. f. " z . . ' International Peasant llnion

THE SEVENTH CONGRESS September 2 and 3, 1961 Washington, D. C.

HIGHLIGHTS:

STANISLAW MIKOLAJCZYK, President of the IPU

Contents page 2

MONTHLY BULLETIN SEPT.- OCTOBER 1961 11th YEAR ) ( Contents: UniOn InTERnATIOnAL PEASAnT The Opening anri First Plenary Session: THE CAPTIVE PEOPLE ARE IN THE FOREFRONT OF THE STRUGGLE AGAINST COMMUNISM 3 Stanislaw Mikolajczyk

Pres• dent: Secretary -General and Editor: ADDRESSES AND MESSAGES 4

STANI~LAW MIKOLAJCZYK DR. GEORGE M. DIMITROV WE MUST NEVER GIVE UP THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION 6 Senator Hubert H. Humphrey MEMBER PARTIES OF THE I.P.U. SecanrJ Plenary Session: Albanian Democratic Agrarian Party • Bulgarian National Agrarian Union • Croatian THE WORLD STANDS IN THE SHADOW Peasant Party • Czechoslovak Republican Agrarian Party • United Formers and Small· OF COMMUNIST THREATS 10 holders Party of Estonia • Hungarian Peasant Association • New Farmers and Small­ Stanislaw Mikolajczyk holders Party of Latvia • Populist Peasant Union of Lithuania • Polish Peasant Party • THE COMMUNISTS ARE OUT TO WIN The Central Committee of the International Peasant Union at the opening of the Seventh Congress. From Romanian Notional Peasant Party • Democratic Party of Slovakia • Yugoslav-Serbian OVER THE PEASANT COUNTRIES left to right: Mr. Halil Maci, Mr. Alexander Ozolins, Mr. Ferenc Nagy, Dr. George M. Dimitrov, Mr. Stan­ Agrarian Union • Slovenion Peasant Union. OF THE GLOBE 14 islaw Mikolajczyk, the President, Dr. Vladko Macek, Mrs. Alena Devenis, Dr. Augustin Popa and Dr. Dr. George M. Dimitrov Josef Lettrich. Third ana Closing Plenary Session: OFFICE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS RESOLUTION 17 724 Ninth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. Telephone: STerling 3-6664 INTERNAL AGRARIAN AFFAIRS 18 CULTURAL AFFAIRS 20 THE OPENING AND FIRST PLENARY SESSION OF THE SEVENTH CONGRESS WOMEN 21 AGRARIAN YOUTH 22 CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE The B erlin cnsw, Soviet resumption of atomic tests, Khrushchev's threats Eastern and Central Europe Countries of to attack the Free World, oppression of the captive nations of Eastern and Central 285 Central Park West, New York 24, N. Y. Telephone SUsquehanna 7-1377-8 Behind the Iron Curtain E urope, def ense of freed011t and democracy against Comrnunist tyranny every­ SHORTAGES FOR AT LEAST FOOD h was the backg1·ound of the deliberations when over two hundred and ANOTHER FIVE YEARS 23 where-suc delegates met at the S eventh Congress of the Inte1·national Peasant Union Vasil Anriani fifty REGIONAL OFFICES on SeptembeT 2 and 3, 1961, at the She1·aton Park Hotel in Washington, D.C. BULGARIAN ECONOMY IS A REPLICA Mr. S TANISLAW MIKOLAJCZYK, the P1·esident of the Inte1-national 69 Edith Grove, london S.W. 10 Via Pad ova 90/4, Rome OF THE SOVIET 25 IN MINIATURE opened the Congres.s with a short address and R everend HUGH 18 bis, Rue Brunei, Paris 17 Moltkestrasse 23, Bonn S/avi Neikov Peasant Union the invocation. TO TRANSFORM A HUMAN BEING BROGAN deliveTed AfteT the Congress heard add1·esses delivered personally by distinguished INTO A MACHINE IS A CRIME 27 received fr011t officials, p?-ominent individuals, and various Dr. Vlariko Macek guests, and messages parts of the World, the floo1· was given to the prominent DESTRUCTION OF THE FREE organizations in many THE , who was the main speaker at the S eventh PEASANTS CONTINUES 27 S enato1· HUBERT H . HUMPHREY Dr. Juraj Krnjevic Congress- RED AGRARIAN INTERNATIONAL REVIVED IN PRAGUE 28 THE MUCH ADVERTISED ECONOMIC THE CAPTIVE PEOPLE OF CENTRAL EASTERN-EUROPE ARE THE BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL PEASANT UNION PROGRESS IS NOTHING BUT A TISSUE OF SOVIET LIES 30 IN THE FOREFRONT OF THE STRUGGLE AGAINST COMMUNISM HALF OF LATVIA'S ARABLE LAND LIES FALLOW 32 MIKOLAJCZYK, IPU P?-esi­ Alexander Ozolins By STANISLAW EDITORIAL OFFICE clent, Opening Speech to the S eventh Congress of THE RURAL POPULATION IS the Inte1·national P easant Union 285 Central Park West HENRIKAS BLAZAS, EXPOSED TO UNTOLD MISERY 34 New York 24, N. Y. Managing Editor Juozas Aurienas Tel. SUsquehanna 7-1377-8 THE MOST OPPRESSED COUNTRY IN THE SOVIET ORBIT 35 Honorable Guests, Delegates to the Seventh Congress by the Red Armies, ruled by cruel Communist dictator­ Cornel Bianu of the International Peasant Union, Ladies and Gen­ ship, and exploited for t he benefit of Communist world COLLECTIVIZATION AND REGIMEN­ tlemen: aggression and Soviet imperialism and colonialism. TATION HAVE RUINED AGRICULTURE 37 It is my duty and honor to open the Seventh Con­ I refer to our brothers and sisters in Estonia, Latvia, BILLIONS OF AID DOLLARS HAVE gress of the International Peasant Union. Lithuania, Poland, 'Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Ru­ GONE DOWN THE COMMUNIST VVe are gathered here, in these days of great inter­ mania, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria. DRAIN 38 national tension and in the midst of a most dangerous Their fate and future are closely connected with Dr. Milan Gavrilovic world situation, to discuss not only our organizational world events. Therefore, the motto of our last Con­ This material is filed with the Department of Ju stice where the requireol statement first and foremost the fate of millions gress is once again the motto of today's Congress: Material contained in our Bulletin may be problems but under the Foreign Agents Reg is tration Act oi the International Peasant Union, 724 AND SECURITY OF THE FREE reprfiJducerJ without charge or obligation. of our brothers and sisters conquered and subjugated "THE PEACE 9th Street, N.W., Washington, D. C., as an agent of the Central Eastern European The International Peasant Union wou/~ peasant parties is available for public inspection. Registration does not indicate ap· appreciate clippings if this material , •. IPU BULLETIN 3 proval or disapproval of this material by the United States Government. reprinted. to the whole of Central and Eastern Europe, for this WORLD ARE INDIVISIBLE FROM FREEDOM could also result in national freedom and independence Honorable John F. Kennedy, AND INDEPENDENCE FOR THE COMMUNIST­ for the peoples of the various republics of the Soviet President of the United States of America, SUBJUGATED PEOPLES." More than ever, during these difficult days, the eyes Union itself. The White House, At this time, I would like to ask you to rise, for a Washington, D.C. of our people are directed to Washington. few moments, in tribute to the memory of those who The subjugated and exploited peoples of Central Mr. President: have left us forever, those who fell in the struggle for and Eastern Europe, who are in the forefront of the The ~ eventh qon g1·ess of the International Peasant Union held on September the freedom of our nations during the Nazi and Soviet struggle against communism, have been resisting and 2 an_d 3 ~n Wash~ngton, D.C., speaking for the majority of the peasants of the invasions of our countries, which precipitated the capttve Cent1·al and Eastm·n European nations, has auth01·ized us to send to you ceaselessly fighting communism by the widespread use outbreak of the Second World War on September 1, of passive resistance. They fervently hope that, despite and through you to the great American nation our warmest greetings and to 1939, just twenty-two years ago; those who died while Khrushchev's rocket-rattling and blackmailing fol­ express their great satisfaction with yotw· dignified, courageous, and wise stand being deported to the Soviet Union and in Soviet labor on the so-called. Be1·lin crisis created by the Sov·iet dictatorship. lowing the famous speech by President Kennedy camps and prisons, and those who died in Communist which included a demand for their freedom, Washing­ ll:'e all belw"-!e. that Y?U consider the Berlin issue an issue of the fight not concentration camps and dungeons. onl~ )01· the l e g t t~mate n ghts of t~ e victoriotts democratic powers to stay in ton will produce the initiative and the determined I would also like to request a few moments of policy which will finally bring about the fulfillment JJ_e? ltn but also f~r the freedom and tnclependence and the 1·ight of self-deterntina­ silence to honor the memory of the late Johannes twn of all capttve Eastern and Central European nations through free and of their wishes for freedom for themselves and inde­ Sikkar, former Prime Minister of Estonia, our dear unf e tt ere~l.e l ec tion s uncle1· intm·national control. W e believe you will stand firm on pendence for their nations. friend, who, as a member of our Central Committee, Y?U?" pos~twn and be ready to resist the Communist aggressive plans until our The hopes and desires of these nations, some of was with us during the last Congress and later died in vtcto1·y ove~ the C~mmunist impe1·ialistic and colonial domination and exploitation them with a history of more than a thousand years of exile in Sweden. Let us also honor the memory of the national existence, are strengthened when they see of _the cap.ttve natwns and over the treacherous plans of Communist aggression late Bohuslav Vosnjak, the Slovenian Agrarian leader to tmpose ttself on all f?·eeclom-loving humanity, which Khrushchev intends to bury. how many new nations in various parts of the globe and member of the Central Committee of the Inter­ are gaining their independence. . The hope of all the freedom-loving captive but not defeated nations is in the They also hope that the just determination to defend national Peasant Union, who died in June 1959. mtghty a_nd invincible. Ame?·i.can nation under ~our wise, courag:ous, and dynamic the freedom of the people of Berlin will be extended Thank you. leadershtp. Our c_apttv~ natwns a1·e st1·ongly inspi1·ed by you1· readiness to help and to ma!ce sacrt~ces tn the_ fight for freedom and human dignity, as you stated ~olemnly tn your mauguratwn aclcl1·ess. The spirit of resistance in our nations ADDRESSES AND MESSAGES TO THE SEVENTH CONGRESS ts g1·eater than eve1· be[ore,_ and they have unshakable faith in yott and are ready to follow your leadershtp wtth all necessary sacrifices in the name of your histori­ LAUSCHE of Ohio; Senator WILLIAM PROXMIRE cal and God-blessed mission. DELIVERED PERSONALLY: of Wisconsin; Senator LEVERETT SALTONSTALL STANISLAW MIKOLAJCZYK, President Dr. S. A. BACKIS, on behalf of Lithuanian Lega­ of Mass.; Senator BENJAMIN A. SMITH of Mass. Dr. GEORGE M . DIMITROV, Secretary-General tion in Washington, D.C.; Mr. HORACE E. HENDER­ and Senator JOHN J. WILLIAMS of Delaware. SON, on behalf of Free Europe Committee and its President; Mr. V. SIDZIKAUSKAS, Chairman of U.S. CONGRESSMEN: EUGENE L. METZ, Free .Europe Organizations and CZEWSKI, Polish Peasant Party, Germany; Mr. the Assembly of Captive European Nations; Mr. S. Repr. VICTOR· L. ANFUSO of New York; Repr. Publications, France; Mr. ROGER KAEPPELIN VASIL ANDONI, Secretary-General of the Albanian OSTUTCKY, and Dr. J . SLAVIK, on behalf of the FRANK J. BECKER of New York; Repr. GLENN President of the Federation of Association of Aid t~ Democratic Agrarian Party, Balli Kombeter, Italy; Council of Free Czechoslovakia; Dr. A. HEIDRICH, CUNNINGHAM of Nebraska; Repr. EMILIO 0. Refugees of E. C. Europe, France; Professor SAL­ Messers AKSEL MARK and ENNO PENNO, Chair­ on behalf of the Political Committee of the Council DADDARIO of Conn.; Repr. DOMINICK V. VADOR DE MADARIAGA, President, Liberal In­ man and Secretary-General of the United Farmers' of Free Czechoslovakia; Dr. V. Meyer, on behalf of the DANIELS of New Jersey; Repr. EDWARD J . DER­ tern., G. Britain; Mr. MAXIME BLOCK-MASCART and Smallholders' Party of Estonia, Sweden; Mr. Socialist Union of Eastern-Central Europe in exile; WINSKI of Illinois ; Repr. CHARLES C. DIGGS of French Committee for a Free Europe, France; Pro~ AUGUST REI, President of Estonian National Coun­ General Dr. I. MODELSKI, on behalf of the Polish Michigan; Repr. JOHN D. DINGELL of Michigan; fessor Dr. STEFAN GLASER, Belgium; Dr. EUGEN cil, Sweden; Messers P . MISZCZAK and K. BIZNIA, National Democratic Committee; Mr. N. ANTONOV, Repr. JOHN LESINSKI of Michigan; Repr. GLEN­ GERSTENMAIER, Speaker of the West German Polish Peasant Party, Switzerland; Mr. J. ZWOLIN­ on behalf of the Bulgarian National Committee; Dr. ARD P . LIPSCOMB of Calif.; Repr. ANCHER NEL­ Bundestag, Germany; Mr. JOSEF JOSTEN, Editor SKI, Polish Peasant Party, Denmark; Messers A. A. KOPRENSKA, on behalf of the National Demo­ SON of Minnesota; Repr. DAN ROSTENKOWSKI F.C.I. News Agency, England. PERCZAK and E. P APCIAK, Polish Peasant Party, cratic Committee for a Free Albania. of Illinois; Repr. JOHN J. ROONEY of New York; Holland. The shortage of space prevents us from publishing Repr. DON I. SHORT of N. Dakota; Repr. CLEM­ MESSAGES FROM EXILES ABROAD: the addresses and even excerpts from them. ENT J. ZABLOCKI of Wisconsin; Repr. T. J. DUL­ EXILE ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONALiTIES SKI of New York; Repr. JOHN C. KLUCZYNSKI Professor STANISLAW KOT, Chairman of the IN THE U.S. AND CANADA MESSAGES OF U.S. GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS: of Illinois, Repr. SAMUEL N. FRIEDEL of Mary­ Supreme Council of the Polish Peasant Party, Eng­ Monsign. BELA VARGA, President of the Hun­ Hon. T. WANAMAKER, Department of State, on land and Repr. LOUIS C. RABAUT of Michigan. Ian~; Mr. A. J. GYDZIK, President, Association of garian National Committee, New York; Dr. behalf of Secretary DEAN RUSK, Under-Secretary Polish Students in Exile, England; Dr. MILOS A. TRIMAKAS, President of the. Supreme Committee for CHESTER BOWLES, and Under-Secretary GEORGE U.S. ORGANIZATIONS AND PERSONALITIES: TUPANIANIN, Representative of Yugoslav-Serbian Agrarian Union, England; Mr. F . J. WILK, Chairman Liberation of Lithuania, New York; Dr. S. T. TUNG, W. BALL. Hon. JOHN RICHARDSON, JR., President of Representing the Republic of Free China California· Honor. EDWARD R. MURROW, Director U.S. In- of the Polish Peasant Party in Great Britain; Mr. Free Europe Committee; Hon. BERNARD YAR­ L. ELIAS, Acting Chairman of the Czechoslovak Mr. R. BOSSY, Chairman of the Liberai Demo crati~ formation Agency. ROW, Senior Vice-President of Free Europe Com­ Republican Party in Great Britain; Mr. ABAS ER­ Union, New York; Mr. A. KUTT,· Chairman of the mittee; Mr. LAVERNE BALDWIN, Free Europe MENJI, President, Albanian Democratic National Committee for a Free. E stonia, New York; Mr. A. FOREIGN REPRESENTATIONS TO THE UNITED STATES: Committee. Committee, France; Mr. M. KWIATKOWSKI, Editor LELL, President" of the Estonian-American Citizens Honor. J. KAIV, Acting Consul General of Estonia. of the Polish Daily Na?·oclowiec, France; Mr. J . Association, New York; Mr. S. P. TURKIEWICZ MESSAGES FROM ABROAD: BOROWCZAK, Secretary-General of the Polish Agra­ President, Polish Roman Catholic Union, Chicago, Ill.; U.S. SENATORS: Mr. JEREMIAS U . MONTEMAYOR, President of rian Youth (WICI) France; Mr. T. CHCIUK-CELT Mr: B. BILOGAN, Editor of the Polish Monthly Orka, Free Farmers, Philippines; Mr. D'EMIL ROCHE, Radio Free Europe, Polish Desk, Germany; Dr. v: Chicago, Ill. ; Mr. R. TURDIV, New Jersey; R. Senator JOHN SHERMAN COOPER of Kentucky; SVBODA, Political Representative of the IPU in BANKA, Toronto, Canada; Mr. J. E . MARKUS Senator JACOB K. JAVITS of New Yo.rk; Senator President of Economic and Social Council of France; Mrs. SUZANNE LABIN, .President of the Interna­ Germany; Messers SOLTYS and HABER on behalf Toronto, Canada; Mr. I. KRZNARIC; Toronto: PHILIP A. HART of Michigan; Senator KENNETH of Polish Peasant Party in Germany; Mr.' S. SZYM- ·Canada. B. KEATING of New York; Senator FRANK J. tional Conference of Political Warfare, France; Mr. IPU BULLETIN 5 4 IPU BULLETIN world to understand that here in America is the true I say that the Congress of the United States has not spirit of peace. The Soviet Union has announced done right by our propaganda program-and by propa­ through its propaganda system that it is the protector ganda I mean simply t elling the truth. And we have s our government WE MUST NEVER GIVE UP THE PRINCIPLE of t!te peace, that it wants peace. With its dove of not equipped our government nor ha peace, with its propaganda, it has convinced hundreds asked to be equipped. We have the means to do t he of millions of people in the world that it is the agent job that is necessary in this battle for men's minds. OF SELF-DETERMINATION of peace and that we are the agents of war and de­ struction. It's as if the world were upside down. KHRU:,HCHEV OUT TO FORMULATE Add1·ess by SENATOR HUBERT H. H UMPHREY, You know, they've re-defined words, they've changed A BLUEPRINT FOR OUR RETREAT the main speake1· of the Seventh Congress of the the meanings of words. They talk about a democratic I said to Mr. Khrushchev when I talked to him, International Peasant Union. peoples' republic-which is not democratic, which isn't "Wait till my crowd gets in, Mr. Khrushchev. We will a republic and which has no relationship to the peo­ run you right out of Gorky Park." And that is what ple at all. And we have let them get away with it, I want to do. You see, what Mr. Khrushchev wants is and one of the reasons, I think, we have let them get to make everybody believe that the only alternative away with this is because we have not had the propa­ lead is war. That is what he is trying to do. He tried to Mr. President, my good friends of the International period of time an uncontrolled arms race will ganda setup that is required to dramatize what we to total catastrophe for humanity. But I do not believe get everybody in Belgrade, everybody in Western Peasant Union : mean ·by democracy and the people and by the r epublic Europe, everybody in Asia, everybody in Africa, to visit with you and talk about a few in slowing down the arms race at the expense of one I am going and by peace. everybody in Latin America and everybody here to are on my mind and, if possible, to state side: namely our side. things that I see it in Congress again and again. Many times think that there is only one way: Either capitulate, is, and what ought to be, the policy of I have never believed in unilateral disarmament. what I believe I hear my fellow colleagues say, "Well, they ought give up, retreat, or he will give you the advantage of States of America. I don't say that in false I have never believed in our side's disarming either the UTl'ited to understand around the world that we are demo­ retreating slowly. would say, to pat ourselves on the back by design, out of policy, or because we wanted to pride or, as we cratic, people ought to know that we believe in consti­ Now, Mr. Khrushchev, let me tell you something. . I say it because it is a fact. pinch pennies a little bit. as Americans tutional government. And people around the world We have news for you. There are not just two alter a­ two great centers of political power in Now let me make it quite clear. The people of the There are ought surely to know that we believe in peace. tives. First of all, we are not going to retreat. That · today. One of them is in Moscow and one of United States are not militaristically minded, and the world My good friends, I have come to the conclusion number one. Even the threats of war do not compel Washington, D.C. We in this part of the you know it. Our longing and our hope and our prayer them is in that people don't know. And I wish that our political the American people to stand paralyzed in fear. No, this, and also understand that has been for peace. It is very difficult to get the people world must understand propaganda were half as effective as our commercial at all. Secondly, there is another alternative, and lead, and of this nation to want to even support a major, power­ not with leadership comes the responsibility to advertisers. that is based upon the unity of of sacrifice. ful military establishment, it runs contrary to our it is that alternative with the responsibility comes the necessity in every area of human en­ religious, political, and ethical convictions. We don't WE SHALL TRY TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT free people to compete what we have done, we deavor-to double, triple, our efforts on the economic THE RESUMPTION OF NUCLEAR TESTS BY THE SOVIET UNION believe in it essentially and It is a shame that this great United States of our will. We have done it, front, on the propaganda front--to really go to work REPRESENTS A REVERSION TO POWER POLITICS had to do almost against America, with its wealth, its talent and its skill, its and we have armed. We have spent billions for arma­ And I will tell you something. If we really tried, they I hope will be ability to project and to send out a message, was not doing And so today I shall speak of what ment, billions for research, billions for what we call wouldn't have a chance. Because what we are I hope able to have the people of the world really understand the continuing policy of our country and what our defense, because there is a powerful, evil force now is playing the game according to Communist rules. the what it stands for, what it works for and what it may well be some of the changes, or should I say, that works in this world, that knows no limits to its They know how to play the game of terror, of fear, is an sacrifices for throughout the world. It is incr edible to adjustments of policies of our country. This appetite or its ambition. That force is the force of of brutality, of inhumanity. They have lived by terror, say me. And I know why we are not doing it: because we this appropriate time to talk about it, too. I can only Communist totalitarianism, and it is because of that they came to power by it, and they hold power have are not trying. afraid this: that the International Peasant Union must force that we have been compelled, as you know, to way. They are not afraid to kill; they are not meeting for today, We can do anything we want to do, but the question edge of disaster. prophetic vision to have called your take counter-measures. to take society and civilization to the is, do we want to do it? Now I talked yesterday after­ game the second, and tomorrow, the third day of September. I have been one of those that sought for years for They will even push it over. So when we play the hours after the noon to a gentleman who came back from Latin playing The fact that it is just thirty-six a slowing-down of the arms race. I am an advocate of fear and terror with the Soviets, we are by the Soviet America. He was at that conference in Uruguay. This resumption of nuclear weapons testing of disarmament with effective controls, of what I call according to their rules. have more than man told me what the Communists and the Castroites foot­ Union indicates to me that you reasonable, sensible, effective disarmament for all Whenever you are in a contest--whether it's ordinary vision, because the setting for your gather­ are up to. Eighty per cent of the advertising carried ball or baseball or politics or whatever it is-and you sides, not just one side. in many Latin American newspapers today, according ing is surely appropriate. This resumption of nuclear So I have tried for three years now, and longer than play the game according to the other man's design, we are to him, is placed there by Communist money to keep tests by the Soviet Union is symbolic of what that in fact, to seek an agreement to stop the testing he has the jump on you. . What them alive. Let me make this clear. This great rich talking about and what you are talking about of nuclear weapons. Why? Well, first of all, if there the America and the Free World are doing little or nothing does it mean? Well, first of all, it means that is continued testing of nuclear weapons, it won't be WHILE WE KEPT OUR WORD THE SOVIETS BROKE THEIRS Soviet Union, in complete disregard of the resolution to keep alive the democratic free press in many parts long before many other countries will have them. Well, let us come back to what I said before. I had adopted unanimously in the United Nations condemn­ of the world. We are letting it be taken over by Com­ And if that happens, it won't be long before many of been very active and tried to promote the cessation ing these nuclear tests, violated this agreement. That's munist goals and even Castro goals. them will have the means of delivery; namely the of nuclear weapons testing, and I pleaded with our number one. rockets and the missiles. And when they get the means HOW TO WIN THE BATTLE FOR MEN'S MINDS government, and successfully, to go the whole way to Number two-its represents again the breaking of of delivery, plus the thermo-nuclear warheads, you will prove to the whole world that we were prepared to an agreement, of an understanding, between the Soviet We talk about how Cuba is going broke. It may not never know from whence the attack may come. The make great sacrifices for the cause of peace, to take United States and Great Britain and the have food for its people, it may not be able to keep Union, the possibility of surprise attack is magnified and intensi­ great risks because we know we can't detect every test. other countries of the world, relating to the suspen­ up some of the essential services for its people, but fied every day, and maybe just because I love life sent our n egotiators back to Geneva tests. But more significantly, it repre­ the Communists and totalitarians always have money Our President sion of nuclear in the fullness of its meaning as God Almighty in­ to the Soviet Union a power-politics of the use of for their ambitions and their purposes in the political time after time. We presented sents the application in tended it to be, and because I want other people to what many Ameri­ in Soviet arena, for they are taking over one newspaper after draft treaty that went far beyond terror, of fear, of massive destructive power the pleasures of life and the pursuit of happi­ enjoy another. In the Middle East, in Africa, in Asia, in cans thought desirable, and our President insisted foreign policy. public official, have sought to halt this ness, I, as one Latin America, they are taking over radio stations, that we go the whole way to restrain this nuclear arms arms race before it destroys us. race before other nations got into it--before we went IN THE FACE OF SOVIET THREATS and how do they do it? They don't come in and say, "Will you let me buy your station?" They don't do crazy, insane. DISARMAMENT IS IMPOSSIBLE PROPAGANDA THE TRUTH TURNED UPSIDE DOWN BY SOVIET that. They do it simply. Through loans, through gifts, The Soviet Union has refused with dogged deter­ I have been one of those, and I say it without any for some peculiar reason, we Americans through placement of ads and through a hundred and mination, almost with arrogance, to cooperate, and the apology, that has sought for years to slow down the And yet, difficult time getting the people of the one other little subtle techniques. negotiations became a forest. Nevertheless, I was one arms race. Because I am convinced that over a long have had a

IPU BULLETIN 7 ~ IPU BULLETIN we must always be p~· e­ state­ take the initiative and I think any place else, and I weapons. I want to make this ~e ought to to know it, that advised and Republic. Nor in Italy, or in that we have good pared to take this initiative. But I think of those, I want you d: we have a stockpile of weapons domg. Now I Whenever I have the chance, will tell you why. ment for the recor recognize that this will take a lot of counseled our President. have refused to bow for our defense and for the de.fense thing we need never let us be first." Not only because these peoples that are adequate want to close on these notes. The first I say: "Mr. President, because this country, if needed; we have a stockpile of answers or taken many risks in the down before the tyrant, but also of the Free World to understand is that there are no easy Even though we have as long as any enemy, or any combina­ t~e that our Presi­ the leader, refuses to be intimidated. And weapons that can destroy to these problems. War is not course that we pursue, thank goodness one hand attack us; and we have quick solutions It and the forti­ United States of America refuses on the tion of nations if they should You people know that. War as we know dent had the moral courage, the stamina the of in size, v~riety, solution. we kept our by blackmail, intimidation, and threats a stockpile of weapons that is bigger to nothing; it may dissolve the tude to keep the faith. We gave our word; to be driven any stockpile of today is the solution on the other hand, preserves a reasonable quality, design, and quantity than not solve the problems of the world. word. force, and But we are world, but it will word to try to find ways and means that the world has ever known. Kremlin gave its word and it broke its attitude and willingness weapons wea­ The free nations of the world will about it. We seek not to use those OF OTHER PEOPLES knows it today. With callous of settling disputes, the not bragging WE WILL NEVER ACCEPT THE CAPTIVITY and the whole world up. even to discard those weapons. We are rights of humanity, without any not panic nor will they give pons, we seek disregard for the so. But we are not prepared to do so this does not mean that there are no answers. my friends, as to the matter and prepared to do But to regard whatsoever, of a gun. So, Mr. Khrushchev, you have are. The answers are found in the dedication the Soviet Union has opened THE HUNDRED·MEGATON NIGHTMARE at the point There the welfare of mankind, have shocked your friend~, you and the dedication to objectives that we've in the arms race. It seeks to there is only one thing shocked the world, you principles up again a new stage Mr. Khrushchev said, "Well, who have never been your fnends, I mentioned one a moment a.go ..we technology, which is almost an about big weapons." A have shocked those held for years. promote its nuclear to do, I will start talking allies, and y~u have upset t?e up the principle of self-?eter~matw~. and I am not one to think Mr. Khrushchev. He you have disturbed your must never give admission of its weakness, hundred-megaton weapon, says world. There IS tenseness, dis­ if we are holding meetmgs like this feet high. Not a bit. Some of neutrals all over the I don't care these Soviets are ten says he can make one. unbelievable pai~ becau.se of from now. We must .make it clell;r some of the people I have of the couragement, shock and twenty-five years them are just as clumsy as Well, my dear friends, this government government m Russia. accept--morally, ethically, or poli­ happen to think they are that we could the action of the Communist that we will never known, even here. I don't United States of America has known could use of other people, the new colonia!­ or a two-hundred­ What has he gained? The hope that he tically-the captivity supermen. make a hundred-megaton weapon, my good never accept tyranny. Tyranny that 1s years. What kind of terror, blackmail, the force of confusion. Well, ism. We will megaton weapon, for the last five , but let without or tyranny that comes from IN EUROPE some three there will be negotiations, of course imposed from CONSOLIDATION OF SOVIET CONQUEST nonsense is this? A group of scientists friends . make one, crystal clear that the issue today in Europe within. Let's make that clear AND FURTHER SOVIET EXPANSION ago discovered that not only could we us mak~ it years why? though we have rights in West while we wage a relentless struggle against tests takes on could have the capacity to deliver it. But is not Berlin. Even And This grave decision to resume nuclear but we in West Berlin, and we intend to dominate and control people, we must also it was taken. with the spark of God Berlin, and not just those who a new meaning in the context in which Was man put on this earth We don't intend to ~ ave a~ybody struggle to get to the hearts of the Khrushchev see if he could destroy keep those rights. wage a relentless It is part of the so-called Berlin crisis. Mr. Almighty in his very soul to away from us. That IS mamfestly see, for example, that the aid that ~his to what he of insanity and mad­ force those rights people. To has made up his mind that he is going all of human kind in an ordeal to force anybody else's rights gives gets to people and not JUSt Europe. That is? We have already clear. We don't want country so generously calls "stabilize" his conquest in Eastern ness? Is that what our purpopse are not aggressive. We seek an to see the people that we keep con­ about Berlin. human calculation away from them. We to governments; is what he is after. He couldn't care less created weapons that are beyond the captive They are in our stock­ honorable solution. tact with. What he cares about is to make sure that in terms of destructive power. for example, to for all. He wants does one have to go? So our Oh how I want our government, peoples are captured for once and piles. How much further PROBLEM' OF ALL CENTRAL EUROPE cultural ex­ has are going that it would not even THE BERLIN PROBLEM IS THE have 'what I would call family-to-family to make sure that the boundaries that he government made up its mind room to go see their once that is We said, "There will for Americans to change. People like you in this to be boundaries that will be his, and talk about it. It put it to rest. I have said and I repeat, that from your hearts, for him­ But let me make about something loved ones, to bring from your lips, there will be more new frontiers be no hundred-megaton weapon." negotiate abou't Berlin is to negotiate much m~re stabilized, me. that re­ the message of freedom and hope that is new places to look. it crystal clear, so that no one will misunderstand that is not negotiable by itself. The problem effective and could the prob­ than a radio broadcast--much more many hunting grounds This government has had the capacity, to Berlin is bigger than Berlin. That is effective of In other words, there are far lates even a pamphlet. I want students, thousands would like to consoli­ a short period of time produce a weapon all Central Europe. than feel for the despot today. Tyranny within lem of of come from all parts of the world to taste, it can explore the fantastic in its destructive power than anything I came back from a trip in that section them, to date its position in Europe so that more about. When the exhilarating experience of freedom­ and even of Khrushchev's propagandists have talked just a few weeks ago, one of the fi rst things and sense wonders of Africa, of Latin America Mr. are not the world freedom, religious freedom, political freedom. Khrushchev wants we are not going to. And the reason we our government officials was that we must academic Asia. This is what is going on. Mr. But some­ I said to the things that we must do and we must fully hinged and to is because we do believe that there is we must never yield on this These are to make sure that his front door is going in talk of self-determination, that. We must constantly show that we East important than just material things ation . .~his is .literally the do more than locked. That is why the wall was put up between thing more principle of self-determin must have a dedication and con­ sure that not put on this earth to destroy it. We of our whole political philosophy, and are not afraid. We Berlin and West Berlin. He wants to make life. We were very moral site we have and what we believe in. what he this earth to love it, to build, to create, on self-determiTJation. W. e sh~uld viction, a zeal for what there will be no duration of agitation with were put on we have agreements to doing what is right. say that the let us take this hundred-megaton night­ repetition becomes almost s1ckemng, So let us dedicate ourselves calls the Western States. He wants us to to protect. So recite until the . I know that so many people for years put it to sleep. were arrived at bet~een oursel':es You're doing what's right boundaries that are there now will be there mare and the a~reements that you think that International say, "Well Khrushchev, "You are not frighten­ War II, includmg the Soviet must say: "Well, what do come; and once we have said that, he will Let us tell Mr. and our allies in World is that crowd doing?" to "Let States. You are not frightening our . And when we talk of P easant Union is doing? What and he will call a meeting in the Kremlin. ing the United Union on self-determination that the Union hasn't boys", go frightening anybody except the all forms of colonialism. We I can hear some folks saying Africa, that's a nice juicy place. Let us allies; you are not coloni~lism, let us talk of a great privilege us go to colonialism that, if you got a chance. Well, I want to say it's rich, it is the treasure house of the world." Russian people." don't want any of it. The were courageous there. It is people of Latvia, Lithu­ for me to stand alongside people who please, has absorbed the free the guns, the firing TOO STRONG Eastern Europe-and enough to literally stand up before NOT INTEND TO SURRENDER THE UNITED STATES IS :mia, Estonia-free peoples of it a THE FREE WORLD DOES country, I for freedom. I want to say that I find TO BE FRIGHTENED are represented here, country after squads nuclear test program fit in? you of inspiration and encouragement that Now, where does the of assurance. want to name them all, lest I forget one. great source wall between East and West Now let me give you another word don't years and years of their lives to a cause The putting up of the the face of the sm. We are not an im­ men will give Western nations to say, "Well, This is the strongest country on Colonialism and imperiali one, the cause of human freedom. Berlin doesn't cause the bragging do we demo~strate, that is a noble that the Soviets have earth. This is fact number one. We are not perial power. What imperialism if you give up then other let's give it up." The threats say to the Soviet that Don't give up, because in Turkey, in Den­ it, but I think it is about time people understood what are we seeking? I want to up. When you are down, we been making in Japan, in Greece, about self-determination people are going to give are making plenty it. if there would be free elections, mark, all over the world-and they prepared as . a also are going to be down. Oh yes, they two is that our nuclear weapons stockpile for the captive nations, we would be the best in your conference of threats-have not terrified the world. Number s every place m So I want to wish you London, where to that of any other nation or combina­ nation to provide freedom of election t f orget for a mi~ute have caused great concern, but even in is far superior ; and we are and, as I leave you, to say, "Don' has on the face of the earth, if we need to the world where we have anything to say of the Commumsts, the spirit of negotiation prevails, the government tion of nations point where that the peasant is the target Britain And our advance in technology, in the tech­ prepared to engage in disarmament to the ." And may I also say not capsized, nor have the people of Great use them. and everywhere in the world today with all of nuclear science, is beyond that of all the we will literally beat our swords into plowshares signs of our times is said, "Let us give up." And in France, nology of that one of the most encouraging have not scientists of the Soviet Union. war shall be no more. throughout the world. its troubles, Mr. De Gaulle and his people greatest prepared to the resistance of the peasants the Federal need to test in the atmosphere to prove We are prepared for this and we are said, "Let us give up." Nor have they in We don't IPU• BULLETIN 9 6 IPU BI,JLLETIN SECOND PLENARY SESSION

The Chairman of the S eventh Congr·ess, Dr·. V LADKO MACEK, was elected, nd as were the Vice-Chait"?nen, Mr·s. ALEN A DEV E N IS and l'vl?-. HALIL MAGI, a T. the S ecr·etar·ies: Messr·s. TSENKO BAREV, L UA N GASH!, ZBIGNIEW JURCZYNSKI GYULA SZENTADORJANY and JON STERE. . The Cong/ess elected membm·s of the following Co~nmission s: I~t t et· natt O?.wl tan Affair·s, Internal Agr· ar·ian Affair·s, Cultur·al and Educattonal, Women s, Agr·ar Youth and the Admission and Organizational Commission. Mr·. STANISLAW MIKOLAJCZYK, the President, and Dr·. GEORGE M. DIMITROV, the S ecretar·y-Genm·al, deliver·ed their· r·epor·ts to the Congr·ess. Union, at its Plenary Session. Delegates and guests of the Seventh Congress of the International Peasant

proposed as a means to end IN THE SHADOW great many people did not want to believe him either. What has Khrushchev THE WORLD STANDS in Soviet agriculture? Firstly, he Today, Khrushchev and the world Communist con­ this state of affairs the private garden plots of kolkhoz OF COMMUNIST THREATS are making very clear statements a s to _wh~t intends to liquidate spiracy does such a move entail? Until they are driving at, but wishful thinking prevails m members. But what percent of the USSR's output of meat the Free World against the common sense demanded now nearly fifty An Evaluation of the Political Situation has come from the privately owned by the instincts of self-defense and self-preservation. and 'dairy products cows and garden plots of kolkhoz members. Do you By STANISLAW MIKOLAJCZYK, President for one moment that when the privately owned MAN Y PEO PLE IN THE W EST REJECT OUR RE SEARCH think Of the Intm·national Peasant Union cows are taken away and the private lots of the AND DOCUM EN TATION ON SOVIET AF FAIRS kolkhoz members are liquidated, the result will be an Although the state of Soviet agriculture may be adequate supply of milk or meat in the Soviet Union? referred to in our resolutions, I would like to comment The propaganda justifying the liquidation of the upon the failure of the Communist system. We were private garden plots of kolkhoz members will no longer in the world THE AGGRESSIVE ACTIONS OUTLINED Soviets every non-Communist country right from the very beginning, when we _described ~h e convince anyone. Khrushchev says that kolkhoz mem­ emocratic. IN THE RECENT COMMUNIST MANIFESTO is imperialistic, reactionary, and und Soviet agricultural system as one that IS destructive bers will have a better life; they should produce Even the Khrushchev POLICY OF PEACEFUL of both men and production. However, many people something to make their lives more joyful-like roses in the We remember very well the recent Communist Mani­ COEXISTENCE was at last clearly defined in the West had no confidence in our research, docu­ or other flowers-and t hey ought not to worry about co­ signed in Moscow by eighty-one Communist above-mentioned Communist Manifesto. Peaceful mentation and presentation. They regarded all our raising their own cows, sheep or pigs. And I am quite festo of the in December, 1960, a document which was in existence is intended to protect the activity analyses as merely the talk of exiles. Once again, certain that although the big Sovkhozes, operating parti~s ed "progressive" essence a declaration of war against the anti-Com­ Communist parties and other so-call therefore I should like to express the fervent hope within the Communist system of agriculture, may­ in the capi­ munist world. A thorough analysis of this declara­ (meaning pro-Communist) organizations that the 'press of the Free World, and particularl_:y to a certain extent-have proven adequate for t he pro­ there against tion and of more recent speeches by Mr. Khrushchev talist countries, to help them fi ght the American press, will write more about the agr.l­ duction of grain, t hey have failed completely in ~he military bases" makes clear t he u ltimate aims which the Communists "aggressive world blocs and foreign cultural crisis in Soviet Russia and will inform public fields of animal breeding, meat products, and da1ry liberation are trying to achieve. However, the most important and to contribute to the success of national opinion about the importance of this issue. produce. Essentially, Khrushchev's proposal to de­ that peace­ thing about this Communist Manifesto is that it does movements. And Khrushchev has declared prive t he kolkhoz member of his privately owned cow, more than "an intensifica­ not exclude a Third World War. ful coexistence is nothing CULTURE REVEA LS sheep or pig and his private garden plot is an attempt class and of all THE STATE OF SOVIET AGRI tion of the struggle of the working TS to solve the agricultural crisis by means of a new Mr. Khrushchev has A SHARPENING OF TERROR AGAINST THE PEASAN THE THIRD WORLD WAR, Communist parties for the triumph of Socialist (Com­ regime of terror. Unfortunately for him, no terror resist the Com­ declared will come if the free nations munist) ideas." Khrushchev promised that Soviet agriculture would has ever managed to increase the production of meat world domination. munist drive for expansion and We should not forget, also, that the Moscow Com­ out-produce that of the United States. This didn't dairy products or to eliminate the shortcomings will come in and This domination, insisted Khrushchev, munist Manifesto was directed mainly against the happen, and Khrushchev, declaring the Communist of Soviet agriculture. development. Yet the accordance with the laws of historic United States. Khrushchev constantly refers to Party functionaries responsible, had them purged. Secondly, Khrushchev proposes to close those com­ will not capitulate he knows that the Free World United States not only as the greatest of all imperialis­ Without going into too many details, we see t hat de­ paratively free markets where kolkhoz members sell world domina­ voluntarily and give way to Communist tic exploiters but also as the chief bulwark of world livery quotas were falsified, that produ_ctio~ figur~s their privately produced butter, milk, poultry and clash with the Free has tion. To avoid a direct military reaction and the international gendarme who for meat milk and other produce (runmng mto mil­ vegetables to the people of the Soviet towns. He ~a s Party Manifesto . World, therefore, both the Communist become the enemy of the people of the whole world lions of ' tons) referred to completely non-existent also created a special ministry to plan the marketmg GAVE THEIR and KHRUSHCHEV HIMSELF products. And now we learn-and these are not my of agricultural produce. But none of this explains why REVOLUTIONARY TO BELIEVE WHAT W AS BLESSINGS TO THE IDEA OF THE WESTERN W ORLD RE FUSES words, but Khrushchev's words-that two million, agricultural production in the Soviet Union is falling . Aid THEM SELV ES WARS IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES SO CLEARLY STATE D BY THE COMMUNISTS five hundred thousand sheep died of hunger and frost; steadily and why so many rank and file Party func­ including military equipment and sup­ to such wars, It seems to me of some importance to point out that out of a hundred thousand tractors delivered tionaries must be dismissed and purged. Can newly promised and in some cases has already for plies, was that the leading American newspapers do not publish, to Kazakhstan, seventy-five thousand were used appointed functionaries improve Soviet agricultural by the Soviets in many parts of the per­ been delivered comment upon or present to American public opinion spare parts to repair old tractors; that fifty-five production when the system itself remains unchanged ? stolen, world. material pointing out what is so clearly stated in t he cent of the harvest in the Ukraine had been is happening said, from the fields. We also lea~n T CRISIS OF AGRIC ULTURA L THE ISSUE OF DISARMAMENT in the Com­ Communist Party Manifesto. And this as Khrushchev THE PERMANEN shadow of Com­ has been dashing through Russ1a, TION CONTINUES munist Party Manifesto does not involve military dis­ now, when the world stands in the that Khrushchev PRODU C one Soviet republic to another, dismissing and armament at all. In t he language of the Communist munist threats. from self officially an­ as to what Communist functionaries, who have be_en Two years ago, Khrushchev him declaration disarmament means any active fight When Hitler made public his intentions purging surpass the to believe him. of the inefficient system of Sov1et nounced that the Soviet Union would against im~erialism, a fight to narrow its world-wide he intended to do, nobody was willing made scapegoats by 1961. of intentions, a United States in agricultural production potentials; and we know, by this time, that for the When Stalin made his declarations agriculture. IPU BULL ET IN 11 10 IPU BULLETIN with lheir For us, the ideological war has always International Peasant Union declare emphatically, the peoples of Eastern and Central Europe Now that this goal has not been achieved, the new agreements. indepen­ of the greatest importance. and this will be reflected in our resolutions, that we are thousand-year-old history of struggle for Communist Party program promises that production been a struggle there is human freedom, national for the freedom of the people in Berlin and we are for dence? of grains, meat, butter and other agricultural food­ On the one side, social justice; on the other, there the freedom of the underdeveloped countries; but we We do not believe that such an approach can solve stuffs will be raised only during the next twenty years. independence and slavery, hate, etc. We warned will not forget the Communist enslavement of Eastern any problems, and therefore we continue to demand I have been told that the people of the Soviet Union, are lies, dictatorship, ers and the public opinion of the and Central Europe. You cannot separate these liberation for our captive nations, while extending our when discussing this situation, say: "It was bad enough the Western lead not to underestimate the ideological problems, even if Khrushchev grows angry at the best wishes to the people of the young nations who when we had Five-Year Plans and we had to guess Western world but our warning was in vain. mere mention of Eastern and Central Europe. If you have recently gained their independence. what our lives would be like after five years. But now fight with communism gave us the proof that we were overlook the freedom of the peoples of Eastern and The International Peasant Union has published a it's even worse, because the promises have been post­ Khrushchev himself he had attended the session of the Central Europe, it may still happen that you will get special memorandum to the peoples of Africa in which poned for twenty years!" Clearly, Soviet agriculture right when, after in 1960 and had then visited Red from Khrushchev not the peace you so desire but an wished them well and expressed our delight that has been a failure, and there must be some reorganiza­ United Nations we that there will be a period of co­ atomic bomb. they have finally attained freedom. But we also warned tion of the Soviet agricultural system. Far from sur­ China, he declared and West and that this co­ We are not advocating war, but I must say that that freedom involves responsibility ·in the passing the United States in the production of food, existence between East them the Communists to wage an there is no free people who would like to or who would ise of self-government. Freedom cannot be the Communist countries have been forced to buy existence would help exerc every foreign country among the agree to give up freedom in order to be enslaved. Why, after getting rid of one type of colonial­ foodstuffs in the United States to feed their people, ideological war in bought! does this mean? It means that the Rather, they will die. We will never tire of repeating hould they take another variety-namely, Soviet who are suffering from shortages of food. people. And what ism, s the so-called "cold war" so much, that for our nations enslaved by communism we also Furthermore, after reminding them of This state of hunger (and sometimes even starva­ West, which dislikes colonialism? ng a Communist ideological offensive. demand freedom experiences of our subjugated peoples under the tion) is particularly evident in Red China's communes. is actually faci the who spoke before me today, rightly dictatorship and the new colonialism of Unable to improve agricultural production under the Senator Humphrey, Communist importance of the American radio MOSCOW IS INFURIATED BY Russia, we begged them not to side with com­ Communist system, the Chinese Communist news­ emphasized the Soviet in this ideological struggle. OUR UNMASKING OF SOVIET LIES m and not to believe the misleading lies of Com­ papers today are writing that they must seek out network's participation munis munist propaganda. We advised them to ally them­ again the wise men in the villages, those old villagers Let me remind you of the atmosphere that prevailed OPINION OF THE WEST selves always with the forces of freedom and demo­ who know how to raise farm output. Thus, another THE PUBLIC during the last Congress of the IPU in 1960, an INFORMED cracy, with the Free World. Communist country has admitted that it has failed to SHOULD BE MORE atmosphere in which almost everybody believed that millions of Chinese . What improve agricultural output. When Year after year, I myself have done research and an agreement could be reached with Khrushchev and starvation, the Com­ all of you. THE WEST CANNOT LET ITSELF BE OUTSMARTED BY KHRUSHCHEV were suffering from hunger asked the offices of the International Peasant Union happened afterwards is very well known to st regime was forced to buy as much food as or Peasant Union was even given some muni to find out how much has been written about Africa The International We cannot erase from our memories the remark ible in the capitalist countries, food which they developments by Moscow, when, in poss other underdeveloped countries in the American press. credit for these made by Stalin before an international gathering, unable to produce in their own countries under radio singled out the Inter­ were How well has public opinion here been informed about May 1960, the Moscow when someone raised the question of the Vatican. Communist farming system. snt Union as one of those chiefly r e­ the the underdeveloped countries, about their needs, the national Peaa Stalin's reply was: "How many military divisions has s, the failure of the P aris Summit Con­ causes of their backwardness, their desire for progres sponsible for the Pope?" For Stalin there were no other problems, PROGRAM the IPU really had that THE NEW COMMUNIST PARTY etc? Such information was very scarce until just be­ ference. I must say, I wish concerning religion or freedom. For Stalin the main reason why Mos­ no problems CAN PROVIDE NO SOLUTION fore the session of the United Nations in 1960 when much influence. Actually, thing that mattered was force and military time was the Kremlin's the only the African nations were accepted as new members of cow denounced the IPU at that sions! On top of all this, came the announcement of the s of Soviet lies. divi the U.N. In general, the newspapers of the United anger at our repeated denunciation are people who think they can new Communist program for the forthcoming session of the truth And there actually States did not inform the public very well about the They were enraged by our revelation about the Communist leaders of the Communist Party of Soviet Russia. I will not individual disregard such facts problems of those nations. about communism and by our demands for from Khrushchev! analyze this program in detail. It is very difficult even social and think they can buy something The Communist press, on the other hand, has printed freedom, independence for the captive nations, that Khrushchev will respect to read, and when reading it one doesn't know whether the They must understand information about Africa and other under­ justice for the peasants and workers and for all nor legality, and that to laugh or to cry. For this new Communist program extensive neither weakness, righteousness continents and their people, their customs, peoples of the captive countries of Eastern and Cen­ resistance. The presents a completely false and utopian picture. This developed he will retreat only if met with firm progress and their needs. · tral Europe and of the Soviet Union itself. The Com­ be outsmarted program disregards the fact that the failure in agri­ their West must be prepared not to let itself now gentlemen, and I am addressing par­ munists know that their system is doomed if these defeated. culture will have an adverse effect not only upon farm­ And by Khrushchev and finally the American leaders, how do you expect to ideas are not removed from the hearts of their people. friendly and ing but upon industry as well. ticularly In the past I have advocated very you must lead it--if your public We have always demanded and will never tire of . But now I am Even if the Communists succeed in improving the lead the world-and peaceful solutions, and I still do today is not informed about what is happening? demanding free elections in the captive countries, imagination may standard of living of their people, the new program opinion afraid that wishful thinking and will say, "Why provoke Khrushchev?" Thus, under international control. for peace will still preserves the dictatorship of the Communist Some create a situation in which the hopes Captive Nations Week was declared, Mos­ war, and a war Party and the Communist state. I think there are very when the be overshadowed by the danger of reacted most vigorously. But Mr. FREEDOM AND PROGRESS, MUST BE ASSURED TO All NATIONS few people who really believe in the falsehoods and cow immediately which can be lost. Khrushchev does not hesitate to provoke the Western a faith based on princi­ the promises of the Communist utopia written into the In my opening speech to the IPU Congress this Our faith is strong, and it is world on Laos, Berlin or any other issue. And who been, and are still, new program, which will be presented to the forthcom­ morning, I mentioned that our nations have behind ples. These principles always have knows? Perhaps the day will soon come when his national in­ ing Congress of the Communist Party next October them a thousand years of national history, indepen­ rooted in the freedom of the individual, provocations will go so far that the Free World will on the initiative in Moscow. In the meantime, we observe Moscow's dence and statehood. Now, however, many are trying dependence, economic progress based be forced to fight in its own defense. have heard recently tactics of blackmail and diversion and her economic to forget these nations and to focus their attentions of free men and social justice. We today who are ready and political aggression in Berlin, Laos, South only upon those nations who are still under colonial that those nations will be helped WE DESIRE PEACE BUT WE ARE ALSO FOR FREEDOM Why, then, does this America and other areas. rule in Africa or Asia. At a time when the colonial to fight for their independence. in their fight for free­ Who desires war less than we do, and who genuinely era has almost neared its end, a new kind of colonial­ not apply to our nations, which have lost more than their share THE COLD WAR IS NOTHING BUT AN IDEOLOGICAL WAR wants peace more than we do? We know only too well ism, Soviet colonialism, characterized by a degree of dom and independence our countries will suffer hitherto unknown to history, still of blood, as in the case of Hungary? would like to remind you that the IPU has em­ that if a new war comes vi.cious exploitation I a nuclear attack. the Soviet Empire and in the And so, in concluding my political report, permit and repeatedly declared, at all its previous again and they could be destroyed by exists and flourishes in phatically to threaten and Central Europe. me to leave you with this thought: that the Cold War is nothing but an Mr. Khrushchev, however, does not hesitate captive countries of Eastern Congresses he will use atomic believe that he can escape From this moment on, not a single day should be war. It is a state of war created not by mankind and to declare openly that Can anyone today really ideological after another. In a by concentrating upon the pro­ allowed to pass without the demands for solutions in the United States, as President Truman rightly power and wipe out one nation political responsibility he threatens that he will finish and progress only in the under­ Laos and Berlin being coupled with demands for the stated in one of his articles, but by the Soviet Union blackmailing manner, motion of freedom on the side of NATO or newly independent countries of Asia freedom and independence of the peoples of Central with her acts of aggression and her deliberate and any country that is either developed and Communist state. We in the deliberately turning his back upon and Eastern Europe. repeated breaches of international commitments and that acts against any and Africa while

IPU BULLETIN 13 12 IPU BULLETIN We still face many great difficulties. We badly need tribution of the land to the Russian peasants 'in his to have publications in several other languages to tell Decree No. 1. He knew how strong was their longing the peasants and all honest people throughout the to own the land they till, yet when Communist dic­ world what has happened and what is happening in tatorial power was established, the land was taken our countries under the tyrannical Communist system away from them and was collectivized by his succes­ THE COMMUNISTS ARE OUT TO WIN OVER and under Soviet imperialistic and colonial domina­ sors. He called them, "hopeless sobstveniki"-hope- tion as well. Unfortunately, we have no means avail­ less landowners. · THE PEASANT COUNTRIES OF THE GLOBE able for such activities. With regret we must say Like Lenin, Stalin was afraid of the peasants also. that the Free World seems to prefer to give aid to He confessed to Mr. Churchill that the fight with the By Dr. GEORGE M . DIMITROV some Communist dictators, thus helping to carry out millions of peasants resisting collectivization was more R eport of the Sec?·etct?"y-G eneral Khrushchev's designs for burying free humanity. disastrous than the revolution itself. He was forced Those who are close to the IPU know that we have to make concessions; he gave them family garden tried and still are trying to honestly fulfill our duties plots with a cow, a few head of sheep, etc. Stalin did with regard to our task of striving for the libera­ so in order to save both the peasants and the industrial tion of our captive nations and also as regards the workers from starving. Finally, in 1936, Stalin was forced to approve a new Constitution which provided regimes. This aid helped them, but they soon began to safeguarding of the Free World. But what can we do, In enumerating a few of the most important activi­ for private garden plots for the peasants. use it against the Free World and in this way to assist without adequate aid and without the necessary tech­ ties of the IPU it is very much in place to emphasize, Khrushchev in burying the Free W orld, as he had nical facilities, to meet the gigantic, international In 1950, Stalin and Khrushchev tried to kill the first of all, that the IPU was the first international Communist conspiratorial machine? individualistic feelings of the peasants. They tried organization in exile to publish a memorandum on the declared he would some time before. When we watched the great efforts made by Khrush­ Yes, there are many difficulties, but despite them to build up Agrogorods (huge rural towns), forcing situation in the captive countries as early as July 4, chev to find a way out of the agricultural crisis by " all, we are determined to continue our fight and do the peasants to live in communal buildings and to 1947, and to warn the Free World of the danger of using many different kinds of tricky methods and our best. Some will understand us, others will deride give up their family way of life so that the children Communist imperialism to its existence and to free­ false promises to the peasants, we predicted that us, still others may slander us. But I would like to of the peasants could more easily be educated in the dom and peace everywhere. Khrushchev would fail to deceive even the Soviet stress that nothing will stop us, nothing will kill our spirit of communism. The outcry of the peasants peasants. To all our warnings and recommendations, spirit of resistance to the Communist anti-social sys­ forced the dictators to drop the project because de­ THE ACTIVITIES OF THE INTERNATIONAL PEASANT UNION too little, if any, attention was paid by the govern­ tem and our strong belief in the final victory of demo­ priving the peasants of their farmstead~ would have cratic conceptions. We are the representatives of our brought starvation not only to them but to the indus­ The IPU was the first organization in exile which, ments of the Free World. The President, Vice-President, Secretary-General, peasant nations who so far have given to the Free trial workers as well. These events are related by Mr. in 1947, presented a memorandum to the United World, as well as to the enemy, enough evidence that Hindus in his book In 1959, at the Twenty-First Con­ Nations demanding restoration of basic human rights and other members of the IPU ruling bodies and the staff have participated in many conferences at which they are determined to fight tyranny and foreign gress of the Communist Party, the project of the and self-determination to the countries of Eastern Agrogorods was discussed again as the only way to all these problems were discussed : domination to the victorious end, regardless of the and Central Europe. A three day Seminar was organized in Lexington, sacrifices involved. And we will follow in their foot­ crush the individualism of the peasants. The system In October, 1950, the IPU published its first mani­ steps. of "disengagement" of the peasants from their own festo to the peasants of Asia, warning them of Soviet Kentucky, with the participation of representatives of about fifty-four American universities and college cows, gardens, and sheep was tried for the same pur­ plans to sovietize them. THE STRUGGLE FOR THE PEASANT'S MIND pose. But it failed again. In June, 1951, a special pamphlet was prepared professors. In Santiago de Chile, the Conference of "Catholic After the revolution, from 1917 to 1923, the number by the IPU about Communist activities in India and The peasants of Eastern and Central Europe are Rural Life" was held in 1957, and in Palermo, Italy, of private individual farms increased from twenty their plan to occupy this country as a main base for resisting and with their resistance they are slowly the Congress of European Agriculture was held in to twenty-five million. Communist expansion in Asia. destroying the anti-peasant and anti-human Com­ 1958. We defended our views very strongly in the In the wake of peasant resistance against collectivi­ As a result of this action, the IPU still maintains munist feudalistic system and its red serfdom, just zation, Lenin was forced to say: "Either we choke very close contacts with the peasant leaders of Asia. European Movement Conferences, especially at the as they have destroyed their tyrants in the past. 1952 Conference held in London. Many Europeans them, or they choke us . .. " An agreement was reached on close cooperation be­ This is clearly reflected in the evidence contained tween the IPU and Asian movements against inter­ participated in those Conferences, and some of them are now heads of governments. At these Conferences in a recently published book, A House Without a Roof, COLLECTIVE FARMING IS AGAINST THE PEASANTS national Communist plans and activities. Our mani­ many resolutions were adopted which reflected our written by Maurice Hindus. Mr. Hindus, who is an AND DOES NOT WORK festo and our brochures were translated into many American of Russian descent, visited the Soviet Union foreign languages by local peasant organizations. All point of view. The statistics given by Mr. Hindus are rather re­ The IPU, in cooperation with the Socialist Union several times and had an opportunity to speak to the this work was done through the generous contribu­ vealing when compared with data on U.S. agricultural and the Christian Democratic Union, issued a memor­ Russian people in their native language. In the fore­ tions of these peasant organizations, which had only production. He states that in 1960 the Soviet Union andum on the international situation and the problems word to his book, Mr. Hindus gives us a genuine in­ the most modest of means at their disposal, while at produced twenty million tons of grain less than in of our captive nations, which was sent to the Foreign sight into the real character of the Russian Revolu­ the same time we were refused any help from the Free tion of 1917 and the role of the peasants in it. He 1958. In Oxford, Indiana, the seven-hundred acre farm World to translate our brochures into all Asiatic Ministers' Conference in Geneva, in May, 1960. of a Mr. White is worked by two laborers and himself· In March, 1961, the IPU sent a memorandum to writes: "The revolution that never was either inter­ languages and distribute them among those hundreds the eight-hundred acre farm of a Mr. Rabers in the free democratic governments and the United Na­ national or proletarian but national and peasant ex­ Elk~ of millions of poor but freedom-loving people. Our hart County is worked by his son, his son-in-law, and tions on the situation of our captive nations and the ploded . .. particularly out of the mujik's century-old activity was met by the rulers of the Free World with one laborer; the Krimskaya Collective Farm, in the tension created by international communism. battle for land .. . " Further, he writes: " ... the strug­ very little encouragement. gle between the Communist and non-Communist coun­ Kuban area of the Soviet Union, contains 25 000 acres In April, 1961, the IPU prepared a manifesto to the We have organized Forums and Round Table Con­ tries, notably between America and the Kremlin· dic­ and is worked by 3,691 laborers. ' Peasants of Africa and another to the Peasants of ferences (in New York, Rome, Brussels, and other tatorshsip, is not over the capitalist industrialized South America. The purpose of these manifestoes was In 1959, four million acres of grain remained un­ places) which were attended by experts from Europe nations in Europe or elsewhere, but over the under­ to warn those nations of the treacherous plans of the harvested in Kazakhstan because 32,000 tractors, and America, who came to discuss the Communist developed or peasant countries of Asia, Africa and Communists and of their real plans to enslave them. 21,000 combines, and 11,000 reapers were left un­ agricultural problem as a whole, and the incurable We know that the Communists are presenting them­ Latin America . . . Kremlin leaders are concentr~ting repaired and stood useless. economic crisis which the Soviet Union and satellite selves as champions of the struggle against the old their attention now as never before on peasants in In 1951, 850,000 head of cattle died of starvation, governments were undergoing. Our purpose was to backward areas of our globe. We are indeed living colonialism, but in the meantime they are practising and there were 1,043,000 pigs, 4,845,000 sheep, and call the attention of the Free World to the weakness in an age of not a proleta?·ian but a peasant revolu­ a new tyrannical and inhuman colonialism. We could 4,000,000 milk cows less than in 1916. These figures of the Communist system so that it might learn to tion" (Preface, page 13.). not carry out our plans to the end, because we did were given to Mr. Hindus by a Soviet agronomist. utilize this weakness against the militaristic, aggres­ not have the necessary means to translate and distri­ It is clear now why Lenin was afraid of the peasants .After forty-five years of Communist rule, says Mr. sive plans of international communism. Instead of bute our manifestoes among the African and South and why, in an effort to fool them, he ordered dis- Hmdus: "Of all the unanswered questions about Soviet complicating the situation of the enemy, the Free World began to give economic aid to the Communist American peasants. I P U· B U L L E T I N 15

14 IPl,J Bl,JL~ETIN farming, the surviving individualism of the peasants is Another scandal revealed by Khrushchev at the the most worrisome to the Kremlin." meeting we have just referred to was the frequent THIRD AND CLOSING PLENARY SESSION Let us hear the confessions of Khrushchev himself use of false reports concerning agricultural produc­ about the situation of Communist agriculture in the tion. Some collectives brought food from others in Soviet Union, which reflects to a great degree the order to meet the state delivery quotas. Some even ·ts situation in all the Communist captive nations. stole from the produce of the farmsteads (family The 1nembe1· pa?'" ties of the Inte·rnational P easant Union pTesented 1·ep01 Khrushchev has failed in his attempts to solve the plots) for the same purpose : to fulfill the compulsory on thei?' activities as well as on the political, economic, social and cultm·al situation problem through kolkhozes and sovkhozes, through quotas. Some kolkhoz managers built houses for them­ in thei1· 1·espective count1·ies. Those who p1·es ented the 1·eports were: Mr. HALIL Agrogorods and increased collectivization of the land. selves with the produce they stole. Does one need any MAGI, Albanian Democmtic Agm·rian Party; M1·. DIMITAR GOLUBOV, Bul­ He was forced to call conferences with agricultural better proof of how rotten and corrupt is the agri­ ga?·ian National Agr·arian Union; DT. VLADKO MACEK, CToatian Peasant leaders and specialists from the fifteen Soviet repub­ cultural system of the Communists? PaTty; M1· . OSKAR LOVI, United Fa?'?net·s and Smallholders Party of Estonia; lics to discuss the critical situation in agriculture and As is well known, Khrushchev declared that the Mr. JUOZAS AUDENAS, Lithuanian Populist Peasant Pat·ty; Dt·. MILAN to look for a solution. Soviet Union would catch up with the U .S. in agricul­ GAVRILOVIC, Yugoslav-Serbian Agr·a1·ian Union; Mt·. TADEUSZ PAUL, Polish On June 14 to 17, 1960, he called a huge conference tural production of milk, meat, and butter per capita, P easant Party ; Mr. CORNEL BIANU, Romanian National P easant Party and and tried to get more active participation from the and would even surpass her. He declared, however, M1· . FEDOR HODZA, Democratic Party of Slovakia. E xtensive excerpts from the local Party and kolkhoz leaders by giving them more that the production of meat should be at least forty­ 1·eports of member pat·ties aTe published at the end of this issue. responsibilities. He failed again. Production did not two centners per hundred hectares of arable land in increase. He went all over the country and vigorously order to achieve this goal. This was said with the full The r·epo1·ts and resolutions of the Commissions we1·e p1·esented by Mt·. attacked the local Party leaders for the failure of his knowledge that meat production during 1959 was only I) FERENC NAGY, Intet-national Af!ai1·s Commission; Mt·. ADAM GNIAZDOW­ organically impossible and openly anti-peasant system. seventeen centners per hundred hectares of arable SKI, Educational and Cultuml Af!ai1·s Commission; Miss DAIVA AUDENAS, He had many of them dismissed, and he was furious land. Women's Commission; M1· . LUAN GASH!, AgTarian Youth Commission; Dr-. JOSEF LETTRICH, Or·ganizational and Admission Commission. at the Ukrainian Party leaders, because in the Uk­ The other Communist countries are struggling with ., raine, which has always been the granary of all Rus­ the same crisis. Mao Tse Tung has confessed that sia, agricultural production had fallen off seriously. forty percent of the reports on agricultural produc­ To the E xecutive Committee of the IPU wm·e elected: Mr· . STANISLAW On January 17, 1961, Khrushchev called another tion were false. If the Soviet Union, with nearly half MIKOLAJCZYK, as P1·esident; and as Vice-P1·esidents, Dr. VLADKO MACEK, meeting to discuss the insoluble agrarian problem. a century of Communist dictatorship using all pos­ D1·. MILAN GAVRILOVIC, D1·. JOSEF CERNY, M1·. FERENC NAGY, Dt·. The meeting was attended by delegates from fifteen sible tricks, was unable to solve the agrarian crisis, AUGUSTIN POPA, M1·s. ALENA DEVENIS and Dr. FEDOR HODZA. Soviet republics, and in their presence Khrushchev, one can imagine what chances the satellite govern­ the great Leninist, as he calls himself, denounced ments have to solve the organic diseases of this utopian Lenin's conception of communism. Lenin, as is well and anti-social system. that, "Communism is Soviet power known, claimed The Soviet Union is able to mobilize slaves to build Khrushchev, however, declared plus electrification." pyramids, to mobilize scientists to perform technical at this meeting that communism is not only heavy research and to design sputniks and missiles. All this AFFAIRS RESOLUTION industry and electrification, but also the absolute INTERNATIONAL may impress the naive, and serve the purpose of necessity to "build a well-developed peasant economy spreading Communist propaganda among millions confidence of the Communist leaders in the superiority in order to build communism." of ignorant people. This also may supply ammunition I meeting, Khrushchev made public some of their system and the ensuing worldwide offensive At the same to Communist sympathizers and fellow-travelers all critical situation of Communist collective states with regret that against freedom, independence and the political and data on the around the world. However, the Soviet Union is not The Seventh IPU Congress . He stated: "In the Russian Federal Re­ has, since the Sixth Con­ social order of the free nations. agriculture able to solve the peasant problem, which is the most the international situation public more than five million sheep were allowed to and complex than ever The IPU Congress notes with satisfaction that in important problem of all. Only those who understand gress, become more dangerous die in 1960. In Kazakhstan, 3,306,000 sheep died; in present dangers to world responsible Western quarters there is a better under­ the peasant's devotion to the piece of land which he before. In the face of the etc." its conviction, expressed in the standing of the important role of the peasantry in the Kirgizia 609,000, tills with his family and which is the bastion of his peace, the IPU reaffirms own agricultural mechani­ and memoranda, that the Communist countries, where peasant resistance is Khrushchev criticized his freedom, his independence, his rights, his well-being past in numerous resolutions Ukraine, there were only of a potential conflict be­ diminishing the military potential of the Communist zation: "During 1949, in the and his strength only they will understand why peas­ basic and original causes there were 115,000 trac­ West remain the same. The camp. It is now being recognized that the present 14,000 tractors . . . in 1960, ant resistance against Communism will never cease tween the East and the delivered to the State among them is the forceful and artifi­ desperate state of agriculture in the Soviet Union tors .. . Yet in 1948 the Ukraine and why the Communist system regards the peasants most important puds (a pud is equal to about thirty-three cial division of Europe, perpetrated and maintained and in the other Communist ruled countries is pos­ 613 million as its enemy number one. pounds) of grain . .. and during 1960 only 358 million by the subjugation and colonization of the nations of sibly the single greatest deterrent to World War III puds. Machines and experienced workers are far more The peasants have destroyed feudalism, serfdom Central-Eastern Europe. This Communist conquest, and that the shortage of food now makes any military numerous there, but the kolkhozes and the sovkhozes and many despotic empires down through the cen­ tacitly condoned by the Free World, has resulted not adventure too hazardous to be undertaken lightly. are delivering to the State just about half of the turies. They will also crush Communist feudalism and only in a great increase in the economic potential of The IPU Congress, fully aware of the dangers of gram. ..." colonialism with even more vigor and heroism. the Soviet Union (while providing the Communist the present times and desirous to further a just and countries with a position of important strategic ad­ peaceful solution, reiterates its earlier resolutions and vantage), it also encourages the USSR to attempt its belief that the Western Powers should take and new conquests all over the world. maintain the initiative in proposing an overall plan ultimate " ... My belief in the necessity of the anti-Communist fight and in the im­ The armament race, the recent warlike acts in for the solution of the problem of Europe, the security po?·tance of the Central E u1·opean count?·ies 1·epTesented by you has not changed Southeast Asia, the economic and ideological penetra­ goal of which should be unification, mutual right of self-determination at all. I am continuing to lead ou1· Comntittee in the same diTection." tion of Africa, Asia and Latin America, the growing and the restoration of the uneasiness of the uncommitted nations seeking refuge to the Central and Eastern European nations, and M1· . MAXIME BLOCK-MASCART, in neutralism, the growth of pacifist movements and that the present Berlin crisis cannot be solved outside Pr·esident of the Fr·ench Committee the tendencies toward unilateral disarmament in some a general European settlement of which Berlin would j01· a F1· ee Em·ope, to the Seventh European countries and last, but not least, the present be only one part. Congt·ess of the IPU Berlin crisis, are all direct consequences of a divided In view of the fact that the Soviet Union-as the Europe. The other side of the coin is the arrogant leading power of the Communist world-is striving

IPU BUL LETIN 17

16 IPU BU LL ETIN a firm, decisive and effective West~rn policy, and it unceasingly for world domination and has, in . ord~r expresses the hope that the West wi.ll adopt and forcible collectivization to achieve this goal, taken on the role of champion m p~r­ of the land and the means of deported, put in prison or even executed for not sub­ sue such an active and positive pohcy for the production the fight against colonialism, the IPU Congress feels umty and because of the regimentation of labor ; mitting docilely to the Communist regime; · of Europe and for the sake of freedom and democracy and whereas Khrushchev himself that th~ leading powers of the Fre.e or!~ shou~d have declared publicly 'V! at the Party Plenary their own program against colomahsm, m which t?e throughout the world. Meeting on January 17, 1961, Whereas, Khrushchev himself has admitted failure that in genera liquidation of the Eur~pean colonies of the Soviet l "the already achieved agricultural out­ of Communist agricultural policy to find effective II put (of the Soviet Union) particularly of meat Union would be the mam demand. . . pro­ modern means to raise agricultural output (and in duction, and also the quantity of deliveries to the doing so, he named The Congress proposes that since the Soviet Un~on The International Peasant Union, gathered at its Soviet agricultural research and state, are not adequate to satisfy the ever growing scientific institutes which failed has officially intervened in order to place the questiOn Seventh Congress, condemns the Soviet Union for the to produce very much demands for meat, milk, butter and some other more than ordinary collect of colonialism on the agenda of the t?"·N·. General latest violation of international pledges and for the ive farms) ; and whereas edibles"; after which he went on to cite examples of many people who went to work in the virgin lands Assembly, the Western Powers should .hke.wise place resumption of atomic tests. are . mismanagement in farming, disclosing that in the Rus­ "sitting on their trunks and waiting the question of the right of self-determmat10n for the The Congress of the IPU demands t~at this ~ase to be brought sian Soviet Republic more than five million sheep died back to the towns" Central and Eastern European Nations on the agenda be brought immediately before the Umted from which they were "voluntarily" Nat10ns and in the Kazakhstan Republic more than three mil­ of the coming Session of the U.N. General Assembly with the proposal that the Soviet Union be delivered to Siberia; condemne~, lion sheep perished because of the ignorance of the in addition to the Hungarian question. because this new violation of the pledges ?f the ~tomi~ The Seventh IPU Congress is aware that the future Communist bureaucrats and technocrats in the kol­ Whereas, all the agricultural (and industrial) out­ powers not only reveals the warmongenng ~Ol_ICY. o khozes and of mankind depends to a great extent ~pon t~e stand sovkhozes; and whereas Khrushchev also put of the captive nations of Eastern and Central the Soviet Union but also threatens with anmhilatlon admitted taken by the agrarian nations of J\Sia, Afnca .and that, while the Soviet Union needs to produce Europe is being integrated into the Soviet Union's the whole of mankind. . . . at least forty-two centners of meat per hundred economy Latin America, and it is ready and wishes to cont~nue More than ever, the Congress msists on the Imple- through the so-called COMECON which is hectares of arable land in order to "catch up with directed from the Kremlin; and to intensify the activities of the I~U, es~ecially mentation of previous proposals made a~ t.he Inter­ and whereas the economies the United States' meat production per capita", in of the captive nations are being in the emerging agrarian countries of Asia, Afnca and national Peasant Union's Congress~s and I_t'l Its memo­ sucked dry to serve 1959 the production of meat still was only seventeen the aggressive militaristic Latin America, and to make them aware of the dangers randa and requests that the Soviet Umon be con- and imperialistic purposes centners per hundred hectares; of the Soviet Union, leaving communism represents for the peasantry. . demned before the United Nations: the peasants and the . workers The IPU Congress is convinced tha~ th~ outlmed for the forcible violation of freedom and mdepen­ of the captive countries under Soviet colon­ Whereas, the mechanization of Communist ial exploitation activities are even more important now m view of the dence of the nations of Central-Eastern Europe; agri­ in misery and slavery; and whereas culture is producing negative results in the new draft program of the Co~~unist Party of the for the violation of all human rights of the peoples agricultural most common methods practiced by Soviet colonial output and in the peasant economy; and whereas exploitation in the captive Soviet Union, in which the con~Itlon .of the peasantry living in countries are applied with these countries; . Khrushchev has confessed publicly at the the living under communism is depicted m a dangerou~ly for the abolition of religious freedom, of mdepen­ same Plenary help of COMECON, which arranges to have all Meeting on January 17, 1961, that in 1949 the Ukrain­ goods-ag misleading light, as a desirable, free an~ progressive dent political parties and other economic, cultural and ricultural and industrial-which are taken ian Soviet Republic, although it had only 14,000 trac­ from the captive countries way of life best suited for the peasantry m the emerg­ social organizations; to the Soviet Union, paid tors, delivered 613 million puds of grain, while in for at ridiculously low prices, while ing nations· and it believes that those who have them­ for the mass deportation of natives of those coun- all goods delivered selves fought for the progress of their own 1960, when it had 115,000 tractors, only 358 million from the Soviet Union to the captive countries are sold peasantry, tries to the Soviet Union; for its political rights, for its cultural . puds of grain were delivered; and whereas on another at extremely high prices, much higher than the pre­ advancement for the act of genocide perpetrated agamst these and for land reform, and who have themselves se~n occasion the Soviet dictator admitted that there were vailing prices for such goods in the free markets of how communism has robbed the peasants of nations; h f instances when, out of 372 corn-reaping combines, the world; t~eir for the demoralization of youth and for t e use o lands and degraded them into serfs, are best suited only fifteen were used and when not a single one of the the youth of these countries as cannon fodder for the to be entrusted with this available sugar-beet harvesters was used all year Whereas in the Baltic States, Estonia, Latvia, and task. . . . Soviet war machine; The IPU Congress is convinced that It IS possible . around; Lithuania all peasant property is forcibly nationalized for the colonial exploitation of thes.e nat10ns for to end international tension, to limit armament and the without any compensation given to the owner, and benefit of Communist world to lay the foundations for a lasting peace only through aggressiOn. Whereas, both Khrushchev and Mao Tse-tung, as whereas this property is annexed into the Soviet well as some other Communist dictators in captive Union, this is a timely example of the great new countries, have publicly confessed that the reports colonialism and its exploitation of subjugated coun­ about fulfillment of the Five-Year Plans and deliveries tries; INTERNAL AGRARIAN AFFAIRS RESOLUTION of produce to the state were falsified (in the Chinese case, up to forty percent of the total), and Khrush­ Whereas, so-called Communist revisionists (such The Communist world conspiracy, The agrarian problems of toda,y have bee!). rai.sed howev ~r, is utili~­ chev called the managers of the kolkhozes bureaucrats, as Yugoslavia's Tito) or "nationalists" (such as ing its propaganda apparatus to undermme the and discussed by Pope John XXIII, ~n hi.s Encyclical ~nd technocrats, liars, crooks and "thieves who steal the Poland's Gomulka) are trying to deceive the Free programs of the Free World and to delude Matm· et Magistra; by Khrushchev, m his new C_om­ the naive people's production and building materials and build World by pretending to have "differences" with Mos­ and ignorant with the illusion munist Party draft-program; by the Inter-Amencan that o_nly the Com­ houses for themselves"; and whereas Khrushchev and cow and its agricultural system in order to get bil­ munist way of doing things can provid~ more food Economic and Social Conferen~e at P~nta del Es~e, his henchmen in the captive countries (Todor Jivkov lions of dollars in material aid from the nations of and solve the burning economic and social problems and in many countries of Asia, ~fnca and La~m in Bulgaria, for example) complained that some mana­ the Free World, especially from the United States, at facing the underdeveloped countries, among them America-Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, India and Indonesia, the gers of collectives buy from other collective farms and the same time that they are, in fact, promoting the agrarian problem. . some even take the private property of the peasant same system of communism and driving towards a just to mention a few. We in the International Peasant In any country where there exist, on the one hand, Un.IOn know from families in the kolkhozes and the produce raised by full and arbitrary monopoly of agricultural produc­ our own experience that this too many poor and landless peasants or people ~ho do Comm~mst ~ropagan~a them in their small gardens, in order to fill the obli­ tion, marketing and prices, thus depriving their peas­ is a lie, because neither in t~e Soviet not have enough land to make ends meet, while, on Umon, nor m gatory state quota deliveries; ants, step by step, of their political, economic and Red China nor in any captive country of Eastern the other hand, only a very few own most of the land social rights and their human dignity; and Centr~l Europe has the and control the wealth of the country-land refo.rm Communi~t .system been Whereas, women and children perform the heaviest able to produce better and other economic and social changes become burmng standa:ds o! hvmg or more jobs on the collective farms, because the male popula­ Whereas, peasant resistance in the Communist freedom for the rural populatiOn; I.e., the peasants. issues tion and the heads of peasant families were deprived dominated countries against the exploitative collective of the day. To reveal the truth about communism and The democratic powers of the Free World are now to e~pose of their own land and were no longer in a position to farm system and against the oppressive Communist 't res the Seventh Congress of the Internatl?nal pooling their resources to aid the underdeve~oped a~d earn enough to support their families in the villages, system itself must be maintained in order to keep alive ~!as~nt Union has adopted the following resoluti?n: backward areas of the globe in overcommg theu with the result that they went to look for jobs in the the hopes of the people for liberation and in order to Whereas, the Communist agricultural s~stem durmg economic and social problems and to lead ~hem towards towns and factories, even though they could not take stop the war-producing capacities of the Communist the last two years has failed even more miserably than increased opportunities, greater prosperity and more their families with them or provide enough to keep international aggression headed by the Soviet Union; before to achieve its planned goals because of the social justice and freedom. them alive; and whereas many women and children are Whereas, agrarian and rural social problems have forced to work because their husbands or fathers were become crucial issues in the fateful struggle between 18 IPU BULLETIN IPUI BULLETIN 19 !> piritual endeavors and cultural heritage of the cap­ agenda the liberation of the captive nations of Eastern In the Baltic States, as well as in all other captive Communist tyranny and free and civilized humanity tive na tions, but also their traditional cultural ties Central Europe, to raise the question of their right countries, the right to freedom of thought, conscience everywhere in the world, including the underdeveloped and ( with the W est, their history and literature, their and to provide the necessary and religion has been completely suppressed. There is areas; to self-determination, theatre, music, arts, press, radio and television have help to g uarantee that the captive peo­ no more freedom of opinion and expression, no free­ international fallen victims of the Communist inquisition and its The Seventh Congress of the International Peasant of Eastern and Central Europe once again can dom of information and no academic freedom in the ples lying propaganda. All national cultures are now re­ Union resolves: regain genuine independence and exercise all civil captive European area. The Marx-Leninist doctrine quired to be oriented toward Moscow. The Com­ rights in freedom and democracy, including the right has been introduced as the official creed. Schools and munist Party also, as the highest cultural authority, of all those peasants to till their own land, the land which churches (without respect to their traditional posi­ 1. To bow before the innumerable graves of the issues official guides to authors on how to write, to died in defense have possessed for centuries; tions and rights), cultural institutions and all media peasants and other laboring people who they artists on how to create works of art and to commen­ forced collecti­ of mass communications have been degraded to the un­ of liberty and human dignity, fighting tators on how to speak. The Communist Party is the and Soviet as well as to all dignified role of mere tools in the Sovietization and vization, the Communist system of tyranny 6. To appeal to the United Nations, sole g uardian of the ideological purity of all aspects exploitation; land reforms in Communization of cultural life. imperialistic and colonial domination and nations of the Free World to initiate of public life. Non-conformists are removed (as bour­ social injustice all areas of the globe where poverty, A reorganization of the school system according to geois nationalist s) from their jobs, and all cultural 2. To declare full solidarity with all those who are root and where democratic and ignorance have taken the Soviet pattern has been carried out. Its main fea­ workers have become tools of the regime. Even stu­ resisting Communist political and economic con­ ss for all, includ­ still rights and the need to promote progre ture is the so-called polytechnization, a combination dents of non-proletarian origin are excluded from and Communist cultural slavery; advocate agrarian cepts ing the peasants, are ignored; to of education with manual training. The churches have higher learning . Under such conditions, there can be reforms, with all democratic rights respected, so that been put under State control and compelled, at least culture and no free partici­ 3. To protest against the greatest disgrace of the no free education, no free the peasants can become masters of the land they partially, to serve the Communist regimes. If they twentieth century-the enslavement of the peasants pation in cultural life. and their families till and so they can enjoy the bene­ resisted, their leaders were persecuted. Freedom of and their families into kolkhozes where they are ex­ fits of their own productive labor; worship and religious expression was hampered, and Congress of the International Peasant ploited under a system of serfdom similar to that of The Seventh religion is regarded as a superstition, hostile to the protests against such barbarian de­ the Dark Ages; to protest the so-called "voluntary" Union strongly 7. To appeal most ardently to the nations and govern­ Marx-Leninist world outlook and to scientific prog­ culture by the Soviet and Com­ ·deportation of the youth from the Baltic States to g radation of national ments of the Free World not to give material aid to r I ress. Participation in religious services is officially the Iron Curtain, and it draws Kazakhstan, where they are put to forced labor under munist regimes behind Communist Governments, for such aid inevitably ,, discouraged, and aggressive atheistic propaganda is ed Nations, and its member conditions; to ask the United Nations to take the attention of the Unit inhuman means support for the dictatorial rule of the Com­ intolerable slave labor conditions in kolkhozes constantly being circulated. nations from the Free World, to these action against munist oppressors. Instead, political, material and and Siberia effort has been under way to uproot all conditions, asking them to declare all the Communist and in the virgin lands of Kazakhstan moral aid should be given to the captive peoples and A planned are a violation of elementary domestic and foreign, which are con­ representatives in the United Nations responsible because these conditions their democratic representatives in order to strengthen spiritual values, les to the success of Communist for flagrant violations of the United Nations Charter human rights; the determination of the captive peoples to continue sidered to be obstac indoctrination. Thus, not only the ideals, and its Universal Declaration of Human Rights. resistance and to nurture their ambitions to defeat cultural 4. To assure the captive peoples, in a brotherly the Communist tyranny and to keep up their hopes fashion, that their free representatives from Eastern that one day they will expel the Soviet imperialists and Central Europe, united in the International Peas­ and colonial exploiters from their countries now under ant Union, are meeting all difficulties with high morale RESOLUTION Soviet subjugation; WOMEN and undaunted courage in their determination to contribute to and to hasten the victory of freedom during the riots in Poznan, during the Hungarian the political leaders and govern­ Whereas, the Communist dictatorship issues clam­ and democracy in their homelands and the defeat of 8. To appeal to Revolution and in all actions against oppression in World, and especially to the Euro­ orous propaganda in South America, Africa, Asia communism and all other tyranny everywhere in the ments of the Free the face of Soviet military and imperialist aggression, its affiliated groups, to integrate and all over the world about the equality of women world; and to achieve this goal, the International pean Movement and The Women's Section of the IPU resolves as follows: and Central Europe and their emancipation, when under the Communist Peasant Union in exile is in close cooperation with all the captive nations of Eastern cooperation, in order to regime there is only equality in slave labor, misery, to the other democratic forces of the Free World, sharing into their plans for economic 1. Because of the danger to their lives and to take their hunger and terror; the same danger and fighting the same enemy; give the captive nations the opportunity lives of their children, to refrain from sending greet­ place among the United-European states, after their Whereas, the Communist dictatorship is forcing ings to the peasant women under Communist oppres­ 5. To appeal to the United Nations to place on their liberation. women and children to participate in the hardest sion who are determined to oppose the red dictator­ physical labor in collective farms for a required num­ ship with all necessary sacrifices and to accelerate the ber of working days, especially in the absence of their final victory of freedom through free democratic edu­ arrested, imprisoned or deported sons, husbands, and cation of the present and coming generations. brothers; CULTURAL AFFAIRS RESOLUTION 2. To appeal to all free peasant women in exile to Whereas, women in the Communist police state are unite their efforts and to take active part in the activi­ duties in At the end of World War II, the United Nations enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement forced to perform immoral and unnatural ties of the IPU aiming at the liberation of the Com­ highly incompatible with pledged themselves to achieve the promotion of univer­ and its benefits. state administration-duties munist-subjugated nations. for the observance of human rights and woman's role as mother, wife, and sister; sal respect All captive European nations, Albania, Bulgaria, 3. To entreat the free women of the world to help freedoms as the basis of freedom, justice, regime is separating child­ fundamental Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Yugo­ Whereas, the Communist their enslaved sisters behind the Iron Curtain to re­ the world. According to the Universal and indoctrinating and peace in slavia, except the Baltic States-Estonia, Latvia and ren from their parents, educating human dignity. everyone has the right and gain their Declaration of Human Rights, Lithuania-as members of the United Nations are them against their parents, against their families and religion. Every­ to to freedom of thought, conscience bound by these solemn pledges. And yet, their forcibly against their fatherlands, in order to destroy tradi­ 4. To appeal to the leaders of the Free World and expression, their. one should have freedom of opinion imposed Communist totalitarian regimes have system­ tional family relations and to counteract the family's fulfill their pledges to the small nations about opinions without inter­ the which includes freedom to hold atically violated human rights and fundamental free­ education of the children in the spirit of patriotic God-given inalienable rights to life, liberty, and impart information senti­ ference and to seek, receive and doms not only in political and social spheres of interest duties and humanitarian ideals, principles, and pursuit of happiness. Everyone has the right moral and ideas through any medium. but also where spiritual and cultural matters are ments, thereby causing the destruction of the Under the banner of the IPU, the free peasant to the full de­ to education, which should be directed concerned. standards of future generations of women in the women in exile can set an example as courageous velopment of the human personality and to the oppressed nations; fi ghters for freedom and devoted, faithful builders of strengthening of respect for human rights and funda­ The Seventh Congress of the International Peasant Whereas, the peasant women have shown enormous a new and free democratic society with strong moral mental freedoms. It should promote understanding, Union notes with the g reatest indignation that since courage and readiness for self-sacrifice in defending and educational foundations, living in lasting peace tolerance and friendship among all nations. Everyone 1959 the following developments have taken place freedom, social justice, and national independence and spiritual and material prosperity. has the· right freely to participate in cultural life, to behind the Iron Curtain: IPU BUlLETIN 21 20 I P U B U l L E TI N ( AGRARIAN YOUTH RESOLUTION

The Youth Commission of the Seventh Congress of regimes have continued to place young people under COUNTRIES OF EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE BEHIND THE IRON CURTAIN the IPU met in plenary session at 9:30 a.m. on Sep­ arrest, convicting them and sending them to concen­ tember 3, 1961, in the Cotillion Foyer of the Sheraton tration camps, and dismissing large numbers of stu­ Park Hotel in Washington, D.C. dents from secondary schools and universities; First item on the Agenda was the Election of the Whereas, thousands of young people are still con­ IPU Member Party Reports Chairman, Vice-Chairman and Secretary. demned to forced labor in Siberia and discontent is To the Seventh Congress The following were elected unanimously: Mr. J ani so intense that it is apparent even in the Communist Shopov, Bulgaria, Chairman; Mr. Jon Stere, Rumania, youth organizations and evident in their publications; Vice-Chairman; Mr. Luan Gashi, Albania, Secretary. Whereas, the peasant youth in Central and Eastern FOOD SHORTAGES FOR AT LEAST ANOTHER FIVE YEARS A draft resolution was presented, which, after Europe remains faithful to the ideals of the peasant being read and discussed, was adopted: movement and side by side with the youth in the By VASIL ANDONI schools and the factories, it fi ghts the Communist Whereas, the Communist regimes continue their Secr·etm·y-Gener·al of the Albanian Agr·ar·ian dictatorship and its spiritual and economic exploita· repressive measures against the youth of Central and Dernocr·atic Par-ty BALLI KOMBET AR Eastern Europe, and persist in depriving it of its tion, basic rights and freedoms, and the material and spirit­ Therefore be it resolved that: ual conditions which are necessary for its moral and THE DETERIORATING ECONOMY The inevitable consequence was that the existing physical integrity; "The Seventh Congress of the International Peasant dislocations which had until then kept the Albanian Union expresses its admiration for the young people The years 1959 and 1960 (especially the latter) economy at a singularly unfruitful level, far from Whereas, the Communist establishment uses all have witnessed a rapid and serious deterioration of means to tear the young men and women away from in our captive countries, who, as they did during the being removed, increased in variety and intensity Poznan rebellion and the Hungarian Revolution, have the country's economy, a tendency which has con­ through 1959 and 1961. From official declarations and their families and to place them in a position of com­ tinued to gather momentum to the present day. plete dependence on the Party; demonstrated their willingness to defend the spiritual statistics it soon became obvious that even the inten­ and political independence of their countries and to As the last year of the Second Five Year Plan, sified and unhampered efforts of Soviet experts had Whereas, all political, cultural, and sports organiza­ destroy the established oppressive regimes, regard· 1960 was to have been the year of great expectations failed to solve Albania's intractable problem of eco­ tions of the youth are under Party control and from less of sacrifices. It appeals to them to stand firm on for the Tirana regime. The overhauling of the entire nomic solvency. And so it was that in 1960, the year an early age, Communist propaganda attempts to sow their sacred convictions that freedom belongs to those framework of Albania's state planning, which was of great expectations, the year which was to have in children's minds hatred for their parents and to who truly and persistently struggle for it. undertaken and carried out by thousands of Soviet witnessed the solution of the food problem by internal regiment their feelings, thoughts, and attitudes in experts, who came to Albania after the signing in means only and the boosting of oil production, the accordance with the Communist model; The Seventh Congress of the IPU is convinced that Moscow, on April 17, 1957, of a comprehensive agree­ last year of the Second Five Year Plan came to a dis­ the youth will continue to stand for freedom, social ment between Moscow and Tirana, was to have come mal and hopeless end, and was ushered out by far­ Whereas educational legislation has succeeded in justice, and freedom of education. to fruition during 1960. As was pointed out at reaching and comprehensive failures critically effect­ impoverishing spiritually all educational enterprise, that time, the main objective of this agreement was to ing all sectors of the country's economy. and school children are forced to donate their labor to The Seventh Congress of the IPU appeals to the turn the country's economy from a liability into an factories and kolkhozes; atheist propaganda has democratic nations to support the struggle of the asset for the Soviet bloc. The extent to which the economic situation has so reached a new high of intensity, and the purpose of youth of Central and Eastern Europe for its right to In April, 1957, the Soviet Union, on the one hand, inexorably deteriorated was eventually revealed dur­ all these efforts is to destroy the moral and spiritual live and work in liberty and enjoy the benefits of free agreed to cancel a debt of some 420,000,000 roubles, ing the twice-postponed Fourth-Party Congress, con­ foundations of contemporary society based on the science. and on the other, undertook to run the country's vened in Tirana on February 13, 1961. In their official individual; the widespread display of hooliganism is reports on past "achievements" and future promises, The Seventh Congress of the IPU appeals to the economy in all its varied phases for the next fifteen a symptom of the profound crisis in which the youth years with the help of Soviet experts. both Enver Hoxha and Mehmet Shehu publicly ad­ of Central and Eastern Europe finds itself, and it is United Nations to implement its Charter and g uaran­ mitted that the Second Five-Year Plan had failed tee the youth of Central and Eastern Europe its right After several months of reconnaissance and plan­ a product of the social conditions of the Soviet-Com­ ning, the Tirana Government announced early in 1958 to reach its main objectives both in agriculture and to live in free, independent, and democratic countries. munist system and the most eloquent demonstration that the end of 1960, the last year of the Second Five industry. They spoke in very glowing terms about so­ Only in this manner will it enjoy the rights and free­ of its complete ideological and political degradation; Year Plan, would witness two main achievements: the called successes in the collectivization campaign, but, doms of speech, thought, the press, and education. solution of the chronic food problem by internal means when it came to giving concrete production figures, The Seventh Congress of the IPU appeals to the Whereas, the Communist ideology has failed to only and the boosting of oil production to an annual they avoided the question by stating that, due to leaders of the free nations to do everything in their arouse enthusiasm, and its efforts to attract the youth average of 20,000,000 tons. It was then argued by adverse weather conditions in 1959 and 1960, agri­ power to raise, at every international conference, the with scholarships and other privileges have also the Tirana propaganda machine that by solving the culture had not been able to produce enough food for question of the captive nations and to demand the failed; the youth is steadily rejecting them and re­ food problem, agriculture would not only be able to the people. They avoided also the complex question of restoration of their sovereignty." belling against them, and this is why the Communist feed the people, but also to aid the growing industry, industrial production, with its allied problems of raw and with an increasing oil production the industrializa­ materials, domestic and foreign prices, the balance tion campaign would reach. a highly productive phase. sheet of import-export trade and the place assigned to Albania within the Comecon framework. "We know that the?·e is one and only one way to peace; and that is through Meanwhile, however, the Soviet experts have . j?·eedorn. The recognition of a slave state as a free state would only add power to stepped up the collectivization campaign to the point When it came to the chronic food problem, they the enerny ... while r-uining the rnoral authority of the fr·ee world. The free where some 85 percent of all arable land has now been stated that this would be solved during the coming wor·ld rnust give up any delusions it rnay have about peace being possible other­ fully collectivized, leaving only a few unimportant five years, by the change from extensive to intensive wise than by the liber·ation of all the people of Europe." and rather inaccessible areas yet to come under this agriculture, which, in turn, would be made possible by system. On the other hand, they have continued with the construction, in Northern Albania, of a chemical Professor· SALVADOR DE MADARIAGA, the process of gearing and reshaping the country's plant to produce the necessary fertilizers. In short, President of the Liberal International, economy to the requirements of the Soviet bloc, rather the Albanian people have been told that food shortages to the Seventh Congress of the IPU. than developing it with full regard for the country's would continue for at least another five years and that internal conditions, requirements and potentialities. even then there would be no guarantee whatsoever

22 IPU BULLETIN I P U' B U L L E T I N 23 of any serious improvement in the food supply. The On the political and military levels, the Tirana re­ truth of the matter is revealed by official reports, gime has been further ostracized and isolated from published during the Party Congress, in which it was the Soviet fold of East European satellites. The widespread famine, diverted over 90,000 tons of wheat help and connivance of Yugoslavia, Greece and the r evealed that more than three quarters of the Third Soviet ambassador had for months been absent from to Albania from the amount she has so far bought American Sixth Fleet. After the usual "confessions" F i ve~Y ear Plan is based not on resources already dis­ Tirana during 1960, while the Tirana regime was from Australia. they were all found guilty and sentenced. Of these, covered or even prospected, but on resources, in the being repeatedly threatened with expulsion from both On the domestic front, Hoxha's reaction against four were sentenced to death, including the ex-com­ form of iron, nickel, oil, chrome, and copper, which the Cominform and the Warsaw Pact. A few months Khrushchev's pressure and intrigues took the form mander of the fleet Vice-Admiral Temo Sejko, and have not even been discovered yet and which, for all ago, eight Soviet submarines and a tender withdrew of extensive purges against Communists of doubtful executed at the end of May. This, together with the they know, may not even exist at all in the country's from their base at Valona and sailed back to the allegiance, which culminated in the trial last May of arrest of some four hundred Party members who had underground wealth .. . Soviet Union without submerging, having stopped ten Party members, accused of having plotted to over­ studied in the Soviet Union, was Hoxha's answer to some eight hours at Gibraltar for all to observe them. throw the Tirana regime by force, alegedly with the Khrushchev's methods. BETWEEN MOSCOW AND PEKING Meanwhile, Hoxha, who during this period has re­ Parallel to this disintegration in the country's verted to the personality cult, has reacted by sys­ economy and organically linked with it, 1959 and 1960 tematically boycotting all Communist and international BULGARIAN' ECONOMY IS A REPLICA IN MINIATURE OF THE SOVIET have witnessed certain deteriorating changes and gatherings in which Khrushchev has participated with developments of comparable intensity and importance all his East European underlings. He did not go to By SLA VI NEIKOV, in the political situation as well. Of these, the most the Bucharest conference of Communist leaders in Chairman of the Bulgarian National shattering and the most dramatic has been the pro­ June, 1960, although he sent Shehu to the United Union in E xile longed and worsening strain in Moscow-Tirana rela­ Nations General Assembly the following September, THE COMMUNIST ECONOMY also an employee receiving a monthly salary. The tions, a strain whose roots lie inextricably deep in and Balluku, the Defense Minister, to the Warsaw Pact meeting in Moscow a few months later. He did, With their Third Five-Year Plan, which was hastily outfit in turn is made up of a certain amount of Khrushchev's attitude toward Tito's Yugoslavia. "groups" numbering five to ten persons and headed From previous experience it is obvious that any however, participate in the international conference wound up at the end of 1960, the Communist rulers of eighty-one Communist parties, held in Moscow in gained full control over Bulgaria's economic life. The by an older farmer. The latter is paid on the basis rapprochement between Moscow and Belgrade would of his workdays and receives, in addition, an incre­ have serious and far-reaching repercussions among November 1960, where he crossed swords with Khrush­ so-called socialist way of ownership, production, ex­ chev on more than one occasion. His main speech, change and distribution has encompassed all branches ment. On the average, from ten to fifteen peasants are the Communist leadership in Tirana. In order to fore­ supervised by one bureaucrat. stall any such development, which would spell their which was eventually "leaked" to the West, reveals of the economy : agriculture, industry, credit, trans­ doom, the latter have reacted, and are still reacting, in unmistakable terms how deep and serious this rift port, etc. Within this new-fangled economic frame­ very strongly against such ·a policy, hiding themselves has become and how far Khrushchev has gone in work, the Communist regime has carried out a grass­ MECHANIZATION HAS COLLAPSED bringing pressure to bear on the Tirana leadership root revamping of the administrative apparatus. Dur­ as usual behind the transparent mask of a pseudo­ Through the so-called MTS [Machine-Tractor Sta­ to toe his line towards the West in general and Yugo­ ing the time between the Sixth and Seventh IPU Con­ patriotism, and adopting a purely chauvinistic and tions] the bulk of the agricultural implements is slavia in particular. Khrushchev has gone so far as gress, Bulgaria's economic and political sovietization opportunistic attitude towards the Albanian minority owned by the state. The dismantling of the MTS, to create a pro-Soviet group within the Albanian has been completed. of one million who live in the Yugoslav provinces of which took place a couple of years ago in emulation Communist Party through his Ambassador, Ivanov, The Red rulers are proud of having succeeded in Kosova and Metshija. However, in their struggle to of a similar step in the USSR, and t heir conversion in Tirana, in order to bring about either a change transforming the country into a full-blooded Soviet assert their rights as a minority, against Tito's re­ into repair shops was a fizzle. The collectives do not from within by elections, or, failing that, a coup d'etat colony. Party Secretary, Todor Jivkov, declared at gime which oppresses them, the Albanians in Yugo­ have the wherewithal for either buying the imple­ by the army. Hoxha's speech reveals also how critical the Central Committee's plenary meeting on April slavia have the political maturity to distinguish be­ ments from the MTS or getting machinery from the the food situation had become in August and Septem­ 12-14 of this year, that "the plenary discussion of the tween Tirana, the capital of their mother-country, and state. As a consequence, the MTS are still in existence ber of 1960. But Khrushchev had refused to answer Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee is, for Tirana, the mouthpiece of Communist propaganda, in Bulgaria, although some of the large amalgamated the call for help. us Bulgarian Communists, also a great lesson and and they have not succumbed to the temptations from kolkhozes own farm machinery. a valuable experience, because their fundamental across the borders. Their struggle is fortified by the The Communists have been bragging about having It's relations with Moscow having come to such a problems are identical with those of the unfolding of great faith they have put in the principle of self­ equipped the collectivized rural economy with trac­ sorry pass, and all its attempts to find for itself some our socialist rural economy". In a word, the Bulgarian determination contained in the United Nations' Char­ tors, combines and other agricultural machinery and, secure place within the Communist bloc having been economy is but a replica of the Soviet economy. ter. thwarted, the Tirana regime eventually turned to far­ in so doing, lifting the countryside to a higher level of The Tirana regime is the only one left among the off Peking for aid and guidance. The Tirana leaders productivity. The record, however, shows that they East European satellites which has not yet followed have at last found in Peking both a friendly ear for WHAT THE SETUP OF COLLECTIVE FARMING LOOKS LIKE have fared even worse in this area. There are said to Khrushchev's line and which has remained Stalinist their grievances, one· conditioned by the Peking-Mos­ According to official sources, the collectivization of be 40,000 fifteen horsepower tractors, 8,000 combines, to the core. Looked at from Moscow, this Soviet win­ cow rivalry for hegemony within the Communist agriculture has been concluded. All arable land is in 10,000 trucks and 837 repair centers. dow on the warm Mediterranean waters has now be­ camp, and a fertile ground in which to sow their the kolkhozes' hands, i.e., it is owned solely by the Without dwelling upon the accuracy of these figures, come a political as well as an economic liability, and ideological views vis-a-vis coexistence, the inevitability state. The collectives have been merged into bigger we would like to point out that according to official for reasons of prestige alone it must be kept under of war and revisionism, particularly Yugoslav revi­ units, and there are now 934 of these huge collective sources these agricultural implements had been in control. Consequently, the Soviet Union resorted, sionism. But in view of the current economic crisis farms. use as follows: in 1956, 44.4 per cent of the tractors during· 1959 and 1960, to pressures of different kinds that Communist China herself is going through, it is Private ownership of farming land is limited to were used, and between 1959 and 1961 no more than (heavy economic pressure being not the least among highly doubtful whether Peking will be able to fulfill five decares, on which the peasant must find place for 9.0 per cent of the tractors. them) to bring the Hoxha-Shehu clique to their knees. any part of the economic agreements signed with his courtyard, garden plot, house and installations for Out of the available 372 corn-combines, only 15 units From official statements the inference is clear that Tirana at the beginning of this year. The terms of a cow, a hog, a few sheep and half a score of chickens were in the field in 1960, and none of the 206 beet­ Moscow has withdrawn the credit of three hundred these agreements would seem to indicate that Chinese for private needs. root combines were used. million roubles promised in 1959 for the Third Five help, to the tune of 112,500,000 heavy roubles, is in­ The Bulgarian collectives are tailored to resemble Moreover, out of the 837 repair centers only 453 Year Plan. Many Soviet experts seem to have left tended to replace not only Soviet aid in its entirety, the Soviet model, where the bureaucratic apparatus were used, and then not at the optimum level of the country and returned to Russia, and Soviet heavy but also a good part of the assistance Albania has is under the direct control and supervision of the efficiency. equipment is not being sent to Albania at the prices contracted to receive from the East European satel­ Party organization. The labor force is divided into and in the amounts agreed upon. More important than lites for her Third Five Year Plan. Peking has under­ "brigades", each one made up of three hundred to AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IS LOW all these, however, is the fact that Moscow has appreci­ taken to construct twenty-five industrial projects with five hundred ploughmen. The brigade foreman is called ably decreased its exports of grain and foodstuffs to Chinese experts, who have already started replacing "brigadier", and he is assisted by five to six deputy­ Productivity in collectivized agriculture is dwindling Albania to relieve the country's very serious food their Soviet counterparts. Meanwhile, China has, in brigadiers who are paid on a monthly basis and do not :s teadily each year, and Party Secretary, Todor Jivkov, shortages. spite of her very acute food shortage bordering on actively participate in production. Each brigade con­ recently admitted that "the collectives' output is not tains a certain number of "outfits" made up of thirty commensurate with the population's needs and indus­ 24 I P U B U LL E T I N to fifty peasants, and the foreman of each outfit is try's requirements of raw materials". The chief eco-

IPU BULLETIN 25 ( nomic planner, Stanko Todorov, has acknowledged PRIVATELY OWNED FARM ANIMALS STILL ARE AN IMPORTANT . that "the· Five-Year-Plan for the rural economy h~~ ECONOMIC FACTOR not been implemented for a great man:( products , Animal husbandry is, so to speak, the soft un~er­ among them grapes, cotton, tobacco, grams, poultry, belly of the Communist rural ec~nomy. The various TO TRANSFORM A HUMAN' BEING INTO A MACHINE eggs, pork, wool, vegetables, etc. . categories of livestock are apportioned between state In his report, Party Secretary Jivkov. pomted out owned farms and private farmers as follows: . IS AN UNPARDONABLE SIN AND A CRIME that the number of cattle began decreasmg subst~~­ Of 294,000 cows, 65.4 per cent are state owned, while tially from the day the government decreed collectiVI­ 34 6 per cent are privately owned. There are 5,898,000 zation of all arable land, i.e., from 1948 onwards. s h~ ep, 72.2 per cent of them state owned and 27.8 p~r By VLADKO MACEK, Jivkov conceded that the number of livestock had cent privately owned. The total number of hogs IS President of the Croatian Peasant Par·ty, 1 391 000 of which 66.9 per cent are state owned and fallen below that of 1939. . . Chai1·man of the S eventh The Communists' failure in the rural sector IS high­ 3S 1 ~er cent belong to private farmers. In poultry Cong1·ess of the IPU lighted by the following statistics: in 1960, the total fa~ming, 53.1 per cent of all the poultry are state agricultural output of Bulgaria wa~ estimated to be owned while 46.9 per cent are privately owned. h 18 403 000 000 levas of which only 13,288,- The~e figures used seem to indicate that ~h.e col­ When Karl Marx wrote Das Kapital, he was unable Some eighty years ago, the famous English author t lectivized sector wor000 000 are• attributed' ' to 'the co 11 ec t'Ives an d State is in trouble. The productivity of to assign any place to the peasants in his projected and critic, John Ruskin, wrote: In our society work is Fa;ms This means that no less than one-third of ~he state-owned cows is below 1,400 litres on t~e average social system. To this day, other Marxian writers have fractionalized and not equally distributed. On the total f~rm output came from the private sector, which per year, and hens owned by the collective farms turned out to be equally unsuccessful in determining contrary, man's spirit is fractionalized and broken into consists entirely of five decare garden plots plus a few average ninety-one eggs per year. t j the role of the peasant under communism. For this many small pieces. In the factory, he produces only a farm animals for private needs. These fi gures bear Although deprived of any help. from the state an? very reason, the Communists in endeavoring to realize part of something. With the little common sense left witness to the rock-bottom productivity and poor lacking any subsidiary means of mvestment, the P~I­ their Marxist ideas, treat the peasants as their chief to him, he is unable to produce a single pin or a nail, management of the collectives and State Farms. vate sector still holds a key position in the Comm~mst enemies. Although they have used force, and are still and he has to exhaust himself to produce no more farm system in the teeth of a thousand and one chic~n­ The existence of this appalling using it, to enroll the free peasants in their kolkhozes, than a pin point or a nail head. Of course, it is useful discr~panc~ between eries conjured up by the authorities. The Commum~ts the means available and the results they have fallen short of their aims. It is a historical to produce many pins every day, but when we examine achieved IS further seem to have tacitly acquiesced to that state of affairs corroborated by the volume of investments earmarked fact that the Bolsheviks killed and exiled to the forced the way they are produced, we should realize how for the rural sector in the Plan for 1961. Out of y.~16 as inevitable. labor camps in Siberia more than twenty million Rus­ damaging it is. These machine products are cleaned sian peasants. In spite of everything, even after million levas of capital investments, only 737 milhon LIVING STANDARDS forty and polished with the sand of the human soul. years of ruthless dictatorship the Communists did Men can be put in chains and tortured, and still [or 9.5 per cent] are set aside for agricul~ure and Work in the collectives is paid for on the ba~i~ of not succeed in completely destroying the free peas­ remain, in a spiritual sense, free. True slavery begins forestry, and 65.4 per cent are reserved _for I~d.ustry. a complex system of The computation~. colle~tiVI~ed antry. with the destruction of the immortal human soul and While an output of ()0,694 million levas IS antici~a~ed farmers' workday is no longer paid for both m kmd With the destruction of the free peasantry in mind, the transformation of people into mere parts of a for the industrial sector, an output of 26,863 milhon and in money, as in the past, bu~ in cash only. The levas is expected from the rural economy. . they came upon the idea that the well-being of every machine. It is this transformation that is the cause recent Communist "reform" in this realm. ha~ some­ nation depends on The level of efficiency in State Farms and collectives industrialization and particularly of permanent dissatisfaction among industrial work­ what stepped-up the farmers' prolet~nz,atiOn by (f the well-being of the is very low, the management is wasteful, and the pro­ so-called "economically under­ ers. They are dissatisfied not because of the lack of simultaneously increasing the countryside s depen- developed countries". Obviously, duce is usually shoddy. Around 142.38 levas are spent the Communists still clothing or food but because they can find no satis­ dance upon the regime. . insist on this misleading idea, but we do not under­ faction or pleasure in their work. This, in essence, on each decare of wheat and a kilogram of wh~at pro­ Living standards in Bulgaria, and particul3;rly In stand why some Western statesmen, representing the is Ruskin's view of modern industrial society. duced by the sovkhozes costs 0.73 leva. The yield ~er the countryside, edge towards the ~ere subsistence anti-Communist world, also accept this Communist At times, land becomes overcrowded and exhausted decare is low: 174 kilograms of wheat and 185 kilo- level. The yearly per capita income IS below t~a~ of idea wholeheartedly. We find it difficult to understand and peasants are forced by natural circumstances to some African or Asian countries. The grams of corn. . . . . collectivized why they believe in the rapid industrialization of the leave the work for which God created them. This is The yearly deficit in collectivized agr_Ic?-lture IS farmer does not get more than seven levas for a work­ peasant countries and offer substantial aid to such always considered a misfortune. But when the State huge. Thus, for example, one hundred milhon leva: day, while the monthly wage. of an industrial worker projects, not only where the conditions require them and the political system are used to force the peasants went down the drain because of a bad alf~lfa crop , or a civil servant is around five hundred levas. F~od­ but also where they are completely misplaced. to become industrial workers, as the Communists are another three hundred million were forfeite~ as a stuffs and consumer goods, such as shoes or clot~nng, There is no doubt that the machine is one of man's doing (sometimes, unfortunately, with the help of result of inadequate irrigation facilities. While the have to be bought from the state stores at exhorbitant most wonderful inventions, but only as long as it the Western Democracies, which help the Yugoslav 1960 plan foresaw a sixty million leva revenue from prices. Thus, for example, a kilogram of bread costs serves man. Its value changes entirely if man must Communist dictator, Tito, to transform the free peas­ the State Farms, the latter ended the year twenty from 1.50 to 3.40 levas; a kilo of butter, 24 lev as; a serve the machine, and especially if man-a rational ant into regimented serfs), then it is an unpardon­ kilo million leva in the red. . of cheese, 10 to 12 lev as; a pair of shoes 240 ,, being-must become merely a part of the machine. able sin and a crime. In the field of animal husbandry, the mortahty rate levas; and a suit from 800 to 1,200 levas. is excessively high: 37.1 per cent for chickens and 12 EVEN KHRUSHCHEV ADMITS THAT "YOU CANNOT EAT STEEL" per cent for hogs. Unwarranted delays in bringing in the crops o_f cot­ The facts we have cited indicate that the Bulg~r.ian ., THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FREE PEASANTS CONTINUES ton tobacco fruits and vegetables, resulted m an farmers' problem is not an economic but a political ag~regate l~ss of over one billion lev~ s. one. There is little doubt that it is a _seri?us one and It goes without saying that the bill. for ~he Com­ forms the main barrier to the consolidatiOn of. Com­ By D1·. JURAJ KRNJEVIC, munists' agricultural mismanag~me~t IS paid by the munist power, on the one hand, and_ the expansi~n of S ecretary-General of the Croatian P easant Party farmers, for the compulsory dehvenes of rural pro­ Soviet imperialism, on the othe~. It IS ~ot an accide~t duce are collected by the state regardless of the popu­ that Khrushchev, notwithstandmg Soviet prowess m The life of the Croat peasant under the present main instrument lation's requirements or any special conditions that space and rocketry, declared at the January. 1961 in that endeavor is at the present plenary meeting of the Party's Central Committee: Communist regime is one of permanent martyrdom. time the exorbitant taxation which forces every may arise. . . "Comrades, you cannot It is true that the forcibly created kolkhozes have peasant family to send at least one of its members The legislation dealing with compulsory dehvenes eat steel." This is, of course, a truism which speaks volumes. been disbanded and do not exist anymore, and that to the town to look for some employment and bring to the state has not been substantially revised. The We all need bread. The efficient production of bread is predicated formal requisitioning has been stopped, but the lea­ home some money each week. In poorer mountainous collectives are bound to "sell" their produce to the up~n freedom, human dignity f or those who ders of red Yugoslavia have never really given up the regions, there already exist a number of completely state at fixed prices. According to official data, around plough tJ:te sOil, and the latter's right to own the land idea of breaking the peasant as a free human being deserted villages. In their efforts to carry out their ninty-four per cent of the state's purchases come from they till and the and turning him into a blind tool of their policy. The program of the "socialist transformation of the the kolkhozes and sovkhozes. tools they use.

I P U B U LL E TI N 27 26 I P U B U LL E TIN village", the Communist government of Yugoslavia sions as to the future of our people recently used the device of a redistribution will be taken by live in great poverty. If of agri­ the people in the home country, no care is taken to raise their states of Asia and Africa. It also has sympathizers cultural lands to destroy the free and our most essential cultural, social and economic peasants. The best duty is to support them and standards, they may, among the peasantry of Latin America. The miserable, plots of lands are reserved to keep alive their faith someday, participate in for the kolkhozes, and as that justice must finally prevail. a Communist inspired revolu­ illiterate masses in all these countries are infected by most peasants are unable to pay the exorbitant costs tion led by leftist elements. We witnessed Communist Among the outstanding activities of the Croat this phe­ propaganda and influenced by Communist of all services they receive, part of their lands is taken nomenon in Russia forty-five years ago, in China political Peasant Party between the last and the coming Con­ after maneuvers. away to cover expenses and it is added to that of the the Second World War, and more recently gress of the IPU were the Third Congress of in Guate­ kolkhozes. the mala and Cuba. c) The Soviets Croat Peasant Party, which took place in Brussels, not only continue to subsidize Com­ Foreign aid, especially from America, though it is We have, however, seen in our Eastern munist parties all Belgium, in August 1960, and the Third Congress of and Central over the world, but are now strong extended with a view towards improving agriculture, European countries that an independent, enough to pursue the Free Croat Workers' Federation, which was held prosperous their political aims through eco­ never reaches the peasants in Croatia. It is used ex­ and well organized peasantry nomic help in July this year in Brussels, under the slogan: offers the strongest resis­ to underdeveloped countries. clusively on state-owned and government-run estates "A tance to communism. or union of workers and peasants for a free and demo­ on the kolkhozes, created out of the holdings for­ In September of last year the Communists merly cratic Croatia!" The Free Croat Workers' Federation organized owned by German peasants expelled after the FAILURE OF THE PREWAR a large international is a professional workers' union which was, before the RED AGRARIAN INTERNATIONAL meeting in Havana on "agrarian war to Austria and Germany, or even for entirely problems of the last war, by far the strongest workers' union In national liberation movements." This senseless and unnecessary industrialization projects. of 1923 the Soviets made a fruitless attempt to year, a second l nter·na Croatia. Ever since its foundation in 1921, it has given organize tional Agricultural Confer·ence The Croat peasant lives exclusively by his super­ a Red Agrarian International and arranged was held in Prague. its close political cooperation to the Croat P easant Both consumers' and producers' human exertions and unaided by anyone, lives and to hold its first Congress in Moscow. cooperatives were Party. Both congresses were fully successful in their represented at this conference which hopes for the better. Cannot at least some moral en­ The one-week congress was called the Fir·st Inter­ was dominated by aims. Their decisions regarding close cooperation be­ delegations from the underdeveloped couragement be given to him by the West? That is national P easant Confe?·ence and was advertised as countries. tween peasants and workers in a free Croatia, the the question which has been put to us in many letters being held in the magnificent throne room of the uncompromising struggle against the present dicta­ reaching us from Croatia. Kremlin Palace. Speeches to the "international peas­ torial and exploitative Communist rule, and WHY PRAGUE WAS CHOSEN FOR The activity of the Croat Peasant Party the strug­ ants" were given by Kalinin, Zinoviev and THIS YEAR'S MEETING abroad is gle for a free, democratic and independent Clara Zat­ not confined to any country or to any Croatia kin. Communist theses on the peasant were continent and within a United Europe composed discussed Czechoslovakia, a small country, is is conducted with a view to supporting of free peoples, and the Hungarian-born Soviet economist often chosen by the unequal received wide publicity in the Varga at­ the Soviets when indirect action struggle of the people in homeland and among tacked the peasant system in is being planned. The the homeland. Final deci- the Croats living abroad. capitalist societies, while Czech Communists are Lebedev spoke on the merits very loyal to the Soviets, and of agricultural coopera­ Czechoslovakia, in tives in Russia. Manifestos the minds of many people in the and appeals were pub­ Free World, is still lished. Special appeals somehow living on its good prewar to the Working Peasants of reputation. Czechoslovak the Colonies, to P easan agriculture before the war t Women, and Wo1·king Women was one of the of all Countries were best developed in Europe; and even produced, and the International taking into consideration Peasant Council was organized. its mismanagement by the RED AGRARIAN INTERNATIONAL REVIVED Communists, it still has one of the most developed IN PRAGUE From the very beginning of its existence, the Bol­ agricultural economies behind the Iron shevik regime in its aggressive international Curtain. activi­ Prague, with its festivals, is very pleasant, the ties has tried to get sympathy from Kar­ and control of lovy Very and Marianske Lazne helping to create By the Czechoslovak Republican Agr ar·ian Pa1·ty workers, peasants and what the Communists an call the air of hospitality. No better place for holding working intelligentsia. It was successful an agri­ in different cultural congress could be found behind The following lines aim to attract attention to countries in varying degrees with the Iron workers and work­ Curtain, especially when political gains special international activity of Czechoslovak ing intelligentsia, but it failed everywhere are being Communists with the considered. among the peasantry of the Free peasants. At the First International Peasant World. Con­ ference in Moscow they did not get a single agrarian W e can expect this: The Soviets may organize a large-scale leader of stature to attend the meeting. (A book on the drive to gain some hold over the peasantry THE SOCIAL ROLE OF THE PEASANTRY Conference was in Asia, Africa and South America through fight against communism remains often misunderstood published by the Peasant (Com­ coopera­ SHOULD BE BETTER UNDERSTOOD munist) Library in Paris; an tives. The cooperatives, as a means to improve in the West and in the United States as well. The English translation was their published by the International economic and social standards, have a great appeal When, a hundred years ago, social evolution of the United States took place in a Peasant Union in 1957.) to Karl Marx published small farmers. The Soviets feel that their time his philosophy of the struggle favorable political climate. No political movement The Soviet attempt to organize the R ed Ag1·arian has of the working classes come. Before the war their attempts ended in against capitalism, he among the farmers or considerations of the farmers' Inter·national failed and the Communists never became failure; not only underestimated but firstly because they did not possess enough completely misunderstood special role as a class were needed to assure the influential among the independent peasantry before strength the political and social demo­ and experience to carry their plans importance of cratic progress of the country. Americans, the Second World War. The proletarization of the through and the peasantry. The main reason for therefore, secondly, because they had no his misunderstanding lacking this experience, neglect peasants through the collectivization of Soviet agri­ foothold in Asia and of the peasants was that he the peasants in their Africa, which were controlled never took aid to underdeveloped countries. culture and the cruelty which accompanied the process by the Western Powers. into account the fact that Communist They are now facing countries revolutions Those favorable conditions which in Russia, where millions of peasants perished, which have been would take place in underdeveloped coun­ built the United alien­ liberated and where the tries States as a free society do ated the peasant masses from the Soviet peasantry still represents al­ in which peasants form the majority of the not exist in the under­ form of most eighty per cent developed countries at "cooperatives." of the population. With the new population. present. Communist subversion states now subject there demands the creation Although the Soviets failed to political and social unrest, the Bolsheviks and other Communists of our times cor­ of a strong and prosperous before the war to organ­ Communists have class of working people. ize the peasantry on an international a freer hand to carry through their rected this Marxian mistake and misused the peas­ The main pillar of the work­ scale for Com­ plans. ing class, traditionally, munist political aims, the antry in their struggle for power until their control is a prosperous and politically situation has decisively influential peasant changed since then, to Aid to cooperatives over the state was firmly established and then class is a sine qua non for a healthy the advantage of the Com­ is an innocent-looking, humani­ they democratic evolution munist world : tarian, social and economic proceeded to brutally betray the peasant masses. in the underdeveloped countries. endeavor. Land reform, as We are emphasizing this a plan for de-proletarianization The peasantry today still represents the since a number of voices of the peasant masses, majority have been heard advising a) Communist rule penetrated, through might bring many socia of the world population, and the countries that the Latin American aggression, l, economic and political diffi­ which are situation could into sixteen states in Europe, Asia and culties if not properly most exposed to Communist subversion be saved only by unlimited support of even America conducted and helped by the are predomin­ non-Communist (Cuba), and it is trying to establish West . When antly agrarian-peasant. leftists among workers, intelligentsia, a foothold in large estates are broken up and parcelled and students. The advocates of such a policy Africa. out, new farm buildings must be provided, new roads The importance of the peasant masses of the under­ forget that in South America seventy-five per cent of the built, the soil must be improved, and cattle and ma­ developed countries, as one of the main pillars in the b) Communism has many people are still peasants and the majority of them militant and politically chines must be bought. There must be a reorganiza­ confused sympathizers in the new underdeveloped tion of the system for buying all the things that new 28 I P U B U Ll E TI N

I P U B U LL E T I N 29 farms need for marketing agricultural products, and peasan t1·y, led by city Communists, to gain cont1·ol of Western journalists who have visited Tallinn re­ Let us bring just one illustration. In 1934, Estonia the problem of receiving credits must be solved. the countr y: this may be the new Soviet plan. cently and who knew Tallinn before have observed that, initiated a large scale campaign to reclaim and culti­ To make millions of poor people immediately happy Communists are masters of betrayal, and we can despite the years of Soviet occupation, the city has vate her extensive natural, unimproved grassland is practically impossible. The Soviets will have a wide expect that behind the innocent democratic slogans still preserved much of its Western atmosphere and area s. This was begun with such success that in the choice of places to step into where they can make their about the social advancement of the peasantry they the typical Soviet drabness is not so prevalent as in year 1939 alone approximately 25,000 hectares of investment pay off best. In helping to organize co­ will lure many politically inexperienced and well­ the Soviet Union proper. natural gr a ssland were drained and improved by operatives, in giving economic help to underdeveloped intentioned people in the underdeveloped countries to reseeding and fertilization. At this rate, the increase employ the same countries through cooperatives and providing agri­ cooperate in their design. They may GENOCIDE AND RUSSIFICATION PROGRE~SING SLOWLY in the improved grassland acreage over a twenty-six cultural implements and machines, they might harvest tactics of infiltration, in cooperating with democratic pear period ( 1939-1965) would have been 650,000 excellent results in the form of political control over elements, which they used in Eastern and Central The years of occupation have brought great changes hectares. One hectare of improved grassland added, at the underdeveloped countries. Europe after the last war and which they are now in the composition of the population, insofar as occu­ a conservative estimate, from two to two and a half Control over the cooperative movement and through trying to apply in Laos. They plan, organize, cooperate pations and national composition are concerned. Ac­ tons of milk a y ear, or a total of 1.3 to 1.63 million it control over large segments of the population living democratically, and wait patiently until they feel that cording to the 1959 Census the urban population in­ tons annually by the year 1965. Just before the Soviet on small farms, is not difficult to attain. It requires they are in control of the situation, and that the time creased from thirty-four per cent in 1939 to :fifty-six occupation, in 1939, Estonia produced 1.05 million tons having the Communists' local men in control of the has come to strike. During this period of infiltration, per cent in 1959. Estonia and Latvia seem to be the of milk each year. On this basis, the 1965 production central cooperative organization in each state. Eco­ they try their best to gain the confidence and sympathy most highly urbanized republics of the Soviet Union. level would have reached 2.4 to 2.7 million tons if nomic aid would reach this target. The Communists of the people. This shift is due partly to massive deportations of Estonia were still independent. are quite clever in organizing a small, efficient minority Reports have reached us from the Prague meeting peasants during the forced collectivization of Estonian which takes over the organization of the masses. of the International Agricultural Conference of this in­ farms. Partly, it is due to the large number who have The Soviet production goal is 1.3 million tons of milk Economic aid to the central cooperative organization teresting political game of the Soviets. After the Con­ left agriculture, the most miserably treated segment by 1965, i.e. just about half of the probable output will make Communist control of local organizations ference, the majority of the delegates from the under­ of the Soviet economy, and partly to the continuous of Independent Estonia. will be given to those communities where developed countries remained in Czchoslovakia for influx of Russians into urban areas and into the more easy. This aid At present, if one takes the Soviet statistics at control of the organization has been pre­ training in the Communist style of agricultural co ~ highly paid occupations. Communist face value (although Khrushchev himself has pointed control is possible in localities where the operative. European peasant Communists are in pared. Such The proportion of Russian nationals is now ap­ out that this cannot be done!), milk production in simple steel plow or a cow changes the whole Czechoslovakia for training in collectives. The Soviet gift of a proaching one fourth of the total population in Es­ Estonia is claimed to have been 813,000 tons in 1959 a peasant for the better. The leaders of the drive to win control over the peasantry through back­ life of tonia. The 1959 Census showed that 20.1 per cent of and 829,000 tons in 1960. This is roughly four-fifths do not need to be farmers; and in under­ door tactics has begun. cooperatives the population were Russians, 2.2 Byelorussians and of the pre-war output of Independent Estonia. And developed countries where peasants are mostly illiter­ Ukrainians and 1.4 per cent Russianized Finns in in adjustment of figures to allow for the loss of about ate, they never will be. Mater·ial help and education of the peasants Estonia. The majority of this 23.7 per cent of foreign em of five per cent of E stonia's territory would not change tmder·dev eloped countries should be made an it population must have entered the country after the wer·s and shottld be the overall picture. Through local Communists to take cont1·ol over the top priority by the W estm·n Po Soviet occupation. It is not possible to determine the ·ol the ty of cooperatives, th1·ough the cooper·atives to contr fur·ther·ed by all possible m eans and in a varie exact extent of this influx since parts of Estonian It is noteworthy that the Soviets now claim that the with the help of a Communist-organized ways. peasantr·y, and territory with considerable Russian population were level of milk production of Independent Estonia has annexed, after the occupation, by the Russian Federal been surpassed. The repetition of this claim indicates Republic. In the present territory of Estonia, the the importance the Soviets place on this fact. To Russian and other Slavic elements have probably substantiate their claim, the Soviets have chosen as THE MUCH ADVERTISED ECONOMIC PROGRESS IS NOTHING increased about three to four times. a basis for comparison the production of milk during There is no information about recent mass deporta­ the year 1940- 782,000 tons. This last figure may be BUT A TISSUE OF SOVIET LIES AND FORGERIES tions, although political persecution continues and correct, although it may also have been subjected to so do arrests for political reasons. Another method Soviet statistical manipulation. The fact is that 1940 of deporting Estonian youth out of the country is does not in any way represent the situation in Free Repor·ts by the United Farmers' and the "voluntary" migration to the virgin land areas in Estonia. The Red Army moved into military bases Smallholders' Party of Estonia Soviet Kazakhstan and other places in Asia. in Estonia in October 1939, and in June 1940, there followed the final occupation of Estonia and the im­ SOVIET STRUGGLE TO CATCH UP WITH many Party bosses throughout the Soviet Union. Yet, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION STILL LAGS prisonment of her legal government. FREE ESTONIA OF TWENTY·FIVE YEARS AGO the flattering objective has not yet been achieved; BEHIND THAT OF FREE ESTONIA The first steps in the Sovietization of the Estonian generally, the present agricultural output seems to economy were accompanied by the usual developments: The past two and a half years were the first years be about one fifth below the level attained by Free The projected increases in agricultural production about disorganization and a sharp decline in production in of the Soviet Seven-Year Plan for occupied Estonia. Estonia. Soviet claims that this level has been achieved during the 1958-65 seven-year period average In the agricultural sector, this period has been charac­ seventy to ninety per cent more than the output of all segments of the economy. The agricultural sector in some areas have, upon closer examination, proven was especially hard hit by this situation after all terized by frantic efforts to raise the level of Soviet to be lies. 1957. Specific increases planned are: meat and pork, agricultural production and to improve the meager seventy per cent; milk, ninety per cent, and vegetable land was nationalized and the redistribution of land per cent. Also, the Seven-Year Plan pro­ was decreed by the occupation authorities. Thousands diet of the Soviet common man. "Surpass the United GENERAL CONDITIONS crops fifty States in the production of milk, butter and meat" is vides for the building of 20,000 dwellings for collec­ of good dairy herds were dispersed and many cows the slogan dangled like a carrot before the Soviet Until recently Estonia, like Latvia and Lithuania, tive farm workers. Production goals for 1965, how­ were slaughtered. Imports of concentrated cattle feeds toiler. was almost hermetically sealed off from the Western ever, are only slightly over the level of production ceased, and it is quite likely that milk production fell These same efforts are reflected in occupied Estonia. World. The country was one of the restricted regions reached by Independent Estonia in 1939. nearly twenty-five per cent during this first year of "peaceful Bolshevist ravage." If one reads the local newspapers and other publica­ in the Soviet Union where no Western visitors, tourists To put all this into proper perspective, one must tions, one gains the impression that the main concern or journalists were permitted to travel. In 1959, these recall that, despite some stagnation of agricultural The selection of this year as a basis for comparison has been to catch up with Free Estonia, to restore restrictions were partially lifted and the capital city production during the years of the great depression with the achievements of Independent Estonia may the level of agricultural production that Independent of Tallinn was opened to tourist traffic. However, indi­ before the Second World .War, agricultural produc­ have been badly needed, for domestic purposes, to Estonia had reached just before the Second World vidual trips are still nearly impossible, and visits are tion in Estonia was growing at the rate of four to save the face of the occcupation forces. For any im­ War. A certain amount of progress apparently has limited mostly to guided tours. Soviet authorities five per cent a year. In other words, over a twenty-six partial observer, this lie typifies once more the petty, been made, enough so that Nikita Khrushchev him­ have not given permission to tourists to visit the year period, from 1939 to 1965, agricultural produc­ thievish methods that are widely applied in Soviet self has expressed satisfaction with results in Estonia, graves of their relatives if these happen to be outside tion in Independent Estonia would have grown ap­ statistics to indicate progress that actually is non­ while severe reprimands have been the portion of of Tallinn. proximately three hundred per cent. existent.

30 I P U B U L LE TI N IPU' BULLETIN 31 If certain livestock animals have decreased in num­ THE OPPRESSOR CANNOT EXPECT LOYALTY to indicate increases in production roughly The Quixotic fi ght of the Soviets with the windmills for 1940 ber during the year 1960, the losses are due solely to FROM THE OPPRESSED a half times higher than they actually were! of the past is pathetic. They cannot, of course, allow two and the pressures applied by the Communist Party to force hardship, suffering and humiliation themselves to admit the flagrant and dismal failure of the peasants to sell the privately owned cattle to the Through untold STANDARD OF LIVING have borne their tragic fate with their collectivized system of agriculture. Rather than THE state farms. Even more interesting is the picture the Latvian people forgeries and patience and fortitude. Years of oppression, deporta­ do this, they prefer to resort to lies, economic progress in the West revealed by the figures indicating production of meat, The final measure of tion, persecutions and attempted indoctrination have tricky devices of all kinds. of the population. The Soviets milk and eggs. is the standard of living not extinguished the spirit of democracy and ·hope concerning living stand­ have published information for human freedom and social justice. That these are EVEN THE GROWTH OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION favored class-industrial PRODUCTION OF MEAT, MILK AND EGGS ards only for their most not just empty words was revealed recently by a cer­ IS NOT SPECTACULAR to claim that the present workers. Some studies seem 1953 Total State owned Priv. owned tain Mr. Gribkov, a Russian Communist whom the has exceeded that of Inde­ In industrial production some progress seems to day standard of living Meat [incl. pork and Kremlin has placed in actual charge of the Latvian the usual exaggerations, have been made, although the rate of growth is not pendent Estonia. Discounting bacon] in thousd. tons 83 36 47 Communist Party. ­ seems that the present living standards of industrial Yery spectacular when compared with the rate of indus it Pork 41 14 27 Committee convention, Mr. may be approaching those of Free E stonia. On June 6, at a Central trial growth in Free Estonia. On the other hand, indus­ workers Milk [thousd. tons] 980 400 580 h with a criticism of Latvia's all other segments of the population­ Gribkov began his speec tries producing consumer goods for local consumption However, in which he chided the rural cells teachers, professional workers, etc.-and lagging agriculture do not seem to have reached the level of Free Estonia, farmers, 1960 T otal State owned Pr·iv. owned the trade unions, and are the large majority-now have a much lower of the Party, the Komsomol, except, perhaps, in textiles. Whatever progress has these illions] 50 126 for their apparent inability to com­ of living than they had in Free E stonia. E ggs [m 176 Party agitators been attained is mainly in heavy industries serving standard and bourgeois-nationalism and capi­ only to look at the miserable housing situa­ Meat [incl. pork bat "the remnants of the Soviet war potential and other heavy investment One has steners that these "rem­ limited choice of food in the markets, bacon] in thousd. tons 151 74 77 talism." He reminded his li requirements of the USSR. Notable advances have tion and the very Communists, will about the well-being of their Pork 84 39 45 nants", which include even some also been made in industries exploiting Estonian raw and the Soviet boast the Soviet a house of cards. Milk [thousd. tons] 1,470 725 745 never give up their schemes to "corrupt" materials, in the interests of the Soviets. population crumbles like the duty abby Soviet reality in occupied Eggs [millions] 305 86 219 people, old and young alike. It is, therefore, But even in this more successful area the Soviets To brighten up the sh con­ for the Party to ly owned gar­ of the Party and the Komsomol, he said, to be have resorted to characteristic trickeries. As their E stonia, it is urgently necessary It is evident that the so-called private d of these myths cent of the stantly alert in unmasking their felonies at home an statistical yearbooks indicate, the index figures of invent myths. One of the most hopeful den plots are fulfilling more than fifty per that the level of a the fact that abroad. · He thus revealed how great is the Kremlin's industrial growth are based on that part of 1940, in Estonia seems to be the claim plan for agricultural production, despite been reached on t he land tilled. concern about the questionable loyalty of the Latvian when Estonia was formally annexed by the Soviets, quarter of a century ago has they occupy only about four per cent of the d the level ever be production, working people toward their Soviet Russian masters i.e. from August sixth to the end of the year. This road toward communism. Shoul And this applies to all phases of farm been today, and the and their discomfort over the anti-Soviet activities of period represents at most forty or forty-five per cent reached whe1·e Free Estonia would have despite the pressure exercised by the Party has finally results the Latvian emig-res living in free western countries. of the total annual production. Nevertheless, the Soviet then it will probably seem that communism government. It is a prime example of the . rights and our freedom, the cap­ manipulators of statistics cheerfully use the figures been achieved. achieved by the collectivized system of agriculture In the fight for our It is also interesting to note the quantities of Lat­ tive nations hope that the Western democracies will vian agricultural products which Latvian farmers are stand by the principles of the Atlantic Charter which forced to deliver to the All-Union Fund, in other they signed in 1941 at Placentia Bay, on the coast of HALF OF LATVIA'S ARABLE LAND LIES FALLOW words to the representatives of Soviet Russian colon­ Newfoundland. They agreed that "no territorial ialism: changes should be made except with the freely ex­ By ALEXANDER OZOLINS, pressed wishes of the people concerned; that all peo­ On Behalf of the New Fa~· me~·s' and Smallholdm·s' REQUIRED DELIVERIES FROM LATVIA ple should choose their own form of government; that Party of L atvia. TO THE USSR-1953 and 1960 all states gr eat or small, victor or vanquished, should have access, on equal terms, to raw materials; that Total State owned Priv. owned livestock owned by peace should be assured to all men everywhere and Latvia, once a flourishing and independent country, steady increase in the amount of exception of sheep. Item of produce: 1953 that all should enjoy "freedom from want"; and that has now become, after sixteen years of Soviet occupa­ kolkhozes and sovkhozes, with the was a decrease Meat on the hoof all nations of the world "for realistic as well as tion a splendid example of general pauperization and In the so-called private sector, there although the number [in thousd. tons] 35 20 6 spiritual reasons must come to the abandonment of ruthless exploitation. Economically, the Russian Soviet in the number of cattle and sheep, since 1953. Never­ Milk [in thousd. tons] 410 292 118 the use of force." system has been fully enforced, which means exploi­ of pigs owned privately had grown by owners of Eggs [in millions] 25 15 10 today with a great tation, low wages and total regimentation. Industry theless, the private sector, managed We may read this declaration four per cent of Priv. owned of men died to make it has been geared, for the most part, to military produc­ small plots of land [approximately Total State owned sense of sorrow. Many millions for a consider­ not entirely come true. The tion to serve the USSR's imperialistic strategic plans. all the land being tilled], still accounts Item of produce : 1960 come true, and yet it did in comparison with the made good in the blood of the The output of non-military items, industrial and agri­ able percentage of animals Meat on the hoof Atlantic Charter was this is one of the and yet it was not entirely cultural, is lagging. Managers of collective and State numbers owned by the state; and [in thousd. tons] 130 98 32 freedom loving peoples, and absurd system by one of the governments Farms continue to provide the government with decep­ best examples of the uneconomical Milk [in thousd. tons] 862 641 231 made good. It was betrayed to it, the Union of Soviet tive figures, in order to conceal the lag in the quotas of Communist agriculture. Eggs [in millions] 67 54 13 that subsequently agreed assigned to them. Socialist Republics. of agricultural production Thus, of the total agricultural output only 21,000 PRIVATE AND STATE OWNED LIVESTOCK The present world crisis demands for all of us full tons of meat, 608,000 tons of milk and 238 mil­ FARMING of the danger to all the spiritual values of THE RESULTS ACHIEVED BY COLLECTIVE 1953 Total State owned Priv. owned are left for the population of the Latvian awareness lion eggs now at stake, and the true causes 411 331 is sent away to satisfy the needs of the mankind, which are The results achieved through collective farming can Cattle [Incl. cows] 808 SSR. The rest time that the Free World This is the most striking exam­ of this danger. It is about best be determined through the facts and figures re­ Cows 466 215 251 Soviet Union proper. their policy, now based on 361 ion, and it is, therefore, no finally began to reappraise by the Russian Communist occupiers themselves. Pigs 600 239 ple of colonial exploitat adopt with dignity leased 320 sells to the state only fear and wishful thinking, and acreage under crops was 1.9 million hectares in Sheep 520 200 wonder that the private sector The while the rest is sold the policy of resistance. 1960, or approximately fifty per cent less than in 1939, about one third of its produce Priv. owned or consumed by the producers We appeal to the conscience of the Free World not when Latvia was an independent state. The sovkhozes 1960 Total State owned on t he local markets also be described as a kind of to forget: All peoples are entitled to the enjoyment and kolkhozes did not fulfill the plan for improving Cattle [Incl. cows] 937 324 613 themselves. This may Russian Communist regime of freedom and independence, for these principles are the neglected farm areas, and the yield of winter crops Cows 552 256 296 resistance against the free farmers of Latvia, now universal and apply to all people everywhere, includ­ was lower than in 1959. Pigs 1,048 401 647 displayed by the once 124 adversaries of the collectivized system. ing the people behind the Iron Curtain. In the field of animal husbandry, there has been a Sheep 470 346

I P U BULLETIN 33 32 I P U B U L LET IN J

( B. Livestock Breeding Number of Farm Animals in Lithuania.. THE RURAL POPULATION IS EXPOSED TO UNTOLD MISERY Vestnik Statistiki, No. 5, 1961, published in Moscow, on January 1, 1961 disclosed that in Lithuania during the year 1960, there Total in State Farms Total Privately by JUOZAS AUDENAS, On behalf of the was an increase in almost all categories of farm ani­ and Kolkhozes Owned Lithuanian P opulist Peasant Union mals over the total livestock counted for the year 1959. Cattle 658,000 565,000 A breakdown of this general increase reveals that most Cows 316,000 421,000 of it took place in the State Farms and kolkhozes. Pigs 913,000 788,000 expressions of deep sadness on their faces. They are The reorganization of agriculture and the charges The number of privately owned cows decreased in 1960. Sheep 124,000 247,000 poor, badly dressed and always hungry. This development is, of course, a direct result of against officials involved in farm manag.ement affected midst of all this devastation, there are a few From the second t able it is quite obvious that private In the the farm policy of the regime which has, for the past not only the Russian Federal Repubhc bu~ all ~he the str etches of land cultivated by households in Lithuania even now possess more than oases provided by three years, been confiscating all calves that were born other constituent Soviet Republics as well, mcludmg Here, at least, one can see fifty per cent of the country's cows and sheep and still State Farms and kolkhozes. to the privately owned cows and turning them over to occupied Lithuania. d crops growing, and on the wide kolkhoz represent the most significant factor in dairy and fair size the State Farms and the kolkhozes. Kolkhoz members In Lithuania which was occupied for the second one can see comparatively small herds of wool production. pastures have already been forbidden to keep their calves or time by the So~iet Union in 1944, collective farming cattle, sheep or pigs. These are the n~w estates of to raise them. Newly born calves are forcibly taken LITHUANIA'S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND was imposed in 1947, and since then agricultural pro­ Communist agriculture where horses stlll outnumber away from the peasants and given to the "socialist ~· OYIET COLONIAL EXPLOITATION duction in Lithuania has fallen steadily from year to self is transformed into an obe­ tractors and man him sector" of agriculture. Thus in 1960 about 240,000 year. Before the Second World War, when Lithuania and reduced to a new kind of The Soviet Union, acting as a colonial power, de­ dient tool of the regime calves were t aken from private households and from was independent, her agricultural output was so abun­ . . cides the size of the tribute which occupied Lithuania serfdom-personal, material and spiritual. January 1, 1961 to May 20, 1961 about 203,000 calves dant that there was a constant problem as to where to witnesses, we .saw the~r wo:ned must pay, in agricultural produce to its conqueror and W e s poke to many were confiscated and given to the State Farms and find markets to export the agricultural surpluses. taken m occupied Lithu­ exploiter. faces and the many pictures kolkhozes.4 Today, after years of Soviet occupation and the impo~i­ On January 18, 1961, the Central Committee of the ania and brought back to the West. increases in Lithuanian live­ tion of collective farming, agricultural output m The above-mentioned Communist Party of the Soviet Union met in Moscow stock during the year 1960 may be broken down as must produce and deliver Lithuania is barely sufficient to properly feed the LITHUANIAN AGRICULTURE IN 1960 and decided that Lithuania follows: The number of cattle increased by 5.6 per to the Soviet Union the following quantities of farm population. A . Production of grain crops cent, of milk cows by 3.8 per cent and of pigs by 20 is products during the year 1961: The problem of feeding the Lithuanian popula~ion per cent. Only the number of sheep decreased by 4.6 IS The production of grain crops in 1960 was smaller To be P1·oduced To be Delivered complicated even more by the fact tha~ Mo.scow co.n­ per cent. than that of 1959 and almost half the size of the (in Met1·ic T ons ) to the USSR- stantly demanding from Lithuania de~JVene~ of gram, It may be of some interest to compare the figures . Th.us, average annual yield before the .soviet. occupa~ion and (in Metric Ton s) meat and dairy products to the Soviet Um?n of privately owned farm animals and farm animals an the forced collectivization of Lithuaman agnculture. 1,640,000 130,000 during some winter and spring seasons the Lithuam owned by the "socialist sector": The "socialist sector'' Grain In 1939, for example, independent Lithuania ~roduced weight) 265,000 245,000 population is forced to go hunting for food througho.ut increased its cattle holdings by 18.5 per cent and of Meat (live 1 824 510 metric tons of grain, but under Soviet occu­ 1,250,000 the empty state stores in the cities and t?v:ns, whil.e milk cows by 13.5 per cent, while the numbers of Milk 2,400,000 agn­ p~tio~ the production of grains f ell, in 1959, to 977,0~0 123,000 in the villages, where all units of collectivized privately owned cattle fell by 13.5 per cent and of Potatoes 3,460,000 metric tons 1 and in 1960 it dropped to 859,000 metnc 680,000 culture are kept under strict government and Par.ty cows by 2 per cent. In the "socialist sector" of Sugar Beets 883,000 tons.2 The ~ield of grain crops in independent Lith~­ milk 20,000 control, the rural population is exposed to the gnm the number of pigs rose by 25 per cent, Flax 27,000 ania reached a yearly average of 1,579,295 met:Ic agriculture (million) reality of semi-starvation. privately owned pigs increased Eggs 550 (million) 70 tons during the years 1935 to 1939, but under Soviet while the number of only 14.2 per cent. This table proves that the Soviet Union is "gener- COUNTRYSIDE TODAY rule the production of grain crops from 1954 to 1958 THE TRUE FACE OF THE LITHUANIAN 3 the tables shown below, based upon ous" enough t o leave some grain and potatoes for fell to a yearly average of 684,000 metric tons. Nevertheless, that private households in the native population of Lithuania while it takes As recently as this summer, many Americans of The Lithuanian Communist Party, eager to please official statistics, reveal than fifty per cent of all away their meat, dairy products, sugar and industrial Lithuanian descent had the opportunity to make tourist its bosses in the Kremlin, pledged itself as early as Lithuania still own more the country. The total population crops. Incidentally, it is well to remember that grain trips to their homeland. There they were permitted to 1959 to fulfill the agricultural portion of the Seven the farm animals in the total livestock and potatoes are also needed to feed cows and pigs walk the streets of the capital, Vilnius, and some­ (1959 to 1965) in five years. However, of livestock in 1961 is still below Year Plan this and to produce meat and dairy products, which are the of the second largest city, Kaunas ; but so mark.edly below population of independent Lithuania in 1939; times those after the yield of grain crops fell main objectives of the Kremlin masters. Perhaps the to visit the small towns and par­ Commumst pledges is especially true with reference to cows and sheep. they were forbidden the production level of 1959, the Kremlin's requirements will not be met, and perhaps take a closer look at the kolkhozes (the looked completely ridiculous. ticularly to and propaganda slogans Number of Farm Animals In Lithuania As of the Soviet colonial masters will have to be satisfied any the Party's great collective farms) . Today, no one mentions lo~ger January First, Each Y ear with somewhat less than they had expected. Moscow's esire to rapidly increase agncultural output or .to It is no secret that some of these visitors to occupied d 1961 stooges in Lithuania are already lamenting that this of the ear Plan. ~ffi~Ial 1939 1960 Lithuania were pro-Communist, but even those openly speed the fulfillment Seven-~ 1,223,000 year's output of meat and milk products is lagging made pubhc some statistical Cattle 1,312,000 1,158,000 admitted among close friends that the Lithuanian Communist sources have far behind the planned schedules. The truth, however, of the Seven-Year Cows 862,000 710,000 737,000 landscape does not look very good. Everyone who had data concerning the fulfillment remains unchanged: Without its ruthless exploitation the year 1960. However, Pigs 1,377,000 1,435,000 1,719,000 visited independent Lithuania before the Second Plan in Lithuania during of the captive peoples, the Soviet Union would not be of grain .cr?ps, Sheep 1,256,000 391,000 371,000 World War remembered the well-cultivated fields, detailed figures for the production able to play such an important role in world affairs throughout the coun­ potatoes and certain other farm prod.ucts ar~ missmg. stretching without interruption 4 Valstieciu Laikrastis, No. 62, 1961, Vilnius. politically or economically. tryside, the large herds of cattle in the pastur~s , .and There was only a brief reference m passmg, to a the well-kept farmhouses and other farm bUJldmgs decrease in the yields of grains and potatoes. on the private family homesteads of the free peasants A modicum of success was attained during 1960 in THE MOST OPPRESSED COUNTRY IN THE SOVIET ORBIT of Lithuania. Now, however, the Lithuanian land­ the yield of milk per cow; the output of milk. per cow scape presents a very depressing view: The land often rose from 2,118 kilograms in 1959 to 2,224 kilograms by CO RNEL BIANU, On behalf of the lies fallow over long stretches and the wilderness is in 1960. P erhaps this is best explained by the abUJ;d­ R umanian National Peasant Party beginning to take over. Sometimes, in the midst of ance of r ain in 1960 which made it easier to raise catches sight of a single c~w this wilderness the eye green fodder. 'MOSCOW'S DOMINATION IS WITHOUT LIMIT life is, however, better hidden behind certain aspects or horse grazing in places separated by large dis­ camouflaged for propaganda purposes. Statistics and and e:ren & 3 Khozyaistvo S.S.S.R., 1959, Page tances. Farm buildings are falling apart, I Norodnoye The situation in Rumania shows hardly any signs of newly erected mass-dwellings are brought into the lime­ leakmg the farmhouses look shabby-broken windows, 357, Moscow. improvement or relaxation since our last Congress in light in order to satisfy the curiosity of foreigners, but once free roofs and a general state of disrepair. The 2 Komjaunimo Tiesa, No. 113, 1961, Vilnius. 1959. The real face of the country and of its people's any visit to the country is curbed, and contact with the peasants shuffie about in despair and resignation, with I P U' 8 U L L E TI N 35 34 I P U 8 U L L E T I N are again and again rounded up, imprisoned and sent for improvements in the system's shortcomings and '( THE CURRENT PLAN population is purposefully reduced and rationed. Ev~n to slave labor camps, to the rice fields or the reed the circulation of the natives is confined, and their bottlenecks. Built on the failures of the previous Plan, the new swamps, the worst of all the forced labor sites, at the There are no fi gures available on the total waste access to regions where the tension is high or where Six-Year Plan, boasting high flown economic achieve­ mouth of the Danube. The resistance of the peasants and losses suffered as a result of high cost of produc­ riots have occurred, is forbidden. Deportations and ments for industry and maintaining for agriculture has, however, still not been broken. Nor have they tion and distribution. It must, however, be made clear slave-labor camps are blooming and the newly estab­ the goals set, but not obtained, in the last Plan, justi­ been brought closer to the socialist conception of life. that these high costs are not due to the cost of labor, lished "comrade's courts" are even more feared than fies all our doubts. It is too early to assess the first Their struggle for freedom, dignity and their tradi­ as they are in the Western countries. Actually, accord­ the state judiciary. The new Party-organ, the so­ year's achievements, but we are bound to declare that tional way of life has now been shifted to the collective ing to the last official fi gures of the Statistical An­ in agriculture, the first year's production has not called "street-cell' has been introduced all over the farms, only temporarily. country, and has added to the increasing number. of nuary of 1960, the share of all salaries in the costs ?f lived up to expectations. The harvest, instead of show­ Actually, the political meaning of the resistance agencies, offices and organs controlling the populatiOn. goods in 1959, shows a decline from 17.6 per cent m ing the planned increase, fell some 8 per cent below and the struggle of the peasantry was never realized With the standard of living on a miserable near-star­ 1957, to 17.2 per cent in 1959, while the costs of that of 1959. by the Western press, nor conveyed to its public opin­ vation level, with the most cruel and pitiless adminis­ materials have meanwhile increased from 61.0 per ion as a real, open, daily plebiscite rejecting the tration and working conditions, no wonder that G. cent to 62.5 per cent . In the West, the tendency is THE PEASANTRY regime. Instead, the resistance has been presented as Coblentz of the Herald Tribune, in the issues of May reversed, and this tends to point up the deterioration Forming 69.1 per cent of the population, the back­ a purely economic problem-measured in collectivized 5, 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1961, has described Rumania as of the Rumanian workers' situation. bone of the country still is, as it has been in the past, In agriculture, the deficiencies of the recently ended hectares and solved by communism in terms of ad­ the most oppressed and depressed country of the the peasantry. Hardworking, valiant, and God-fearing, Five-Year Plan are even more eloquent. It was planned vanced science, in accordance with the deceiving and Soviet empire. it has kept the nation safe against powerful external that cereal production should reach 15 million tons damaging propaganda of the local Communists and enemies and against the internal remnants of feudal­ At the Party Congress in June 1960, Gheorgui Dej, yearly by 1960 (Scinteia, December 28, 1955) . The Moscow. the Party Secretary-General, stressed the ism. The struggle was long and bitter, but it brought Part~' s 1960 harvest allegedly amounted to 9,800,000 tons of Actually, very practical economic reasons should faithfulness to the principles handed down by Lenm freedom, land and political independence. Some 90 cereals, making the total deficit of cereal production have prevented the peasants' total proletarization. In and the orders issued by Moscow. There can be little per cent of the arable land came into the possession of for 1956-1960 over 15 million tons. the peasants after the First World War, and their practice, every means was good enough to bring them doubt about this apparent loyalty, the more so as Dej After production of cereal grains, the main stress. is political party gained power under the leadership of to heel-no matter what· the consequences. himself announced to the Central Committee of the laid by the regime on animal husbandry. Here, agam, Juliu Maniu and Mihalache in 1928, winning eighty And yet, the spirit of the population and of its Party that "all anarchical, selfish tendencies due to however, the results are not gratifying. They are far f oreign influence, together with the anti-Party ac~ivi­ per cent of the ballots cast and forming the first largest sector-the peasantry-is not broken. On the below the planned fi gures, and even mark a sub­ Peasant Party government in the country. contrary, they were able to create-at the last so-called ties have been rejected by the homogenous and umted stantial regression. The Statistical Annuary of 1960 Central Committee". None of the original founders of Under Soviet occupation, in the elections of 1946, general elections-such tension that the regime had shows 4 450 000 head of cattle as compared with as well as in the ensuing life and death struggle with to withdraw some of its candidates and to admit it the Party, except Gheorgiu Dej, is left in the Central 4,800,000' in' 1956; 1,110,000 horses compared with Committee. communism the Peasant Party was, with the help of publically in the case of two withdrawals of candidates 1,150,000; 4,300,000 pigs compared wi~h 4,_950,000. the occupying power, crushed, and its leadership, for parliament and over twenty-seven withdrawals Only the number of sheep has shown a slight mcrease headed by Juliu Maniu and Mihalache, liquidated of regional and local delegates, according to the offi­ THE FIVE-YEAR PLAN WAS A COMPLETE FAILURE from 11,120,000 to 12,100,000 heads since 1956, while slowly and secretly. But the Peasant Party is still cial newspaper (Scinteia, March 5, 1961) . This un­ the number of goats has dwindled from 598,000 to haunting the Communist regime. The peasants, with foreseen incident, unique in Communist "elections", One of the main events of the years since 1959 was 415,000. their spirit of national and individual responsibility not on ly in the P .R.P., but behind the entire Iron Cur­ the failure of the 1956-1960 Five-Year Plan. In order The position is no better in those provinces incor­ alive and militant, are considered to be the arch­ tain, is more eloquent a confirmation of the people's to conceal its glaring deficiencies, the new Six-Year porated into the USSR. The New York Times of enemies of the regime. Former members of their party spirit than any interpretation could be. Plan ( 1960-1965) has been made to cover the last October 11, 1960, quoting P1·avda, reported that :'the year of the previous plan, the account of the last ye~r State-Farms of Moldavia (Bessarabia and Bucovma) being mixed up with the newly started Plan. This are not fulfilling their socialist commitments regarding trick, however, is too crude and the procedure too animal and milk production." COLLECTIVIZATION AND REGIMENTATION HAVE RUINED AGRICULTURE flagrant not to catch the eye at once. Despite the offi­ The progress made in both mechanization and sociali­ cial figures of achievements, the deficiencies-both zation of land has not turned out to be a panacea for industrial and agricultural-spoil the shining rosy the outstanding failures. The process of land socializa­ By the Democ1·atic Party of Slovakia picture of the report made by Dej to the Congress, tion with the main emphasis on the forced transfor­ dismissing the shortcomings simply as "due to the mation of the loose agricultural associations into col­ THE RULES OF INDUSTRY CANNOT BE APPLIED TO AGRICULTURE !em of agriculture and that it is a fundamental bureaucratic attitudes of the Party agencies". The lective f arms, has made deep inroads into the sector mistake to apply automatically the rules of industrial stratagem worked momentarily, and Khrushchev, who of individual peasant holdings. All the forces of dark­ The class hatred spread by the Party and state mass production to agriculture. No wonder, there­ flattered the Congress with his presence, himself ness were let loose in the turmoil directed against the organs has been directed mainly at those peasants fore, that the Communist economy in Czechoslovakia described the achievements and the new Plan as "won­ outcast peasantry, struggling with all its wits and who had successfully resisted all Communist attempts has so many grave problems which cannot be denied derful", and as a "symphony of the socialist orchestra". its shrewdness and at last resorting to force to oppose to make them give up their own small farms and join even by the spokesmen of the Communist regime. The spell was, however, broken the very next day the collectivization of their farms. However, the rem­ the collective farms. All kinds of tricks, terror and First of all, the Communist kolkhozes are far behind by Prime Minister Stoica himself. There was not one nants of the "chiaburi" (rich peasant) were quickly persecution were used in order to rob them of their the level of agricultural production reached by free state, or Party institution and agency, begin_ning with liquidated. The regions of the cereal-belt were ear­ property, and to force them into kolkhozes. When they Czechoslovakia and even further behind their own the ministries, which did not come under his sharply marked for total and direct collectivization, while the failed, the peasants would be subjected to criminal economic plan. They intend to improve the level of worded criticism. Production, distribution and con­ farmer associations were to be, by all means, trans­ indictme.nt and to confiscation of their property. Only industrial production by 1970. Meanwhile, however, sumption of goods were found to be outdated, of poor formed into collectives, with individual property these extreme measures made it possible to herd the lack of sufficient production of foodstuffs compels quality and expensive. "Negligence, carelessness, and rights to remain undisturbed during the first stage of 994,000 peasants into 10,816 Unified Agricultural Co­ the Communist government to import agricultural waste abounded in the management... " "Enforcement collectivization. operatives in Czechoslovakia, so that by January 1, produce from abroad in a much larger quantity than of order and discipline in all fi elds of activity" was an The official statistical fi gures, marking a yearly in­ 1961, 87.4 per cent of all the soil tilled in Czechoslo­ before and to pay with its own industrial products. urgent necessity.. . Thus, the Communist regime dis­ crease of 22 per cent in the collectivized areas, now vakia was collectivized. The fall in production is evident not only as far as covers, at its own expense, at every stage and survey, totalling some 82 per cent-according to the New However, the kolkhozes in Czechoslovakia are far grain is concerned. It is even worse with regard to that it is unable to cope with the problems of advanced York Times of March 27th, 1961-reflect the havoc from living up to Communist expectations. On the dairy and meat products. There are constant com­ technology. Placing the responsibility on the local and the torment of the losing battle fought desper­ contrary, they represent an ideological, political and plaints by Party and state organs about negligence, agencies has proven to be no excuse and h as not made ately by the peasantry, men, women and children alike. economic failure. They confirm the fact that Marx, shortages or sabotage relating to production of grain Engels and Lenin had no true grasp of the prob- and particularly of fodders, corn, sugar beets, and

I P U B U L L E T I N 37 36 I P U B U L L E T I N ./

potatoes. According to official sources, there is now a Nevertheless, the Communist Party of Czechoslo­ WHERE DO THE NEUTRALS STAND the office of Secretary-General by a "troika" represent­ shortage of 60,000 cows, and the average milk pro­ vakia has achieved its primary goal: namely, to ( ing the Soviet bloc, the neutrals, and the Western Between these two forces locked in a fateful con­ duction is very poor-about 1,788 liters per cow destroy the peasantry as a class and to dismantle its bloc. This would mean a majority of two to one for flict there stand the so-called neutral nations. annua:lly. private enterprise. This destruction has been followed Khrushchev. Otherwise, he would not have proposed At this very moment, while we are meeting here in by the destruction of other strata of the formerly it. It would also mean that if the West were to use AGROGORODS STILL IN SIGHT Washington, in Belgrade, the capital of my country, strong and prosperous middle class, the artisans, its veto power in this "troika", the veto so generously another meeting is being held. That meeting is the The Communist regime is attempting to improve the businessmen and all "has-been people". In order to used by the Soviets, the West would be blamed for.any International Conference of Uncommitted Countries. situation of the collective farms by various reforms, demolish their economic and social position, the gov­ hypothetical failure. Khrushchev made the same pro­ It is a meeting of the so-called neutrals, representing but because the system itself is rotten, they are of ernment ordered an extensive control of the national­ posal for the Commission on Disarmament. twenty-four countries who, they say, do not belong to no value. One of these attempted reforms is the amal­ ized, communal and cooperative enterprises aiming Tito supports him, and in a speech reported by any bloc, neither the Soviet bloc, nor the Western gamation of many kolkhozes. About one third of the at the elimination of all politically and economically Bo?·b a on June 6, 1961, Tito stated: "We want to pre­ bloc. They say their only aim is to achieve peace and original collective farms were abolished and com­ undesirable elements from their jobs. vent what has happened in the past, the fact that the to preserve it. From whom? From those who are bent bined with others. Before this, the average acreage of United Nations are the instrument of this or that upon destroying it? a collective farm was 350 hectares, while now it is 450 A LIFE OF PLENTY PROMISED AFTER SOME TWENTY YEARS policy, the instrument of some determined power or It seems to me that the fact that officially they do hectares. Before any expected beneficial result of this Czechoslovakia, as a whole, is an industrialized group of powers . . . " It is not difficult to understand not belong to any bloc is not important. However, what step could be seen, the unification process had to be country, and the majority of her people are employed which powers Tito was alluding to. In the question of is very important is whose side they are, in fact, help­ stopped because of confusion and the danger that it in industry. Yet, the pauperization of the country is the United Nations Organization, its Secretary, and ing to win. This is what matters, nothing else. would further threaten farm production. There is an accomplished fact because living standards, except its reorganization, Tito has joined hands with Khrush­ The only European country participating in this no doubt that the unified kolkhozes represent the for the Communist ruling class, have fallen. There is chev. Conference is Yugoslavia. All the other countries are nucleus of the Communist dream of agricultural cities, increasing economic experimentation and chaos-shor­ from Africa, Asia, and Latin America, including so-called "agrogorods." tages of food, high prices, lack of labor force in some THE NEUTRALS ARE MOBILIZED TO HELP KHRUSHCHEV The Communist kolkhozes also face another prob­ Cuba. Asia, Africa, and Latin America are all heavily economic fields, a critical housing shortage, constant infiltrated with Communists, and some of these coun­ One cannot easily dismiss the Belgrade Conference. lem; namely, the problem of the garden plots left to tension and dissatisfaction. The only remedy against tries are in overt collaboration with the Soviet Union. It must prepare the groundwork for Khrushchev's the members of cooperatives for their private use. these ills is the promise of a future Communist para­ In others, the Soviet Union dominates what is called proposal to reorganize the United Nations, to help The kolkhoznik is accustomed to paying much more dise, not this year or next, but in 1965, 1970 or even the "street", that is to say, the street mob, dominated Khrushchev in some way or other to solve the Berlin attention to these plots than to the cooperatives, and in 1980 when everybody will have everything in by the Communists and recognized by the Soviet Union crisis on his terms. so, they produce and are able to sell much more than abundance. the kolkhozes do . The members of the cooperatives as the "sovereign people". Some of these countries At this moment the Free World is shocked by live in constant fear of the Soviet Union and Red Khrushchev's threat to resume atomic testing with his still have 370,000 cows under private ownership. THE SITUATION IN S;LOVAKIA China. They fear not only the subversive movements Giant Bomb of one hundred million tons of explosive, THE LOT OF THE PEASANT The Communist double standard toward Slovakia within their frontiers, directed from Moscow or Pei­ but it is also rejoicing in the fact that Khrushchev i:s apparent from its different political and economic ping, they also fear that if they resist they may be has at last shown his hand. Perhaps the Free World is Another serious problem facing the cooperatives is attitude. Whilst Slovakia has gradually been robbed attacked by the Soviets or Red China, whether by so­ hoping that the neutrals will change their minds. an increasing lack of initiative and, therefore, of of her autonomous political rights, as demanded by called voluntary armies, as in Korea, or openly, with­ I am afraid that those among the neutrals who fear labor. Between 1955 and 1960, over 482,000 workers her Slovak national organs, and degraded to the level out this mask, as in Hungary. They fear that they may the Soviet Union will be frightened still more, and left the agricultural cooperatives for industry. Only of an administrative province, economically it is be abandoned by the West. What then, can you expect those who side with the Soviet Union through their 4.4 per cent of the workers are 15-20 years of age, strongly supported by the establishment of new in­ from these countries? ideology will find in Khrushchev's latest action further while over 45 per cent are over 50 years of age. Women dustries. This two-faced policy is calculated to subju­ support for their ideological ties. represent the majority of the labor force on the farms. gate the Slovak people and to help exploit Slovakia's The youth does not see any secure future in agricul­ TITO'S VERY SURVIVAL IS BOUND UP natural wealth for Soviet benefit. Slovakia's close­ WITH THAT OF MOSCOW WHY HAS THE WEST SPENT OVER ture, and so it flees the kolkhozes. This systematic ness to the USSR is especially helpful for this pur­ EIGHT BILLIONS IN FOREIGN AID depopulation of the villages creates a great headache pose. However, the Slovak people have preserved their Tito, the chief organizer of this Conference of Neu­ for the regime, particularly, in so far as the planned traditional anti-Soviet and anti-Communist feelings, trals cannot, in this great struggle between Moscow All t his raises yet another question-the question development of the collectivization of agriculture, manifested so strongly and so many times in the past. and Washington, make any move which would help of the foreign policy of the Free World, and of the and the improvement of the food supply and the No wonder that Slovakia represents a stronghold of Washington to win or cause Moscow to fall. He is well United States. stimulation of economic growth are concerned. anti-Communist resistance in Czechoslovakia. aware that if Moscow falls, all Communist regimes will The United States has given 8.2 billion dollars in fall, including his own. The records show that Tito foreign aid to twenty-one of those twenty-four nations has constantly and persistently voted in the U .N. with now attending the conference of neutrals in Belgrade. BILLIONS OF AID DOLLARS HAVE GONE DOWN THE COMMUNIST DRAIN the Soviet Union, knowing very well that Soviet This aid was given without any political strings foreign policy is also his own foreign policy. attached t o it. It was given simply to help these peo­ For two months Tito toured the new countries of ples to stand firmly on their own feet as a condition By DR. MILAN GA VRILOVIC, Africa and Asia thundering against "colonialists" and for maintaining their independence. But what about On behalf of the Yugoslav-Serbian "imperialists" in exactly the same way that Khrush­ those invisible strings that Moscow manages to at­ Agrarian Union chev had. tach to the foreign policy of these countries without In Ghana, for instance, according to his own Party spending all those billions of dollars? THE FORCES IN CONFLICT those who still enjoy it, and freedom to be won for organ, Borba, he said: "Opposite attitudes between Do you know how much aid Tito has received? Events are developing fast, faster than they ever those who have lost it to the Communists, freedom progressive and reactionary forces . . . lead to ever The total sum received by Tito is 4,150,328,000 dollars, have until now. We cannot say that the end is in sight, of those silent peoples who can think freely, but can­ greater tension." Is it difficult to guess whom he is of which the United States has contributed more than but we can say that we are approaching it faster than not speak freely. So on this side, on the side of free­ referring to as "reactionary forces"? And he added: 2,200,000,000 dollars. One may ask to what end the West has spent such before. We refer to the end of the great struggle dom, we have the United States, Great Britain, France, "There are certain warmongers, especially in the an enormous sum of money. In order to obtain the generally called the struggle between East and West, West Germany, Italy, and other free countries, and in West, who want to solve international problems by present situation? The West could have got the same between the free countries, headed by the United addition to this, we have on this side the profound force . . . " international results without spending these 8.2 bil­ States, and the Communist bloc, headed by the Soviet feeling of all subjugated peoples. These silent peoples Can we expect him to change his mind now in Bel­ lion dollars. Union. This conflict is, in fact, much larger and deeper are natural allies of the free West, and, in the first grade? Or can we expect him to pursue an "identical or similar" foreign policy? The argument offered at this moment in support of than many people suspect. place, of the U .S.A. This extremely important fact Khrushchev is trying to destroy the present organi­ this aid fall into three general categories: The stake is freedom, freedom to be preserved for is often overlooked. zation of the United Nations. He is trying to replace Firstly, it is true that Tito is a Communist and his

38 IPU BULLET.IN I P U: B U L L E T I N 39 _/

regime is a Communist r egime, but he is not in the been in the hands of individual peasants, and ·only ten Moscow camp of satellites. (However, if foreign per cent has been owned by cooperatives and State policy is a question of life or death, a question of sur­ Farms. In spite of this, agricultural production is vival for the United States-and both Kennedy and low. This is so because of the Marxist system, because Nixon defined it as such in their electoral campaigns of the Communist rule, because of the burdens im­ -the fact that in that foreign policy Tito has always posed on individual owners, because of the discrepancy sided with Moscow negates any significance in his between high production costs and excessively low not being in the Moscow camp of satellites.) prices paid for agricultural products, because of Secondly, other Communist countries may imitate the basic peasant distrust of the regime in every Tito and break with Moscow. (However, none has respect. So the peasant does not produce as the Com­ done so.) munist government expect.s him to produce. Faced Thirdly, this aid will enable Yugoslavia, and eventu­ with the massive stubborn resistance of the peasants, ally other Communist countries, to stand on their Tito is now trying to appease them-with words. feet economically as a prerequisite for their full inde­ What is the attitude of the Serbian peasants? I again pendence. This principle is valid for all free countries quote from Borba, reporting Tito's speeches: with a free economic system. (But a Marxist collective "What is the reason the peasants are so unwilling economy is the most costly and wasteful economy that to cooperate? The reasons are mainly economic. The could ever exist and Yugoslavia is a good example of earning capacity of individual producers is not given it.) sufficient stimulus." One could easily imagine what a freely-elected Speaking in Bor, Tito said: "If our peasant has government in a free Yugoslavia could have done with been distrustful of what we have been telling him the sum of $4,200,000,000. Yugoslavia could have about the advantages of collective work on the land, lived for about three to four years at least without now he can see with his own eyes how much it is its government taking from the people a single cent in his interest to stop torturing that small plot of land, in taxes of any kind. Furthermore, Yugoslavia, once and to put it into a collective farm, so that it could be an exporting agrarian country of free peasant pro­ tilled by the most modern means and become highly ducers, has recently been asking the United States productive. This is what pains me. I would like to again for enormous quantities of wheat and corn. see our peasants go ahead as fast as our working men They give as their reason for the imminent food in the factories who are trying to raise the produc­ disaster, bad weather and floods. As if in prewar tivity of their labor." (Borba, June 8, 1961). But it is Yugoslavia there had never been any bad weather precisely because of what he can see with his own eyes or floods! that the peasant has remained distrustful. So we have So it is only right to ask: Where did these billions yet another admission from Tito, namely that the go? They were swallowed up by the Marxist economy, peasant has been distrustful of communism from the just as the efforts and slave labor of 18,500,000 Yugo­ very start, and that this distrust shows no sign of slavs were. diminishing. If these peasants-as Tito himself testifies-are not THE PEASANTS ARE AGAINST TITO'S REGIME cooperating and do not trust the Communists or com­ Collectivization of land in this country of small munism, how could Tito rely on them to defend the landowners and free peasants has utterly failed. Since same Communists or communism in the event of an 1953, about ninety per cent of the arable land has international conflict?

Hungarian and Palish reports will be published in the next issue.

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