Objectives the Basics of Clinical Bacteriology the Basics of Clinical
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Introduction to Bacteriology and Bacterial Structure/Function
INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY AND BACTERIAL STRUCTURE/FUNCTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES To describe historical landmarks of medical microbiology To describe Koch’s Postulates To describe the characteristic structures and chemical nature of cellular constituents that distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells To describe chemical, structural, and functional components of the bacterial cytoplasmic and outer membranes, cell wall and surface appendages To name the general structures, and polymers that make up bacterial cell walls To explain the differences between gram negative and gram positive cells To describe the chemical composition, function and serological classification as H antigen of bacterial flagella and how they differ from flagella of eucaryotic cells To describe the chemical composition and function of pili To explain the unique chemical composition of bacterial spores To list medically relevant bacteria that form spores To explain the function of spores in terms of chemical and heat resistance To describe characteristics of different types of membrane transport To describe the exact cellular location and serological classification as O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) To explain how the structure of LPS confers antigenic specificity and toxicity To describe the exact cellular location of Lipid A To explain the term endotoxin in terms of its chemical composition and location in bacterial cells INTRODUCTION TO BACTERIOLOGY 1. Two main threads in the history of bacteriology: 1) the natural history of bacteria and 2) the contagious nature of infectious diseases, were united in the latter half of the 19th century. During that period many of the bacteria that cause human disease were identified and characterized. 2. Individual bacteria were first observed microscopically by Antony van Leeuwenhoek at the end of the 17th century. -
Applications of Microscopy in Bacteriology
Microscopy Research, 2016, 4, 1-9 Published Online January 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/mr http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/mr.2016.41001 Applications of Microscopy in Bacteriology Mini Mishra1, Pratima Chauhan2* 1Centre of Environmental Studies, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India 2Department of Physics, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India Received 28 September 2015; accepted 2 January 2016; published 5 January 2016 Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Bacteria are smallest primitive, simple, unicellular, prokaryotic and microscopic organisms. But these organisms cannot be studied with naked eyes because of their minute structure. Therefore in search for the information about the structure and composition of bacterial cells, cell biologist used light microscopes with a numerical aperture of 1.4 and using wavelength of 0.4 µm separa- tion. But there are still certain cellular structures that cannot be seen through naked eyes, and for them electron microscope is used. There are certain improved types of light microscope which can be incorporated to improve their resolving power. Hence microscopy is playing a crucial role in the field of bacteriology. Keywords AFM, SEM, TEM, Microscopy, Bacteriology 1. Introduction To get acquainted with the world of bacteria like small organisms, very effective and advanced technique is re- quired. The size of bacteria ranges between 0.5 - 5.0 micrometer in length; the smallest of them are members of mycoplasma which measures 0.3 micrometers [1]. -
Medical Bacteriology
LECTURE NOTES Degree and Diploma Programs For Environmental Health Students Medical Bacteriology Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem University of Gondar In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education September 2006 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2006 by Abilo Tadesse, Meseret Alem All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. PREFACE Text book on Medical Bacteriology for Medical Laboratory Technology students are not available as need, so this lecture note will alleviate the acute shortage of text books and reference materials on medical bacteriology. -
History of the Department of Microbiology 1868 – 2009
June 2015 HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY 1868 – 2009 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1 A HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY 1868 – 2009 This 141 year history of the Department of Microbiology includes an article (Chapter 1), written and published in 1959 by the Department, which covers the period 1868 to 1959. I joined the Department in 1953, and my recounting of the Department’s history includes personal observations as well as anecdotes told to me by H. O. Halvorson and others. Later I realized what a unique experience it had been to join a first-class department, and I resolved to play a role in maintaining its research stature. Ralph Wolfe 2 Department of Microbiology History of the Headship: 1950 – 1959 Halvor Halvorson 1960 – 1963 Kim Atwood 1963 – 1972 Leon Campbell 1972 – 1982 Ralph DeMoss 1982 – 1987 Samuel Kaplan 1987 – 1990 Jordan Konisky 1990 – 1991 Ralph Wolfe (Acting Head) 1991 – 1997 Charles Miller 1997 – 2002 John Cronan 2003 – 2004 Jeffrey Gardner (Acting Head) 2005 – Present John Cronan 3 Organization of the History of the Department In Chapters 2 to 6 the data are divided into Academic Decades, each containing the following sections: Section I, an overview of the decade; Section II, some events for each year of the decade; Section III, a summary of the research interests, honors received, publications, and invited off-campus lectures or seminars for each faculty member. These data have been obtained from the annual reports of the faculty submitted to the departmental secretary. 4 CHAPTER 1 1868 – 1959 During this time period the name of the Department was Department of Bacteriology (Anecdotes by Ralph Wolfe) A SHORT HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF BACTERIOLOGY H. -
Bacteriology
SECTION 1 High Yield Microbiology 1 Bacteriology MORGAN A. PENCE Definitions Obligate/strict anaerobe: an organism that grows only in the absence of oxygen (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis). Spirochete Aerobe: an organism that lives and grows in the presence : spiral-shaped bacterium; neither gram-positive of oxygen. nor gram-negative. Aerotolerant anaerobe: an organism that shows signifi- cantly better growth in the absence of oxygen but may Gram Stain show limited growth in the presence of oxygen (e.g., • Principal stain used in bacteriology. Clostridium tertium, many Actinomyces spp.). • Distinguishes gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative Anaerobe : an organism that can live in the absence of oxy- bacteria. gen. Bacillus/bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria (e.g., gram-negative Method bacilli); not to be confused with the genus Bacillus. • A portion of a specimen or bacterial growth is applied to Coccus/cocci: spherical/round bacteria. a slide and dried. Coryneform: “club-shaped” or resembling Chinese letters; • Specimen is fixed to slide by methanol (preferred) or heat description of a Gram stain morphology consistent with (can distort morphology). Corynebacterium and related genera. • Crystal violet is added to the slide. Diphtheroid: clinical microbiology-speak for coryneform • Iodine is added and forms a complex with crystal violet gram-positive rods (Corynebacterium and related genera). that binds to the thick peptidoglycan layer of gram-posi- Gram-negative: bacteria that do not retain the purple color tive cell walls. of the crystal violet in the Gram stain due to the presence • Acetone-alcohol solution is added, which washes away of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall; gram-negative bacteria the crystal violet–iodine complexes in gram-negative appear pink due to the safranin counter stain. -
Discovery of Bacteria by Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek D
MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Mar. 1982, p. 121-126 Vol. 47, No. 1 0146-0749/82/010121-06$02.000/ Copyright 0 1983, American Society for Microbiology The Roles of the Sense of Taste and Clean Teeth in the Discovery of Bacteria by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek D. BARDELL Department ofBiology, Kean College ofNew Jersey, Union, New Jersey 07083 INTRODUCTION.............................................................. 121 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SENSE OF TASTE AND THE DISCOVERY OF BACTERIA. 122 vAN LEEUWENHOEK'S PRIDE IN HIS CLEAN TEETH AND THE DEFINITIVE EVIDENCE FOR THE DISCOVERY OF BACTERA .................................... 124 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................. 125 LITERATURE CiTED ............... ............................................... 126 INTRODUCTION approach, van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria in the course of the study. The discovery of protozoa, unicellular algae, It is true that van Leeuwenhoek's numerous unicellular fungi, and bacteria by Antoni van microscopic observations covered a broad spec- Leeuwenhoek is well recorded in standard trum of subjects, but they were not made with- books on the history of microbiology (1, 4), the out definite aim. If one reads the letters van history of biology (5, 6), and the history of Leeuwenhoek sent to the Royal Society in Lon- medicine (3). The discovery of such a variety of don, and the extant letters the Royal Society and microorganisms is the reason for books devoted individual persons sent to him, one can see that entirely to van Leeuwenhoek (2). Furthermore, he pursued investigations which he originated many microbiology and biology books, for what- because the subject interested him and also that ever purpose they were written, introductory studies were made in response to requests by textbooks or otherwise, give some attention to others to investigate a specified subject with the the discoveries. -
Submissions of Microscopy in Bacteriology Feliciano Faron, Ermenegildo Department of Physics, Eastern University, Sri Lanka
SSRG International Journal of Applied Physics ( SSRG – IJAP ) – Volume 3 Issue 1 Jan to April 2016 Submissions of Microscopy in Bacteriology Feliciano Faron, Ermenegildo Department of Physics, Eastern University, Sri Lanka Abstract later transmission electron microscopy develops Bacteria are slightest original, simple, significant to invention number of bacterial cells and unicellular, prokaryotic and microscopic organisms. their biomass. New progressions in microscopy main But these creatures cannot be considered with naked to the creation of Atomic Power Microscopy and eyes since of their minute structure. Soin search for Scanning Investigation microscopy which is the information about the structure and alignment of developing from a qualitative imaging device to bacterial cells, cell biologist used light microscopes measurable probe of communication forms to with a arithmetical opening of 1.4 and using characterize the goods and function of unicellular wavelength of 0.4μm parting But there are still prokaryotes. Atomic power microscopy overcame the definite cellular structures that cannot be gotten done test of sample preparation by using connection mode naked eyes, and for them electron microscope is AFM to study cell development and division of used. There are convinced bette rkinds of light AFM. microscope which can be incorporated to increase their determining power. Hence microscopy is playing a crucial role in the field of bacteriology. Keywords-AFM, SEM, TEM, Microscopy, Bacteriology. I. INTRODUCTION To become acquainted with the world of bacteria similar small creatures, actual real and progressive technique is compulsory. The size of bacteria varieties between 0.5 - 5.0 micrometer in length, the smallest of them are associates of Mycoplasma which events 0.3 micrometers. -
Biology 1290B: an Introduction to General Microbiology. 1. Microbes
Biology 1290B Lecture Notes 1-7 1 Biology 1290B: An introduction to general microbiology. 1. Microbes, an introduction. The scale of the “invisible world’; There are a thousand millimetres in a metre. There are a thousand microns (micrometres) in a millimetre, an E. coli bacterium is about a micron long – so a million of them lined up form a line a metre long, a cell of bakers yeast (a fungus) is about 10-15 microns in diameter. Some microscopic pond life is invisible to the naked eye, some are “just” visible. Viruses are very tiny, only a fraction of a micron (say 20 - 100 nanometres - billionths of a metre). Bacteria, fungi, and protozoa can be seen in a light microscope, but except for the larger protozoans, not with much internal detail. Viruses cannot be seen using a light microscope. Viruses can easily be seen using a transmission electron microscope, extensive details of cells can be analysed with an electron microscope. The “Branches” of microbiology; Bacteriologists - study bacteria, there are medical, agricultural, biotechnological specializations. Mycologists - study fungi, there are medical, agricultural, biotechnological specializations. Protozoologists, study small “animal - like” single celled organisms such as amoeba, and various disease causing parasites. Phycologists study algae. The study of lichens can also be regarded as a sub discipline of microbiology Parasitologists - a term generally used to describe those who study small animals as agents of disease (like some microscopic worms for instance) but also used to describe those who study protozoan pathogens. Immunology is often taught and researched in microbiology faculties. Biology 1290B Lecture Notes 1-7 2 Key figures in the history of microbiology Robert Hooke (1635 - 1703 ) was a “polymath’ he made many scientific discoveries in the 17 th century, including making one of the first microscopes and also using a copy of one of Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes to see and draw details of the structure of plant cells and some microbes. -
GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY 1. Bacterial Cell (Morphology, Staining
GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY 1. Bacterial cell (morphology, staining reactions, classification of bacteria) The protoplast is bounded peripherally has a very thin, elastic and semi-permeable cytoplasmic membrane (a conventional phospholipid bilayer). Outside, and closely covering this, lies the rigid, supporting cell wall, which is porous and relatively permeable. The structures associated with the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane (collectively the cell envelope) combine to produce the cell morphology and characteristic patterns of cell arrangement. Bacterial cells may have two basic shapes: spherical (coccus) or rod-shaped (bacillus); the rod-shaped bacteria show variants that are common-shaped (vibrio), spiral (spirillium and spirochetes) or filamentous. The cytoplasm, or main part of the protoplasm, is a predominantly aqueous environment packed with ribosomes and numerous other protein and nucleotide-protein complexes. Some larger structures such as pores or inclusion granules of storage products occur in some species under specific growth conditions. Outside the cell wall there may be a protective gelatinous covering layer called a capsule. Some bacteria bear, protruding outwards from the cell wall, one or more kinds of filamentous appendages: flagella, which are organs of locomotion, fimbriae, which appear to be organs of adhesion, and pili, which are involved in the transfer of genetic material. Because they are exposed to contact and interaction with the cells and humoral substances of the body of the host, the surface structures of bacteria are the structures most likely to have special roles in the processes of infection. Shape: this can be of 3 main types: round (cocci) - regular (staphylococci) - flattened (meningococci) - lancet shaped (pneumococci) elongated (rods) - straight (majority of them are like this; e.g. -
The Discovery of Microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of the Royal Society
Downloaded from rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of The Royal Society H. Gest Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 2004 58, 187-201 doi: 10.1098/rsnr.2004.0055 Email alerting service Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article - sign up in the box at the top right-hand corner of the article or click here To subscribe to Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. go to: http://rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org/subscriptions This journal is © 2004 The Royal Society Downloaded from rsnr.royalsocietypublishing.org Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 58 (2), 187–201 (2004) doi 10.1098/rsnr.2004.0055 THE DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS BY ROBERT HOOKE AND ANTONI VAN LEEUWENHOEK, FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY by HOWARD GEST Departments of Biology and History & Philosophy of Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA By the means of Telescopes, there is nothing so far distant but may be represented to our view; and by the help of Microscopes, there is nothing so small as to escape our inquiry; hence there is a new visible World discovered to the understanding. By this means the Heavens are open’d and a vast number of new Stars and new Motions, and new Productions appear in them, to which all the ancient Astronomers were utterly strangers. By this the Earth it self, which lyes so neer to us, under our feet, shews quite a new thing to us, and in every little particle of its matter, we now behold almost as great a variety of Creatures, as we were able before to reckon up in the whole Universe itself. -
Bacteriology
CHAPTER 5 Bacteriology Jason Woodland USFWS - Pinetop Fish Health Center Pinetop, Arizona NWFHS Laboratory Procedures Manual - Second Edition, June 2004 Chapter 5 - Page 1 I. Introduction This section defines the procedures and techniques used to correctly identify the target bacterial pathogens identified for the Survey (Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas salmonicida and Edwardsiella ictaluri). Proper identification relies on bacterial growth characteristics, appropriate biochemical tests, and corroboration by serological techniques. Pathogens of Regional Importance (PRIs) include: Citrobacter freundii, Edwardsiella tarda, Flavobacterium columnare and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. The later two bacteria have special requirements for culture and serological confirmation. Several excellent sources are listed in the Reference section for identification of PRIs and other bacteria that may be isolated from fish sampled for the Survey. Additional media formulas are also provided for PRIs in Appendix A. Thanks to Phil Hines of the USFWS, Pinetop Fish Health Center, Pete W. Taylor of the USFWS, Abernathy Fish Health Center and Clifford E. Starliper of the USGS, National Fish Health Laboratory for their input into this second edition of the bacteriology chapter. II. Media Preparation A. PLATE MEDIA 1. Prepare media in stainless steel beakers or clean glassware according to manufacturer instructions. Check pH and adjust if necessary. Media must be boiled for one minute to completely dissolve agar. Common media recipes are given in Appendix A. 2. Cover beaker with foil, or pour into clean bottles being sure to leave lids loose. Sterilize according to manufacturer’s instructions when given, or at 121°C for 15 minutes at 15 pounds pressure. 3. Cool media to 50°C. -
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, His Images and Draughtsmen
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, His Images and Draughtsmen Sietske Fransen Bibliotheca Hertziana—Max Planck Institute for Art History This article provides, for the first time, an overview of all images (drawings and prints) sent by the Dutch microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632– 1723) to the Royal Society during their fifty-year long correspondence. Anal- yses of the images and close reading of the letters have led to an identification of three periods in which Leeuwenhoek worked together with artists. The first period (1673–1689) is characterized by the work of several draughtsmen as well as Leeuwenhoek’s own improving attempts to depict his observations. In the second period (1692–1712) Leeuwenhoek worked together with one un- known draughtsman, while the work in the third period (1713–1723) can now be attributed to the young draughtsman Willem vander Wilt. This ar- ticle also shows how Leeuwenhoek did not only rely on draughtsmen for the depiction of his own observations, but rather, how he worked together with them in his workshop to observe, confirm, and witness microscopic experiments, replicating the collaborative working methods of the Royal Society in Delft. 1. Introduction This article provides for the first time an overview of the drawings and prints Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) sent to the Royal Society and its Fellows, and discusses how these images were produced by Leeuwenhoek and his draughtsmen. By comparison and analysis of the way Leeuwenhoek described the images, the making of the images, and the ways of seeing, This work was supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (grant no.