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Nursery and Forest Crops C a T E G O R C Nursery A and T Forest Crops E G O R Y 4 Pesticide Safety Education Program, Ohio State University Extension 72 Managing Insects and Mites in Nurseries and Christmas Tree Plantations: 2017 Update David Shetlar Department of Entomology, Ohio State University Extension Managing Insects & Mites in Nurseries & Christmas Tree Plantations: 2017 Update David J. Shetlar, Ph.D., The “BugDoc” Department of Entomology The BugDoc – Dr. Dave Shetlar Professor of Urban Landscape Entomology Insecticide Groups Synthetic Organics Organochlorines Organophosphates Carbamates Pyrethroids Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) Neonicotinoids Oxadiazines Anthranilic Diamides http://bygl.osu.edu (over 40 chemical categories in 28 MOAs) Modes of Transmission Pesticide Systemicity (Reaching the Target) • Translaminar Contact Stomach • Translocated • Basipetal Inhalation • Acropetal Systemic Pesticide Safety Education Program, Ohio State University Extension 84 Biological or Bio-based! • Biological Control (=Biocontrol) – predators, parasites or pathogens (diseases) that eat, parasitize or infect insects. • Bio-based Controls – insecticides derived from living organisms, often microbes or fungi, but could be other toxins like natural pyrethrum and azadirachtin • Organic – insecticide that has to meet the Organic Standards! Insecticide LD s Insecticide LD50s 50 Chlorinated hydrocarbons (disrupt nerve sodium pump system) Carbamates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) Endosulfan (Thiodan) 70 Carbaryl (Sevin) 246 Pyrethroids (disrupt nerve sodium pump) Bifenthrin (Talstar) 375 Organophosphates (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) Cyfluthrin (Decathlon) 826 Acephate (Orthene) 980 Esfenvalerate (Asana) 75 Chlorpyrifos (Dursban) 270 Fenpropathrin (Tame) 50-68 Dimethoate (Cygon) 400 L-cyhalothrin (Scimitar) 79 Phosmet (Imidan) 113 Permethrin (Astro) 430 Warnings on current imidacloprid label! Newer Insecticide LD50s The Neonicotinoids Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Imidacloprid (Marathion) 450 Pyridylmethylamine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Acetamiprid (TriStar) 217 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Thiamethoxam (Flagship) 1563 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Dinotefuran (Safari) >2000 Nitroguanidine (post-synaptic block, nicotinic ACH sites) Clothianidin (Arena) >5000 Other Insecticide LD50s Other Insecticides LD50s The Growth Regulators Tetranortriterpenoid (ecdysone blocker; antifeedant) Azadirachtin A & B (Azatrol, Neem, etc.) Benzamide (inhibits chitin, exoskeleton; caterpillars, beetles) Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) 4640 >3540 Triazine (growth regulator; true flies) Spinosad (synaptic stimulation nicotinic acetycholine sites) Spinosads (Conserve) 3783-5000 Cyromazine (Citation) 3387 Pyridinecarboxamide (inhibits impulse reception) Diacylhydrazines (molting activator; caterpillars) Flonicamid (Aria) 884-1768 Tebufenozide (Confirm) 5000 Fatty Acid Salts (cell membrane disruption) Pyriproxyfins (juvenile hormone mimic; whiteflies, scales) Soaps (M-Pede) >5000 Pyroproxyfin (Distance) 3773-4733 Anthranilic Diamides (muscle calcium disruption) Buprofezin (chitin synthesis inhibitor; sucking pests) Chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn) >5000 Buprofezin (Talus) >5000 Pesticide Safety Education Program, Ohio State University Extension 85 Miticide LD50s “Emerging” Pests of Nursery Trees Avermectins (blocks GABA chloride neural channels) • Quarantine pests – gypsy moth, Abamectin (Avid) 10 Japanese beetle grubs, hemlock woolly Quinoline (inhibits mitochondrial electron transfer) adelgid, thousand cankers (walnut bark Acequinocyl (Shuttle) >5000 beetle) Bifenazate (unknown) • Asian ambrosia beetles Bifenazate (Floramite) 1032 Pyrroles (disrupts ATP production) • Leafminers: sawflies (birch, elm, Chlorfenapyr (Pylon) 441-1152 hawthorn); beetles (flea weevils, yellow Thiazolidinone (growth regulator) poplar weevil, basswood LM) Hexythiazox (Hexagon) >5000 • Scales (both traditional and new ones – Keto-enol (inhibits lipid synthesis) Japanese maple scale) Spiromesifen (Judo) >2000 Asian Ambrosia Beetles Ambrosia Beetle Issues • Over 20 Asian species discovered since 1990 (many are now in Ohio)! • Asian species attack young plant stock, often killing them! • Curative insecticides don’t work! • Most damage occurs when adults become active but plant buds haven’t broken! Granulate (=Asian) Ambrosia Beetle Ambrosia Beetle Information Xylosandrus crassinsculus • Black bark beetle most common in Ohio nurseries! • Highly attracted to ethyl alcohol odors Photo: Jurc & BugWood from stressed trees! Photo: Pierce & McDonough • Trees are usually waterlogged at time adults become active (April-May) • Second generation adults in July- Black Stem Borer August. Xylosandrus germanus Ambrosia Beetle Monitoring • Use alcohol traps (ethanol only!). • Set out EARLY, before bud break! Birch leafminer female laying egg. Extensive leafminer damage can leave a tree looking as if it has Jim Baker trap and catches leaf scorch. North Carolina State University Birch leafminer larva in mine. Pesticide Safety Education Program, Ohio State University Extension 86 Elm flea weevil adult Boxwood Leafminer Elm flea weevil larval mines Leafminer Insecticides Calico scale adults on honeylocust (can be found on many Traditional Alternates deciduous landscape • Dimethoate • Neem (azadirachtin) trees). (nursery) (beetles and moth) Orthene • Neonics (Merit, Flagship, • Arena & Aloft, Safari, Adulticides TriStar) (sawfly and beetles) • Pyrethroids (permethrin, • Conserve (fly and moth resmethrin, miners) esfenvalerate, Calico scale nymphs on bifenthrin, cyfluthrin) leaf undersurface. Oystershell Scales Pine needle scale females. Note pinkish eggs at end of scale test (shell) and a settled Group of pine needle scale crawler at upper left. settled crawlers (tan) and a couple of fresh crawlers (pinkish) in color. Japanese Maple Scale Scale Nursery Insecticides Looks like small oystershell scale Traditional Alternatives except more white and with pointed test. • Acephate • Imidacloprid, • Chlorpyrifos Thiamethoxam (soft • Carbaryl scales) • Pyrethroids • Dinotefuran (armored and soft • Dimethoate scales) Infests maple, Kousa • Flonicamid dogwood, holly, privet, crabapple, pear, • Soaps & Oils cotoneaster. Pesticide Safety Education Program, Ohio State University Extension 87 Honeylocust spider mites Oak mites inhabit the upper leaf inhabit leaf undersurfaces. surface. Spruce spider Maple spider mites – Spruce spider mite eggs and common on red and silver mites are typical “trash” from silk, maples. cool-season mites. cast skins and Note the small old egg shells. yellow speckles resulting from Warm-season feeding. Affected spider mites trees turn yellow and bronze color. Miticides for Nurseries Traditional Alternatives • Abamectin • Spiromesifen –(all mites) –(all mites) • Hexythiazox • Spinosad • Bifenazate • Chlorfenapyr • Carbaryl • Acequinocyl (eriophyids • Soaps or Oils only) Being Bee Friendly! • Watch for Bee Warning Logo on labels! • Avoid using neonics a month before attractive plants may bloom! • Generally, not an issue on conifers and other specific plants (i.e., oaks, honeylocust trees). • Review ODA maps of bee keeper locations and notify bee keepers when using pesticides known to have bee hazards. Pesticide Safety Education Program, Ohio State University Extension 88 Woody Invasives Kathy Smith School of Environment and Natural Resources, Ohio State University Extension Invasive Species You Should Know Kudzu Pueraria montana A climbing, semi-woody, perennial vine. Leaves: deciduous, alternate and compound, with three broad leaflets up to 4 inches across. Leaflets may be entire or deeply 2-3 lobed with hairy margins. Flowers: about ½ inch long, purple, fragrant, borne in long hanging clusters, occurring in late summer. Seed: brown, hairy, flattened pods, each containing 3-10 hard seeds. Kills plants by smothering them, by girdling woody stems and tree trunks and by breaking branches or uprooting entire trees and shrubs by the force of its weight. Once established grows rapidly, extending as much as 60 feet per season at a rate of 1 foot per day. Its massive tap roots are 7 inches or more in diameter and 6 feet or more in length. Spreads by runners and rhizomes and by vines that root at the nodes to form new plants. Does spread by seed however only a couple of viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. Seeds may not germinate for several years. Control: Cut stump - glyphosate or triclopyr applied to fresh cut stump at a rate of 25% v/v mixed with water. Sometimes a followup of foliar treatment is necessary. Foliar - not to be used when desirable plants are present. 2% v/v of either glyphosate or triclopyr and water with a .5% concentration of a non-ionic surfactant. Another effective option 4 oz. of metsulfuron methyl/ acre with 1/4-1/2% v/v non-ionic surfactant. The kudzu bug Megacopta cribraria has been found in the south and as far north as southeastern Kentucky. While it feeds on kudzu it also feeds on soybeans. The bug can invade homes and cause allergic reactions in some individuals. For more information see http://kudzubug.org Bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus A deciduous woody, perennial vine. Leaves: simple, alternate, glossy with finely toothed margins. Nearly as wide as they are long. Flowers: Male and female plants. Female flowers small and greenish is axillary clusters. Fruit: three-valved, yellow, globe shaped that mature and split open to reveal three red- orange, fleshy fruits with 5 or more seeds. (American
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