Preface Chapter 1
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Notes Preface 1. Pierenkemper, Unternehmensgeschichte; Pierenkemper, Was kann, ZfU 44 (1999), 15–31; Pohl, Zwischen Weihrauch ZfU 44 (1999), 150–63; Pierenkemper, Sechs Thesen, ZfU 45 (2000), 158–66. 2. Berghoff: Zwischen Kleinstadt und Weltmarkt. 3. Examples: Feldman, Die Allianz; Lorentz, Industrieelite; James, Deutsche Bank. 4. Example: Gall, Deutsche Bank. 5. During the last few years, company histories have belonged to some of the most important historical publications from Germany’s best-known historians. See the history on von Krupp written by Gall, Tenfelde, Abelshauser and Pierenkämper: Gall, Krupp. 6. Borscheid, Der ökonomische Kern, ZfU 46 (2001), 5–11. 7. North, Institutions; Williamson, Die ökonomischen Institutionen; Richter/Furubotn, Neue Institutionenökonomik. 8. Wilhelm von Siemens, Allgemeines undated (probably 1900–10). Siemensarchiv Munich, SAA, LD 144,2. See Dienel, Herrschaft, p. 110. 9. Feldman, Hugo Stinnes, p. IX. 10. Important examples: Heuss, Robert Bosch; Manchester, Krupp. 11. One example is the history of the Quandt family, a major BMW shareholder: Jungbluth, Die Quandts. 12. Heller’s study was certainly contracted by the company in order to contrast the portrayal given by the ‘Independent Expert Commission of Switzerland in the Second World War’. Heller, Zwischen Unternehmertum. 13. Seidl’s study neglected the internal confl icts that affected the networks involved with industrial reconstruction. Seidl, Die Bayerischen Motorenwerke. 14. Mommsen/Grieger, Das Volkswagenwerk. 15. Tilly, Großunternehmen, GuG 19 (1993), 531. 16. Linde was ennobled in 1897 for his efforts. His name changed to Carl von Linde. In the following, I will use the name ‘Carl von Linde’, although Linde himself rarely made use of the title (cf. Linde: Aus meinem Leben, S. II (Notes to new edition 1998)). 17. Linde, Aus meinem Leben (1979). 18. Linde, Eine Münchener Familie. 19. The American economic historian Alfred Chandler sees stronger family connections in German companies compared to US companies, and, at the same time, more readiness to relinquish selfi sh family interests compared to England. Chandler/ Takashi, Scale and Scope, pp. 451, 463 and 500. Chapter 1 1. See Linde, Aus meinem Leben, p. 48. 2. According to Rosenberg, Große Depression. 252 Notes 253 3. Stürmer, Das ruhelose Reich, p. 83; Erker, Dampfl ok, p. 82. 4. Landes, Der entfesselte Prometheus, p. 186. 5. Kiesewetter, Industrielle Revolution, pp. 75–90; Hentschel, Wirtschaft und Wirtschaftspolitik, pp. 205–10. 6. Landes, Der entfesselte Prometheus, pp. 231–2; Fischer, Deutschland 1850–1914, p. 433. 7. Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte, Bd. 3, p. 581 f. This estimate assesses the share of the exchange of the net domestic product in the secondary sector. If the third sector was calculated into the net domestic product this takeover would be moved up to the beginning of the 1890s; compare Fischer, Deutschland 1850–1914, p. 393. 8. Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte Bd. 3, p. 610. 9. Born, Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, pp. 46–7. 10. Ott and Schäfer (eds.), Wirtschafts-Ploetz, p. 146 and p. 263. 11. Radkau, Technik in Deutschland, pp.120, 125 and 149. 12. Hoffmann, Das Wachstum, p. 522. 13. Jaeger, Geschichte der Wirtschaftsordnung, pp. 107–18. Kaelble, Industrielle Interessenpolitik, p. 102. 14. In 1908 there were 5,100 refrigeration machines exported from Germany, at 1914 there were 7,945 machines exported valued at approximately ca. 300 million Marks. Stetefeld: Die deutsche Kälteindustrie im Auslande, Z-VDI 63 (1919), 932. Außerdem zum Export: Die Kälteindustrie 11 (1914), 5–7; EKI 21 (1919), 123–5. Wegener, Kälte- Industrie, p. 19. 15. In 1901 the customs tarifs were raised for US refrigeration machines from 10 Marks per 100 kg to 30 Marks per 100 kg. BayHSTA, MH, 10489. 16. Catrina, BBC. 17. Wengenroth, Unternehmensstrategien, p. 296. 18. Radkau, Technik in Deutschland, p. 122. 19. Weckerle, Kältemaschinen-Industrie, p. 26. 20. Pfeiffer/Niebergall, 50 Jahre Borsig Kältemaschinen, p. 76. 21. DMMS, APV 102. 22. ZgesKI 11 (1904), 12 and 34. 23. Weckerle, Kältemaschinen-Industrie, p. 24 f. Out of the 55 factories only 47 were completely built, 9 only ordered parts. 24. Only 2 of 52 manufacturers covered all three areas in 1935; 8 manufacturers concentrated solely on large cold stores, 20 on small cold stores and 5 on refrigerators, 7 on refrigerators and small cold stores, 10 on large and small cold stores. Weckerle, Kältemaschinen-Industrie, p. 61. 25. GFLE, 50 Jahre Kältetechnik, p. 183. 26. Weckerle, Kältemaschinen-Industrie, p. 22. 27. Chandler, Scale and Scope, p. 8. 28. Chandler, Scale and Scope, pp. 395 and 497. See also: Siegrist, Deutsche Großunternehmen; Jaeger, Geschichte der Wirtschaftsordnung, p. 119. Summary of the new literature: Schmitz, Review Article, 91–103. Schmitz criticizes Chandler’s ideal development of ‘modern co-operation’ as too linear, and for negating alternative successful paths of German business development (p. 102). 29. Chandler sees that Germany as well as the United States had ‘close ties with universities’, however: ‘Germany’s organizational capabilities can hardly be attributed entirely to the symbiosis that developed in Germany [...] between the country’s industrial enterprises and its fi nancial and educational institutions.’ Chandler, Scale and Scope, p. 499 f. 30. Chandler argues that the diversifi cation in the machine plant was probably due to risk management. Ibid., p. 459. 31. Ibid., pp. 451, 463 and 500 f. 254 Linde: History of a Technology Corporation 32. On the American natural ice industry, see Anderson, Refrigeration, pp. 14–71; Everson, Tidewater Ice; Cummings, American Ice Harvests; Jones, America’s Icemen. The best contemporary source is Hall, Ice-industry. On the history of marketing natural ice for private customers, see Jones, American Iceboxes. For breweries see Appel, Artifi cial Refrigeration. For the meat industry see Walsh, The Rise; Wilde, Industrialisation. For citrus fruits see Hopkins, 50 Years. 33. Rohbeck, Die Bedeutung, KA (1928), 79–81. 34. Meidinger, Die Aufbewahrung, BG 4 (1870/71), 51. 35. Regulations for building ice basements have existed in Germany since the medieval period. The fi rst books, however, were published in Germany starting in the 1860s. These include, Oncken (1864), Menzel (1867), Swoboda (1868), Meidinger (1883), Schatteburg (1893), Nöthling (1896). A huge theoretical advancement can be found in these handbooks. See the reviews from Swoboda, Anlegung and Benutzung DBZ 9 (1875), 180; Hans Lorenz’ review of Menzel’s Bau der Eiskeller, ZgesKI 1 (1894) 180; and Hans Lorenz’ review of Schatteburg’s Eiskeller, ZgesKI 1 (1894), 21, and ZgesKI 8 (1901), 75 (2nd Edition). 36. Schwarz, Eisproduktion, EKI 3(1901/02), 129–32. 37. Artmann, Lehre von den Nahrungsmitteln, p. 177. 38. Heinrich Meidinger purposefully aimed his article at America. Compare Meidinger, Die Aufbewahrung des Eises, BG 4 (1870/71), 49–64, 57. 39. For the history of refrigeration technology in German breweries see: Hård, Frozen Spirit, pp. 193–209. Heckhorn/Wiebe, München und sein Bier; Behringer, Löwenbräu. 40. Ganzenmüller, Über den gegenwärtigen Stand, ZgesKI 16 (1909), 190; Heinel, Bau und Betrieb, p. 23; Wegener, Kälte-Industrie, p. 31. 41. Meidinger in DPJ 217 (1875), 471. 42. Hoffmann, Das Wachstum, pp. 652–3; Struve, Entwicklung des bayerischen Brauwesens; Tillmann, Einfl uß der Kältetechnik, pp. 88 f. In Bavaria, however, beer use rose – although from a higher base amount – more slowly, from 12.9 million hectolitres to 17.9 in 1900. 43. In Germany there were approximately 11,000 breweries, of which 40 per cent were in Bavaria: 4,996 breweries in Bavaria (1874), 5,471 (1880), 5,186 (1890), 4,063 (1900), 3,796 (1910). 44. Holzner, Mitteilungen über den verstorbenen Gabriel Sedlmayr, in ZfdgB 15 (1892) 5. 45. Bavarian beer needed a few decades to catch up with Bohemia’s popularity. 46. Lintner, Lehrbuch der Bierbrauerei, pp. 259 and 265. 47. Meidinger in DPJ 228 (1878), 240. 48. Philippe, Bierbrauen einst und jetzt, pp. 8–17. 49. Linde, Aus meinem Leben, p. 41. 50. Linde, Wirtschaftliche Wirkungen der Kältetechnik, VDI-Z 50 (1906), 1036. Heinel calculated even greater savings, from 7.04 Marks to 2.8 Marks per Hectolitre of beer. Heinel, Bau und Betrieb von Kältemaschinenanlagen, p. 23. 51. Philippe, Bierbrauen einst und jetzt, pp. 8–17. 52. Letter from R. Banfield to R. Diesel, 7 December 1880. MAN, Diesel Estate, Correspondence Diesel/Gesellschaft für Lindes Eismaschinen 1880–94. 53. Hård, Frozen Spirit, p. 225. 54. Jacobsen, Über die Fortschritte, ZfdgB (1884), p. 49. Schwarz, Zymotechnische Reiseskizzen, ABuHz 25 (1885), 1596. 55. Prussian law on the exclusive use of public slaughterhouses from 18 March 1868. GStAPKM, 89H, XIII, 11. In 1880 the law was somewhat relaxed. GStAPKM, Zivilkabinett 2.2 1 , Nr. 28016. Linde, Schlachthofgesetzgebung, IIR Vol. 2 (1908), 845–7. In addition, see Häutle, Schlacht- und Viehhof. 56. Schwarz, Die Bedeutung der Kühlhäuser, ZgesKI 8 (1901), 170–2. Notes 255 57. Göttsche, Kühlmaschinen, p. 112. 58. Krabbe, Deutsche Stadt, pp. 116 and 121 ff. 59. Linde, Schlachthofgesetzgebung, IIR Vol. 2 (1908), 845–7. 60. Nimax, Über Kühlanlagen, DBZ 26 (1892), 602–4, 614–16, 628–30. 61. Schwarz, Die Bedeutung der Kühlhäuser, ZgesKI 8 (1901), 170–2; Heiss, Schlachthofkühlanlagen, IIR Vol. 2 (1908), 924–30. 62. Kögler, Fleischkühlhäuser, IIR Vol. 2 (1908), 935–50. 63. Linde, Das Berliner Werk, ZgesKI (1903), 105–9. 64. Nipperdey, Gesellschaft, p. 321; Wegener, Kälte-Industrie, pp. 115–17. 65. Schwarz, Die Fleischversorgung Deutschlands, ZEKI 8 (1916), 102–9,105. 66. Bützler, Die Notwendigkeit der Gefrierhäuser, ZEKI 10 (1917), 1 ff. 67. Plank/Kallert, Behandlung und Verarbeitung. Plank/Ehrenbaum, Konservierung von Fischen. Martin Krause writes in his review: ‘The achievements of these authors have only been possible because of the war. During peace, they would not have been possible.’ ZgesKI (1916), 64. 68. Bützler, Die Notwendigkeit der Gefrierhäuser, ZEKI 10 (1917), 1 f. 69. Verband deutscher Kühlhäuser, ZgesKI (1917), 24. 70. During the DKV’s general meeting in 1916, Rudolf Plank gave the plenary speech on ‘Wartime Duties of the Cold Storages’ (ZgesKI 23 (1916) 57–64).