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Towards a Decolonial Reading of Tivolem: E Ainda Há Mais Mundo,Chega Lá

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Towards a Decolonial Reading of Tivolem: E Ainda Há Mais Mundo,Chega Lá Imagem Gitika Gupta Towards a decolonial reading of Tivolem: E ainda há mais mundo,chega lá Tese de Doutoramento em Literatura de Língua Portuguesa: Investigação e Ensino, orientada por Doutor Osvaldo Manuel Silvestre e Doutora Maria Helena Santana, apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra Setembro 2014 Faculdade de Letras Towards a decolonial reading of Tivolem: E ainda há mais mundo, chega lá Ficha Tecnica: Tipo de trabalho Tese de Doutoramento Título Towards a decolonial reading of Tivolem: E ainda há mais mundo, chega lá Autor Gitika Gupta Orientador Professor Doutor Osvaldo Manuel Silvestre e Professora Doutora Maria Helena Santana Identificação do Curso 3º Ciclo em Literatura de Língua Portuguesa:Investigação e Ensino Área Científica Literatura Data 2014 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude towards both my supervisors for their constant support and attention and also Prof. José Bernardes without whom this project would not have started off. Profa. Santana went out of her way to resolve many obstacles in/directly related to my academic labour here. Another guardian angel in Coimbra is Carmo Carpenter who opened her arms and her house for me and I can never thank her enough. Thanks to all my Coimbra friends — Indian and Portuguese, the Conceição family, Aurélia . last but not the least, my family and loved ones for being constantly after me to finish the thesis — their patience for this supposedly interminable work! The present research and thesis has been entirely supported by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia in the framework of doctoral fellowship (SFRH / BD / 44576 / 2008) within the POPH/FSE programme. I am extremely grateful to FCT for all the financial support provided throughout. 4 Contents Abstract/Resumo…………………………………………………………….6 Introduction………………………………………………………………….13 I – E agora, José: Goa syndrome? 1. Mapping the tools: postcolonialism, postcoloniality, postcolonial theory/studies ............................................................................... 23 2. Whither non–anglophone postcolonial turn? .............................................. 31 3. Lusophone postcolonialism: postcolonial desire /postimperial narcissism? ................................................................................. 43 4. Decolonializing Lusophone/Portuguese imperial memory ........................... 52 5. Spectre of Goa ............................................................................................. 74 II – The curious case of Portuguese subaltern colonialism 1. Portuguese Prospero’s exceptionalism behind Caliban’s mask ..................... 85 2. Oito-oitentismo between subalternity and peripherality ............................. 100 2.1. When did Portuguese marginality take a sub-alturn? ......................... 104 2.2. Where/Can the subaltern hide? ......................................................... 106 3. Self-denial of co-evalness with other European colonizers? ....................... 112 4. Subverting the Portuguese decolonization (hi)story……………………….124 5. Reprovincialization of Europe or intercolonial narcissism?.........................128 6. Global /South of nowhere .......................................................................... 136 III – Towards bebincaized Goan history 1. Colonial elites’ alienation ........................................................................... 168 2. Tivolem: routes and roots............................................................................ 175 5 2.1 Calibrations and regenerative criticism……………………………..181 2.2 Counter-memory ............................................................................... 183 2.3 vegdench munxaponn………………………………………………..188 3. Homecoming……………………………………………………………...190 3.1 Cultural dis/identification .................................................................... 201 3.2 Colonial modernity vs. Critical traditionalism……………………..…207 4. Politico-cultural mourning ........................................................................ 220 5. Reflective nostalgia ................................................................................... 225 6. Alterna(rra)tives of/from Goa .................................................................... 232 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...243 Bibliography…………………………………………………………….…..258 6 Abstract Late capitalism has misappropriated the socio-cultural capital of imperial memory, postcoloniality being a case in point. Anglocentric postcolonialism and the privileged non–materialist literary readings failed to adequately problematize the socio-cultural geopolitics of imperial memories. Hence, the concomitant rise of Francophone, Italophone, Germanophone, Hispanophone, and Lusophone postcolonial studies along with doubts about the future of Anglophone postcolonial studies. The non–Anglophone postcolonial turn entails postcoloniality in its local or neo–eurocentric avatars with a rehearsal of the earlier reconciliatory vs. anti–colonial debate within Anglophone postcolonial studies. Notwithstanding the marginalization of the non–anglophone colonial histories within Anglophone postcolonial studies, it is contentious how the recent postcolonial scholarships engaging with other European empires reckon with the imperial turn and imperial historiography within their respective metropole centers. In keeping with the criticisms against postcolonial scholarships of non– anglophone empires, the discursive deliberations of imperial memories within Lusophone/Portuguese postcolonialism appear mere nostalgic revisitations rather than critically revisionary in nature. Portuguese imperial history still continues on exceptionalist lines of neo–lusotropicalism and historical irony that such a small country established one of the first colonial empires which outlasted those of other European nations. Also, the long Colonial Wars and the 7 incoming Retornados prevail as anomalies associated with Portuguese imperialism. The exclusionary literary corpus of Lusophone postcolonialism exposes the selective amnesia and metrocentric nature of Portuguese imperial memories which surreptitiously sustain collective self-willed amnesia. The discursive marginalization of Asian ex–colonies within Lusophone postcolonialism in particular, and within imperial historiography at large, is read in terms of Ann Stoler’s colonial aphasia in order to engage critically with this imperial amnesia. Privileging the propositions of Boaventura de Sousa Santos, the mapping of Lusophone/Portuguese postcolonialism reveals how it is complicit with postcoloniality. Problematizing his subaltern/semi-peripheral hypotheses of Portuguese colonialism lends weight to the contention that contrary to the sociologist’s claim, the geopolitical space of Portuguese colonialism fails to act convincingly as counter-hegemonic globalization in its opposition to dominant version of postcolonialism. Rather, the assumed Portuguese marginality as the locus of enunciation of oppositional postcolonialism invokes intercolonial narcissism and further mystifies his call for reprovincialization of Europe. In fact, the marginocentric essentialist discourse of Portuguese imperialism remains concomitant with his undifferentiated call for defamiliarizing vis-à-vis the imperial South. Far from being decolonial interventions, the sociologist’s discourses necessitate the exigency of decolonializing of Portuguese imperial history. 8 Tivolem (1998) by Victor Rangel-Ribeiro discursively challenges some of the hypotheses by the Portuguese sociologist especially the phrase pre- postcolonialism. Arguing that far from running the risk of being colonialist in his eagerness to be anti–colonialist, as the sociologist claims, in Tivolem the colonial elite emerges as severely alienated. Observing the narrative’s elite standpoint, the reading well distinguishes the colonial elites’ reappropriating and reclaiming of the colonial past. Through the everyday epistemologies of return migrants from various Portuguese colonies around the 1930s, the fictional Goan village narrates the colonial socio-dynamics of the stayees and returnees, the elites’s reflective nostalgia rendered as social capital of communitarian ties. This reading also lays the groundwork to propose the term bebincaized, employed as a literary allegory for Goan history. The term intends to invoke alterna(rra)tives to the received Histories about Goa and its colonial past. Decolonializing Portuguese imperial History reckons not only confronting the past, but also subscribing to the imperial turn in terms of a desanitized and comprehensive, as opposed to a selective imperial memory. And still there are more world, go on (E ainda há mais mundo, chega lá as in the title) would be a befitting amelioration of the Camonian exhortation that if more world existed we would have gone there (“E se mais mundo houvera lá chegara”). 9 Resumo O capitalismo tardio tem-se apropriado do capital cultural da memória imperial, como é o caso da póscolonialidade. O póscolonialismo anglocêntrico e as leituras literárias não-materialistas não têm problematizado adequadamente a geopolítica sócio-cultural das memórias imperiais. Em simultâneo, verifica-se o crescimento dos estudos póscoloniais francófonos, italófonos, germanófonos, hispanófonos e lusófonos, juntamente com as dúvidas sobre o futuro dos estudos póscoloniais anglófonos. A viragem póscolonial não-anglófona implica rever a póscolonialidade em seus avatares locais ou neo–eurocêntricos, bem com a antinomia
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