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Home , Graduated pipette, Volumetric pipette

Basic Glassware and Equipment

Serkan SAYINER, DVM PhD. Assist. Prof. Near East University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry [email protected] Laboratory Glasswares

• Most of the materials used in the laboratory are made of glass. • Glass is inert and generally resistant to all chemicals and heat. • Glass is light because it has low density. • Since it is transparent, features such as color changes and volume can be seen easily while working. • It is very cheap and easy to clean compared to other materials. • Glassware is made of two types of glass, soda and borosilicate. • Soda glass is soft, borosilicate is hard. Borosilicate glass is known by the name pyrex. Laboratory Glasswares

• Test Tubes • Test tubes are available in different sizes. • Experiments can be performed in glass tubes of different sizes. • Centrifuge tubes are used for processes that require precipitation. They differ in shape and size according to the purpose of use. The bottoms of the centrifuge tubes are conical and resistant to pressure during the centrifugation process.

Laboratory Glasswares

• Stirring Rods • Stirring rods are glass rods of different sizes, both ends of which are blunted in a burner flame.

• It is used to mix reaction mixtures or solutions placed in test tubes. Laboratory Glasswares

• Droppers • Droppers are made of glass or plastic in different sizes to drip or transfer liquids. • The longer ones are called Pasteur . • The liquid is drawn with the dropper head. Laboratory Glasswares

• Funnels • Funnels are used for filtering and transferring a liquid or solid to another container to separate solid and liquid from each other. • It is material made of glass (Borosilicate) or plastic. • Flow pipe cut funnel is used in simple filtration process. In the vacuum filtration process, a Büchner funnel and Niche Erlenmeyer are used. Büchner funnel is made of glass or porcelain with a perforated bottom. Plastic Funnel

Separatory funnel-Conical Büchner Funnel Laboratory Glasswares

• Beaker and Erlenmeyer • Beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks are materials made of glass or polystyrene in different sizes. • They are used in processes such as precipitation, , evaporation and filtration.

Laboratory Glasswares

• Round-bottom Flask • They are glass containers such as Erlenmeyers and beakers. • They show certain volume. They determine the approximate volume. Laboratory Glasswares

• Laboratory Bottles Laboratory Glasswares

• Desiccators • Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-sensitive items. • Chemical substances affected by external atmosphere conditions are stored here. • Desiccators are used not to dry chemicals or equipment, but rather to protect their dryness. • The dryness of the air in the desiccators is provided by substances called dryers. These are hygroscopic substances. • The most commonly used driers are anhydrous calcium chloride, silica gel, magnesium perchlorate trihydrate and anhydrous calcium sulfate in order of decreasing moisture affinity. Laboratory Glasswares

• Volumetric Measuring • Volumetric Measuring of liquids are done using graduated cylinders, , and . • Although such as round-bottom flasks, erlenmeyers, beakers, bottles show certain volumes, they are not used as a measuring equipment since they determine the approximate volüme. • Measuring equipments must be pre-adjusted in order to accurately measure the volume written on them. Adjustment is based on two different bases: the volume it flows (to deliver-TD or Ex) and the volume it takes in (to contain-TC or In). Laboratory Glasswares

• The volume it flows (TD, Ex) indicates that the solution flows as much as the volume between the two marking lines on the measuring equipment. Pipettes and are generally based on this principle. • The volume it takes (TC, In) gives the volume of the solution in the container when the solution is filled up to the line on the measuring equipment. Volumetric flasks and graduated cylinders are usually adjusted on the basis of the volume they take. • The difference between these two types of adjustment is that one takes into account the solution left in the glass due to wetting the glass, while the other does not. • Setting of glass containers is usually done with water and at room temperature. Laboratory Glasswares

• can be in various volumes from 5 ml to 1000 ml and they are not used for very sensitive volumes. They are used for approximate volume measurements. • Blue-Brown difference? Laboratory Glasswares

• Volumetric Flask is generally used for dilution or preparation of a certain volume of solution (10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ml etc.). • For this, the solution is taken into the volumetric flask with a funnel or pipette. It is then diluted by mixing. Adding is continued drop by drop when the volume line on the narrow neck is approached. Laboratory Glasswares

• Pipettes are special glass pipes used to transfer a certain volume of liquid. There are different types of pipettes according to the purpose of use. • Graduated pipettes are narrow and looks like a burette without a tap. A non- with a large chamber in the middle is called a . Micro-pipettes are used to transfer very small volumes such as microliters. Manufacturer Designation of the standart

Trademark Country of origin

Nominal volume Reference temperature (20ºC), Waiting time (5 seconds), Error limit calibration (TD, Ex=to deliver) Volume unit Class A: The highest quality grade, S: Swift delivery Laboratory Glasswares

• The pipette is immersed in the liquid to be transferred and the liquids are filled by sucking the air into the pipette with the help of the pouch/pipette filler. • Then the pipette is lifted up to eye level and the liquid is poured drop by drop until it approaches the desired amount. The excess liquid is discharged until the lower limit of the curve formed on the liquid surface (upper limit for colored liquids) reaches the volume line. Laboratory Glasswares

• Burettes are long glass pipes of various volumes (10, 25, 50, 100 ml, etc.) with an open-end and an open-close tap. • After the burette is attached to a stand, the faucet is held with the first three fingers from behind with the left hand. • Whether the liquid is colored or not is important in reading the liquid level in a burette. • In transparent liquids, the lower limit of the curve formed by the solution surface is taken as basis, while in colored liquids this curve is not seen, so the upper level is taken as a basis. Laboratory Glasswares

• Mortars and Pestles Laboratory Glasswares

• Glassware

Microscopy slide Adhesion slides Petri dishes

Staining Jar

Cover glasses slides with reaction wells Slide mailer Laboratory Equipments

Brush for pipette

Flask tong tong

Pipetting aids brush

Brush for flasks Stand for tubes Stand for tubes Test tube Laboratory Equipments

Magnetic pH Indicator Strips Stirrer

Spatula with spoon

Filter paper

Surface protection paper

Spatula, double blade

Bunsen burner Wire gauzes Powder spatula

Swivel roller mixer Weighing bottles

Glass beads Shaker Timer Parafilm Laboratory Equipments

Dispenser and bottle

Forceps, straight

Microscopy Scissors

Forceps, bent Pipette tips Micro titer plates And tip box

Microcentrifuge Ice tubes bucket

Aluminium pans Kuehne Forceps

• The vapors of some chemicals used in are harmful to human health. Extreme caution is required in the evaporation of these substances or their solutions. • The evaporation or transfer of mineral acids such as nitrite acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and organic solvents such as pentane, benzene, ethyl acetate, ethyl alcohol, which are frequently used in the laboratory, should be carried out in the fume hood. Biosafety Cabinets

• Airflow devices are used to protect the laboratory staff and the environment from air and splashes carrying infectious agents. • In addition to providing controlled air flow, it also removes microscopic particles in the air with the HEPA filter system. pH Meter

• The molar concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in a liter of solution determines the acidity or basicity of the solution. • pH measurement is measured either with indicators by colorimetric methods or by electrometric methods in a pH meter device. • In colorimetric methods; indicators which are weak acids or bases, show color change when they are ionized, or pH papers prepared with these solutions are used. pH Meter

• Special instruments that measure pH more accurately and precisely by potentiometric method are called pH meters. • It has a hydrogen sensitive electrode. It works on the basis of different potentials of electrodes immersed in solutions with different hydrogen ion concentrations. Laboratory Balance

• Weighing technique and balance are of great importance in laboratory studies. • Balance is a sensitive instrument and can easily be spoiled. Mass measurement is made by comparing an unknown weight with a standard mass. This process is called weighing. The concepts of mass and weight should not be confused with each other. Laboratory Balance

• There are two common types of scales in laboratories. These are precision balance scales and scales. • Precision scales weigh up to 0.1 grams. • Analytical balances are more accurate and weigh up to 0.1 milligrams. • Analytical balances are screw pedestal devices with slide frames, usually in a glass case. There is air bubble in a circle for balance adjustment. The air bubble is brought to the center with the foot adjustment so that the balance is balanced in the horizontal position. • Today, modern electronic scales are used in many laboratories. Measuring with these scales is both more precise and more practical. Etalon weight

Analytical balance Centrifuge

• The centrifuge rotates rapidly and separates solid substances in liquid substances. • Centrifugation is based on the behavior of particles in an area where centrifugal force is created by rotating at high speed. It provides separation of substances in solution according to their density. Water Baths

• It is a heating and evaporation tool that is widely used in gravimetric analysis. • It is required during some experiments to incubate for a certain time in water at a certain temperature. • Some contains shaking feature too. This type of water bath consists of two units: The control unit that keeps the tank inside at a constant temperature with the tank and the mechanical system that performs the shaking. • The temperature of the water in the tank can be controlled between 0-100 °C. Heaters

Hot Plate Magnetic Stirrers Laboratory Oven

• Ovens are laboratory devices used in many heating and drying processes such as moisture determination, drying of chemicals, drying of laboratory materials, bringing samples to constant weight, dry air sterilization. Also called drying cabinets or dry air sterilizers. • Although the ovens have different operating temperatures, they can mostly heat the ambient temperature from 5°C to 250°C. A temperature of up to 300°C can be reached.

Incubator

• Incubators are temperature-adjustable insulated cabinets used to grow and maintain microbiological or cell cultures. • The maintains the optimum temperature, humidity and gas content of the atmosphere inside. Most incubators include a programmable timer that can be set to switch between different temperatures and humidity levels. • The incubator constant temperature should always be the same everywhere or not greater than ±0.5°C. Calcination Furnace

• They are devices used in burning the sample in laboratories or in gravimetric analysis, in the processes of heating and ash. It is possible to burn up to 1200°C depending on the type of furnace. Calcination furnaces can vary in their configuration, but typically they are either muffle, reverberatory, or shaft furnaces or kilns.

• An autoclave is a machine used to carry out industrial and scientific processes requiring elevated temperature and pressure in relation to ambient pressure/temperature. are used in medical applications to perform sterilization • Many autoclaves are used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to pressurized saturated steam at 121°C for around 15–20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents. References

• Altıntaş A, Fidancı UR, Sel T, Yılmaz G, Pekcan M (2015) Veteriner Laboratuvar Teknikleri ve Prensipleri. 4.baskı, Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Eskişehir.

• Brand. Volumetric Measurement in the Laboratory

• Beran JA (2013). Laboratory Manual for Principles of General Chemistry. 10th ed. Wiley

• Karagül H, Altıntaş A, Fidancı UR, Sel T (1999). Temel Biyokimya Uygulamaları. Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.

• Web Access: https://www.marienfeld-superior.com/home.html Your Questions? For more on Biochemistry & Clinical Biochemistry and the world of laboratories follow www.biyokimya.vet @biyokimya.vet