DOCSLIB.ORG

Apartheid, Racisrn, and Black Mental Kealth in South Africa, and the Role of Racial Identity

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Apartheid, Racisrn, and Black Mental Kealth in South Africa, and the Role of Racial Identity Apartheid, Racisrn, and Black Mental Kealth in South Africa, and the Role of Racial Identity Dan Hocoy A thesis submitted to the Department of Psychology in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen's University Kingston, Ontario, Canada June, 1997 copyright @ Dan Hocoy, 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibi iographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington ûttawaON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Ywr iSlir Votre ~fëmm? Our tüe NmrBWm The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seIl reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fih, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copy~@t in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts hmit Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract The impact of apartheid and racism in South Africa on Black mental health and self-esteem, anà the role of racial identity in this relationship, were exarnined in this study. First, it was hypothesized that the cognitive (Black self-perception) and affective (Black esteem) components of Black racial identity are empirically independent, and second, that Black self-perception moderates the prediction of self-esteem from Black esteem. Third, the relationship among pexceived racism, mental health (Le., anxiety, depression, psychosomatic symptornatology), self-esteem, and Black self-perception in Black South Africans was hypothesized to be a function of in-group (Black esteem) and out- group (attitude toward Whites) attitudes. These hypotheses were tested with 363 Black South Africans in a nation-wide study in 1995, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The first hypothesis was supported; the second was not. For the third hypothesis, Black esteem and attitude toward Whites were found to moderate the relationship between perceived racism and mental health, rather than act as predictors. Qualitative analysis revealed an alternative pattern of relationships among the variables in the study, and provided a framework for understanding how apartheid and racism may affect mental health. This pattern was confirmed by post-hoc regression analyses and is proposed as a framework with which to understand the relationship between racism and mencal health in other racial or ethnic groups. The importance of qualitative investigation in cross-cultural research was underscored by its indispensability in this study. In addition to these hypotheses, various models originating from North America were tested for their validity in the South African context, including Crossf model for racial identity development, Berry's model of acculturation, and Hocoyfs model of racial identity. The models of Cross and Hocoy found substantial support but required modification for Black South Africans, while Berry's mode1 was fully applicable. Gender differences in response to discrimination were examined as well. Apartheid seems to have resulted in a duality of consequences for Black South Africans. It appears that racism results in lowered mental health and psychological damage, but it also seems to elicit responses of resilience, coping and strength in oppressed individuals. This duality was also found among women who bear the added discrirnicrtion of sexism; gender analyses revealed that apartheid has more serious effects on women than men. This greater oppression against women seemed to be met with an equally greater degree of resilience. Self-esteem was found to be a robust agent in buffering the effects of discrimination for Black South Africans. My journey in academia, culminating in this thesis has been, as rnuch as anything else, a personal quest for self-understanding and the telling of the experience of a person of Colour in a White world. This dissertation would not have been possible without the help of countless people who offered their support, advice, influence, friendship, tirne, and a piece of themselves. To these people, I am forever indebted; 1 wish 1 could thank them al1 here, but can only mention a few that deserve special recognition. To the Black South Africans who took part in my study, I give eternal thanks for your trust, openness, and willingness to share your lives with a stranger £rom another land. The stories of your struggles and triumphs have awakened in me a sense of who 1 am, and the rneaning of life itself. You have moved me by your exarnple, from which I will continually draw inspiration, courage, resilience and forgiveness. Tt is your story 1 document, and your voices that tell the story. To al1 the South Africans 1 encountered, of al1 racial stripes, 1 have been moved by your generosity, honesty, as well as your attitude towards understanding and reconciliation, and your vision of a "newu South Africa. This research could not have been carried out without the assistance of Jenny Pretorius, George Savage, and Mariana Bothma, who turned their Counselling departments and persona1 lives upside dom to accommodate me and my research. Thanks to Don Foster, Norman Duncan, Christina Landman, Johann Pretorius-Heuchert, and Josephine Naidoo for helping me find my footing in South Africa and in its research. A special thanks to al1 the communities that took me into their hearts as well as their homes: the Coloured community of the Cape (especially the friends and family of Pauline Frans, Glynnis Blignaut, and Sheryl-Anne Marais), the Afrikaner communities in the Vaal Triangle (especially the farniiy and friends of Jenny Pretorius) and Pretoria, the English (especially the Byett family in Pinelands), Greek, and Chinese communities throughout the country, the Indian community in Durban, friends in Johannesburg and Port Elizabeth, the township communities of Sharpeville, Gugulethu, and Khayalitcha, and al1 the African families throughout the country, who entrusted their stories, and shared their lives with me. 1 am eternally grateful to my supervisor, John Berry, for his continual support and his example, without which I would not have had the vision and courage to attempt a thesis of this magnitude, historical importance, and social relevance. 1 would also like to convey the greatest appreciation to my committee members, Dorothy Cotton, who inspires me with her humour, wit and intrepid approach to life, and Rod Lindsay, whose insightfulness and strength of logic and argumentation has been a foundation. Special thanks goes out also to Malcolm Westcott, who painstakingly mentored me on the ways of qualitative research, which allowed me to perceive and understand the humanity behind the numbers. To Ken Dion, the External Examiner of the thesis, I want to express sincere appreciation for your supportive comments, as well as your meticulous review of my work and constructive criticism, the result of which has truly enhanced this dissertation. Thanks to Jane Leach, Najurn Rashid, Marg Lawson, Ji11 Moore, wanda Parkes and BarS Trenhaile, and the rest of those who do not nearly get the recognition they deserve. To my farnily, 1 want to convey my deepest love and gratitude. 1 would like to give honour and respect to my parents, without whose struggle, sacrifice and understanding, 1 would not have been able to pursue an education and path in life unknown to them. To Patricia, my sister, 1 thank you for your devotion and companionship throughout the years. 1 would like to dedicate this thesis to my late Grandmother, to whom 1 owe an understanding of my rich family ancestry and Chinese heritage. I am also indebted to the many who have suffered, sacrificed, and died in the struggle for a different South Africa, without whom this study would not have seen the light of day. May this thesis pay you homage. Your sacrifice will not forgotten. Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents vii List of Tables xi List of Figures xii INTRODUCTION Brief Historv of A~artheid Mental Health Conseauences of A~artheidand Racism Racial Identitv Cosnitive and Affective Elements in Racial Identity Relationship to Self-Esteem Cross' Conceptual Framework for Black Racial Identity The South African Context and the Acculturation Framework Perceived Racism and Other Variables in the Study Attitude Toward Whites and Black Esteem Mental Health: Anxietv. Depression, and Psvchosomatic Sm~tomatolo~v Self-Esteem The Need to Intesrate Existinq Paradisms The Cells of the Intesrated Framework Gender Differences Feminist Methodoloqv Overview and Desisn Hmotheses METHOD (QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION) Equivalence in Ouantitative Variables The Phenomenolosical A~proach In£ormal Interviews Informants and Samplins Procedure 54 Formai Interviews 55 Informants and Sam~linsProcedure 56 Method of Analysis 56 The Interview. 58 RESULTS (QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION) 59 Theme Descriptions 61 How Racisrn Affects Mental Health: The Eaeriential Framework 70 METHOD (QUANTITATIVE INVESTIGATION) Participants and Sarn~linsProcedure Questionnaire Statistical Analvses Em~loved
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Race and Membership in American History: the Eugenics Movement
    Race and Membership in American History: The Eugenics Movement Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc. Brookline, Massachusetts Eugenicstextfinal.qxp 11/6/2006 10:05 AM Page 2 For permission to reproduce the following photographs, posters, and charts in this book, grateful acknowledgement is made to the following: Cover: “Mixed Types of Uncivilized Peoples” from Truman State University. (Image #1028 from Cold Spring Harbor Eugenics Archive, http://www.eugenics archive.org/eugenics/). Fitter Family Contest winners, Kansas State Fair, from American Philosophical Society (image #94 at http://www.amphilsoc.org/ library/guides/eugenics.htm). Ellis Island image from the Library of Congress. Petrus Camper’s illustration of “facial angles” from The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. Inside: p. 45: The Works of the Late Professor Camper by Thomas Cogan, M.D., London: Dilly, 1794. 51: “Observations on the Size of the Brain in Various Races and Families of Man” by Samuel Morton. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, vol. 4, 1849. 74: The American Philosophical Society. 77: Heredity in Relation to Eugenics, Charles Davenport. New York: Henry Holt &Co., 1911. 99: Special Collections and Preservation Division, Chicago Public Library. 116: The Missouri Historical Society. 119: The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, 1882; John Singer Sargent, American (1856-1925). Oil on canvas; 87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in. (221.9 x 222.6 cm.). Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 19.124.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Fishes
    WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE state oF BIODIVERSITY 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 2 Methods 17 Chapter 3 Freshwater fishes 18 Chapter 4 Amphibians 36 Chapter 5 Reptiles 55 Chapter 6 Mammals 75 Chapter 7 Avifauna 89 Chapter 8 Flora & Vegetation 112 Chapter 9 Land and Protected Areas 139 Chapter 10 Status of River Health 159 Cover page photographs by Andrew Turner (CapeNature), Roger Bills (SAIAB) & Wicus Leeuwner. ISBN 978-0-620-39289-1 SCIENTIFIC SERVICES 2 Western Cape Province State of Biodiversity 2007 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Andrew Turner [email protected] 1 “We live at a historic moment, a time in which the world’s biological diversity is being rapidly destroyed. The present geological period has more species than any other, yet the current rate of extinction of species is greater now than at any time in the past. Ecosystems and communities are being degraded and destroyed, and species are being driven to extinction. The species that persist are losing genetic variation as the number of individuals in populations shrinks, unique populations and subspecies are destroyed, and remaining populations become increasingly isolated from one another. The cause of this loss of biological diversity at all levels is the range of human activity that alters and destroys natural habitats to suit human needs.” (Primack, 2002). CapeNature launched its State of Biodiversity Programme (SoBP) to assess and monitor the state of biodiversity in the Western Cape in 1999. This programme delivered its first report in 2002 and these reports are updated every five years. The current report (2007) reports on the changes to the state of vertebrate biodiversity and land under conservation usage.
    [Show full text]
  • Racial Disparities in U.S. Public Education and International Human Rights Standards: Holding the U.S. Accountable to CERD by Amelia Parker*
    Racial Disparities in U.S. Public Education and International Human Rights Standards: Holding the U.S. Accountable to CERD by Amelia Parker* hey “were underprivileged anyway,” commented former in order to break the cycle of racial subordination that permeates first lady Barbara Bush in reference to the thousands of the U.S. justice system. 2005 Hurricane Katrina evacuees — the majority of whom were poor, African American, and disabled — Tseeking refuge in the Houston, Texas Astrodome after losing every- thing in the storm. “This is working very well for them,” she con- tinued.1 Mrs. Bush toured the Astrodome with her husband, for- mer President George Bush, as part of the Bush Administration’s campaign to counter criticism of the inadequate federal response to the forewarned impact of the hurricane’s destruction on racial minorities and the poor in the Gulf Coast area. However, the for- mer first lady’s comments only reinforced an elite mentality that justifies the racial and economic marginalization that permeates equal protection jurisprudence in the U.S. and shapes the dis- course on racial equality. At the center of the debate on racial equality and discrimina- tion in the U.S. is the issue of educational opportunities afforded racial minorities. On February 22, 2007, academics, critical race College of Law Washington University, © American theorists, human rights and civil rights activists, teachers and stu- Gay McDougall speaking about U.S. obligations under CERD, and dents gathered at American University Washington College of Law how to address the disparate impact of laws and policies on racial minorities. (WCL) for a discussion of U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Apartheid, Liberalism and Romance a Critical Investigation of the Writing of Joy Packer
    UNIVERSITY OF UMEÅ DISSERTATION ISSN 0345-0155 ISBN 91-7191-140-5 From the Department of English, Faculty of Humanities, Umeå University, Sweden Apartheid, Liberalism and Romance A Critical Investigation of the Writing of Joy Packer AN ACADEMIC DISSERTATION which will, on the proper authority of the Chancellor’s Office of Umeå University for passing the doctoral examination, be publicly defended in hörsal F, Humanisthuset, on Friday, 23rd February 1996, at 3.15 p.m. John A Stotesbury Umeå University Umeå 1996 Abstract This is the first full-length study of the writing of the South African Joy Packer (1905-1977), whose 17 works of autobiography and romantic fiction were primarily popular. Packer’s writing, which appeared mainly between 1945 and 1977, blends popular narrative with contemporary social and political discourses. Her first main works, three volumes of memoirs published between 1945 and 1953, cover her experience of a wide area of the world before, during and after the Second World War: South Africa, Britain, the Mediterranean and the Balkans, and China. In the early 1950s she also toured extensive areas of colonial "Darkest Africa." When Packer retired to the Cape with her British husband, Admiral Sir Herbert Packer, after an absence of more than 25 years, she adopted fiction as an alternative literary mode. Her subsequent production, ten popular romantic novels and a further three volumes of memoirs, is notable for the density of its sociopolitical commentary on contemporary South Africa. This thesis takes as its starting-point the dilemma, formulated by the South African critic Dorothy Driver, of the white woman writing within a colonial environment which compels her to adopt contradictory, ambivalent and oblique discursive stances and strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Health and Health System of South Africa: Historical Roots of Current Public Health Challenges
    Series Health in South Africa 1 The health and health system of South Africa: historical roots of current public health challenges Hoosen Coovadia, Rachel Jewkes, Peter Barron, David Sanders, Diane McIntyre The roots of a dysfunctional health system and the collision of the epidemics of communicable and non-communicable Lancet 2009; 374: 817–34 diseases in South Africa can be found in policies from periods of the country’s history, from colonial subjugation, Published Online apartheid dispossession, to the post-apartheid period. Racial and gender discrimination, the migrant labour system, August 25, 2009 the destruction of family life, vast income inequalities, and extreme violence have all formed part of South Africa’s DOI:10.1016/S0140- 6736(09)60951-X troubled past, and all have inexorably aff ected health and health services. In 1994, when apartheid ended, the health See Editorial page 757 system faced massive challenges, many of which still persist. Macroeconomic policies, fostering growth rather than See Comment pages 759 redistribution, contributed to the persistence of economic disparities between races despite a large expansion in and 760 social grants. The public health system has been transformed into an integrated, comprehensive national service, but See Perspectives page 777 failures in leadership and stewardship and weak management have led to inadequate implementation of what are This is fi rst in a Series of often good policies. Pivotal facets of primary health care are not in place and there is a substantial human resources six papers on health in crisis facing the health sector. The HIV epidemic has contributed to and accelerated these challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Race and Privilege
    Exploring Race and Privilege Exploring Race and Privilege presents materials on culturally responsive supervision from the second of a three‐part series designed for supervisors in teacher education. This series was developed in partnership with Dr. Tanisha Brandon‐ Felder, a consultant in professional development on equity pedagogy. This document contains handouts, planning tools, readings, and other materials to provide field supervisors with a scaffolded experience to improve their ability for culturally responsive supervision. The following materials build on the trust and community developed through the first set of activities The Power of Identity. Exploration of race and concepts such as white privilege will necessitate shared understanding of language and norms for conversation. 1. Understanding the Language of Race and Diversity 2. Ground Rules for Conversation 3. Color Line Instructions 4. Color Line Handout 5. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack by Peggy McIntosh Understanding the Language of Race and Diversity Terms we all need to know: PREJUDICE Pre‐judgment, bias DISCRIMINATION Prejudice + action OPPRESSION Discrimination + systemic power. (Systemic advantage based on a particular social identity.) Racism = oppression based race‐ the socially constructed meaning attached to a variety of physical attributes including but not limited to skin and eye color, hair texture, and bone structure of people in the US and elsewhere. racism‐ the conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional, enactment of racial power, grounded in racial prejudice, by an individual or group against another individual or group perceived to have lower racial status. Types of racism: Internalized Racism Lies within individuals. Refers to private beliefs and biases about race and racism.
    [Show full text]
  • Botho/Ubuntu : Perspectives of Black Consciousness and Black Theology Ramathate TH Dolam University of South Africa, South Afri
    The Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan Botho/Ubuntu : Perspectives of Black Consciousness and Black Theology Ramathate TH Dolam University of South Africa, South Africa 0415 The Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities 2013 Official Conference Proceedings 2013 Abstract Botho/ubuntu is a philosophy that is as old as humanity itself. In South Africa, it was a philosophy and a way of life of blacks. It was an African cultural trait that rallied individuals to become communal in outlook and thereby to look out for each other. Although botho or ubuntu concept became popularised only after the dawn of democracy in South Africa, the concept itself has been lived out by Africans for over a millennia. Colonialism, slavery and apartheid introduced materialism and individualism that denigrated the black identity and dignity. The Black Consciousness philosophy and Black Theology worked hand in hand since the middle of the nine- teen sixties to restore the human dignity of black people in South Africa. Key words: Botho/Ubuntu, Black Consciousness, Black Theology, religion, culture. iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org 532 The Asian Conference on Arts & Humanities 2013 Official Conference Proceedings Osaka, Japan 1. INTRODUCTION The contributions of Black Consciousness (BC) and Black Theology (BT) in the promotion and protection of botho/ubuntu values and principles are discussed in this article. The arrival of white people in South Africa has resulted in black people being subjected to historical injustices, cultural domination, religious vilification et cetera. BC and BT played an important role in identifying and analysing the problems that plagued blacks as a group in South Africa among the youth of the nineteen sixties that resulted in the unbanning of political organisations, release of political prisoners, the return of exiles and ultimately the inception of democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Racism in Down Second Avenue (2011) Suchinda Khayaidee*, Todsapon Suranakkharin and Sasitorn Chantharothai
    Journal of Community Development Research (Humanities and Social Sciences) 2020; 13(1) An Analysis of Racism in Down Second Avenue (2011) Suchinda Khayaidee*, Todsapon Suranakkharin and Sasitorn Chantharothai Department of English Language, Faculty of Humanities, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand *Corresponding author. E-Mail address: [email protected] Received: 23 May 2019; Revised: 30 July 2019; Accepted: 9 August 2019 Abstract Racism is one of the continually controversial issues in a society. Its victims suffer because of unequal distribution of resources, inequality in career chances, income, and access to opportunities. Therefore, studying about the effects of racism is the initial step to help readers understand and be more aware of it. This study focuses on the analysis of effects of three forms of racism: institutionalized, internalized, and intra-racial racisms, on the characters in a South African writer’s, Ezekiel Mphahlele’s, novel, Down Second Avenue (2011). This study aims to answer the question how the three forms of racism are reflected within the novel, through the characters and situations, by investigating an autobiographical novel written by a South African citizen who witnessed and experienced a series of racial discrimination himself. The data collection method of this study employs content and descriptive analysis as the instrument. The study applies the qualitative research methods to analyze and discuss the effects of the three forms of racism. The results of the analysis show that characters in the novel are most affected by and suffered from the consequences of institutionalized racism, internalized racism, and intra-racial racism, respectively. The study serves as guidelines in examining forms of racism reflected in other literary works and media contents.
    [Show full text]
  • Counting the Cost of South Africa's Health Burden
    1616 Rhode Island Avenue NW Counting the Cost of South Washington, DC 20036 202-887-0200 | www.csis.org Cover photo: Flickr User Rafiq Sarlie. Africa’s Health Burden AUTHORS A Report of the CSIS Global Health Policy Center Richard Downie JULY 2015 Sahil Angelo Blank Counting the Cost of South Africa’s Health Burden Authors Richard Downie Sahil Angelo A Report of the CSIS Global Health Policy Center July 2015 About CSIS For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has worked to develop solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. Today, CSIS scholars are providing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full- time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded at the height of the Cold War by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke, CSIS was dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has become one of the world’s preeminent international institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global health and economic integration. Former U.S. senator Sam Nunn has chaired the CSIS Board of Trustees since 1999. Former deputy secretary of defense John J. Hamre became the Center’s president and chief executive officer in 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration, Refugees, and Racism in South Africa
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Erasmus University Digital Repository Migration, Refugees, and Racism in South Africa Jeff Handmaker and Jennifer Parsley Abstract se penche sur la manière dont les actes des forces The paper looks at South Africa’s complex history and poli- policières et des fonctionnaires de l’état peut refléter les cies of racism, social separation and control and the impact sentiments du grand public, préjudiciant ainsi davan- that this has had on the nature of migration and refugee pol- tage les réfugiés et les immigrants. icy. The paper argues that this legacy has resulted in policy Les résultats de la CMCR (« Conférence mondiale and implementation that is highly racialized, coupled with a contre le racisme, la discrimination raciale, la xéno- society expressing growing levels of xenophobia. phobie et l’intolérance qui y est associée ») sont ex- Some causes and manifestations of xenophobia in South aminés et les gains obtenus en faveur des réfugiés et Africa are explored. It further examines how actions of police des demandeurs d’asile sont salués. Les implications and civil servants can mirror the sentiments of the general pour l’exécution (du programme d’actions) sont dis- public, further disadvantaging refugees and migrants. cutées à la lumière des attaques contre les États Unis. The outcomes of the WCAR are discussed with acknow- Pour conclure, l’article propose un certain nombre ledgment of the positive gains made for refugees and asylum de recommandations, dont la nécessité de mettre en seekers. The implications for implementation are debated in place des stratégies pour garder l’opinion publique light of the attacks on the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Apartheid and Jim Crow: Drawing Lessons from South Africaâ•Žs
    Journal of Dispute Resolution Volume 2019 Issue 1 Article 16 2019 Apartheid and Jim Crow: Drawing Lessons from South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Benjamin Zinkel Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/jdr Part of the Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons Recommended Citation Benjamin Zinkel, Apartheid and Jim Crow: Drawing Lessons from South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation, 2019 J. Disp. Resol. (2019) Available at: https://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/jdr/vol2019/iss1/16 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Dispute Resolution by an authorized editor of University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Zinkel: Apartheid and Jim Crow: Drawing Lessons from South Africa’s Truth Apartheid and Jim Crow: Drawing Lessons from South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Benjamin Zinkel* I. INTRODUCTION South Africa and the United States are separated geographically, ethnically, and culturally. On the surface, these two nations appear very different. Both na- tions are separated by nearly 9,000 miles1, South Africa is a new democracy, while the United States was established over two hundred years2 ago, the two nations have very different climates, and the United States is much larger both in population and geography.3 However, South Africa and the United States share similar origins and histories. Both nations have culturally and ethnically diverse populations. Both South Africa and the United States were founded by colonists, and both nations instituted slavery.4 In the twentieth century, both nations discriminated against non- white citizens.
    [Show full text]
  • Internalized Racism and the Pursuit of Cultural Relevancy: Decolonizing Practices for Critical Consciousness with Preservice Teachers of Color
    Theory Into Practice ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/htip20 Internalized Racism and the Pursuit of Cultural Relevancy: Decolonizing Practices for Critical Consciousness with Preservice Teachers of Color Dr. Tambra O. Jackson, Lasana D. Kazembe & Laryn Morgan To cite this article: Dr. Tambra O. Jackson, Lasana D. Kazembe & Laryn Morgan (2021): Internalized Racism and the Pursuit of Cultural Relevancy: Decolonizing Practices for Critical Consciousness with Preservice Teachers of Color, Theory Into Practice, DOI: 10.1080/00405841.2021.1911577 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2021.1911577 Accepted author version posted online: 05 Apr 2021. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=htip20 DECOLONIZING PRACTICES 1 Publisher: Taylor & Francis & The College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University Journal: Theory Into Practice DOI: 10.1080/00405841.2021.1911577 Internalized Racism and the Pursuit of Cultural Relevancy: Decolonizing Practices for Critical Consciousness with Preservice Teachers of Color Internalized Racism and the Pursuit of Cultural Relevancy: Decolonizing Practices for Critical Consciousness with Preservice Teachers of Color ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT DECOLONIZING PRACTICES 2 Abstract: In this article, we explore the need for decolonizing practices in teacher education for developing critical consciousness with preservice teachers of Color (PTOC). We assert that the development of critical consciousness for PTOC must include practices that specifically attend to their racialized experiences in the context of white spaces- their teacher preparation programs, the teaching profession, and society writ large- where they have been subjected to colonized paradigms of what it means to teach children of Color.
    [Show full text]