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First Year Students' Narratives of 'Race' and Racism in Post-Apartheid South

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First Year Students' Narratives of 'Race' and Racism in Post-Apartheid South University of the Witwatersrand SCHOOL OF HUMAN AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Department of Psychology First year students’ narratives of ‘race’ and racism in post-apartheid South Africa A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Masters in Educational Psychology in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, November 2011 Student: Kirstan Puttick, 0611655V Supervisor: Prof. Garth Stevens DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work. It is submitted for the Degree of Master in Educational Psychology at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination at any other university. Kirstan Puttick November 2011 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are several people whom I would like to acknowledge for their assistance and support throughout the life of this research project: Firstly, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Prof. Garth Stevens, for his guidance, patience and support throughout. Secondly, I would like to thank the members of the Apartheid Archive Study at the University of the Witwatersrand for all their direction and encouragement. Thirdly, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all my friends and family who have been a tremendous source of support throughout this endeavour. I would also like to thank my patient and caring partner for all his kindness and understanding. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, I would like to thank my participants without whom this project would not have been possible. I cannot begin to express how grateful I am for the contributions that were made so willingly and graciously. ii ABSTRACT The democratic elections in 1994 marked the formal end of apartheid. During apartheid 'race' was, for the most part, a somewhat rigid construct which, despite many nuances and complexities, typically seemed to frame whiteness as dominant, normative and largely invisible, and blackness as subordinate and marginalised. The transformations brought about in post-apartheid South Africa have heralded many positive reformations, such as macrolevel institutional changes. However, many of apartheid's racialised patterns of privilege and deprivation persist and 'race' continues to influence the identities of South Africans. Furthermore, an inherent tension exists in South Africa's social fabric, where ‘race’ and racism are often juxtaposed against narratives of the Rainbow Nation and colourblindness. This study, which is framed by critical 'race' theory and social constructionism, aims to explore the extent of the fluidity and rigidity of 'race', racialisation and racialised identities in post-apartheid South Africa by exploring the narratives of black and white first year students. This study collected the narratives of seven black and seven white first year South African university students. It was found that South African youth identities can be seen to be functioning in relation to and reaction against both South Africa’s racialised past as well as its present socio-cultural context. It was found that the racialised patterns which characterised apartheid still impact on black and white youth identity in contemporary South Africa. For instance, despite the many disruptions to whiteness post-1994, it was noted as still being a normative and dominant construct to some extent. Similarly, despite attempts to rectify power imbalances in the new South Africa, blackness is still constructed as being somewhat other and inferior. However, many alternative voices emerged which subverted these narratives, suggesting that identity is in a state of flux. Thus, despite the continued influence of apartheid’s racialised patterns of identity, shifts and schisms are appearing in post-apartheid racialised identity, where issues of racialised dominance and power relations are no longer as clear cut as they once were. Keywords Apartheid, Apartheid Archive Project, blackness, critical 'race' theory, identity, narratives, post-apartheid, ‘race’, social constructionism, thematic content analysis, whiteness iii CONTENTS DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................. II ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. III CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. IV CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 1. Background .................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Research Rationale ..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................................ 8 i. Social Constructionism ....................................................................................................................... 9 ii. Critical ‘Race’ Theory ....................................................................................................................... 11 4. Scope of the Present Study ................................................................................................... 16 i. Research Aims ..................................................................................................................................... 16 ii. Research Questions ........................................................................................................................... 16 5. Chapter Organisation............................... ............................................................................... 16 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 18 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 18 2. ‘Race’ and Identity as Socially Constructed Categories ........................................... 19 i. ‘Race’ as a Socially Constructed Category .............................................................................. 19 ii. Identity as a Socially Constructed Category .......................................................................... 23 3. Narratives in Relation to 'Race' and Racialised Identity ........................................ 26 4. Narratives of ‘Race’ and Racialised Identity in South Africa................................. 30 i. Narratives of ‘Race’ and Racialised Identity in Pre-1994 South Africa .................... 30 ii. Narratives of ‘Race’ and Racialised Identity in Post-1994 South Africa .................. 34 5. Past Research in Post-1994 South Africa ...................................................................... 39 i. White Identity in Post-1994 South Africa .............................................................................. 40 ii. Black Identity in Post-1994 South Africa ............................................................................... 44 iii. Black and White Youth Identity in Post-1994 South Africa .......................................... 47 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 51 iv CHAPTER III: METHOD ............................................................................................. 52 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 52 2. Paradigm and Design .............................................................................................................. 52 3. Research Aims ........................................................................................................................... 55 4. Research Questions ................................................................................................................. 56 5. Participants ................................................................................................................................. 56 6. Data Collection ........................................................................................................................... 59 7. Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 60 8. Ethical Considerations ........................................................................................................... 62 9. Reflexivity .................................................................................................................................... 63 10. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 66 CHAPTER IV: REPORT .............................................................................................. 67 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 67 2. Themes .........................................................................................................................................
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