_ _ _ WTP- 146 Integrating Environmental Issues into a Strategy Public Disclosure Authorized for Sustainable Agricultural Development The Case of Mozambique L Alemneh Dejene and Jos' Olivares L* I EEDS*C IMMQDITIE' :)UNTRYSTII UDEVELI EVELOMN N AND TI Public Disclosure Authorized ICOE ERNVRONMI EVALU PRICEJ 2 TASOE~~~~~a )EVEL~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~V PlLDPL Public Disclosure Authorized IVOME~~~~~~ IONsK^fffyw FORESTESOUR(G; iEeS-_ - =S~~~PL ANDMAUATUIGISTU Ft EUELN TEU..N Public Disclosure Authorized RECENT WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPERS No. 82 Vogel, CostRecovery in the HealthCare Sector: Selected Country Studies in West Africa No. 83 Ewing and Chalk, The ForestIndustries Sector: An OperationalStrategy for DevelopingCountries No. 84 Vergara and Brown, The New Faceof the World PetrochemicalSector: Implications for Developing Countries No. 85 Ernst & Whinney, ProposalsforMonitoring the Performanceof ElectricUtilities No. 86 Munasinghe, IntegratedNational Energy Planning and Management:Methodology and Applicationto Sri Lanka No. 87 Baxter, Slade, and Howell, Aid and AgriculturalExtension: Evidence from the WorldBank and Other Donors No. 88 Vuylsteke, Techniquesof Privatizationof State-OwnedEnterprises, vol. 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Copyright 0 1991 The IntemnationalBank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLDBANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing August 1991 Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. 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Permission to photocopy portions for classroom use is not required, though notification of such use having been made will be appreciated. The complete bacldist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with full ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433,U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iena, 75116Paris, France. ISSN: 0253-7494 When this paper was written, Alemneh Dejene was a consultant to the Agriculture Operations Division of the World Bank's Southern Africa Department. Jose Olivares is principal agricultural economist in the same division. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dejene, Alemneh. Integrating environmental issues into a strategy for sustainable agricultural development: the case of Mozambique / Alemneh Dejene and Jos6 Olivares. p. cm. - (World Bank technical paper, ISSN 0253-7494;no. 146) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN0-8213-1850-0 1. Agriculture-Economic aspects-Mozambique. 2. Agriculture- -Environmental aspects-Mozambique. 3. Environmental policy- -Mozambique. I. Olivares, Jose, 1939- . II. Title. m. Series. HD2129.Z8D45 1991 363.7'056'09679-dc2O 91-25127 CIP Contents Abbreviations ................................................. iv Summaryand Conclusions . ......................................... v I. Background ............................................... 1 II. Major Agriculturaland Natural Resource Features of Mozambique . ..................................... 4 A. Agricultural Production . ..................................... 4 B. Land Tenure ............................................ 5 C. Inland Waters ............................................ 6 D. Coastal Waters ............................................ 7 E. MangroveEcosystems . ....................................... 7 F. Forest Resources .......................................... 8 E. Wildlife ............................................ 9 III. The Effects of the Civil War on the Environment .11 A. The Displaced People and EmergencyAssistance .11 B. The Effects of the Displaced Populationon Land Resources .12 C. The Effects of the Civil War on Inland and Coastal Water Resources.14 D. The Effects of the Civil War on Forest and Wildlife Resources .14 IV. Major EnvironmentalPolicy Issues in SustainableAgricultural Development .... 16 A. Land Tenure .16 B. "Green Zone" DevelopmentPolicy .18 C. Constructionof Large Dams for Hydropower .19 Human Displacement.20 Water-borneDiseases .20 DownstreamEffects .20 Wildlife .21 Fisheries .21 Salt Intrusion .21 D. Large-Scale Irrigation Schemes .. 21 Salinization .22 Siltation and Sedimentation .................................. 23 Water-borneDiseases . ..................................... 23 Cropping Pattern and Intensity ............................... 23 E. Manpowerand InstitutionalCapacity for Water Management ............... 23 F. Water Pricing Policy . ....................................... 24 G. Depletion of Forest Resources .............. .................. 24 H. StumpageRate Policy .................. ..................... 25 I. Legislation,Manpower, and InstitutionalIssues in Forest Protection and Development ........................... 26 J. Afforestationfor Fuelwood and EnvironmentalProtection ............... 27 V. Notes ................................................ 28 Maps iii Abbreviations