THE POWER of LABORATORY MICE Since the First Published Study Using Mice in 1844, Over 1.4 Million Scholarly Articles Have Been Published

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THE POWER OF LABORATORY MICE Since the first published study using mice in 1844, over 1.4 million scholarly articles have been published. Over half of those articles have been published in the past 2 decades and twice as many were published in the decade 2007—2016 than 1997—2006. These data demonstrate the increasing value of laboratory mice in biomedical research. Genetically engineered mice bolstered this growth by improving the ability to translate results to humans. Looking forward, the laboratory mouse will continue to play a critical role in biomedical research, as the ability to generate increasingly precise models will give the researcher of tomorrow an animal that has power to further our understanding of complex human biology.

MOUSE VS. HUMAN = HOW MANY STRAINS HAVE BEEN GENERATED? TYPES OF LAB MICE 70 37 °C PERCENTAGE OF USE 21 REPOSITORIES CRYOPRESERVED 199,892 AVERAGE = = = OUTBRED 70 BODY 20,390 ES CELL STRAINS 70 70 37 °C37 °C37 °C 38% Production of offspring from mating of unrelated individuals. TEMPERATURE EMBRYO STRAINS Outbred breeding maintains genetic diversity. AVERAGE LIFE SPAN 1.5 AVERAGE AVERAGE AVERAGE Learn more about outbred mice NUMBER OF BODY BODY BODY YEARS TEMPERATURE

AVERAGE LIFE SPAN 1.5 TEMPERATURETEMPERATURE IN VITRO AVERAGE LIFE SPAN AVERAGE LIFE SPAN 1.5 1.5 3,955 26,172 236,927 NUMBER OF NUMBER NUMBEROF OF YEARS LIVE SPERM TOTAL ENTRIES 20 grYEARS YEARS (LIVE, SPERM, EMBRYO, ES CELL) 20 gr20 gr20 gr Source: International Mouse Strain Repository INBRED AVERAGE WEIGHT Production of offspring from mating of male and female mice that are 68AVERAGE WEIGHTkg AVERAGE WEIGHTAVERAGE WEIGHT 68 kg closely related genetically, typically brother x sister mating. A line is 68 kg68 kg CYCLICAL PRECISION MEDICINE considered inbred after 20 generations of brother x sister matings. P Inbreeding results in homozygosity. HUMAN TO MOUSE TO HUMAN OptimalO View the geneologies of mouse inbred strains treatment T for patient 31% View poster of inbred strains of mice Mice are used in precision medicine to select optimal drug regimens for cancer treatment Learn more about inbred mice REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS* O Learn more about Precision Research Models Repository T() ESTROUS CYCLE 4–5 DAYS 28 DAYS GESTATION 20 DAYS 280 DAYS LACTATION DURATION 28 DAYS 365 DAYS RANDOM TRANSGENIC Mice in which a transgene has been randomly inserted into the genome AVERAGE NUMBER OF OFFSPRING 1–10 1 RISING USE typically by microinjection of a DNA fragment into a pronuclear embryo. * Figures represent averages and can vary widely with individual strains or people. 700,000 NUMBER OF PUBLICATIONS BY DECADE 18% Learn more about transgenic mice 3 billion 3 billion 3 billion 600,000 PubMed search for “mouse” or “mice” conducted January 2017 BASE PAIR 3 billion 500,000 BASE PAIRBASE3 PAIRbillion 3 billion GENETICS 400,000 3 billion 23,000 300,000 23,000 2002 Genome 23,000 2002 Genome2002 Genome GENES Mapped 200,000 TARGETED BASE PAIRGENES3 billion 20,500Mapped Mapped GENES 20,500 20,500 2003 Genome Mice containing a targeted gene insertion or deletion through the use of 2003 Genome2003 GenomeMapped 100,000 Mapped Mapped embryonic stem cells or more recently CRISPR. 40 75,000 40 40 23,000 12% Learn more about targeted mutations CHROMOSOMES 46 2002 Genome 50,000 CHROMOSOMESCHROMOSOMES46 46 Mapped GENES 25,000 Learn more about CRISPR 20,500 2003 Genome Mapped Source: Labome Source: 40 1% CONGENIC 1937–1946 1917–1926 1927–1936 1967–1976 1977–1986 1957–1966 1947–1956 1987–1996 2007–2016 1907–1916 1844–1906 1997–2006 Mice that differ in only one locus and a linked segment of chromosome. CHROMOSOMES 46 5,000 Backcrossing of 5—10 generations is usually required to develop a congenic strain. 1,000 500 Learn more about congenic mice 250 0

1844–1906 1907–1916 1917–1926 1927–1936 1937–1946 1947–1956 1967–1976 1987–1996 2007–2016 Mice were first used for genetics The first inbred mouse C57BL/6 strain • National Institutes of Health created 1945 Nobel Prize awarded to • First germ-free mouse is First genetically modified mouse The first recorded knockout mouse • First CRISPR mouse research by the French biologist developed (DBA) established • First Nobel Prize awarded using mice Sir Alexander Fleming for his developed in 1949 • 2007 Nobel Prize awarded to Mario Capecchi Lucien Cuénot in 1902 discovery of penicillin • First mouse launched into for discovery of principles underlying the space in 1950 introduction of specific gene modifications