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sa­ sa­ both both and and and ctive instructive instru both is is Matter Matter They They Why Why

their employ, not to tend seau) or or lose:,

their employ, not or lose" to tend seau) and and and Animals Animals chore. chore. a a is is so so doing doing but but read read

Rous­ and Kant, (e.g., greats" of Hume, Hume, "the

Rous­ and Kant, Hurne, (e.g., greats" "the of be be be to to ought ought books books Sane Sane argued. argued. cogently cogently and and

sane sane how how illustrates tellingly Midgley (7), (7),

sane how illustrates tellingly Midgley (7), clear, clear, far-ranging, incisive, brief, is book clear, far-ranging, incisive, brief, is book

chapter chapter later a Rawls). and Kant, Hurne, In In chapter later a In Rawls). and Kant, Hurne, Indeed, Indeed, philosofhy philosofhy a that rare is it less. philosofhy a that rare is it Indeed, less.

self-conscious, self-conscious, those e.g., not or rational

e.g., self-oonscious, not those or rational rather rather rather more more gets gets one one result, result, familiar familiar a a than than than

to to non­ the owed is justice that deny to

non­ the to owed is justice that deny to unlike unlike and however, Happily, for. bargained unlike and however, Happily, for. bargained

(which (which considerations rationalist to tend tend al, al,

tend (which considerations rationalist to al, one one what not is book this that complain might one what not is book this that complain might

emotion­ too are in believe animals animals to duties emotion­ too are animals to duties in believe one one one then, then, brief, brief, In In angry. angry. was was eler:hant eler:hant

who those that claim to the the tion, competi who those that claim the to competition, could could an an that that ascertain ascertain not not oould they they if if killed killed

natural natural appeal which those particular to to natural to appeal which those particular be be likely would who handlers) (eler:hant be likely would who handlers) (eler:hant

in in views, these of number a dismantles good good in views, these of number good a dismantles mahouts mahouts the of us reminds she processes," tal mahouts the of us reminds she processes," tal

care care and fairness, ley, understanding, understanding, with care and fairness, understanding, with ley, men­ "inner or feelings, moods, have animals men­ "inner or feelings, moods, have animals

Midg­ displtes. the settled they clearly clearly if if Midg­ displtes. the settled clearly they if deny deny that that who fhrase) redundant a not is that deny who fhrase) redundant a not is

are are considerations as as true, if or true, all as true, if or true, all are oonsiderations

tl1at (if (if behaviorists behaviorists perverse perverse and and skeptics skeptics t ~~a

on. on. hurran, they're such if so and not all As As such if on. so and human, not they're all As the the the Against Against told. told. being being without without Friday Friday each each

maybe maybe after after feelings, lack they science, pede pede after feelings, lack they maybe science, pede shopping shopping shopping owner owner her her took took s];Ontaneously s];Ontaneously who who

im­ experimenting not YIOuld YIOuld them on agents, im­ would them on experimenting not agents, guide-dog guide-dog guide-dog one one of of case case notable notable the the to to tention tention

not not they do), we (as talk !lOral !lOral are don't lOClral not are they do), we (as talk don't at­ at­ calls calls Midgley Midgley Friday, Friday, every every act act certain certain

they they animals, with relations lack contractual contractual they animals, with relations oontractual lack a a a perform perform to to choose choose or or desire desire oould could dog dog a a

status status not we we e.g., quo, the question do who we e.g., quo, status the question not do who that that that doubt doubt the the against against and and thesis, thesis, language" language"

same same those or claims shoddy from from arguments those fran arguments or claims shoddy same without without without beliefs beliefs no no and and beliefs beliefs without without sires sires

hear hear still the the we so, or decade last the --in the hear still we so, or decade last the --in de­ de­ "no "no Frey's Frey's R. R. discussing discussing In In facts. facts. G. G. G.

toward, toward, animals animals of, rights or duties cerning toward, animals of, rights or duties cerning to to to sensitivity sensitivity down-to-earth down-to-earth nice, nice, a a exhibits exhibits

con­ arguments the occurred--analyzing has con­ arguments the occurred--analyzing has !lOrality." !lOrality." also also She She lOClrality." rabbit, rabbit, large large that that hat hat

work work of deal good a Although fhilosofhers. work of deal good a Although fhilosofhers. to to tiny tiny tiny this this from from extract extract to impossible impossible is is "it "it

down down people ordinary from scientists scientists to and and scientists to down people ordinary from and that that that notes notes she she contract, contract, of of non-perfonnance non-perfonnance

best best the anvng are topics, brightest­ and

brightest­ and best the anvng are topics, on on the the the as as injustice injustice of of identification identification Hobbes' Hobbes' on

certain certain who, people from emanate on on that

certain on who, people from emanate that example, example, for phrase; of turns refreshing with example, for phrase; of turns refreshing with

cheap cheap and by out shots shots disdain, name-calling,

shots cheap and disdain, name-calling, by out learning, learning, considerable and and verve, with this and learning, oonsiderable verve, with this

also also It greats." "the label born born is Ulat bom also is It greats." "the label Vle tI1at Vle Vle

all all all does does She She tradition. tradition. western western the the of of ers ers

the the of by matters such of glect thinkers thinkers !lOst

thinkers the of most by matters such of glect think­ think­ great great so-called so-called the the of of most most of of myopia myopia

ne­ the by out born is great very enormous enormous ne­ enorrrous the by out born is great very demonstrable demonstrable demonstrable the the and and errotion, errotion, of of concept concept

are are obstacles That them. with ship these these

are obstacles these That them. with ship the the the symbolism, symbolism, of of ];Ower ];Ower the the equality, equality, of of

relation­ about and animals human) !lOral !lOral our relation­ lOClral our about and animals human) the the concept concept concept the wanen, wanen, slaves, slaves, of of treatment treatment our our

(non­ about thinking from block clearly clearly us (non­ about clearly thinking from us block about about about essays essays start, start, a a for for in, in, sneaks sneaks Midgley Midgley

tend tend which shards psychological and tudes, to to to tend which shards psychological and tudes, but but animals, of treatment our about read but animals, of treatment our about read to to

to

­ atti -articulated quasi doctrines, reasons, reasons, ­ atti reasons, -articulated quasi doctrines, expect expect expect her her of of purchasers purchasers innocent innocent book book book all, all, all,

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identifying identifying to devoted is book the of those those identifying to devoted is book the of those

me me me makes makes Matter Matter They They Why Why and and Animals Animals her her ing ing order. order. in is focus the of tion Much Much book's order. in is focus book's the of tion Much

read­ read­ but but Midgley, Midgley, met met never never have have I I Mary Mary Mary

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: : : : rational capacities on c~~in topics, e.g., the treabnent of wanen. Thus, Rousseau claims that "wanan is specially made for

man I s delight." The point of this attention to consideration of historical attitudes toward wanen, slaves, or the "Indians" in America is, of course, to illustrate our most imperfect rationality, Le., our capacity to both think clearly on some topics and have a kind of intellectualmelt-down on certain issues. Thus, our myopia (to switch meta­ phors) about animals is not unusual. There has been a problem about getting people to think more clearly by teaching them sane logic. I still believe the practice useful, but as the cases mentioned suggest, people still just do not think at all when it comes to certain issues, or else their reasoning capacities seem to be on vacation. Midgley is sensitive to ~1is and illustrates well how our prejudices and ambivalences cloud our thinking about animals.

The book functions to enlighten as the Gennans would have it, an Aufklarung, a Barry Kent MacKey clearing up; it helps sweep away much of the billal Protection Inet1t:ute (API) _ Canada historical intellectual trash which prevents us from taking animals seriously. Why should we do so? Midgley's answer, in brief, is Thus, Midgley is unwilling to accept certain that we should in many cases for reasons radically egalitarian (across species) views quite similar to the reasons we take people as well as the traditional "absolute dismis­ seriously, i.e., why they matter. sal" of the view that animals matter. This What follows with respect to how we quasi-rroderate position is, I believe, the right one (as I have argued elsewhere).[l] should treat them? On this crucial point we hear little in this voltnne. Midgley speaks However, the implications of this outlook judiciously and cautiously. She is not obvi­ need to be developed and articulated further. 0usly an all-out utilitarian, and she gives So, much is left undone in this voltnne, no evidence here of believing that ani.mals but it is a wise little bcok. Too many have rights (in some sense beyond merely discussions fixate only on whether ani.mals being objects of duties). Unlike the posi­ matter and why. Midgley tries to settle tions of Peter Singer and Tan Regan, she does not beat the drt.nn for an abolition of facto­ these matters. Next, we need to focus on how ry-farming, most or all experimentation on much they matter and what follows vis-a-vis animals, or most or all hunting. Does she our dealings with them. Midgley does not in believe animals (or some) have "equal inher­ this volume try to settle these matters. [2] ent value" (as do, let us assume, normal Concerning them, we need careful argument for people) or that equal interests (animal or here perplexities and errotions run deep. On human) should be given equal moral weight? this point, I believe Midgley would agree. If I read her correctly, the answer is nega­ tive, or perhaps, that we do not know. She Notes does suggest that there are serious problems about 1. See "Interspecific Justice," in Peo­ ople, Penguins, and Plastic Trees, edited by the exchange-rate at the species­ myself and Christine Pierce (Wadsworth, barrier. • this rate can indeed 1986) • not be set, quite at par--that "speciesism" is not just an irra­ 2. This reviewer has not, however, read tional prejudice. (p. 26) Nidgley's volume, Beast an~ !"Jan.

BETWEEN THE SPECIES 156

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