovak model developed by by developed model Czechoslovak the translating in shortcomings the at Looking , in Drumuri si in , Drumuri 136 .” .” Tomas1914 StateObservations, a and : Memories Making of Masaryk, The ready there and get a prime representation what did not work as well as what what as well as work not did what representation prime a get and there ready Palacký

Despite the fact that the two seem to share their preference of historians, of preference their share to seem two the that fact the Despite - ieenh etr pltcl ciit aprn t te rw o martyrs” of crown the to “aspiring activist political century nineteenth rascruci Volrascruci 206. p. Discursuri, II. 134 ,

Kollár

- - - century nationalism, Palacky, nationalism, century Kolar, the a Hlavicek, 19 hand translation of the “making of a state” is a way of looking looking ofway a is state”a “makingofthe of translation hand

and Havlicek, and 37), vol. 3. Statesman (New 3. vol. Cultural Force 37), and York,25 pp. 1990),

l atmosphere of Greater Romania where Bocu imagines imagines Bocu where Romania Greater of atmosphere l - democracy

64 137

, Ziaristica Ardeleana si Banateana dinainte de Ziaristica de , dinainte Ardeleanasi Banateana Bocu uses them exactly for proposing for exactly them uses Bocu 135 ” sheds light on both Bocu's political Bocu's both on light sheds ”

a memoir war ed with giving a solution to solution a giving with ed e more national we are the more more thewemore are national e -

only five years before five only

n uthors of the Kremsier ofthe Kremsier uthors ot only the leading leading the only ot - 1918 (New 1918 - erm 42. the the

CEU eTD Collection 140 139 138 alternat an as homogenization, national the resisting of impulses centrifugal mid the of mean a territorynationalism. for as thebasis of and centralism to opposition of thought Romantic Czech the to closer comes nationalism Havlic and Palacky in by model a Inspired finding nationalists. also but integral Masaryk, of camp the from coming orthodoxism militant the to superciliouslyanswers he asRoman discipline,”centuries of “two democracy”,but of“germs of humanitarianism the offer not did Rome but movement, national the was influence English Hus, beneficent.” upon as him, upon and West, the to ties spiritual by bound West.the in afterwards developed that movements and ideas the all of germs the found be to are WestReformation our the in observes, which rightly Palacky ideals as for, realized; up presently “sets but “our Czechlands, and the to Hussitism limited not around is that nation Reformation” the projects Masaryk Palacky, Following origins. the discovering for but cultures” of “synthesis a for not is strive main the Bocu for while “synthesis West”the from likewise comes “light that is lux” oriente “Ex to answer his around, and Messianism. towards Romanticism Romanticism against turn positivist the from inherited realism

: Macmi Stanley in: Aspirations,” B. Winters, ed., T.G.Masaryk (1850 EvaSchmidt Universitaires de France, 1998), p. p. 310. 1998), France, de Universitaires l'Eu sde latter politique idees des “Histoire (ed) MichelMaslowski Delsol, Koralka, Jiri TomasState,of a 378. Making. p Masaryk, The s through which the two were expressed during the war. It is also projected as the heir the as projected also war.is Itthe during expressed were two the which through s Voluntarism comes closer to the framework set by revolutionarism and regionalism as as regionalism and revolutionarism by Voluntarismset framework the to closer comes Spengler against Westandand East between in identity Czech the defines Masaryk llan, 1990), 131 p. 1990), llan, of culture, to the influence of all nations, Slav and non and Slav nations, all of influence the to culture, of - ieenh etr Transylvanian century nineteenth 139 - La Formation de la societe civile tcheque: Palacky, tcheque: civile societe de la Formation La Havlicek Hartmann, “The Fallacy of realism: some problems of Masaryk’s problemsof some to realism: Czech National Fallacy“Theof approach Hartmann,

For Sever Bocu, “our reformation” is also identified with the birthmark of birthmark the with identified also is reformation” “our Bocu, Sever For

- 132. 132.

140

activism activism

- 1937), vol. I., Thinker and Politician (London vol. I., (London Politician and 1937), Thinker and finally it is integrated into the the into integrated is it finally and k Bc' rgoait eso of version regionalist Bocu's ek, 138 - Borovsky,Rieger rope centrale” (Paris: Presses Presses (Paris: centrale” rope , Boc , - Slav, upon each other”, each upon Slav, u turns the other way way other the turns u

the Hussites and its its and Hussites the ive model of self of model ive –

Comenius was Comenius and calls for a for calls and

in Chantal in – -

CEU eTD Collection 142 141 defeated a of return the is Conference Peace Paris the from return His Bratianu. C. I. Ion. of G.biography I. short Duca's in namely well, as side other the by used is unification in defeat Curious politicians. contemporary his by rejected and history by right proven always is Romania and Europe of future the but detachments volunteers the Bolsh the with only not organizing work alliance at technocrat The Kerenski. military by represented centralism Petrograd's a close to forced was who Ukraine the for late too came aid financial the as right him proved history fact in how shows Bocu time) de and liberty around Europe reshaping of aim grander the overlook not does borders national of aim The democracy.” and liberty of principles the on based organization, international t according borders national around organization and redistribution territorial the and Powers Central consciousness.” national our of Voluntarismregionalism. of lines the along renegotiated is voluntarism the period interwar the in revolution, Russian the Austria against Romanian the volunteer without the front the on While representatives. nations, Serbian Ukrainian, Slovaks, Czechs, 29. November on Austria in nations oppressed all of “meeting a organize and Masary Iasi, to visit the nationalities. After Romanian and Masaryk) by coordinated (financially Ruthene Serb, Slovak, Czech, of participation the with identification. mocracy. Although the politicians and the government did not give him credit (literally this this (literallycredit him give not mocracy.did government the and politicians the Although

Sever Bocu, Drumuri Si Rascruci. Memorii, p. 112. p. Memorii, Rascruci. Drumuri Si Bocu, Sever 106. p. 2006), Benjamins, John (Amsterdam/Philadelphia: East CulturesCase of of CulturalNode: The Timisoara.Literary ofthe InHistory Cornis Marcel o the Wilsonian principle of nationalities that would offer Europe “a new new “a Europe offer would that nationalities of principle Wilsonian the o 141 - Pope, John Neubauer and Nicolae Harsanyi, Literary Production in a Marginocentrica in Literary Production Harsanyi, Nicolae and John Neubauer Pope,

Together with Masaryk and Ghita Pop they plan a congress in Stockholm in congress a plan they Pop Ghita and Masaryk with Together - Hungary as the war came to a stall after Verdun, and in the turmoil of the of turmoil the Verdun,after in stall and a to came war the as Hungary

becomes “an admirable means of selection” and “the thermometer thermometer “the and selection” of means admirable “an becomes

142

The Purpose of voluntarism is defeating the coalition of coalition the defeating is voluntarism of Purpose The 66

detachments were imagined as a final blow blow final a as imagined were detachments

k and Bocu decide to change plans plans change to decide Bocu and k - Hungary in Kiev” that was held held was that Kiev” in Hungary ly we find the same rhetorics of rhetorics same the find we ly - Cent ral Europe. Europe. Vol. ral II vk against eviks CEU eTD Collection 144 143 against thepartiesagainst and politicianism. leaders, party n is state) the of making the post the of republicanism. of concept the around order wher that is Bocu, by ignored simply say better inter for basis a as democracy is goal ultimate Its revolutionary. and cyclical time same the at same the on front Eastern thro himself integrating therefore revolution, stadial serial, a in struggle national the integrates Bocu system. Parliamentary the with dissatisfaction the but for monarchy support unquestionable an Party, Peasant National the of coordinates the loosely follow he view, of point political a From conference. Peace Paris the after intact kept not his since Romania Greater of making the with contention of point another stron a is he view of point territorial the a From State? is the define Bocu nation does How revolution. the the of goal Bocu ultimate for militarism, abandoning mankind with end an to come to has man.

of a State, p. 369. State,ofa 369. p. systems. To war,the Before live cent mankind of per 83 G. I. Duca, 143 h passing The democ Masaryk for Whereas

- 1918 “national life” (the redistribution of jobs, positions and honors, who's who in in honors,who'sandwho positions jobs, of redistribution (thelife”“national 1918 Portretesi Amintiri, - day, the preponderant majority is republican; the minority,day, the majorityis republican; Making Masaryk, The themonarchist,” preponderant

g supporter of the division along ethnic lines, and that ideal offers him him offers ideal that and lines, ethnic along division the of supporter g 'n mnrhe l'autre a monarchie d'une

ot oriented against the monarchy, although crumbling and but but and crumbling although monarchy, the against oriented ot -

(Bucuresti: Cartea Romaneasca, 1932), p. 49. p. 49. 1932), Romaneasca, Cartea (Bucuresti: national racy is the result of the revolution, but a revolution that revolution a but revolution, the of result the is racy

cooperation and peace. The main issue yet, avoided or or yet,avoided issue peace.main and The cooperation d under monarchical and only 17 per cent under republican republican cent under per only and 17 monarchical under d Conclusions 144 67

Why so? The dissatisfaction with the realities the with dissatisfaction The so? Why

is therefore redefined as a passing from an an from passing a as redefined therefore is eas Masaryk theorizes the new European European new the theorizes Masaryk eas

ugh his efforts on the the on efforts his ugh patria, patria, Banat was was Banat s CEU eTD Collection 146 145 the to contribution creation state along Romanian of the t major the fact in were that detachments Volunteers the as of battlefield organizer the on activity his defend to endeavor constant a by dominated is thinking cont his accept to fails that state a accepting for struggle post in activity entire Bocu's Sever individual. the at stops democracy world and humanity of ideal The steppe. Russian the on watch his under fruition revoluti revolution, continuous the of points high the as again and time and 1918resurface 1848,1892 continuous national the struggle.1794, rooted inthe historyof upon deeply people, nationalism on view a shows Bocu useless, rendered are Chauvinism and Messianism the upon but Church, the upon humanity” nor Right, Divine upon not founded Party Peasant monarchy state the of organization democracy of name the in nationalism the era technocratic particular beyond figh The meaning Romanian? a has Czech nationalism. being that argues Masaryk universality. same the on based reformation” historiographical “our to appeal Bocu's Yet altogether. absent is Banat of history the in moments republican brief The question. of out left simply is Transylvania, Wha nation. to empire oppressing

Ibid. p. 391. Ibid. Slav.”384. p. ibid say, isto Czech,that Czech,truly be all must above policy “Our trul 146 145

thus showing a mature version of nationalism one in which as he himself notes himself he as which in one nationalism of version mature a showing thus -

r eulc hra Msrk rjcs h “eulcn eortc tt is State democratic “republican the projects Masaryk Whereas republic. or What does it mean to be a Romanian from Banat or Transylvania other than other Transylvaniaor Banat from Romanian a be to mean it does What arguments as Masaryk's fell short of another determinant aspect: that of of that aspect: determinant another of short fell Masaryk's as arguments

t for freedom and independence stops at this point. Recognition. In the In Recognition. point. this at stops independence and freedom for t

t is left, the condition of local monarchy, its rights over over rights its monarchy, local of condition the left, is t – he lines of internationalism theorizedby lines ofinternationalism he Masaryk.

h frt ril o te 96 ltom f h National the of platform 1926 the of article first the 68

ribution to its creation. His political political His creation. its to ribution

and humanity ignores the political the ignores humanity and yworld a - 98 oai i a constant a is Romania 1918 - policy and therefore also also therefore and policy n ht oe to comes that on

CEU eTD Collection 147 He education. Romanian the of homogenization and of centralization of project General Liberals' the against argue would he Secretarywhich from position Education, as Council Directing the in served he Transylvania, to home back P National Romanian the of model the on based Party National own their found to and action political take to Moldovans the persuaded he where Chişinau, to there from and Iasi, to moved family his and he Romania, of capital the took Germans Austro the on fight to want not did he as Bucharest, in refuge sought he WWI, During rule. Magyar under Transylvania native his to compare tirelessly pluri a observe, would he as province” in an in system education the experiencing schools, modern a of life picaro a of short nothing is life His years. formative his of portrait vivid a are life his as that, ac his and himself about pages of

Zweisprachigkeit in ther inther Zweisprachigkeit Volksschule1910). Magazin, Padagogishes (Langensalza, oder Utraquismus Moderne as Der published Ungarn, Rucksicht aud mit besonderer Schulpolitik, der und Padagogik Lichtede im EineUntersuchung Utraquismus. Moderne Der Ghibu, Onisifor V. Onisifor ReturnsThe of Ghibu. JourneyThe from . Ghibu pursued a doctorate in Germany with a thesis on modern utraquism in popular popular in utraquism modern on thesis a with Germany in doctorate a pursued Ghibu thousands wrote He indeed. crack to hard nut a are autobiographies Ghibu's Onisifor

147

and from there he went on the field in German ruled Alsace ruled German in field the on went he there from and - writing will inform, are synonymous. He was also a traveler, and his travels travels his and traveler, a also was He synonymous. are inform, will writing

tivity both as an educator and as a nation a as and educator an as both tivity - confessional and multi and confessional 69 -

ewe ln, te es dvlpd Ge developed least “the land, between

also played an important role in the the in role important an played also bildung bildung - ethnic province that he would would he that province ethnic arty in Transylvania. Going Going Transylvania. in arty - Hungarian to nation

- Lorraine to directly to Lorraine - builder, positions builder,

side. After the the After side. - building

die die rman rman

CEU eTD Collection 148 the to himself that through and them introduce to order in experience past his narrating life Ghibu's breach co multiple and disunities this Despite years. socialist the during written archive) family's in kept documents (i.e. papers the as well as materials interwar the both printing and Mihaiand sons His 1990s. the in boost significant a with and 1972) (in death his after largerreleased seriesnot if 1910 during years, seven in condensed is building to bildung from shift The state. Romanian the where Bessarabia, in experience 1917 his by offered is path other Magyar the of hands the from state Romanian the to Cluj in University the brought that learn will we autobiographies his readingby and education, is one first build the to nation is that building, into good common the toward work at put redemption. rehabilita seek would he on then from and Directing as state, Romanian the Education. of General SecretaryCouncil's to Hungarian from Cluj of University the of transfer

Onisifor Ghibu, Ghibu, Onisifor - 1917, and empi intheRussian passing from theGerman to The large collection of texts that were published before 1947 is doubled by an equally,an bydoubled is beforewere1947 published that largetexts Theof collection life his as importantly, More ing of the nation is, as he himself announces, developed around two paths. The The paths. two around developed announces, himself he as is, nation the of ing

Universitatea Daciei Superioare Daciei Universitatea (especially) Octavian would continue their father's life work by reprinting byreprinting workfather'slife their (especially)continue would Octavian - og uoigahcl tiig, enepeain ad teps t re at attempts and reinterpretations strivings, autobiographical long

Printing, Reprinting. Contexts Shifting

- og life long 148 tion. His life stories are designed as the tool for for tool the as designed are stories life His tion. , (Bucureşti: , 1929). CulturaNaţională, Grafice Atelierele

After 1945 he was dismissed from the universitythe from dismissed washe After1945 70 -

rtn sget, the suggests, writing

- he building. His contribution His building. re. bildung brought the province to to province the brought

s transformed, is is the one who one the is ntexts that ntexts s. The The s.

- CEU eTD Collection gathered by the author's sons are first and foremo and first are sons author's the by gathered volume (3 jurnal” de “Pagini 1993), (FCR, 1917” anului Basarabia din Însemnări ruseşti. Revoluţiei vâltoarea “În 1993), 1917 revoluţionară ( istoriei” Basarbia judecata la “Chemare În 1992), Chişinău, (Universitas vieţii. baricadele “Pe 1991), (Albatros, 1945” lagăr.de “Ziar 1990),(Eminescu,I” oameni”Oameni între Caracal 1981), învăţătură” (Dacia, c pe oameni despre perspective evolution ofRomanian nationalism before both the especially and after1945. Nonethele history. recent on view official the in shifts the reproducing Romania, with unification Bessarabia's behind force active an as or Revolution, the in participant and Bolshevik either as position deserved former the which on ground fertile a areCeauşescu, post of leaders then definea “Bolshevik”, himselfas on would he Petru”, “Brother Groza, Petru to sent memoranda the In takeover. communist the after disgrace into fall his and 1945 in Cluj of University the from demise ideolog his after especially nation” the “serving a of aegis the under overlap statuses two the points, Transylvania.in At Party National the nation Rev Bolshevik the during Bessarabia, in activity his with do to has one second both ofthem takingreadership tothe back interwar theperiod. ch is narrative retrospective his day, the of thought nationalist - builder and organizer of the Moldovan National Party molded after the experience of of experience the after molded Party National Moldovan the of organizer and builder The largest part of his autobiographical works will appear posthumously: “Amintiri posthumously: appear will works autobiographical his of part largest The Chameleon the while nationalism, militant with coupled action pedagogical the is one first The - a Rmna fo Ptu rz t Gerh Gheorghiu Gheorghe to Groza Petru from Romania, war - ie i atborpis eor n h eoad drse o the to addressed memoranda the and memoirs autobiographies, his like, r i are - marginal a from show that documents are autobiographies his ss, m uoct (ai, 94, P brcdl vie baricadele “Pe 1974), (Dacia, cunoscut” am –

lars 1996 Albatros, e of the first Romanians of this kind. ofthis theRomanians e first of 71

- st informing not about the life and times of of times and life the about not informing st 2000). These autobiographical collections collections autobiographical These 2000).

professor would seek rehabilitation and a and rehabilitation seek would professor y. At points, they disconnect, disconnect, they points, At y.

– volumes 2

nee b to an flows, main two by anneled teacher and nation and teacher – - e ad Nicolae and Dej

lars 1992 Albatros, i Ai mi de mei Anii ii. olution, as a as olution, - builder - 1918” 1918”

– - CEU eTD Collection 149 to came Ghibu past reconstructhis Onisifor how of story the importantly more but documents, in collected Dej Gheorghiu Gheorghe or Groza Petru to addressed Ghibu that memoranda of series a with along considered be should testimony This Jena. in doctorate his earned he when point the betwe life his writing started Ghibu 78, of age the at 1961, In autobiographies. his of reading contextual a for as well as “returns”, his of moments militant a as return triumphantly would another of revoluţionară, appearance the with 1990s, the in autob is moment last the and 1981), (Cluj, cunoscut royal d his after years II's Carol King the two later, century a of half almost is one beginning second The constitution. new the the of and dictatorship, is 1938, is lifetime his during published familiar be to continuing yet man, changed a as appears Ghibu time Every hero. our of return the mark also that contexts appropriated Romani by the re were authors and years interwar the how shows ultimately and possible, appearance their made that 1980s and 1970s the of turn nationalist the about specifically more but author, the

Blaga. Blaga. Iorga,Sextil Puşcariu, Nicolae VasileOctavian Goga, ofGeorge Coşbuc, recollection Lucian and Pârvan care despre Amintiri pe oameni i . His story His . iographical volume bearing a similar title title similar a bearing volume iographical Whereas in the 1970s Ghibu is regarded primarily as an educator, in the 1990s he he 1990s the in educator, an as primarily regarded is Ghibu 1970s the in Whereas historical different three around channeled is autobiographies his of publishing The 149

(Cluj, 1974) and the first volume of of volume first the and 1974) (Cluj, en 1889 and 1909, from the years spent in the primary school in Saliste up to up Saliste in school primary the in spent years the from 1909, and 1889 en this time published in Chişinău in1992. published inChişinău time this – eath and is occasioned by the release of of release the by occasioned is and eath

and by that I do not mean exclusively the story that he himself narrated and and narrated himself he that story the exclusively mean not do I that by and –

shares something of Martin Guerre’s Martin ofsomething shares account. Adoppelgang

an thelater nationalism in socialism. stages of

Te is mmn, lo inld y h ol autobiography only the by signaled also moment, first The . - am cunoscut cunoscut am Pe baricadele vieţii. Anii mei de învăţătură, învăţătură, de mei Anii vieţii. baricadele Pe

(Memories of Peo (Memories of nationalist. I argue here for a separation of the the of separation a for here argue I nationalist. 72

Pe Baricadele Vieţii: Anii mei de învăţătură de mei Vieţii:BaricadeleAnii Pe e aiaee iţi Î Basarabia În Vieţii: Baricadele Pe

Amintiri despre oameni pe carei pe despre oameni Amintiri ple I Once Knew) presenting Ghibu's Ghibu's presenting OnceKnew) ple I

er is always always is er narrating - am am - -

CEU eTD Collection 151 150 tha was nationalists among consensus only agree they although themselves, nationalists the among but day, the of word the was integralism conse “nationalist Livezeanu's from depart to have I time, same the At Iaşi. in exile in was government the and Germans, the by occupied was (Bucharest) system political stable a creating of aim explicit the with nati peripheral the that assert to impossible quite is it centre, structure. party the national bypassing Althougha with equated be should means no by which transfer a Bessarabia, to Transylvaniafrom transfer the on is focus the case, this In margins. system” political Romania's rather thanstabilized destabilized parties ofnational absence territorial inthe unity Alsace Bessarab to Transylvania from another, to province one from how building. Romani bythe educationalinstitutions real one,butnotthe same. writ he that autobiography everywith certain though, the as identity his the is he prove to tries autobiographer the and present,

Politics” apud, Livezeanu, p. 21. p. Livezeanu, apud, Politics” the for Future: Paul asChallenge A Past “Romania's A.Shapiro, Developmental Approach 17 p. Livezeanu, in principle in Ghibu is one of the central figures of the process of “acquisition of cultural and and cultural of “acquisition of process the of figures central the of one is Ghibu 150

At the same time he is an emblematic figure for the transfer of nationalist know nationalist of transfer the for figure emblematic an is he time same the At At theCrossroads. An Educator Nation inthe Service ofthe 151

with what the next man was saying, there were significant differences. The significant were there saying, was man next the what with real , we must add the attempts at constructing national parties, but from t from but parties, national constructing at attempts the add must we , Onisifor Ghibu, he meets both detractors and supporters. One thing is thing One supporters. and detractors both meets he Ghibu, Onisifor

ia. Agreeing with Paul A. Shapiro that “the achievement of national of achievement “the that Shapiro Paul A. with ia. Agreeing

an state” as part of the local elite on the road to nation to road the on elite local the of part as state” an 73 ter at hd o un no ms party. mass a into turn to had party their t

es, thereis es, - Lorraine to Transylvania, and from from and Transylvania, to Lorraine real

person. In the course of proving of course the In person. –

nl at structure party onal oe ht h pltcl centre political the that note nsus” thesis. Indeed, national national Indeed, thesis. nsus” another Ghibu, similar to the to similar Ghibu,

to Interwar to

was built built was he - - CEU eTD Collection 153 152 journal his that state Romanian desired the define would Ionescu line, same the In throne, in1930hewrotethat the to return II’s Carol King of supporter A parties. political the reject would generation”, right the Ionescu, Nae vein, similar a In Crainic modernity. would rejectas afall paradise: thefrom 1848ers and democracy capitalism, between relation disastrous the exposing c to appeared it 1930s the in and 1848, in so did It state. Romanian cohesive organically the destroyed which the Westernas appears capitalism right, the Forleft. Marxist the of domain perpetratedculturecapitalist bypolitical the of which he found Socialists. in Germany's National Party Peasantist National the maintaining of plan Mihalache's Ion from departed who case, Bocu's Sever in shown was it as themselves, parties the within obtain difficult more to Moreover, even was consensus the

VI, Ju VI, Ionescu, Nae “Spiritualitate Crainic, Nechifor In line with Constantin Rădulescu Constantin with line In Maniu a political man. This is the historical sense of our action when we we when the dictatorship of themasses. action our for of called and organization sense mass a into historical itself transform to PNT the recommended is This man. political a Maniu We above. partyPNTpolitical Mr.if andrealwere a situation: analogousreachedan Iuliu sketched mechanism the by instituted theoretical. only regimes than else not nothing are Italy in Fascism and areRussia in Bolshevism Both considerations These parties. political of rejection poli normal the sometimes, pornography simulacrumin inpolitical andsocial inart, oligarchy, the of interest the in everyone of suffering the or politicianism the egoism, capitalist the us brought It orthodox. longer no is it but nationalist, is fr Romanianism of fall the brought ‘48ers the ly 30, 1930 cited Ornea, cited Zigu by1930 ly30, Criza partidelor politice partidelor Criza arry on its plans. Both Nae Ionescu and Nechifor Crainic pinned this down, this pinned Crainic Nechifor and Ionescu Nae Both plans. its on arry

as close to the centre as possible, and who proposed an alternative, alternative, an proposed who and possible, as centre the to close as

ş i românism”, in i românism”, , ia lf cn ed s a lat n rnil, o the to principle, in least at us, lead can life tical Anii 30 Anii I, Paradoxul dialecticii partidelor si partidul de masa, de si partidul partidelor dialecticii Paradoxul I, 153

wing philosopher and ideologue of the 1922 “young “young 1922 the of ideologue and philosopher wing - , p. 57 p. , Motru's definition of definition Motru's Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie Ortodoxie 74 s, the critique of capitalism is not the exclusivethe not is capitalismof critique the s,

58.

om the ecumenical spirituality.ecumenical the It om

ourselves ought to have have to ought ourselves stitutions. , 1937, p. p. 143. 1937, , politicianism 152 - born super born

as a corruption a as “Cuvântul”, Cuvântul Cuvântul - villain villain CEU eTD Collection 155 154 discu the to contribution own his brings editions, French the in announced minister” ancien et Bucarest du Polytechnique l'Ecole a politique the d'economie how is This technocracy. Romanian entirely an of that was government Naturally,engineers. but politicians, hi not cause: peers'professional his and own his for argued Manoilescu (AGIR), Engineers Romanian of Association General the of member “capita argues. Manoilescu as Europe, upon dawned War Great the that world new the of reality a Portugal, to Turkey o based structure a into multi the of transformation the and Italy, Mussolini's after state single the and corporatism concepts: core intertwined two to post the with line in but Europe, from separated longer no is it technocracy; engineers' by ruled and industry on based one modern a but state”, peasant “Rumanian, a longer no is It order. it and state the of nature the in fundamentally differ would return, II's Carol of supporter a also Manoilescu, Yet state. corporatist national the of projection Europeanand order the joining of that is path our that believed altogether world political the “while structure, argue also would rumânesc ( state” “peasantist a as for advocated

Especially in Mihail Manoilescu, Manoilescu, Mihail in Especially Ionescu, Nae Tipografia Ziarului Universul, 1934). Tipografia1934). Ziarului Universul, Medicii, Statul (Inginerii, Corporativ Avoca şi Liberale Profesiunile Statului,1938), Imprimeriile şi Oficial Monitorul (Bucureşti: Plan), Economic in but also 1936); Les Francaises, Oeuvres (Paris: - warand post it gitc self egoistic” list n ie ih oec' anti Ionescu's with line In ), therefore “outside the individ the “outside therefore ), După plecarea După experţilor, -

revolutionary brave new world. revolutionarybrave new o a eaain f h sae rm h Erp' pltcl n economic and political Europe's the from state the of separation a for 155 solidarity.”

The country should not be ruled by politicians motivated by their own their by motivated politicians by ruled be not should country The n a single party after the model offered by Russia, Italy, Germany or or Italy,Germany Russia, by offered model the after party single a n

- interest, but by technocrats. Himself an engineer and leading leading and engineer an Himself technocrats. by but interest,

154 Le siecle du corporatisme corporatisme du siecle Le

“Cuvântul”, 59. “Cuvântul”, September, p. in VII, Zigu 1932, Ornea, 16, - parliamentarist attitude stands Mihail Manoilescu's Manoilescu's Mihail stands attitude parliamentarist ţii)/(Free Professions and the Corporative State), (Bucureşti: Corporative the and Professions ţii)/(Free ualist tt ţărănesc stat Ideia de Plan Economic Naţional Economic Plan de Ideia 75 -

democratic and capitalist and democratic

A gave century birth that new a world, new (Paris: F.(Paris: and 1934) Alcan, ad sn a atqae form antiquated an using and , - at sae I s corporatist a is It state. party - party parliamentary system system parliamentary party pae n h European the in place s -

bourgeoisorder” /(The Idea ofNational Idea /(The Le uniqu Parti ssions over the the over ssions

“professeur a h is he as , s idea of of idea s

e ; he he ; stat CEU eTD Collection 158 157 Rom Scrisul ArteGrafice 156 morality,self of guardians order,social of legitimators value, of shapers power,of critics or to society, advisers in role as particular a playing persons “as intellectuals definitions of bulk politicians. over superiority moral of and performance, nation of field the As 1930s. and 1920s the themselves represent they intellectuals, in developing technocracy of sense the to closer understood Voevod wasfrom dismissed Vaida and bill, the rejected Parliament the Cristea, Miron patriarch of support the having Although people.” Romanian the to justice “Romanian of name the in ethnics, Romanian enterpris Romanian force would that year,leader PNTsame Vaida Alexandru That Polytechnic School: against criticism veiled VasilescuN. School, Polytechnic the of Rector “Romanianization” ofthe local industry.

Here not only autobiography proper, but also the recollections of the “people that I've met” kind of memoirs memoirs kindof met” that I've “people ofthe proper, the recollections not onlybut also autobiography Here Continuity and Change and Continuity superiority.” social of heart the at praxis ofintellectual Intellectuals Bauman, element central this enthroning value, societal a as knowledge for status separate legitimate to is intellectual “acc space, the social carvingout for tool a workas be to have Ghibu Onisifor and Bocu Sever both figures, political being than More the 1935, In note. radical most the reach will PNT of member another debate, this In engineersandavoid any therisks the struggleinherentto enterprise? we can how the circumstances, Romanianize these Under positions. public for opt graduates new the even because engineers, Romanian for vain in calling is industry The Ale N. N. Vasilescu xandru xandru Vaida - Karpen, “Preface” in “Communications, Papers, Discussions” (Bucharest: Institutul de Institutul de (Bucharest: Discussions” Papers, in “Communications, “Preface” Karpen,

- building. Their autobiography comes as a proof of knowledge and and knowledge of proof a as comes autobiography Their building. â – nesc, 1937), 3. p. 1937), nesc, -

, inp. 18. Verdery, 16. p. Voevod,1937). Naţională, Ofensiva Editura (Bucureşti: naţiune către Cuvântare

n hr se revie she here and the state as the only employer for the engineers graduating from the the from graduating engineers the for employer only the as state the

enterprises and the industry of our country when the young the when country our of industry the and enterprises

the National

es to a quota of 50% white collar, and 80% blue collar collar blue 80% and collar, white 50% of quota a to es

in line with th with line in -

Peasantist Party.Peasantist

s anem By, ed o Gella or Benda Brym, Mannheim, ws - 76 Voevod“NumerusValahicus” the proposed bill ompanying anxiety about who is and is not an is iswho and about anxiety ompanying

Karpen, opened AGIR's Congress through a a through Congress AGIR's opened Karpen, e specialized knowledge and activity in activity and knowledge specialized e 158

157 As Katherine VerderyKatherine As the observes,

in East in - appointed defenders defenders appointed - Central Central 156

Europe: –

see see - CEU eTD Collection 160 159 being thatit Dniester.” of other side strongest point its II's Constitution, Carol 1938 dedicated to thatis All from Romanians the “to and of Bessarabia” Russian years and Romania last “Neutral era”, Austrian the “during Bukovina era”, Magyar of years “last the during Transylvania patria common a of search in Romanians scattered Alsace The Ghibu recounts and readers of group selected a to author came tofruition. II'sbeginning coincides the with ofCarol This moment royal dictatorship. nation and educator an as work his when moment the “normality,” the of beginning 1945 before published soleautobiographythe becomingteacher, aForGhibu, him debut. poetic his atBlaga stopped with narrative autobiographical his concluded Slavici Whereas good. common greater, the autobiographer's the of service the in community, vocation the the of of discovery member the of a with as validation moment the to up village, the in years childhood of recollection the of that to societal valueapplied ofthe of inthenation. service knowledge secondary issue an is intellectual an being to comes it when who who's of act in of “creation the is property important most the that argues Verdery truth, and competence, knowledge, of monopoly I nations.” their of

Ghib Romania Katherine Verdery, of characterizing the space proper to intellectuals.” to proper space the characterizing of Printe s we As emancipated itself from the vague and presumptuous slogans (…) talking only only talking (…) slogans presumptuous and vague the from itself emancipated u, La o Răscruce a vieţii mele vieţii a Răscruce o La , , (Berkley, 15 pp. 1991), Los Press, California Universityof Oxford: Angeles, - Lorraine experience would be transferred to his pedagogical journeys “among “among journeys pedagogical his to transferred be would experience Lorraine

i 35 copies, 305 in d aw in the second chapter, the autobiographical model revolves around the the around revolves model autobiographical the chapter, second the in aw National Ideology under Socialism. Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceau in Politics Cultural and Identity Socialism. under Ideology National ln wt Bua' ietfcto o itletas y h cam t a to claims the by intellectuals of identification Bauman's with line n a rsrc a iţi ee U bln ş o mărturisire o şi bilanţ Un mele, vieţii a răscruce o La

and out and a rsrc a iţi mele vieţii a răscruce o La , pp. 16 pp. , - - 27. groups, a second space being implicitly created by the the by created implicitly being space second a groups,

” 159 160

, Yet closer to my case, the question the case, my Yetto closer ’s rel dsrbn hs ciiy in activity his describing briefly

was directly distributed by the the by distributed directly was ore n h ains service. nation’s the in journey

- 16.

ş mrs the marks , escu's escu's - builder

the the

CEU eTD Collection 164 163 162 161 anti his for ground testing Alsace Whereas pedagogy.” “militant from inseparable becomes therefore schooling public in (Volksschule) bilingualism the was interest of point key The Germany. in studied newspaper activist with Vaida Alexandru made were steps first The elections. Parliament Budapest the to running and “activist” turning of decision Party's National the to linked is activity public law.fundamental new the by proposed beginningideas the The to commitment lifetime self new a present to Ghibu for opportunity another yet is Constitution the exclusionary Romanian citizenship: on view in and illiberalism its in seen is constitution new the of merit main the Here, Romanianness. church” Romanian and politics “fight” the with hand in hand t also and life, his of parts troublesome most the of one of end the marks moment 1938 highlights,the Ghibu As

Ghibu, La o Rascruce a vietii mele. p. 3. 3. p. mele. vietii a Rascruce La o Ghibu, Volksschule 1910) (Langensalza, ther in Zweisprachigkeit die oder Utraquismus Moderne Der thesis he wouldthe publish In1910 4. id. 15 p. Rascruce, La o Ghibu, The conception of of conception The anti his show to chance a offering than More religion, be masterwhich thiscountry would over and State. and this same and language same origin, ethnic same the of Romanians of totality a as Nation, Romanian of speak Constitution Old the did Nowhere it (…) religion or which under Romanians, of distingu without citizens, the speaking all understood simply was Constitution Old The veryits chapter, first the obligations. about nation the of favor in progress than rather liberties, and rights about

164

which he exemplified throughwhich he exemplified a study in Alsace he moment when his life his when moment he Lupta.

bilingualism, the “successor states” by which Ghibu understands understands Ghibu which by states” “successor the bilingualism, on olwd i Gra yas when years, German his followed Soon Volkish

– Padagogishes Magazin. Magazin. Padagogishes 162

“I have been fighting since 1907 on the field of education of field the on 1907 since fighting been have “I

– –

h tr fhs iei culdwt tedfntos of definitions the with coupled is life his of story the , ainls bit n tnct, agae n re and language ethnicity, on built nationalism

hc atr l ol ld o ch to led only all after which - long national militantism came to fruition. Going Going fruition. to came militantism national long 78

– 161

ishing between ethnicity, betweenlanguage ishing

the new Constitution speaks, from from speaks, Constitution new the

- iea cmimns te 1938 the commitments, liberal - Lorraine. aos and anarchy anarchy and aos

uig 1907 during - artv aot his about narrative -

163 Lorraine was the the was Lorraine

- - Voevod's 1909 he he 1909 ligion ligion of his his of CEU eTD Collection 167 166 165 Liberals the by targeted which Transylvania, in schools liberals. the by proposed forms external of unification the to superior is which unity of type a leadership”, and staff, te spirituality,trustworthy and language shared their of virtue by 1918 after unity had also Romanians realm cultural the “in that arguing provinces, the all in system educational educator, an As heCouncil intense maintainedinterest an educational in policy. Livezeanu out, points As dissolution the after even and Education, of General Secretary as Council Directing grounds. the about not is it time this uniformizat Yet extreme. the to turns policies centralization their for Liberals the blaming was earlier decade a who Ghibu same the 1930s, the of end the at that o views his from change steep a is Romanian with more once lies fault the system, school the of successor Austria a itself comparison, this in state, Romanian Sta under schools secondary Catholic Magyar the bringing “integrally of success their in followed be to and Yugoslavare Czechoslovak view, states the anti and Transylvanian Ghibu's From compared. be can state” “successor t and followed be to models two Yugoslaviaand the Czechoslovakia are

Livezeanu, Cultural Politics, p. 45. p. Politics, Cultural Livezeanu, Livezeanu, Ghibu, Twenty years before, the prominent Transylvanian nationalist educator served in the the in served educator nationalist Transylvanian prominent the before, years Twenty centralization and ended up bringing them along into the Greater Romanian Romanian Greater state. the into along them bringing up ended and centralization to prior problems these resolve to able not were defects, particular own their desi the allow not did educational they since the “formal,” that or unnatural, argued were he policies unification projects, reform education the on paper a In

La o Răscruce o La red fusion to happen gradually. As a result, the individual regions, all with all regions, individual gradually. the result, happen to a As fusion red o o te ytm f dcto, u a nfriain n tnc n religious and ethnic on uniformization a but education, of system the of ion 166 Cultural Politics Cultural

Ghibu would argue against Liberals' “reform through the unification” of the the of unification” the through “reform Liberals' against argue would Ghibu , p. 27 p. ,

167

, p. 42. p. ,

hs a b rgre a a atmt o ae h confessional the save to attempt an as regarded be can This

n the Liberals' unification policies in the 1920s. It turns out Itturns 1920s. the in policies Liberals' unification the n 79

homogeniza ’ politicianism te control ( control te - Hungary, failed to centralize Hungary,to failed in projects. tion statificare o which Romania as as Romania which o

of 1920 of - ayr on of point Magyar - ).” 1938. This This 1938. 165 Against Against aching aching

of the of If the If

CEU eTD Collection 169 168 of Bessarabiawith Romaniaorthemotherland”been “return tothe never have stronger. reunification the for demands and Pruth” the of side other the from “brothers the for Support an for moment and place better unifica A the about father.autobiography his by tape on recorded or writing in either text. Themythical “archival Ghibugains material” compiledanalmost by Octavian character, ofreadership editor faithfulthe assuresand son his sons. author’s the ofhis of version final a provide one not did Ghibu Onisifor Although Ghibu, O. Octavian by edited 1992, in Chişinău in appeared one second The that. for hand at man the was Ghibu nationalism. Ceauşescu's of turn Hungarian învăţătură Life of Barricades is It record. autobiographical consistent most the as up stands and ofthe politicianism Liberals: moral of argument superiority, corruption Habsburg“Byzantine” contrastinghe the represented tothe legacy that same the used Ghibu Education, of Minister Liberal the Angelescu,

Onisifor Ghibu, Ghibu, Onisifor Livezeanu, “Reforma Ghibu, Onisifor –

n h sre o life of series the In l te avns o neevd oiin, ih l te eces nehd in enmeshed teachers the you Byzantine with politics... ministers, making can keep reforms paper. on all with positions, undeserved to parvenus the all Withminis parvenu e aiaee iţi Î Bsrba eouinr (n R (In revoluţionară Basarabia În vieţii. baricadele Pe ( / y er o Study of Years My Cultural Politics Cultural Pe baricadele vieţii. învăţătură vieţii. de mei Anii baricadele Pe ad t perd s dul vlm. h first The volume. double a as appeared it and ) Writing myLife. theBarricades ownOn

î nvăţământului? Document în formă de note”, 1925, Ms. p. 3. p.3. byMs. quoted 1925, note”, formăde în Document nvăţământului? , p. 46. p. , ters who know only how to blunder and to get rich, raising raising rich, get to and blunder to how only know who ters - writing texts that Onisifor Ghibu tirelessly produced, one title title one produced, tirelessly Ghibu Onisifor that texts writing

) tion of Bessarabia and Romania could not have been found. found. been have not could Romania and Bessarabia of tion

169

–

a pbihd n 94 n i i ln wt te anti the with line in is and 1974 in published was 80

the authenticity and scientific status of theof status scientific authenticityandthe , (Cluj: Dacia, 1974) , Dacia, (Cluj: of Lifeof In Revolutionary Bessarabia Revolutionary In Pe Baricadele Vie Baricadele Pe vltoay Bessarabia) evolutionary

part part –

A nii mei de de mei nii 168 ţ ii

(

On the On

- ,

CEU eTD Collection 170 proper a acquire not will they bilingual, be cannot children results: unsatisfactory with one, political purely a is method teaching the that and denationalized uprooted, are children way He training. school primary during nationalities other of pupils the by state the of culture and language the of acquisition the but training, classical century nineteenththe pedagogy t in introduced in utraquism modern By work. pedagogical scientific, his with line in is it as one, personal a merely not is trauma the Ghibu for but system, school Magyar tr the Transylvanians it? is life whose more once ourselves ask to have we Here, student. a as life his documenting are autobiography, Socialist b largeRepublic's a Academy, and Romanian the of archives the in documents finding for indication or Academy, ego documented rigorously the editor wouldconclude, butpatriotism. nationalism, not is It before”. did they “as Hungarians, against retaliating refuse and past the place culture Hungarian of admirer an Petofi, for preference “revealinghis Arany, period, Tompa, Vorosmartysamethe Liszt on placing and interwar the of figure democratic are uttermost which writings, nationalist his into and not marginalized but works, pedagogical his into reading Selectively recovered. be to needs who figure unknown an is Ghibu introduction, generous

baricadele vieţii. Anii mei de învăţătură, învăţătură, vieţii. de mei Anii baricadele Niculescu, Lidia ideology?” our himand between discrepancy isthe where personality,of style pamphlet and journalistic the by but also and style his by explained inwas part that meaning language the theusexcrescences, ignore “Let

with Goethe and Schiller”, warning that Romanians must learn from the experience of of experience the from learn must Romanians that warning Schiller”, and Goethe with The Nicole Nadia As er o study of years his field, after seeing it practiced in Alsace in practiced it seeing after field, his regarded as “specific to the style of those times” those of style the to “specific as regarded auma of leaving the “compact Romanian village” and entering the the entering and village” Romanian “compact the leaving of auma y er o study of years My

c, h eio o te 1981 the of editor the scu, -

histoire. Quotations from the interwar Annals of the Romanian the of Annals interwar the from Quotations histoire. eat fro depart

ody of footnotes peculiar as they may be when thinking of of thinking when be may they as peculiar footnotes of ody (Cluj te er o atborpy gig lsr o a to closer going autobiography, of genre the m -

Napoca: Dacia, 1974), 12. p. 1974), Dacia, Napoca:

share with the school experience of the other other the of experience school the with share 81

the time, and openly ask us the right question: right question: usthe openlyask and thetime, e aiaee vieţii baricadele Pe - Lorraine Preface

170 – , Ghibu understands not understands Ghibu , , Ghibu appears as the as appears Ghibu , , in Onisifor Ghibu, Ghibu, in , Onisifor

observes in her her in observes argues that this this that argues –

a term he he term a Pe Pe CEU eTD Collection 172 171 social the of recollection a in engage would Ghibu of philosophy, rejection materialist the than More audience. designed the indicates that sign another yet is This of point reference Ghibu the1 in thatwouldallow the remains Fichte Yet Paulsen. F. philosopher Berlin the and Fichte alongside Maiorescu R Constantin and Maiorescu Titu under studied and for national history, Fichte for passion his in resulted Sibiu in seminary theological the at years The Maiorescu. fram a with him provided philosopher German The one!”. fake a and prophet true a between as differencethem, abetween “What former: Schopenhauer,the and for preference his declaring culture Romanian and his owntheory. of proof a be to designed is school Hungarian a in student a as experience own His tongue. lose foreign will and thethey command language of

Ghibu, mei de Anii Ghibu, mei de Anii ework for reading other authors such as Eminescu, Schopenhauer, Herbart and and Herbart Schopenhauer, Eminescu, as such authors other reading for ework His interest in philosophy continued at the University in Bucharest as well, where he he where well, as Bucharest in University the at continued philosophy in interest His German the in found was bilingualism imposed politically of face the in out way The apn t pit ht h fel hmn id s peupuu ad e so yet and presumptuous so mind, with powerless human feeble battle the that the point a will atthing in a happen such that succumbed showing signs not no are there did and philosophy materialist philosophy idealist or Spiritualist that career may be. whatever mypeople, servant of a career as meinmy help historyall thatcould o that with but historian, a becoming of purpose the with Not ’s disciples, joined the triad of fundamental philosophers who influenced Ghibu, Ghibu, influenced who philosophers fundamental of triad the joined disciples,

in relation tothecan infinityin relation eternal predict. and the î î nvăţătură, p. 151. p. nvăţătură, nvă . As a teenager attending the theological seminary,theological . attendingthe teenager Fichte a discovered As he ţătură, p. 117. p. ţătură,

171

960s to conclude960s to that: 82

ă dules

the linguistic competence of their mother mother their competence of the linguistic cu - or. h lte, isl oe of one himself latter, The Motru.

172 f learning from from learning f

- democratic CEU eTD Collection 175 174 173 would Ghibu progress, scientific the for admiration the than More Zeiss. Ernst Carl and Abbe reforms”social moderngrand the of and Je in seen as science communion and industry the between by offered is view this for representation proper The community. the of service the in put science for admiration open his master,from to come constantlytrying may th of languages dominant the of use and implications political international party,“no than better national Social the because show) will chapter following the Social Hungarian the and Party National the Iorga'sthem on was by he rejected side. Nevertheless, theworkers: Socia from support for asked Ghibu organization, lack students the that noticing Theater National the of boycott and attem Worker” “Romanian the reading craftsman rural small a father his here, highlighted ultra of capital the “Budapest, tim the of movement

Ghibu, Ibid. 155. p. id. tn t ognz lbr n hi hm vlae I Bcaet drn Iras famous Iorga's during Bucharest, In village. home their in labor organize to pting What does it mean to be in the service of the nation? A possible answer, devoid of all of answer, nation? devoid A possible the of service the in be to mean it does What between cooperation proposed the that think Ghibu made business funny rather This

by everyone. matters, aall in exploited, always had masses, the of Idemands the all for and acceptance formation by or birth by either bourgeois not was I national of line the on was evolution my hour labor day,8 wages higher the business: important more have They it! whimsical have boyars' you about There business. less care not could workers the that answered they Anii mei de de mei Anii

î nvăţătură 174 e, integrating it into the 1907 moment when he was writing for for writing was he when moment 1907 the into it integrating e,

, p. 297 , p.

- , universal vote,, etc. chauvinist and feudal Hungary.” His working class roots are roots class working His Hungary.” feudal and chauvinist –

“a vaudeville play put in scene by Francophile boyars” Francophile by scene in put play vaudeville “a 175 - , in the association between experimental physicist betweenexperimental association the in , bourgeois Hungarianwhile parties”, na, “metropolis of applied experimental physics experimental applied of “metropolis na, - 83 Democrats was bound to fail (and so it did, as did, it so (and fail to bound was Democrats

- socialism of a true democratic breed. democratic true a of socialism 173

- Demo e shifting contexts that Ghibu is Ghibu that contexts shifting e crats were a national, not an an not national, a were crats

pronounced pronounced

lists to rally to lists Lupta

in in – , CEU eTD Collection 176 characterology. are Germans endoweda withinsistence and the of factors “leading political andcultural life.” the of one as system schooling the sees Ghibu Bessarabia, 1812 o that to fate their comparing and Germans, the of force” fight brute “fearsome the national against their for sympathy of out French, in the Romanians of side with the as taking While well Bessarabia. as Transylvania, in Romanians with common in have they that nation oppressed of status shared the on but language, shared or “latinity” on based not is Frenchmen the with connection The grounds. political and confessional ethnic, on history utter and cultivated the of description historical Alsace province, the From schools. primary Transylvanian in bilingualism t journey His Chişinău. in founded he that Poporului” “Casa for model a as him served acknowledges, Volkhaus he as of which, example the him offered also and good greater the of service the in work to the in service community. ofthe works capital how for model a as employees his to profits his redistributing Zeiss f admiration his devote

Ghibu, The pedagogical travelogue is soon found under the auspices of national national of auspices the under found soon is travelogue pedagogical The offered Jena in experience The O plimbareO prin Alsacia - orie per a a pc o cnrnain bten w o te most the of two “between confrontation of space a as appears Lorraine most enemy peoples” enemy most r h wrs f es Fudto ad hi okhu, u as for also but Volkshaus, their and Foundation Zeiss of works the or

Alsace o

From Alsace -

Lorena - orie okd s ts gon fr i rjcin of rejection his for ground test a as worked Lorraine , 3. , p. Ghibu the opportunity to see largesee opportunityto the Ghibu

- 176 LorraineBessarabia to . Here, Ghibu sets a parallel with Transylvania's with parallel a sets Ghibu Here, . 84

strong patriotic feeling.strong patriotic

- scale capitalism put capitalism scale

f post f - CEU eTD Collection 180 179 178 177 profiteer. war Roman to gift German a either was unification of act the which to according claims the rejected Ghibu political act thus: the behind agents the exposed Ghibu Romania, with Bessarabia of unification the of topic intellectuals of exodus constant the by explained is ideas nationalist by animated not were Moldovans nation the and educator the between gap the bridge and Bessarabia o situation social and political the 250,000Frenchmen in living Alsace of Germanization complete a of impossibility the behind argument main the and separated, individual hasty, and entrepreneurship action. of power the in rather but association, of power it.” love others and beautiful is it “because but them, to belongs it because not theirs love French the language, to comes it When ambition.” of out more country his respecting and himself course, of are, French The

Gibu, Gibu, Ghibu, Onisifor id. Ghibu, Ma

178 gister elegantiarum gister Alsace through journey the Retrospectively, movement Bessarabia in at Revolution. the beginning the Russian of cultural and political whole the initiated Serbia and Macedonia Kingdom, Old Bukovi from Romanians and front, Russian the on Transylvanians the he istotally different the French. from has, it everything world the showing spirit associative name, this of glory the for anything sacrifice to ready today,is of he name German great his of Proud Cum s Cum

O plimbareO prin... ia, or the work of Constantin Stere, the latter being exposed as a pro a as exposed being latter the Stere, Constantin of work the or ia, o l ti, on Giu ds h “oil slto” epn te w peopl two the keeping isolation” “social the adds Ghibu young this, all To

to Romania. In this context, at a conference organizedconferencebya at Incontext, this Romania. ASTRA the to on Sibiu in - 180 a f a

Cum s Cum h sm ve, osldtn hs oiin s h mi fre eid the behind force main the as position his consolidating view, same The cut Unireacut - a făcut Unireafăcut a Basarabie , p. 4 p. ,

, pp. 17 pp. , , the French, unlike the Germans, do not believe in unity and the the and unity in believe not do Germans, the unlike French, the ,

sentimental by nature, and the Frenchman is “enjoying life for for life “enjoying is Frenchman the and nature, by sentimental

f the Romanians in Transylvania with that of the Romanians in Romanians the of that Transylvaniawith in Romanians the f - 20.

- Lorraine. Lorraine. i , (Sibiu: Editura “Asociaţiunii”, 1925), p. 7 1925), “Asociaţiunii”, (Sibiu: Editura, 177 85

- Lorraine also helped him connect the the connect him helped also Lorraine - builder. The fact that the the that fact builder.The 179

- na, the na, German and a a and German

es CEU eTD Collection 182 181 dead the and living the alongside barricades, the on “fighter a as him presents one second the while communism, of victim a and 1945 figure, unknown an is Ghibu that shows one first The threads. main post the to Ghibu introduce to attempt the year, same the published autobiography his of volume second the to Similar life. Ghibu’s characterize History period when triestopushfor he a comeback. t addressed memoranda of series the in met be will history and power to relation in perception self same The himself. places “modestly” Ghibu series, historical bewildering this of middle thought Leninist the of betrayal his and Stalin by blemished but question”, nationality the on view “Lenin's with accordance in P.Haşdeu, B. or Eminescu M. Creangă, I. Bărnuţiu, S. G.Lazăr,Maior, culture.national on basedforemost and volume ofhis length at presented is Bessarbia, of unification te edr o te onr ad o hs o US fr ht atr bten 1945 between matter, that for USSR of those to and country the of leaders the o

unification of Bukovina or Transylvaniaor Bukovina of unification 27, March of act formal of the“Regardless notes: he As act.” constructed “culturally a as unification the view genuinely would Ghibu Viorica Moisuc, “Bridge Between Generations”, foreword t foreword Viorica Generations”, Between “Bridge Moisuc, culture.”national the that, to Contrary time. long a for agenda unificainternational the in and hearts people's our in been had that n19,te oeodt h hmr aJdct Itre ( Istoriei Judecata la Chemare the to foreword the 1992, In ) sets up a short biographical sketch built on the main directions that will from then on from will then themain that directions on built biographical sketch a short ) sets up in f esrba ae as came Bessarabia of tion On the barricades of life. life. of On the barricades –

( the same Stalin from whom Ghibu expects the Third World War. In the the War.InWorld Third the expects Ghibu whom from Stalin same the editor's highlight) highlight) editor's “Brother Petre”, or How I“BrotherBecame a Petre”, orHow Bolshevik

h uiiain f esrba is Bessarabia of unification the

h rsl o a short a of result the Ghibu 181 , because the latter came as natural conclusions of the premises premises the of conclusions natural as came latter the because , The unification is seen a is longue as The unification ,

Pe Baricadele Baricadele Vieţii Pe The political act is traced back to the ideas of Petruof ideas the to traced back is act political The

–

f i nto (neam).” nation his of vr 0 pages 600 over - o em n itne eouin ntae b the by initiated revolution intense and term Chemare la judecata istorieiChemare judecata la - 19

. In . an event ever more sublime than the the than sublime more ever event an 89 audience revolves around two two around revolves audience 89 Basarabia Revoluţionară Basarabia – alt the to Call persona non grata grata non persona

n h scn and second the in

- duréefirst process 182 , 5 , p.

hra the Whereas Judgment of of Judgment

, p. 43 p. 43 , - 1972, a a 1972,

after

last - CEU eTD Collection 183 freedomsoffered them and RomaniansStalin lovedthat imperialist, German chauvinist a was Go the to and Dej mixed thought.” this of known less troubled times ofour people”. generally moments some “uncovering for crucial documents as but documents, personal mainly not as editor the by presented are art, of state disastrous music's Romanian to democracy, popular real and Bolshevism to housing personal from topics arresting on and personalities of array vast a to addressed memoranda of series dea Stalin's 1953 during after written memoranda containing and year next the published volume, 1946 between written memoranda containing volume, 1992 the Both becamecontext ofthe the day. norm anti the of portrait the into integrated outlook historical collec and personal actions, and Personalitydid.” and was Ghibu Onisifor what for content poor “extremely an with concept a paradigm, “dissident” what happenedand 1989withthe “ between 1945 for explanation an offer to is family) (his editors the of task main between the “bridge generations”, a be to meant is work and personality Ghibu's Onisifor of reevaluation

1993), p. 5. 1993), Ghibu, O. Octavian - signal story that Ghibu time and again resends to Petru Groza, Gheorghe Gheorgiu Gheorghe Groza, Petru to resends again and time Ghibu that story signal Secondly,inte is collection this the rejects archives, Ghibu the from manuscripts collected the of editor the son, His This collage of the two positions is largely informed by Ghibu's own self own Ghibu's by informed largely is positions two the of collage This 183

- Indeed, from these articles written after his exclusion from public life, a sort of sort a life, public from exclusion his after written articles these from Indeed,

1970, are meant to portray him as an anti an as him portray to meant are 1970, ; vernment of USSR: that Bakunin had presented the right path, that Marx Marx that path, right the presented had Bakunin that USSR: of vernment

Foreword ihu big eaae, h prri o te ainls euao is educator nationalist the of portrait the separated, being without

to Onisifor Ghibu, Ghibu, Onisifor to

- nded to show the “principiality and linearity of Ghibu's of linearity and“principiality the show to nded communist fighter, which in the immediate post immediate the in which fighter, communist nationalist fighter”.nationalist Chemare la judecata istorieiChemare judecata la 87

- communist fighter. The bewildering bewildering The fighter. communist tive past are merged into one single single one mergedinto are past tive

, , Vol.(Bucharest: II, Albatros, - 1952, and the second second the and 1952, contemporary contemporary - narratives. narratives. - 1989 1989 th, - CEU eTD Collection 184 80s his in historian a factthat days. The later his in written were works major Ranke' factthat wr start my of times studies atGerman universities” the from teachers greatest my of “one through times and life his in interest he since recounted being of worthy is generationexperienced other or manofthe thatno hisfollowinggenerations things did. life his that arguing autobiography, his write let especially material written all preserving letters tradition ofGoethe's place inthe narrative the autobiographies.with his parallel in written are leaders Romanian the to addressed memoranda the as life, his writing glim a offer they that manifesto Sibiu 1960 Ghibu's is memoranda these of by role important most the Yet maybe autobiographies. opened his inaugurating is collection entire the but autobiography, t only Not autobiography. democracy, and Romanian national Marxism democracy. theRomanian butin t in fault a is there if considered, things All betrayed. shamefully Marxist Romanian the that e eeomn o te oils sae Giu os o fn i i itrainls or internationalism in it find not does Ghibu state, socialist the of development he

Ghibu, – However, it was not only Ranke's view on universal history that determined Ghibu to to Ghibu determined that history universal on view Ranke's only not was However, it by doubled is Goethe to link The Manifesto,The his Sibiu motivatingautobiograp hisdecision towrite Ghibu's to connection close in published is memoranda of collection The yef s n o hs tdns bcue e mr ta ay te, pnd my opened other, any than eyes tothedeeper understanding ofuniversal history phenomena. more his he, because Berlin students, late his the of one meet as to myself chance the have not did I iting his autobiography as the act of uncovering the truth about the past, but also the the also but past, the about truth the uncovering of act the as autobiography his iting

another consistent trend in Ghibu's writing career, that of collecting, archiving and archiving collecting, of that career, writing Ghibu's in trend consistent another ChemareJudecarea la Istoriei s it te ok f h atborpe a te oet ht e was he that moment the at autobiographer the of work the into pse

a te ruet bten h txs hmevs r roe in rooted are themselves texts the between arguments the hat

184 , no other than Leopold, noother vonRanke. than , p. 16. p. ,

nte Gra rfrne Giu xlis his explains Ghibu reference. German another 88 ters Dichtung undWahrheit,Dichtung

–

in which Ghibu's friends advise him to to him advise friends Ghibu's which in torian, yet I consider consider I yet torian,

followed by a group of group of afollowed by

hy,intended to is

CEU eTD Collection 186 185 Transylvania only highlights, Ghibu as yet, world”, peasant secular a the in laws class”, moral “the “leading preserved the from Isolated history. real of depositary the as appears peasant projections, mark as but ofthe adeep character: Romanian popular and projects personal as only not seen are future, the inform could that past, the of wonders refus blindly so past the that way right the thinking, utopian calls he what contrasts he which to interest, private their and politicianism bydriven life political and projec the to “utopias” his opposes autobiographer the as position, conservative deeply a of expression the is follows subjectivity. What of presumption the from it save could it that so precautions b Autobiography life.” my with gewesen to comes it writing: when matter does age acknowledge, to comes Ghibu As example. same the tu his in who Ghibu, on impact major a had did Ranke way the write can

History of Romanian Literature. Literature. Romanian Historyof G.that words ofhissame lastchapter the (in)famous in national specificity describe usedto Calinescu Ghibu, Ibid. The self is not connected to the nation writ large, but with the conservative, Sowerist, conservative, the with but large, writ nation the to connected not is self The a in but life”, personal narrow “my to limited not is Autobiography

- national nihilism national or for mistaken be not should which wonders, in believe people my of truth over lie,hatelove over and terror. evil, over good of triumph the the believing fanatically defeated, being often attacked,suffering,being more andattacking andworking,prevailing fighting, thinking, offices, high of history, holder in periods interesting most the of one a of turmoils the of mirror a but nobody, interest might itself in which life, my of necessarily not mirror the be could lifetime, a of work the

oriented vision of the volkish nationalism. Borrowing nationalism. volkish the of vision oriented fashion, it aims to uncover a narrative on “the entire world of beings interwoven interwoven beings of world entire “the on narrative a uncover to aims it fashion, ChemareJudecata, la ts of “the so called called so “the of ts ecinr spirit reactionary .”

186

17. I cann 17.

. More likely, their detractors can be found guilty of of guilty found be can detractors their likely, More . realists

cms pstvs nraie s h ato tks l the all takes author the as narrative positivist a ecomes , ot help but notice that here Ghibu uses the same language, if not theif language, same the uses Ghibu here that notice but help ot practical men practical 89

185

and

technicians, from Sadoveanu, the peasant peasant the Sadoveanu, from

ed to follow.and to Utopias ed ” dominating the cultural the dominating ”

man who lived who man rn decided to follow to decided rn primit wie es eigentlich es wie ivism

CEU eTD Collection 188 187 Soviets” Luca Vasileand Pauker are Ana figures negative severely the while elements” “Romanian are they viewed Romanian nation altogether. fault Groza's Petru therefore andis It means. own its through pace own of its at fond developed country very the was that see he personally would that he and Groza Romanians, told Stalin Allegedly, again. over and over repeated a is Groza and post entire Stalin the of between leitmotiv conversation alleged The 1970s. the to 1950s the from memoranda, of series entire the throughout repeats obsessively Ghibu that advice advice, SadoveanuMihail in1945. by held discourses the of one from comesauthor, the by original in highlighted part, last The origins. histo Ranke's positivist using by attained is objectivity this hand one the objectivity.On autobiographer's the secure and reinforce to designed again once is preamble peasantist entire This world.” “other the the connect that bridges the createdBanat and

lovers worldwide”, p. 71 p. worldwide”, lovers R.P. to adressed humanity Memorandum and Roman. peace all to and Government USSR R.Governement, Chemare Vol.Ghibu. ape “Proiectde II Ibid. –

lsr o rz ae Lucre are Groza to Closer quasi a as appears Groza Petru

qualities.” the of opportunism and treacherousness the on not built is peasantry,which superior a the of pedestal from mankind entire the of and kin my of problems life the over watch I –

188 “the former former “the

with oscillations oscillations with

–

as well as Teohari Georgescu. “The Jew Mihail Roller” receives a similar if not if similar a receives Roller” Mihail TeohariJew as “The wellGeorgescu. as 187

is Jewish and the latter Hungarian and both of them citizens of the the of citizens them of both and Hungarian latter the and Jewish is

riography, by hand appealing theother tothe Transylvanian on peasant

–

1945 work, and it can be found in found be can it and work, 1945 as somewhat positive characters. The main reason for this is that that is this for reason main Thecharacters. positive somewhat as te cass bt n a on but classes, other

l adresat intregii lumi in legatura cu situatia Romaniei si a poporului poporului si a Romaniei situatia cuin intregiilegatura lumi l adresat ţ u ărşau n Gerh Gheorghiu Gheorghe and Pătrăşcanu iu - positive character, although he did he although character, positive 90 isolated moral world of Romanian peasantry to peasantryto Romanian of world moral isolated

deep humanity and spiritual spiritual and humanity deep

that he betrayed both Stalin and the the and Stalin both betrayed he that

more or less the same form same the less or more

not follow Stalin's follow not - Dej who are are who Dej CEU eTD Collection 191 190 189 of position the from rather but positions, nationalist the from on carried not is attack The democracy.of understanding Groza's is mankind” whole the of name the in even and nation contemp my of name the “in attack his oftarget activity. main political The Groza's criticizes harshly people S Prime Groza, “Petre subtitled Groza Petru to addressed memorandum another In leverage. nat militant or pedagogy of works other his only not organize lines Greek three These politicianism. revisionism, Hungarian foes: major 1946 there. still fondness of Romanians is his about story the although Lenin, betrayed have to appears Stalin when 1953, after change non the to isonly the“crisis”due whichRomania of heroespositive struck the1940s,while 1918and of Lenin'sline with” Ghibuspareseffort opinions. no present to leaders as the two“Russian” the “appro was that Romania with unification Bessarabia's of case the in especially Imperialism” “Russian his for and general, c overall history.”The of falsification repellent most “the performed he for treatment, harsher onclusion is that Stalin that is onclusion ummon you to the Court of Justice through voice their son Onisifor Ghibu”, the son of the the of son the Ghibu”, Onisifor son their voice through Justice of Court the to you ummon oaim bt i atborpy s el I is un atborpy s sd s moral a as used is autobiography turn, its In well. as autobiography his but ionalism,

celor patru mari puteri” pp. 90 pp. mari patru puteri” celor Chemare VolGhibu, G la de conferintei adresat “Memoriu II. politice si sociale din Romania anilor 1945 anilor dinRomania si sociale politice octombrie 10 dinCluj, universitatea la de epurarii ilegalitatea Memoriu catre Primul Memoriucatre Primul Memoriucatre 190 In one of the memoranda addressed to Prime to addressed memoranda the of one In , Ghi , - Romanian elements and to the narrow understa narrow the to and elements Romanian bu defends his position as the “founder of the university” as a fight against three against fight a as university” the of “founder the as position his defends bu - - Ministru Dr. Ministru P. realitatilor si a gandirii acestuia a critica analiza cuprinzand Groza, Dr. Ministru P. si cu interbelica dinperioada sa activitatea cuin Groza, legatura

–

at points criticized for his betrayal of Lenin and of Marxism in Marxism of and Lenin of betrayal his for criticized points at - 95.

- iitr f h mrbn Rmna Te oain People Romanian The Romania! moribund the of Minister

eosrcig Romania, Reconstructing

- 1949.

189 91

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- iey rw ftr fr oai and Romania for future a drew nicely Minister Dr. Petru Groza in October 10 OctoberDr. Ministerin Groza Petru

eneva, din19 eneva, 1946.

dn fdmcay hs would This democracy. of nding 191 s el s i anti his as well as

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Bucharest, 23. IX. 1923), qualification that not many democrats of today have on their accounts.” p. 43. 43. p. accounts.” their on have oftoday manydemocrats not that qualification 1923), IX. 23. Bucharest, Memorii, Iorga N. (see meBolshevik” “true as fromnothingcharacterizing spared some that present so ever was attitude My democratic wastruedemocrat. a always that I amconvinced fully I mylife, know superficially methose by to brought reactionarism and of chauvinism accusations ofthe “Regardless corespunzatoare pentru apararea fiintei Bisericii, 17 martie 1950. martie1950. 17 fiintei Bisericii, pentruapararea corespunzatoare Dr. ale Leninismului ai P. si Groza Gh.Gheorghiu al aprecieri la de pornind care, in Justinian, Patriarhul Memoriucatre 47. et another memorandum, this time addressed to Patriarch Justinian Patriarch to addressed time this memorandum, another et

The same politicianism is seen as responsible for both the patriotic phase of the 1930s, the 1930s, both theThe patriotic phaseof sameresponsible isseen for politicianism as activi political entire Groza's reevaluates Ghibu points, 125 Over Frontul Plugarilor Frontul

vol I., p. 326) and from and 326) den p. vol I., - 1944, when “blindly following Moscow.” The same line of reasoning applies reasoning Moscow.”of following line “blindlysame Thewhen 1944, 192

From the position of straightforward of position the From

–

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understanding of democracy was, when the author the when was, democracy of understanding - 92 Dej in legatura cu Biserica, cere o atitudine o cere Biserica, in legatura cu Dej

193 promoter of Romanian national democracy democracy national Romanian of promoter

Reconstructing Romania. Romania. Reconstructing plowers

ly nationalist “democracy”, Ghibu “democracy”, nationalist ly e intemeietorilor Marxism intemeietorilor e

and their Front so he could win could he so Front their and 194 ty. Firstly, he argues ty.Firstly, he . In this document, this In .

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Ghibu, Chemare …, p. 169. 169. p. …, Chemare Ghibu, 159. Stalin Ghibu, The large body of text presented by Onisifor Ghibu as his autobiography and by his his by and autobiography his as Ghibu Onisifor by presented text of body large The onlyconcrete from therealitie Lenin, bybut example, or indoctrinated theory (international) foreign and by inspired not led is that program Marxists Russian of program national the

- Groza private conversation quote conversation private Groza Chemare

principles, is breached by the contexts in which it appeared and subsequently by subsequently and appeared it which in contexts the by breached is principles, , p. 157 p. , 196 in Bessarabia. Half a century after the years spent in Bessarabia, Ghibu Ghibu Bessarabia, in spent years the after century a Half Bessarabia. in

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. Iorga considers himself a Bolshevik, since in since Bolshevik, a Iorgahimself considers .

Reconstructing Romania Reconstructing 195

- Leninism is not made from a from made not is Leninism , p. 279, apud. Ghibu p. Ghibu p.p. 279, , apud. 197

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against Hungarian revisionism, while the 1990s will bring to the the bringto will 1990s the while revisionism, Hungarian against his travels between empires, nations and provinces between between provinces and nations empires, between travels his –

bildung 94

–

to the building ofthe nation. had to be Bolshevik and Leninist he was was he Leninist and Bolshevik be to had the real the - Lorraine, Jena, Bucharest, Jena, Lorraine, Onisifor Ghibu, what is is what Ghibu, Onisifor

CEU eTD Collection 199 198 Roma the of organization the in him help to Romanian later onthe History ofthe World. literatur the librarianBudapest's wheelwrights ofyear a union, duringhe reads which Social Hungarian the of section Romanian Dem the of Committee Central the in member was. Suk the of name the recount would he as that” to similar something or Surkolski “Prince of domain Pancota the on conditions labor the with Unsatisfied movement. socialist the joined Flueras a of life a for prepared was life personal althoughtheir Ghibu, Bocuor of that to different acompared turn take autobiography will his His reorganizeitself. to movement working the effortsof strenuous the to unification national the from years, interwar the throughout us leads activity What you did dowrong,old Bebel, the bourgeoisie that you? ispraising V. Flueras. Ion Social

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- stories will be considerably close. Born in a Greek a in Born close. considerably be will stories - igld, ieaue seily oatcs, hn bsds h socialist the besides then, romanticism, especially literature pigglledy, The Life and Life The Times a of Transylvania - Democracy, the and Eugenism InternationalThird

wheelwright. In 1901, May 1 May 1901, In wheelwright.

199

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Miscarea Sociala,

nian unions in Budapest, at the same the at Budapest, in unions nian n Social n relation to capitalism and the use of use the and capitalism to relation st , after finishing his apprenticeship his finishing after , No. No. 10 - Catholic family near near family Catholic he Arad - Democrat - 12: 1932, 1276. 1932, 12:

CEU eTD Collection 204 203 202 201 200 P of president GheorgheGrigorovici and Flueras 1938, In 1932. and 1928 between (PSD) Party Democratic reorganized Socialist newly the of board the in is he 1927 In Labor. of Confederation General the Party, betraying thus socialist idealsthenational to the interests ofthe bourgeoisie. cal Bukharin parties. socialist Romanian the representing International, Third the of conference Hygiene and ( Protection Social of Department the of head the appointed was he Council 1 December of Assembly channel easily CNRC “the Romanian, generally being proletariat and peasantry poor of majority the and authority state of representatives the between cleavage national the from profiting and soldiers” and workers war “reflecting November and October of strikes spontaneous the With Arad. (CNRC). in 1918 October Council in founded was National CNRC Romanian Central the establishing towards action joint a Iosi and Flueras 1918, In movement. socialist with working starts he Hungary 1906 between time, Resortul O ls for his exclusion from the party the reason being his collaboration with the National National the with collaboration his being reason the party the from exclusion his for ls

Constantin Titel Petrescu notes that the name of the party was the contribution of the regional branches. the regional of was thecontribution Constantin party ofthe name notes thatTitelthe Petrescu 40 1996), “Carol Davila”, universitara Iuliu Editura Moldovan, (Bucuresti: siAmintiri reflexiuni, 8 Flueras, Ion Radu, Romania, 132 Greater in Politics Cultural Livezeanu, 8 2012), Scaun, (1882 Flueras Ion Radu,Sorin Romania, p. 199. p. Romania, in Socialismului Istoria Socialist.” name: the werewhosupporting Kingdom theOld from militants Social German ofinfluencethe and Bukovina fromBanat, factions regionalArdeal “The Flueras returns to the union work and between 1926 and 1939 he is the preside the is he 1939 and 1926 between and work union the to returns Flueras second the of works the observe to Petrograd and Moscow to war,travels the he After crotiri Sociale siIgiena

- 1907 trying to organize the Bucharest workers into unions. Back in in Back unions. into workers Bucharest the organize to trying 1907

st ed the revolution in a national direction.” national a in revolution the ed

at Alba - - erns ad s and weariness 1953) Social 1953) -

Democrac Adeverul - ) 204 Iulia Flueras served as vice as served Flueras Iulia 202 ad w tms euy n h Rmna parliament Romanian the in deputy times two and ,

y imposed the title “Social Democrat”, against the willthe of against the “Social Democrat”, the ytitle imposed whose secretary generalIuliuwhose secretary Moldovanu. was - democratie si sindicalism, 2 si sindicalism, democratie esae, h ofca junl f h Romanian the of journal official the newspaper, 96 f Jumanca contact the National Party proposing proposing Party National the contact Jumanca f ca givne o Taslai' peasants, Transylvania's of grievances ocial

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CEU eTD Collection 209 208 207 206 205 of the“processcommunism.” of Social the of contribution u the of actor political marginalized a as or democracy, Romanian Radu Sorin of especially work the Flueras through Ion Bucharest”, to leader last “our as presented being regionalization economic and cultural of agenda current the of forbearer the as reinterpreted is and Banat in regionalism of figure prominent a as 2000s the after especially reemerged, Bocu Sever Whereas bourgeoisie.” the for working socialist “a namely circles, communist the within seen be to came Flueras which in way the for representative is version Munteanu's democratfollowingan interrogation. died pr his in Ioanrecounts Munteanu 1953. in Gherlaprison the in dying Bocu with and fate tragic same 1952 the shared in Flueras labor. hard tried of years 15 imprisoned, to sentenced be will he PCR and PSD between fusion 1948 after and the 23 Majesty,August After King.” His of command direct the under party, totalitarian and “unique 1940 from Regeneration) National of (Front Nationale Renasterii Frontul II's Carol the join 1936,

Sorin Radu, Ion Flueras (1882 Flueras Ion Radu,Sorin thebook samejournal, the in published International Communist and the and Flueras “Ion Radu, Sorin also See M Socialist Affiliationthe to Reck “Executioners prison: in working those among willtheircrime.” for pay Flueras' Ion assasins Juberian, hand to hand from circulated notebook prison Pitesti, la foll recounts Munteanu as that, than now.” toilets More the their scrap of him slavelet bourgeois, a was he life de entire his him, “Let saying janitor prison as work to him put reeducarile they Alegedly died. prin as Juberian and Reck identifies autobiography pas La http://www.procesulcomunismului.com/marturii/fonduri/pitesti/imuntean/ Munteanu, Ion 9 Flueras, Ion Radu, stanga http://www.hotnews.ro/stiri platform. hotnews for Ionut Baias and Barzoi Cezarina journalists by published thearticles See 2012) Scaun, This mixture of wishful thinking and strive to rehabilitate the Romanian democratic democratic Romanian the rehabilitate to strive and thinking wishful of mixture This salt, of grain a than more with taken be to have testimonies of kind this Although - catre - dumnezeu.htm

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- 97 sfintii 208

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, or “a saint of the prisons” the of saint “a or ,

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(Targoviste: de Cetatea iiain aogie the alongside nification, - drumul ial Democratic Party, Democratic ial owing Flueras' death a a death Flueras' owing 209 - - part article article part unui

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CEU eTD Collection 212 211 210 Romanian the by patronized were which “reunions” in themselves organize to chose who workers the of potential mobilization the winning for competition a was also it as politics, in middle the representing Party National direction” without group war the before socialists Romanian argues, Hitchins As emancipation. national working the of leadership political the for question national the of importance the illustrates movement socialist Romanian the of advent The an growing Guard's Irong the from influence the away over workers. them draw to and dictatorship royal the within thinking pragmatic or opportunism by either explained is “deviation” last The Regeneration. National of Front II's Carol for support his or healthcare,” “positive and eugenics Nationalism, issues. unresolved Social the presented theses International Communist the with line in that historiography communist the th ignores tradition d the Romanian socialist movement in Transylvania started under the banner of MDSZP.of banner in Transylvaniathe movementunder started socialist Romanian the d

secretary general, accepted accepted general, secretary befor months of wascouple a shown path laws and institution working save theto in order outopportunismand of agreed (CGM) ofLabor Confederation ofthe General leaders 457 1940), Socialista, Biblioteca (Bucuresti: Romania, Constantin in TitelSocialismul Petrescu, Romanian National Consciousness (Pelham, Montreal, Paris, Lugoj, Rome: Nagard Publisher, 187. Rome:1983), Nagard Lugoj, Paris, Montreal, (Pelham, Consciousness National Romanian in Hungary, Problem Studiesthe Nationality Socialistsand on Hitchins, Rumanian in KeithHitchins, I Radu,Sorin inMirescu Bucharest). I. I. and Cluj Flueras in (I. antisemitic. and nationalist Before 1900 there was no organized Romanain working Romanain organized no was there 1900 Before - Democrat Flueras as a bourgeois, anti bourgeois, a as Flueras Democrat on Flueras. Flueras. on e skeletons in the closet. While this attempt is designed to counterbalance counterbalance to designed is attempt this While closet. the in skeletons e 210

Social animated by the desire to offer a place for for place a offer to desire the by animated – – 211

– under the Goga government government underthe Goga had to compete with the authority of the Church and with the the with and Church the of authority the with compete to had

as the leaders of the unions explained their adherence to this “front.” this to The adherence their explained unions ofthe as theleaders

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214

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173.

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1940: 1940: AOverview,” Historiographic Marius in Turda J. Paul and Weindling Homeland” and “Blood (eds.) Marius Turda J. Paul 1900 and Weindling, Europe, Southeast and Central inNation and “Eugenics,Race Igieni, 1925 de Institutul (Cluj: Eugenia, Natiunii. Igiena IuliuMoldovan, Romania, Marius Turda,“To SterilizationEurgenicInterwar on in Debates Nation”: ofa the End Degeneration Magdalena Gawin, Progressivism and Eugenic Thinking in Poland, 1905 Poland, Eugenic in Thinking and Progressivism Gawin, Magdalena 1943) Romaneasca, Cartea Statul (Sibiu: Iuliu Etnic. Moldovan, 8 2007), Press, Sou and Central in Nationalism Racial Eugenics and This does not mean that Flueras was a racist or eug or racist a was Flueras that mean not does This and feelings socialist his with line in was issues health the in interest genuine Flueras' Unfortunately, Social collaboration between the the Medical History,Medical elation between the medical praxis and the political discourse, political the and praxis medical the between elation

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l hygiene hygiene l 222

- CEU eTD Collection 227 226 225 Transylv of group a Deputy and Iosif Gheorghe Jumanca alongside and Al. Dunareanu Cernauti, from Grigorovici unity. its “Prahova lost the bymovement led Socialist A socialists the of strike, groupgeneral takes that strike general the for called who workers the of dissatisfaction the to point another adds broken thus system security social the Transylvania. and Banat in sociale) asigurari de cercuale (Case Houses the socialist party organization. Social the point, b the the towards theory eugenist his developing continued Moldovan While families. peasant and working the on and Transylvaniaof province the on particularly but state, the on or nation the on not was D the and Flueras of case the in that period” interwar the during devised programs welfare national new the of component central the became family the of especially and population the of health “the that in family their and workers for care financial provided that mechanisms insurance the and houses insurance workers' the controlled and supervised Hygiene and Protection Social of Department the directorate his Under funding. of lack and by affected strongly were that hospitals Transylvanian the in conditions degenerating andfamily welfare. health Zsigmon Hungary's

Constantin Titel Petrescu, Socialismul In Romania, 353. 353. Constantin Romania, In TitelSocialismul Petrescu, 69. 2010), Macmillan, Palgrave Marius Eugenics,(Basingstoke: Turda,and Modernism Marius Hungary, in Turda,Eugenics on First Debates The 1910 Nation, and Race Eugenics n 90 o ol te ietn Cucl s isle, bu dissolved, is Council Directing the only not 1920 In medical of improvement the on worked Flueras department the of head the As - Democrat continuing his work towards organizing the labor movement and and movement labor the organizing towards work his continuing Democrat ooia prt ftento, lea'hgei avnuesopd t that at stopped adventure hygienic Flueras' nation, the of purity iological Egls oin f tt itreto adesn te rbes of problems the addressing intervention state of notion Engel's d na rfrit iiat pt h bss f h Social the of basis the put militants reformist anian

167.

epartment of Social Protection and Hygiene, the focus focus the Hygiene, and Protection Social of epartment 225

place on October 17 October on place 102

case of accident. Agreeing with Turdawith accident. Agreeingof case - 1918, in 1918, Turda& Weindling,195. th . Following the unsuccessful the Following . as te oil Insurance Social the also t 227 - the war conditions conditions war the

eortc Party, Democratic The autonomy of autonomy The

226

I have to add to have I

CEU eTD Collection 229 228 intellectual, hecertainly most d F of case the In among ranks the province their brought toRomania. built. he society Social the when 1918, in the came moment this narrative of autobiographical part as himself perceives author its how shows narrative the of point final The conclusion. the by dominated is one, national autobiographical of kind na this for shown, already As politics. contemporary to opposed Sociala. autobiographic II'sCarol yet of Regeneration, Front National “deviation” socialists. another from the Labo of theGeneral Confederation as of head to 1939acting 1926 from work, syndicalist the to retreats Flueras movement, socialist Romanian the within ruptures and tensions the Following party. the from away breaks communists of group the th within place takes rupture another visit this International. After the to Party Socialist Romanian the affiliate to refuses that member only the is Flueras Ion Fabian) D. t of Out International.” Communist the of theses doctrinary the study and Russia in situation the moderate.” rtv fntoig s n c o auto of act an as functioning rrative

Ibid. Ibid. 358. id. Why would Flueras write his own autobiography? It is not because he is an an is he because not is It autobiography? own his write Flueras would Why life Flueras'

he entire delegation (Constantin Popovici, Gheorghe Cristescu, Al. Dobrogeanu, and and Dobrogeanu, Al. Cristescu, Gheorghe Popovici, (Constantin delegation entire he Through that text the editor intended to present the socialist militant as role model, model, role as militant socialist the present to intended editor the text that Through

228

Meanwhile a delegation was sent to Russia “with the mandated of observing of mandated the “with Russia to sent was delegation a Meanwhile al narrative written in 1932 and published by Ilie Moscovici's Moscovici's Ilie by published and 1932 in written narrative al - og ciiy s social a as activity long

Social MovementSocial and Autobiography

oes not perceive himself like one, and himself oes certainly perceive most would not he - thematization and passing personal experience as a a as experience personal passing and thematization 103

democrat became the subject of a short short a of subject the became democrat

r, entered whichhe from position

- Democrats, himself himself Democrats, e socialists, as socialists, e Miscarea

lueras' lueras' 229

CEU eTD Collection 231 230 N.Deleanu' case of saw at we hint perspective, inthe aregionalist as Sociala either issues, local the u are interest special Of contemporary (Rome). Olberg Oda (Cernauti), so or Adler, Max and Friedrich Bauer, Otto like names with Austromarxism, Vandervelde,the Emil or Kautsky Karl extensively publish will editors the numbers character. its BolshevikIn Iordanescu Theodor Radaceanu, Lotar Voitec, Stefan Flueras, Ioan Ilie Jumanca, Petrescu, Iosif Voinea, Serban Titel Moscovici, Constantin Grigorovici, George alongside (PSD) Party Democratic the of leader and socialism Romanian of leaders prominent most the of one by edited was journal The 1932. in journal personal common good. the interest over and politicianism by dominated scene political current the on “chaos” the life a for looking fact in were autobiography the that autob short Considering Flueras' mobilization, national unification. for bourgeoisie genre of preferred the is act autobiography the thematize intellectuals Transylvanian its but insight, and length importance in modest quite is text his autobiographers, two other the to Compared space. social the in position a himself carving of “anxiety” the by animated be not nification. ilss rtn fo te aias f uoe Tedr a (eln, . Oberlander M. (Berlin), Dan Theodor Europe, of capitals the from writing cialists

N. Deleanu, “Schita istorica socialista pentru pentru socialista “Schita istorica Ardeal”, Deleanu, N. Moscovici, Ilie orpia nraie il iey i ti pcue atog te ru akn fr his for asking group the although picture, this fit nicely will narrative iographical h pbiain f o Furs atborpia nraie n 92 by 1932 in narrative autobiographical Flueras' Ion of publication The Moscovici's Ilie by published is narrative The is integrated into the quest for uncovering the work of Romanian socialists, with a with socialists, Romanian of work the uncovering for quest the into integrated is

231 resides in the fact that it completes the political spectrum from which the the which from spectrum political the completes it that fact the in resides 230

“Haosul National...”, National...”, “Haosul or historical especially on the history of the strains of socialism before the before socialism of strains the of history the on especially historical or , Ion Pas. Ion ,

1927 reorganization of the socialist movement into the Socialist the into movement socialist the of reorganization 1927

Miscarea Sociala Miscarea Miscarea Sociala,

- 104 story of a Romanian socialist to contrast it with it contrast to socialist Romanian a of story

Miscarea sociala, had a pronounced internationalist and anti and internationalist pronounced a had 1932:4, 1041 1932:4, icra oil/oil Movement Sociala/Social Miscarea - 1044. 1044. 1932:4, 1073 1932:4,

s article on the history of of articleon thehistory s the preeminence of of preeminence the - 1080.

Miscarea - CEU eTD Collection 234 233 232 political the whomever to addressed indiscriminately freely, somewhat language political the National Peasantist Party: in responsible the identifies Moscovici politicians. local of corruption the and politicianism paradox West. this the for in cause capitalism the moribund finds the Moscovici of crisis same the of not but crisis, world the by hit was too it overproduction, agricultural or industrial with confronted not was and country Moscovici contrasted economic the crisis the of countries developed capitalist modelofthe “developed countries.” same the by hit Romania is why question the to answer an give to tries Moscovici especially and Europe, haunting were Depression Great movement insocialist the Transylvania.equally the is spectersofimportant. The moment The whereas chaos theRomanian national

One leader isolates himself at Badacini (Iuliu Maniu, my note) sighing over the the over sighing the others tosalute theprogressesBolsheviks. accomplished bythe note) my and Mussolini with Maniu, touch in keep to some to commands prudent, leader,equally other the (Iuliu Badacini at “bravi” his while Constitution, himself isolates leader One socio our environment, economic our to adapted organization, toourmentalities. countries developed modernization entire our like directeconomy the world further to system economic an of incapacity the by followed potential, growing maximum civi the in id. 1043. 1043. id. id. 1041 National, Haosul Moscovici,

s e a se pltcaim etrd t entered “politicianism” see can we As back a is Romania development,” capitalist the “considering that fact the Despite criticism, cultural of piece rich very a In crisis. economic for word another is Chaos

lized countries the chaos is caused by a social form that has reached its its reached has that form social a by caused is chaos the countries lized

232

, our national chaos is caused by following the path of the the of path the following by caused is chaos national our , 233 are sighing for adventure and Bolshevik dictatorship, and dictatorship, Bolshevik and adventure for sighing are

105

–

“chaos” when the country is far from the the from far is country the when “chaos” he vocabulary of the Romanian interwar interwar Romanian the of vocabulary he cnmc rss without crisis economic

234

capitalism - political ward ward –

in CEU eTD Collection 237 236 235 Social a as contribution his of and confess moment to unification demand editor's the by Rushed Bucharest. in and Budapest workingand syndicalist experienceasexploring continueshis he then Flueras firstcontributionrecounts his by intrigued is man young 1 May 1901, life his begins politi Romanian the for as well as movement, introduction marks the anniversary moment, highlighting that narrative. politicianism to and crisis, political the to answer an As politicianism. and corruption by driven as altogether politics Romanian “politicianism” Social The be. may adversary

democracy, in most of the cases leaning towards Bolshevism democracy,Bolshevism towards leaning mostthe of cases in reactionaries, ofpure Takistanti Jesuitism, zests, anti withtheir all peasantism, capitalism and between swinging withtheir government, sinful their considering minuses, withtheir all same Moscovi The kreutzers. 24 contributionof by there was I Arad. Unirii, Piata in rally chance, socialist the witnessed I time first the for (1901), autumn That intellectuals, northecharacter workersknow is. what sufferin of years lines front the in that, than moreallegiance, socialist yearsof 30 Ibid. Ibid. Flueras, Ion 1276. sirevolutie, din tinerete din Amintiri, 8 so - 9:1932, 1196.9:1932, mewhat democratic force in Romania” Ilie Moscovici, “Alegeri nationale, nationale, “Alegeri Moscovici, Ilie Romania” in force mewhat democratic h itnin f h eio i t peet rl mdl o te oain socialist Romanian the for model role a present to is editor the of intention The t The

–

ext was published as an homage to the thirty years of socialist activity.Editor's socialist of years thirty the to homage an as published was ext n rgt hn o te pt jo I spot the on then, right and st , in Arad. Freshly liberated from his apprenticeship, on the way back home the the home back way the on apprenticeship, his from liberated Freshly in Arad. , - 235 story from the moment in which he joined the socialist movement. It was was It movement. socialist the joined he which in moment the from story

while the National Peasant National the while ci woul also give the most exquisite definition of the National Pesantists. “To Pesantists. the National of fair,mostdefinition exquisite be give the woul also ci g and poverty, and g

237 -

democratic methods ofgovernmen methods democratic the manifestation and decides to join it. As a rite of passage passage of rite a As it. join to decides and manifestation the

- Democrats would find the National Peasantists guilty of of guilty Peasantists National the find would Democrats Miscarea Sociala –

is a proof of character in a country where neither the neither where country a in character of proof a is ined the party. I still remember that I paid my first annual annual first my paid I that remember still I party. the ined - capitalist conservative Peasantism and extreme and Peasantism conservative capitalist 106 ist, especially the Transylvanians, would see the see Transylvanians,would the especially ist, cs altogether. In line with editor's plan, Flueras Flueras plan, editor's with line altogether.In cs

published Ion Flueras' autobiographical Flueras'Ion published –

theNational 236 t and administration, with the dreadful mix the dreadful with administration, t and -

eort o h ntoa cause, national the to Democrat

- Peasantists represent the only theonly represent Peasantists -

– in criza,” criza,” in

- which means years and yearsand means which class organizer, class in both

MiscareaSociala, oe bu the about more - left left

CEU eTD Collection 239 238 Social and Nationals between action was connection his with... to“Rakovschi, TakeIonescuIonel and Bratianu.” secre the by interrogation Flueras' to led tactics warfarerevolutionary medieval the of outcome The Iancu.” Avram and Closca Horia, Doja, Gheorghe of times the in like “just fields the burn even and railroads the destroy action, take workers properly organized Romanianpolitical movement in Transylvania, asnotes, Flueras only the being socialists the to activityled movement. This socialist the of favor in channeled worke between ties fraternal the view, Jumanca's and Flueras In groups. compact in battle to sent been had who miners the more even and front the from back coming veterans the especially were workers reediting newspaper self national be the is narrative autobiographical Flueras ofFlueras theautobiographical series thenarrativeevents. concentrated rest tothis of devoted

out of the whole Hungary we were the only Romanian organized force. The Romanian Romanian The force. organized Nationals were barely moving. Romanian only the were we Hungary whole the of out During the youIthat interested arethe1918revolution. most of know in,the times tak would It Budapest. in Truth) (The Valley, Jiu the in at activity my Mountains, the Apuseni in villages, the in activity my ourselves, organize to freedom the da and strikes the about details the you spare will I id. 1280. 1280. id. 1278. Id. More than mobilizing the “militarized masses”, Flueras also presents that the joint joint the that presents also Flueras masses”, “militarized the mobilizing than More Flueras happen, to revolution the for waiting and position that From Ion said, actually is what than important more sometimes is unsaid left is what If Adeverul

back on the market. In 1917 when the war gave signs that it was close to its end, end, its to close was it that signs gave war the when 1917 In market. the on back - eemnto satd y i ad uac' efrs f bringing of efforts Jumanca's and his by started determination summer and autumn of 1918, when the power of the monarchy was crumbling, powerthe monarchy of of1918,the when autumn and summer

perd to appeared rs returning from war war from returning rs

e h tu wy o mblzn te okr. h targeted The workers. the mobilizing for way true the be 239 Glasul Poporului Glasul -

Democrats came from the latt the from came Democrats e us more than a day. So I will go on to the period the to on go will I day. So a than more us e 107 – st example for that. Flueras saw the fight for for fight the saw Flueras that. for example st

“compact militarized masses” masses” militarized “compact

(The Voice of the People) and Voice(ThePeople) the of y - to - day fights for universal vote and and vote universal for fights day t police, curious to know what know to curious police, t er as well. Further on, the on, Further well. as er 238

proposed the the proposed –

had to be be to had

Adeverul Adeverul Adeverul

CEU eTD Collection 242 241 240 emphasizing and cultural moral, the economic superiority over OldKingdom. leadershi the under Nationals the while class, Social The made. be to had difference strong their over compromise a regionalism. to concede to had they hand other the on side, their on peasa and workers the rally to order in used they that feeling national the was there hand one the On conundrum. identity an facing were latter the mobilized, successfully so not they intellectandpeasants “provisional the of solution compromise byboth supported were theyautonomy.” that given hand upper the havingNationals With the the accept to had they autonomy, complete brou was autonomy of matter Ifront, by elements” mean that peasant by supported were Nationals that Social fact the the although by Flueras by explained was shift This front. the to came latter the change, balanc The classes.” social the of liberties self with people, Romanian the of rights the defending and representing of principles the “on construction: socialist typical a as presented is CNRC

For the Social For 1283. p. id. the hands ofthe boyars. in freedom our lose to only magnates the of oppression the from ourselves to freeing order avoid in autonomy guaranteed strongly a wanted we but unification, the for were We Flueras, din Amintiri Tinerete,1283. tradition. itsconstitutional had own region each the unification to arguingprior Romania, that inGreater Social ofthe Representative Period”, Interwar Political in the Thinking

h cevg bten h Social the between cleavage The 241

- Democrat h rgoait ulo ws tog mn te ainl a wl, u a but well, as Nationals the among strong was outlook regionalist The - eort wee eid h etr national entire the behind where Democrats uals and the Social the and uals 's Regionalism see Bogdan Dumitru, “Federalism and Regionalism in Romanian Romanian in Regionalism and “Federalism Dumitru, Bogdan see 'sRegionalism

- 242 Democrats in Bukovina, Grigorovici wasstrong a Grigorovici Bukovina, in Democrats the National Guards “entirely made up by men coming from the the from coming men by up made “entirely Guards National the

h t te oe hl te Social the While fore. the to ght

- 240 StudiaBabes Universitatis Democrats were committed to defending the w the defending to committed were Democrats - Democrats having the limited support of the workersthe supportof limited havingthe Democrats

- but alsobytheintellectuals returning home. Democrats and the Nationals increased when the the when increased Nationals the and Democrats p of Iuliu Maniu were motivated by discourse discourse by motivated were Maniu Iuliu of p bten Social between e 108

- determination and guaranteeing the guaranteeing and determination - - Bolyai Democrats and Nationals will will Nationals and Democrats - Democrats were calling for for calling were Democrats - eouinr atvt, the activity, revolutionary , 2012, March No. 1: 15 1: March 2012, , No.

supporter of a federal project project federal ofa supporter

orking - 37. 37. nts CEU eTD Collection democracy around and and build at was a thataimed “regenerating name nation.” the parliamentarism defeated that party single the for workers Romanian the mobilizing and support full to regionalism, strong and autonomy by informed position socialist from twenty the In Regeneration. the integ with of discourse reunited himself found life, political parliamentary and democratic for militant protect of that working classes venerealalcoholism. from and diseases with but nation”, the “regenerating of purpose the with designed therefore not was movement The workers. social and medical the by employed word the s rather was It whole. a as nation targetthe not did Council Directing the in movement eugenic left a As healthcare.” “positive through itself manifested b centralized were funds whose and government, Averescu's General by Council Directing the with time same the at dissolved forcefully were that houses insurance autonomous regionally the through Hygiene and Protection Social Department bestbyhis activitywithin of exemplified and was view regionalism onautonomy This oppression. feudal as perceived was what against class working Transylvanian the for Social the that natio their targeting not autonomy therefore was demanding regional The workers. the by represented it of portion a only but Transylvania, in community Romanian entire the covering at aimed Nationa the unlike yet Kingdom, Old the of backwardness een as a means of educating the workers and peasants altogether, “illuminating” them to use use to altogether,them “illuminating” peasants and workers the educating of means a as een Paradoxically, the fervent defender of general autonomy, leftist state welfare and and welfare state leftist autonomy, general of defender fervent the Paradoxically, the describe to tone similar a uses Flueras “boyars” to “magnates” Contrasting

ral nationalism in 1938, given his support for Carol II's Front of National National of Front II's Carol for support his given 1938, in nationalism ral te tt, h social the state, the y - years time that passed since the unification, Flueras migrated migrated Flueras unification, the since passed that time years . Alongside the measures taken for ensuring social protection protection social ensuring for taken measures the Alongside . - democratic view on regionalism and autonomy autonomy and regionalism on view democratic 109

nals, but it was designed to offer securities securities offer to designed was it but nals,

- ig rjc o sae efr the welfare state of project wing ls his regionalist discourse is not is discourse regionalist his ls - eort were Democrats

ing the the ing CEU eTD Collection 244 243 theFronthappen hejoined of was Regeneration. National that it As organization. mass a and work Social the join to intended are production their by defined alike, intellectuals and peasants Workers, class. social single national the Inlight, this whole. a as nation the targeted not did it that by yet discourse, integralist the using was well as left democratic The invention.” Maniu's as us described he when imagined Goga Mr. as state, the and nation Social the to masses, the to conception of social like social in organized are peasants the where Poland, of example the gave he that For people.” “working all are they that fact the by together brought intellectuals, themselves proposing Social the for calls Flueras support, their offered that National the that and flawed ultimately as seen Roma the influencing of incapacity their view, Flueras' In class. political the to due well, as socialists the byshared is taxation and unemployment of high the for responsible and system capitalist the of victim only the as equa this In hours. eight at day work the set which Convention National the and Liberalsthe both criticizes FluerasaddressingParliament 1929, the In storyfailure. athe of is

Id., 6. Id., Demo Social Partidului mesaj, (Bucuresti: Editura la Flueras,Discurs Ion

the French professors.” Flueras' appeal was for the entire country to gather around a mass gather mass countryentire a around the to for Flueras'appeal was the Frenchprofessors.” Like the case of Sever Bocu and Onisifor Ghibu, Flueras's autobiographica Flueras's Ghibu, Onisifor and Bocu Sever of case the Like

- esnit fr o rsetn te ahntn nentoa Labor International Washington the respecting not for Peasantists - democracy, belonga would intellectuals shame“because thatthe not itis

as the only representatives of the working peasants, as well as as well as peasants, working the of representatives only the as

was proven, Flueras' innocent plan could not take place. What it it What place. take not could plan innocent Flueras' proven, was - eortc at, n ta wud o be not would that and Party, Democratic

Conclusions - nian politics. nian Democratic movement and transform its party into into party its transform and movement Democratic 110

ist Social

- Peasantists are misrepresenting the masses masses the misrepresenting are Peasantists

243 - - eort t epn ter position, their expand to Democrats Democrat designed the nation as oneas nation the designed Democrat

ie httecptls sse is system capitalist the that Given tion the working class appears appears class working the tion

crat, 1929) crat, - democratic unions “just unions democratic called betraying the the betraying called

l narrative narrative l 244

CEU eTD Collection 246 245 liberalism. parliamentary towards attitude critical the to contributed result end the Romanian the of conferences Engineers' to 1920sup the from Association the dominated that concepts Taylorism, and Fordism of principles to accordingordered productivitywere and where progresssociety a were pursuing nicely E Eastern Miller in “Americanism” sense, of this paradox the In highlights technocracy. of form incipient an from as well as right, the fromand left the from came nation.projectsentire Thesethe represent would community that the author aswell addresses, as communitythathethetext bothin created which to community the designing at aims it but subject, individual the constructing building light, this In t that point the to up good,” “common the pursuing of lines the along carried is activism national of work lifelong a how of proof a as and leverage moral as works it Romania, Greater into proces the in narratives VI. Conclusions

Productivity in the 1920s.” the 1920s.” in Productivity “Between Maier S. TaylorismCharles and Technocracy:the and Ideologies Vision European ofIndustrial LiamHarte, he individual self can no longer be separated from the collective identity of the nation. nation. the of identity collective the from separated be longer no can self individual he eoy n pltcl cin oe oehr ih h ai the with together come action political and Memory personal mobilizing for bourgeoisie of genre preferred the as works Autobiography , specifically nation building. At the same time, the autobiogr the time, same the building. At nation specifically , bildung Autobiography and the Irish Cultural Moment Cultural Irish the and Autobiography

–

the years of education, of formative experiences formative of education, of years the o nation of s

Journal of Contemporary History Contemporary of Journal

- building. 1947 when they were replaced by replaced theyStakhanovism,1947 whenwere 111 245

n h cnet f rnyvnas integration Transylvania's of context the In , , 3.

5, no. 2 no. 5,

urope. While the local “technocrats” local the While urope.

(1970): 29. (1970): m of building a mass mass a building of m aphical is not limited at limited not is aphical in real life.

–

is translated into translated is

246

In the In CEU eTD Collection rnyvnas h, naife wt te oml o poiinl uooy dfetd the deflected autonomy, provisional of formula the with unsatisfied who, Transylvanians is that politics”, corrupt classes joining social Social all of and (Flueraş) capitalism of fall expected the of proof a but Liberals) not is Politicianism Rădulescu Constantin professor Bucharest his by developed politicianism of theory the by informed is politicianism of immorality the against attack the Ghibu, Onisifor With oppress the exchanging avoid to only Social the of leader the by also but Livezeanu), (see Maniu IuliuParty, National the of leader the by both supported backwardness the is target main The Romania. Greater bildung a years, pre the on hand one the on emphasis with war, the after preserved was look differential same The Kingdom. the of superiority moral the asserts (1915), war the of beginning the at argue would Slavici as politics, and culture German theHabsburg the from shadowaftergrown of 1918. Coming inthe and lands, individua the of construction representeda of aslegitimation their conceptionof thestate. reso of range entire their employed left to right from politics party, the single a not if mass, a becoming for race The first accusations of politicianism a politicianism of accusations first The of politics the into translated is superiority moral of sense same the war, the After the in role crucial a plays agent political Transylvanian the of superiority moral The

nd on the other hand on the contributions towards the unification, the period when when period the unification, the towards contributions the on hand other the on nd is turned into - Democracy,as viewed amass movement. - a ntoa atvs aant h Hnain’ qiaet o h formative the to equivalent Hungarians’ the against activism national war

Transylvanians contrasted to the Byzantine backwardness of the Old Old the of backwardness Byzantine the to contrasted Transylvanians re, at n peet Te ie n tms f h pltcl edr are leaders political the of times and life The present. and past urces,

ny h imrl onepr o te oain oiiin, ie the (i.e. politicians, Romanian the of counterpart immoral the only building - Democrats, Ion Fluera Ion Democrats, –

came from the National Party's leaders and were addressed to the the to addressed were and leaders Party's National the from came wrig oad te omn od f h Rmna nation Romanian the of good common the towards working l .

ion of the magnates for the exploitation of the boyars. the of exploitation the for magnates the of ion 112

fter 1918 fter ş , who would argue in favor of the autonomy the of favor in argue would who ,

of the country. This claim would be would claim country.This the of –

of “playing the unsavory game of of game unsavory the “playing of

- Motru. Motru. CEU eTD Collection 248 247 asp of series a by IronRomania being ruled Guard. by the government.” devel one bastard “the to preferable dictatorship royal the considered and situation, the save could King the of command the under technocrats of government a that London advised Hoare, Reginald Bucharest, to Minister British The players. local the from comi exclusively not was dictatorship personal the for support The the Dictatorship. of Royal support their in together come socialism and syndicalism technocratism, fascism, a 1938 II's Carol with came moment The Manoilescu. Mihail member PNT and engineer economist, political from notably most side, “technocratic” the from come will politicians of rid getting for solution t of reorganization the for militate would Bocu Sever altogether. parliamentarism and parties political rejecting of that thread, a re pre the during fathomed superiority moral the of reflection a exposed only not Ghibu Onisifor and Maniu Iuliu politicianism, gen younger a Transylvaniansand of group this between compatibility ideological certain a for made which outlook an superior, morally and skilled more as themselves saw Ghibu] Onisifor or Maniu jo and Nationals the of ranks pplauded by Manoilescu, Sever Bocu, Onisifor Ghibu, and Ion Flueraş. Corporatism, Corporatism, Flueraş. Ion and Ghibu, Onisifor Bocu, Sever Manoilescu, by pplauded

(Bucureşti, 2003) doc. 74 p. p. 74 52. doc. 2003) (Bucureşti, Bela Vago, Livezeanu, Irina gionalist ontheir standpoint part. The three autobiographers represent three separate cases. Their life Their cases. separate three represent autobiographers three The developing another is there bases, moral on politicianism of rejection the with line In Umbra svasticii, Na svasticii, Umbra 248

eration of radical Romanian nationalists”. As Livezeanu argues, by by argues, Livezeanu As nationalists”. Romanian radical of eration Of course, in the “bastard” alternative he saw the threatening prospects of prospects threatening the saw he alternative “bastard” the in course, Of Cultural Politics Cultural ects. The first one is the way in which they employ the past experience for for experience past the employ they which in way the is one first The ects. Constitution and with his Front of National Regeneration. It was equally equally was It Regeneration. National of Front his with and Constitution

ined political parties based in the Old Kingdom: “They [Iuliu [Iuliu “They Kingdom: Old the in based parties political ined

terea fascismului şi antimsemitimului în Bazinul Dunării (1936 Dunării Bazinul în terea şiantimsemitimului fascismului , 134. , he PNT as a dictatorial party. At the same time, another time, same the At party. dictatorial a as PNT he -

union struggle union 247

113

;

the critique of politicianism also revealed also politicianism of critique the oped under the last the under oped - stories are united united are stories - 1939)

ng ng CEU eTD Collection Constitution. He concluded that this Constitution is the final moment ending the unification unification the ending moment final the is Constitution this that concluded He Constitution. Social of Romania righteousness the for manifesto a becomes it past, the Social the of influence determinant Ro Greater the of realities the on view authors' their supporting as well as legitimizing, of means a were They Behind presentedas thatwas by ametaphysicalofhistory. positively thenation emanation sanctioned not is unification of act the Ultimately, nation. Romanian the characterizing unity spiritual th which to according narrative the challenges also This unification. political of goal the towards skills technical nationalist his employing technocrat of type peculiar a as viewed subject, its on attention public mobilizing autobiography that is these from follows strong What a autonomy. of provisions the under albeit Romania, joining Transylvania behind on further and (CNRC) Council National Romanian Central the behind ideas the of promoter modest Fluera Ion line, same the In Romania. Greater the to province latter know nationalist and impetus Onisifor self Ghibu's Romania. to brought was Transylvania feeling, national his with coupled skills the administrati his to during thanks that, front is account this Russian from follows What the Revolution. Bolshevik in caught volunteers Romanian single of almost legions the he organized how informs narrative Bocu's Sever a as achievement. narrated personal is moment This unification. political 1918 the is Transylvanians three the of autobiographies the in moment crucial The unification. national on view their supporting Secondly, what unites these autobiographies is their use during the interwar period. period. interwar the during use their is autobiographies these unites what Secondly, the acts of history stand men who can“makethe acts ofhistorystand menwork.” things . Similarly, Ghibu used his autobiography to legitimize himself, as well as the 1938 1938 the as well as himself, legitimize to autobiography his used Similarly, Ghibu . - artv flos smlr hed a i ifrs h raes ht i political his that readers the informs it as thread, similar a follows narrative mania. Flueraş's autobiography stands as a proof for the existence and and existence the for proof a as stands autobiography Flueraş's mania. - how transferred from Transylvania to Bessa to Transylvania from transferred how e unification was the natural result of an already existing existing already an of result natural the was unification e - Democratic tradition in pre in tradition Democratic 114

s h poe evrnet for environment proper the is - war Transylvania. Linked to to Linked Transylvania. war

- presented himself as the as himself presented eorc i Greater in Democracy rabia brought the the brought rabia - handedly handedly ve

CEU eTD Collection h mrl ie f n old an of life moral the self flawed, providing social of rights incapable of a equality minimum and working for class. the ultimately as capitalism saw he although ideas, socialist and capitalism between cooperation reac be to ought progress social him, For ideas. revolutionary Social a As Chişinău. in implemented he confessed, he grandfor fas a Zeiss, Carl Jena's of work social the for fascination uttermost his showed Ghibu Timi of Governor the was he 1938 in Unification, Great the of celebration first the Dobrudja to fled and well He as that abandoned owner. newspaper of status the to rose he which in field a journalism, for abandoned Ploie Oil Standard father The Transylvania. in bourgeoisie Romanian of ranks the enter to trained bour and capitalism on view their and thinking wishful contextualization, of avoiding thecloset. in theskeletons lack of mixture a by possible made is This in of source main a become autobiographies their context, this In (Ghibu). thought nationalist Romanian of figure main the or Bocu) (Sever autonomy regional of proponent last re and interest scholarly of subject the are Theyperiod. interwar the of figures process, hefought alsoa forlife. moment that hisentire

- representative of Romanian democracy (Flueraş), the last leader of Banat and the main main the and Banat of leader last the (Flueraş), democracy Romanian of representative interest over the ideal of pursuing the common good, the three figures presented oppose oppose presented figures three the good, common the pursuing of ideal the over interest To the interwar capitalism seen as man as seen capitalism interwarTo the by about brought is three the between connection strongest Lastly,the perhaps is what 19 the Thirdly,in - oe i Eoi. iitr o Bnt t h tm we h ognzd h 10 the organized he when time the at Banat for Minister Eforie. in hotel bourgeoisie putting its resources in the service of the common good, an idea that, as as good, an that, idea common bourgeoisie ofthe inthe service resources its putting ş ti director, he started out by pursuing a banking career which he he which career banking a pursuing by out started he director, ti 90s the three heroes of this study reemerge as the ultimate positive positive ultimate the as reemerge study this of heroes three the 90s - time activist animated by nationalist feelings and preserving preserving and feelings nationalist by animated activist time geois society. Sever Bocu, as the third chapter showed, was was showed, chapter third the as society.Bocu, geois Sever

115 – ifesting itself through politicianims, promoting politicianims, through itself ifesting

the California of Romanians Romanians of California the

- Democrat, Ion Flueraş rejected the rejected Flueraş Ion Democrat, hed by gradual evolution and evolution gradual by hed ş - – Torontalcounty. -

where branded as the as branded formation. formation. - in cination he built built he - law of of law - year

CEU eTD Collection 249 of National Front the for support dictatorship, II's Carol King for allegiance into transformed was people, the of good greater common, the towards and nation the of unification the towards the of light the in present are years formative The nation into translated life. own his narrating in engaged individual the of projection the basis, its On autobiography. their by autobiographersconstruct the community theyaddress. towhich developed argument main the is interest, T good. common the towards work to has it that is commerce”, “du of best theory Montesquieu's civilization by exemplified spreading of means a as capitalism, of vision Enlightenment's the from Enlightenme an of something

capitalism, at the CEU. CEU. the capitalism,at hisJurgen tho to and Kocka observation this for am gratefulI h ntoa cmuiy s osrce t constructed is community national The

Regeneration illiberal and anti i die oad te omn od rjcig h prut f personal of pursuit the rejecting good, common the towards drive his - building with the intention of legitimizing the political programs of the the of programs political the legitimizing of intention the with building

deeds of the past. In the end, what started out as individual work individual as out started what end, the In past. the of deeds nt vision of capitalism. of vision nt

- parliamentarism. 116

hrough the autobiographical narrative as a a as narrative autobiographical the hrough 249 ught

What the three autobiographers retainautobiographers three the What

- provoking lecture on the history of history of the on lecture provoking

CEU eTD Collection ——— ——— Ghibu, Onisifor. Gane, Constantin. ——— Ion.Flueras, “Amintiri Din Tinerete [Memoriesfrom DinRevolutie My Si Youth and ——— ——— ——— Bocu, Sever. ——— Blaga,Lucian. Primary Sources: Bibliography . “Asociatiunii,” 1925. . I . MiscareaRevolution].” Sociala Romaneasca, 1933. . 1939. . Timisoara: Marineasa, 2005. . . I. Bucuresti: n.d. 1993, Albatros La oRascruce La a Vietii Mele. oMarturisire Un Si Bilant [Atthe Crossroads My of S Cum MesajDiscurs La Spre Unitate Organica [Towards Organic Unity] Rascruci.Drumuri Si Memorii [Roadsan RascruciDrumuri Si [RoadsandCrossroads] Hronicul SiCantecul Varstelor

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