2014 Annual Report FY2014 Headquarters location: Kamuela, Hawai’i, USA 533 Observing Astronomers Management: California Association for Research in Astronomy

Partner Institutions: 466 California Institute of Technology (CIT/Caltech) Keck Science Programs University of California (UC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 247 Refereed Articles Observatory Director: Hilton A. Lewis 118 Full-time Employees Observatory Groundbreaking: 1985 First light Keck I telescope: 1992 First light Keck II telescope: 1996 October 1 Fiscal Year begins

Vision 95-3972799 A world in which all humankind is inspired Federal Identification Number and united by the pursuit of knowledge of the infinite variety and richness of the Universe.

Mission To advance the frontiers of astronomy and share our discoveries, inspiring the imagination of all.

Cover photo: Just before science begins, a waxing moon follows the sun below the western horizon. Credit: Ric Noyle

CARA board meeting at Caltech on November 4, 2014. Back row: Elaine Stamman, Judy Cohen, Crystal Martin, Hilton Lewis, Ted Keck, Mario Perez, Margarita Scheffel. Front row: Tom Soifer, Claire Max, Ed Stolper, George Blumenthal, Shrihivas Kularni.

2 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT W. M. Keck Observatory Staff looking up from headquarters in Waimea.

Director’s Report 4 Cosmic Visionaries 9 Funding Astronomical Frontiers 10 Science Highlights 12 Keeping up with Technology 22 Education and Outreach 28 Stars Close to Home 32 Science Bibliography 34

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 3 Director’s Report

Hilton A. Lewis

Aloha and welcome to the 9th edition of the This past year was an exciting period W. M. Keck Observatory Annual Report. for funding and constructing new 2014 has been another highly successful instrumentation. Our next major initiative year for the observatory, characterized to be delivered late in 2015 is the Keck by great science, significant upgrades Cosmic Web Imager. KCWI is innovative to our instrumentation, the funding and powerful, capable of studying extremely and development of advanced telescope faint and diffuse objects. Its power to observe instrumentation, the initial steps to some of the most exotic phenomena in the developing a new Scientific Strategic Plan universe will be greatly enhanced by the and a seamless transition to a new director. combination of the tremendous light grasp of the Keck II telescope and a superb site, On the research front, independent analysis arguably the best location in the world for has confirmed that Keck Observatory ground-based astronomy. The first phase continues to lead as home of the two most of KCWI – KCWI-Blue (optimized for the ... the Keck productive ground-based optical/infrared blue end of the visible spectrum) – is in telescopes in the world in generating peer- final fabrication at the Caltech Institute of Observatory reviewed scientific papers as well as in Technology. With significant funding from the cumulative scientific impact of those the National Science Foundation, internal remains a papers. The observatory also leads the field observatory funds, contributions from of adaptive optics enabled astronomical donors and a recent generous philanthropic remarkable research, with a steady upward trend in foundation grant, we have now received all testament the number of papers based on this crucial the funds needed to complete this initial technology. In fact, more than 70 percent phase. In September we were thrilled to learn to human of all laser guide-star adaptive-optics that the NSF had awarded an additional $4 papers worldwide are generated using Keck million to fund the second phase, the KCWI ingenuity and Observatory data. Re-ionization Mapper, optimized for the red-end of the visible light spectrum. We are In May 2014 I took the reins, initially as willpower – the now embarked on a campaign to raise the Interim Director and then, following a remaining funds from private philanthropy. crown jewel of global search by the Board of Directors, as With the conclusion of the second phase the next Director of the Keck Observatory. in 2018, the original scientific vision for modern day My priorities are to continue the scientific an extraordinarily capable and exciting excellence of the observatory through astronomy. instrument will be realized. providing the most innovative and capable instrumentation and continuing the Design work has progressed steadily at the outstanding service to our astronomers for University of California, Santa Cruz, for which Keck Observatory is justly renowned. another telescope innovation – the deployable All of this is predicated on attracting and tertiary – to allow us to quickly select retaining extraordinarily talented and amongst all the different instrumentation on creative individuals who make up our staff – the Keck I telescope. This will significantly a singular challenge as we compete with the increase our ability to engage in studies of most exciting research projects worldwide transient cosmic events ranging from storms for mindshare, but one which I am confident on the outer planets of our solar system we are up to. You will find many examples in to some of the most exotic phenomena in this report that attest to the spirit and abilities the universe such as gamma ray bursts. of our team. The deployable tertiary and the ancillary

4 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT processes we are developing place Keck engaged in a complex, multiyear program to Director’s Report Observatory on an excellent footing to take rebuild the original precision hardware that advantage of the huge new astronomical supports the 1-ton segments. datasets coming on line from programs Hilton A. Lewis such as PanSTARRS, the Zwicky Transient Operations are the unsung hero of the Keck Factory and in the next decade, the Large Observatory experience – the day-in, day-out The unsung Synoptic Survey Telescope. effort by the majority of our staff to ensure that astronomers can squeeze every last bit hero of the Keck We have made significant progress in other of performance out of the facility. Ensuring key instrument programs as well. Two that the telescopes and their instruments are Observatory systems to improve the effectiveness and operational every single night of the year is versatility of our Adaptive Optics systems no mean feat – the time available to work on experience is were installed on the telescopes and began them is only around six hours per day, at the final testing: the Keck I AO infrared tip/ end of which all systems must be operating the day-in, day- tilt sensor system and the Keck II Laser perfectly. And this must be accomplished Center Launch system. We received and at the same time as routine maintenance, out effort by the started testing an advanced technology fiber equipment upgrades and the installation of majority of our laser that will soon replace the venerable new capabilities. I am proud to say that our dye laser at the heart of the Keck II AO staff has proven up to the challenge. staff to ensure system, now more than 15 years old. The new laser, funded in its entirety by private What of the future? Important new ground that astronomers philanthropy, will require considerably less and space astronomical capabilities are electricity to operate, reducing the demand slated to start science operations in this can wring the from 60kW to about 1kW – a significant cost decade, such as the NASA James Webb savings – all while delivering much higher Space Telescope. In the middle of the next utmost out of the laser power and performance. decade, powerful additional capabilities like the Thirty Meter Telescope, the European telescopes. And finally on the new instrumentation Extremely Large Telescope, the Large front, we commenced design work on a Synoptic Survey Telescope and NASA’s major upgrade to OSIRIS, a very powerful spectrograph used with our AO system at the University of California, Los Angeles. This upgrade will result in significantly improved sensitivity, allowing us to much more effectively study distant objects beyond our Milky Way galaxy.

We remain fully committed to stewarding the unique resource that is the Keck Observatory and are engaged in several major upgrades to address obsolescence and to take advantage of the very latest technologies to improve performance.

One of these projects is our multiyear effort – now almost complete – to upgrade the telescope control hardware and software that manage every facet of the telescopes themselves, from the interactions with users, to the safety of the facility, to the precision pointing and tracking of these 370-ton behemoths. Just as important is the renewal program for the 84 primary mirror segments that make up the two 10-meter primary Observatory Council members from left to right: Bill Brown, Rich Matsuda, Debbie Goodwin, mirrors – the core of the telescopes. We are Bob Goodrich, Peter Wizinowich, Kevin McCann. Credit: Ric Noyle

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 5 WFIRST mission will come online. These a plan that will guide our investments in enormously expensive programs are well instrumentation, systems, partnerships and Keck Observatory beyond typical university and even national people; a plan to ensure Keck Observatory programs and demand new multinational will continue to play a leading role in has evolved into partnerships. It is clear the entire ecosystem astronomy far into the future. of ground-based astronomy is undergoing a a national, and fundamental change. I commend this Annual Report to you – read about the exciting work that is being done to some extent At the same time, the Keck Observatory has and the people who make it all possible. itself evolved into a national and to some And at the conclusion, I think you will agree international, extent international facility. Motivated by with me that the Keck Observatory remains facility. this evolving scientific landscape, we held a a remarkable testament to human ingenuity strategic planning workshop in September and willpower – one of the crown jewels of to define a comprehensive and competitive modern day astronomy. Scientific Strategic Plan for the next decade:

Facing page: Members of the Summit Day Crew climb aloft the mighty Keck II to ensure safe operation of the shutters. Credit: Ric Noyle Below: Members of the Segment Refresh Team test the system that safely transports the segment to the repair facility at HQ. Credit: Ric Noyle

6 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT 2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 7 8 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT Cosmic Visionaries The governing board of the W. M. Keck advised by a Science Steering Committee Observatory consists of representatives that includes leading astronomers from our from our founding partners: the California partner communities. Keck Observatory’s Institute of Technology and the University Advancement program is guided by an of California. In addition, NASA and the esteemed volunteer leadership council W. M. Keck Foundation each have liaisons whose members contribute both their to the Board of Directors. The Keck expertise and their philanthropy to ensure Observatory Director and the Board are Keck Observatory’s continued success.

W. M. Keck Observatory Board of Directors Edward Stolper, Chair Provost, California Institute of Technology George Blumenthal, Vice-Chair Chancellor, University of California at Santa Cruz Aimée Dorr Provost & Executive Vice President, University of California Academic Affairs Hashima Hasan, liaison Scientist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Günther Hasinger, liaison Director, Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii Theodore J. Keck, liaison Director, W. M. Keck Foundation Shrinivas Kulkarni Director, Optical Observatories, California Institute of Technology Claire Max Interim Director, University of California/Lick Observatories Thomas Soifer Division Chair, Physics, Mathematics & Astronomy, California Institute of Technology

Keck Observatory Advancement Advisory Council Sanford Robertson, Chair, and Jeanne Robertson Clive Davies, Vice-Chair, and Carol Davies Marc and Lynne Benioff Claire Max, ex-officio Robert and Susan Fischell Gordon and Betty Moore C. Wallace and Bobbie Jean Hooser John and Anne Ryan Gary and Pam Jaffe Rob and Terry Ryan Shrinivas Kulkarni, ex-officio Doug and Deborah Troxel Hilton Lewis, ex-officio

Keck Observatory Science Steering Committee Judith Cohen, Co-Chair Lynne Hillenbrand Crystal Martin, Co-Chair Lisa Kewley, non-voting member Charles Beichman Anne Kinney Duncan Forbes, non-voting member Shrinivas Kulkarni, ex-officio Marla Geha, non-voting member Michael Liu, non-voting member Andrea Ghez Christopher Martin James Graham Claire Max, ex-officio Günther Hasinger, non-voting member Jerry Nelson, ex-officio

Maui’s Haleakala rises gently out of the Pacific after sunset. Credit: Andrew Hara

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 9 Funding Astronomical Frontiers From the revolutionary design of our in the 1980s. The Los Angeles-based Public Funding segmented, primary mirrors to the tour de foundation awarded two capital grants Sources in 2014 force capital grants that built our world- totaling almost $140 million. At the time, leading astronomy facility, the W. M. Keck this was the largest, single investment given Observatory’s very beginnings shaped a to science from private philanthropy. The Association of clear commitment to consistently deliver grants paid for the costs of building the Universities for Research high-risk, high-reward research. Keck observatory, its headquarters in Waimea, and in Astronomy Observatory’s funders, scientists and its initial adaptive-optics system. Jet Propulsion engineers have sustained this intention over In addition to the foundation’s transformative the lifetime of the organization, inspiring Laboratory philanthropy, Keck Observatory also was a global constituency with breakthrough distinctive as an astronomy research facility National Aeronautics and astronomy discoveries and world leading in being formed as a tax-exempt, private, Space Administration astro-technologies. Our entrepreneurial spirit nonprofit organization through a unique has strengthened over time, garnering the partnership between its founding academic National Science necessary resources to fulfill ambitious goals institutions, the California Institute of Foundation from federal grants, private philanthropy and Technology and the University of California. other strategic partnerships. The National Aeronautics and Space University of California Administration joined as a one-sixth partner Keck Observatory was made possible by the in the observatory in 1996. While this federal generosity of the W. M. Keck Foundation agency traditionally funds space-based

The Keck I telescope pointing near the horizon, getting ready for another night of science. Credit: Ric Noyle

10 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT missions, NASA realized the enormous gains in space exploration to be made by access to Keck Observatory and continues to value this access through a five-year cooperative agreement renewed in 2013. In the original founding documents to establish the California Association for Research in Astronomy, the management entity of the Keck Observatory, the Board of Directors is made up of representatives from Caltech and UC, and the 501(c)(3) is guaranteed operating support annually. This support was $14.2 million in 2014 and covered basic operations and maintenance costs for the summit and headquarters facilities. NASA contributed an additional $3.7 million for operations and the Keck Observatory data archive. In 2014 the National Science Foundation awarded a grant of $4 million towards the development of the observatory’s next breakthrough instrument, the Cosmic Web Imager. To strengthen its resource base, the observatory in recent years established strategic partnerships with Yale University and the Australia National University. In 2014, these academic institutions contributed more than $1.7 million to support Keck Observatory’s operations funding. In addition, the observatory received a subaward of $40,000 from the University of California at Los Angeles this past year in support of our adaptive optics program. In 2005, the Keck Observatory Board of Directors established an advancement program to attract additional philanthropic support. Over the past ten years the observatory’s advancement department has pursued many approaches to building community The Evenings with Astronomers series is a very successful event support and deepening public engagement in its work. that brings the world’s leading astronomers together with patrons of science under the tropical Hawaiian night sky. 2014 was the 10th Since 2005, Friends of the Keck Observatory have season for these events. Credit: Ethan Tweedie provided funding for five instrument projects in Keck’s arsenal of instrumentation: the Multi-Object Spectrograph for Infrared Exploration (MOSFIRE), the Low Resolution Imaging Spectrograph Red (LRIS-R) upgrade, the Keck I Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics (LGS AO) laser system, the Keck II Center Launch system for LGS AO, and the Multi-function Acquisition, Guiding and Image Quality (MAGIQ) monitoring system for our premier planet hunting instrument, High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES). Private philanthropy has completely funded the next-generation laser currently in development for the Keck II telescope. Gifts and grants are now being directed to support the observatory’s next instrument, the Cosmic Web Imager. In 2014, a total of $723,000 was raised in new gifts from Friends of the Keck Observatory. The total budget for the Keck Observatory for 2015 is $27.5 million. Audited financial statements are available upon request or directly from the observatory’s website. Science Highlights Question: Where does an 800-pound gorilla sit? Answer: Anywhere it wants. Question: What does a massive 10m telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea observe? Answer: Anything it wants. The mighty Keck telescopes observe objects near and far, large and small. In astronomy, when we observe distant galaxies and structures, we need a large “light bucket” to capture their tenuous light. And we can’t travel to closely inspect anything outside of our own Solar System. Since first light in 1992, the mighty 10-meter mirrors of Keck Observatory, combined with its adaptive systems, sharpens our vision of distant worlds both in our own neighborhood and planets outside the solar system, as well of the very edge of the viewable Universe. In this review of Keck Observatory’s contributions over the past year, we report on studies of the largest structures in the Universe, and describe how galaxies formed in the early Universe. We also report on a mainstay of Keck Observatory research: the ongoing search for Earth-like planets.

Keck I & II working busily, each with their laser guide-star adaptive-optics systems eliminating the effects 12 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORYof • distortion2014 ANNUAL from the REPORT Earth’s atmosphere. Credit: Andrew Hara First Cosmic Web Filaments Unbeknownst to most, the largest structures in the Universe form what is called the “cosmic web.” This network of filaments of gas and dark matter provides the material from which galaxies, stars and their planets are formed. But the cosmic web is incredibly faint, making detection difficult with existing instruments. This is a major driver behind construction of the new KCWI instrument — the Keck Cosmic Web Imager — being built to reveal the web and many other large and complex objects. Meanwhile, impatient and clever astronomers have already used existing Keck Observatory capabilities and novel techniques to obtain the first glimpses of it. In the early days of the Universe, the galaxies were much closer together than the isolated grand spirals and ellipticals of the current day. Gravitationally jostling each other, they collided and merged, forming fewer but more massive galaxies in the process. All of the matter raining down on these primitive galaxies triggered huge bursts of star formation. How did this initial chaotic Computer simulations suggest matter in the Universe is distributed violence evolve into the more stately structures we see today? This is one of the important in a “cosmic web” of filaments, as questions Keck scientists are studying today. seen in the image above from a large-scale, dark-matter simulation Researchers at University of California, Santa Clara led by Sebastiano Cantalupo, used distant (Bolshoi simulation, by Anatoly Klypin and Joel Primack). The inset quasars to see if any were lighting up gas around the cosmic web and discovered a large, is a zoomed-in, high-resolution luminous nebula of gas extending 2 million light-years across intergalactic space. image of a smaller part of the cosmic web, 10 million light-years This work was selected by Physics World editors as one of the top 10 breakthroughs in physics across, from a simulation that in 2014, and was featured in the “Year in Science” issue of Discover magazine. includes gas as well as dark matter. The intense radiation from a quasar “This is a very exceptional object: It’s huge, at least twice as large as any nebula detected can, like a flashlight, illuminate part of the surrounding cosmic before, and it extends well beyond the galactic environment of the quasar,” said Cantalupo in web (highlighted in the image) and the news released on Keck Observatory’s website on January 19, 2014. make a filament of gas glow, as was observed in the case of quasar “This quasar is illuminating diffuse gas on scales well beyond any we’ve seen before, giving UM287. Credit: S. Cantalupo (UCSC); us the first picture of extended gas between galaxies,” said J. Xavier Prochaska, co-author and J. Primack (UCSC); A. Klypin (NMSU) professor of astronomy and astrophysics at UCSC. “It provides a terrific insight into the overall structure of our Universe.” The team discovered that the hydrogen gas illuminated by the quasar was emitting ultraviolet light known as Lyman alpha radiation. The distance to the quasar is so great (about 10 billion light-years) that the emitted light is “stretched” by the expansion of the Universe from an invisible ultraviolet wavelength to a visible shade of violet by the time it reached the Keck I telescope and the LRIS — Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer — used for gathering the data for this discovery. Knowing the distance to the quasar, the researchers calculated the wavelength for Lyman alpha radiation and built a special filter to isolate that wavelength. “We have studied other quasars this way without detecting such extended gas,” Cantalupo said. “The light from the quasar is like a flashlight beam, and in this case we were lucky that the flashlight is pointing toward the nebula and making the gas glow. We think this is part of a filament that may be even more extended than this, but we only see the part of the filament that This deep image shows a is illuminated by the beamed emission from the quasar.” piece of the cosmic web (cyan) extending 2 million light-years This technique of looking for hydrogen emission from the cosmic web is relatively new, but for from the bright quasar UM287 (at the center of the image). many years astronomers have been using quasars as background light sources, and looking for The energetic radiation of the the absorption of light by gas between the quasar and us. The next article demonstrates the quasar makes the surrounding intergalactic gas glow. technique and another discovery made in 2014. Credit: S. Cantalupo (UCSC)

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 13 Fueling a Primordial Galaxy Within the cosmic web, gas funnels onto galaxies along thin “cold streams” that, like streams of snow melt feeding a mountain lake, channel cool gas from the surrounding intergalactic medium onto galaxies, continuously topping off their supplies of raw material for star formation. This primordial gas is of great interest to scientists, giving insight into the formation of galaxies and eventually planets. Neil Crighton, of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), and his team found the best evidence to date for a flow of pristine intergalactic gas onto a galaxy called Q1442-MD50. The galaxy is so distant that it took 11 billion years for its light to reach the LRIS instrument fitted on the Keck I telescope. The in-falling gas resides a mere 190,000 light-years from the galaxy — relatively nearby on galactic length-scales — and was revealed Image of a galaxy (center) with in silhouette in the absorption spectrum of the more distant background quasar, QSO inflowing cold gas produced by rendering the gas distribution J1444535+291905. Crighton’s team used background quasars as light sources and searched in a supercomputer simulation for spectral signatures of intervening gas flows from foreground galaxies. of a forming galaxy. A distant quasar (lower left; quasar added The gas they observed is thought to be pristine because it contains deuterium, a stable isotope by an artist, along with the starry of hydrogen that is easily destroyed in the stars. background) illuminates from behind a stream of primordial gases. Researchers led by Neil “This is not the first time astronomers have found a galaxy with nearby gas revealed by a Crighton (MPIA and Swinburne quasar. But it is the first time that everything fits together,” Crighton said in the October 2, University of Technology) now 2013 news release. “The galaxy is vigorously forming stars, and the gas properties clearly have made the first unambiguous detection of this accretion of show that this is pristine material, left over from the early Universe shortly after the Big Bang.” pristine gas onto a star-forming galaxy. The simulation shown “This discovery is the result of a systematic search, so we can now deduce that such cold flows here was run by the Making are quite common,” said Joseph Hemmai, also of MPIA. “We only had to search 12 quasar- Galaxies in a Cosmological galaxy pairs to discover this example. This rate is in rough agreement with the predictions of Context — MaGICC — project in the theory group at MPIA. supercomputer simulations.” Credit: MPIA (G. Stinson and A.V. Macciò) As the cold gas falls into the cores of primordial galaxies, it triggers massive bouts of star formation. Finding these primordial galaxies is challenging as the new stars rapidly produce and expel dust that quickly hides them from view. And the largest galaxies are rare beasts, requiring extensive searches across large swaths of sky, as evidenced in the next discovery.

14 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT Monster Galaxy Formation After years of searching, Yale University astronomers discovered what they had been searching for: a turbulent, star-bursting galactic core forming millions of stars at a ferocious rate, and observed it as it was just 3 billion years after the Big Bang. Galaxy formation theories have long suggested that monster elliptical galaxies form from the inside out, creating their dramatically star- studded central cores during early cosmic epochs. The August 27, 2014 news release reported on the first time scientists had ever been able to observe this core construction. Only the most powerful telescopes have the ability to look back far enough to gather this important insight. “It’s a formation process that can’t happen anymore,” said Erica Nelson, Yale graduate student and lead author of the paper. “The early Universe could make these galaxies, but the modern Universe can’t. It was this hotter, more turbulent place — these were boiling cauldrons forging stars.” Telescope Science Institute Artist’s view of the formation of a The team estimated that Sparky — the informal name for the GOODS-N-774 galaxy — dense galaxy core. Massive young produces 300 stars per year. By comparison, the Milky Way produces only 10 stars per year. stars are forming from dense While the tiny galaxy is only 6 percent the physical size of the Milky Way, it already contains accumulations of gas and dust, shining at blue wavelengths. Gas about twice as many stars. surrounding many of the stars glows red. NIRSPEC — Near-Infrared SPECtrograph — installed on Keck II, also revealed to the team Credit: NASA/ESA; Space that the galaxy boasts the most rapidly orbiting gas clouds ever measured, the most definitive evidence that they were witnessing the core of a monster galaxy in formation. “It's pretty rare to be at the telescope and know that you are getting something pretty striking,” Pieter van Dokkum, Professor of Astronomy at Yale University, said of the night the data was gathered. “We could quickly see the signature we were looking for and could just tell it was going to be something spectacular.” Sparky may have a lot of company. “We suspect there are a 100 times as many and we’re just missing them,” Nelson said. Like finding primordial gas, looking back to the beginning of galaxy formation provides enormous insight into why things are the way they are. And to observe the very first galaxies in the Universe, Keck Observatory must push back to great distance, and hence time. The observatory’s newest instrument, MOSFIRE, has become a premiere and important research tool in the study of distant galaxies, recently setting a record for the most distant galaxy known. Rather than This image shows observations studying the rare, massive galaxies as the Yale astronomers did, this discovery provides a of a newly discovered galaxy window into the formation of galaxies similar to our own Milky Way. core dubbed GOODS-N-774, taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope’s Wide Field Camera 3 and Advanced Camera for Surveys. The core is marked by the box inset, overlaid on a section of the Hubble GOODS-N, or GOODS North field (Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey). Credit: NASA/ESA

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 15 The Most Distant Known Galaxy The University of Texas at Austin astronomer Steven Finkelstein and his team discovered and measured the distance to this most distant galaxy, seeing it as it was a mere 700 million years after the Big Bang. While many telescopes can identify candidates for galaxies in the early Universe, spectroscopic observations are necessary to confirm their true distances. MOSFIRE is the ideal instrument for this, allowing astronomers to observe up to 46 galaxies (or other objects) simultaneously and in the near-infrared, where spectral features can reveal each galaxy’s distance. In this case, MOSFIRE, fitted on Keck I, measured the redshift of z8_GND_5296 as 7.51, the highest galaxy redshift ever confirmed. The team also found the galaxy is forming stars 150 times faster than our own Milky Way galaxy. What makes this distance so exciting is, “We get a glimpse of conditions when the Universe was only about 700 million years old, or about 5 percent of its current age of 13.8 billion years,” said Casey Papovich of Texas A&M University, second author of the study, which was published on October 23, 2013. “We want to study very distant galaxies to learn how they change with time,” Finkelstein said. “This helps us understand how the Milky Way came to be.” MOSFIRE made the measurement possible, Finkelstein said. “The This image from the HST instrument is great. Not only is it sensitive, it can look at multiple objects at a time,” he said, CANDELS survey highlights the most distant galaxy in the which allowed his team to observe 43 galaxies in only two nights at Keck Observatory, and Universe with a measured obtain the highest quality observations possible. distance, dubbed z8_GND_5296. The galaxy’s red color alerted We leave behind the heady realm of the cosmic web and early galaxy formation to check on astronomers that it likely is progress in understanding exoplanets, a field pioneered in great part by Keck Observatory its extremely far away, and thus seen at an early time after the scientists. Big Bang. A team of astronomers led by Steven Finkelstein of The University of Texas at Austin measured the exact distance using Keck I’s new MOSFIRE instrument. The galaxy is seen at about 700 million years after the Big Bang, when the Universe was just 5 percent of its current age of 13.8 billion years. Credit: V. Tilvi, S.L. Finkelstein, C. Papovich, A. Koekemoer, CANDELS, and STScI/NASA

An artist’s rendition of the newly discovered, most distant galaxy z8_GND_5296. (The galaxy looks red in the actual HST image because the collective blue light from stars gets shifted toward redder colors due to the expansion of the Universe and its great distance from Earth.) Credit: V. Tilvi, S.L. Finkelstein, C. Papovich, and the Hubble Heritage Team

16 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT The Search for Earth 2.0 Since man first discovered planets orbiting other stars, the obvious question became, “How many Earth-sized planets are there?” Now that 1,000 exoplanets have been confirmed, astronomers have turned their attention to those most likely to harbor life. To answer this question, we first look at what we know, using Earth as a likely progenitor model for life. Specifically, scientists are looking for Earth-like planets: small, rocky planets that live within the so-called “habitable zone” around a star. The habitable zone is the range of distances from the star where water can be expected to be in liquid form.

One in Five Stars Has An Earth-sized Planet in Its Habitable Zone On November 4, 2103, scientists from University of California, Berkeley, and University of Hawaii at Manoa, answered the primary mission question of NASA’s Kepler mission: “To discover dozens of Earth-size planets in or near the habitable zone and determine how many of the billions of stars in our galaxy have such planets.” Using the HIRES instrument installed on the Keck I telescope, the team statistically determined that 20 percent of Sun-like stars in our Artist’s representation of the galaxy have Earth-sized planets that could host life. The findings were gleaned from data “habitable zone,” the range of orbits where liquid water is collected from Keck Observatory and NASA’s Kepler spacecraft. permitted on the surface of a planet. Petigura’s team finds that “When you look up at the thousands of stars in the night sky, the nearest sun-like star with an 22% ± 8% of Sun-like stars harbor Earth-sized planet in its habitable zone is probably only 12 light-years away and can be seen a planet between one and two with the naked eye,” said UC Berkeley graduate student Erik Petigura, who led the analysis. times the size of Earth in the habitable zone. “That is amazing.” Even more astonishing is the calculation of how many such planets live in Credit: Petigura (UC Berkeley), our galaxy, estimated at 40 billion. Howard (UH-Manoa), Marcy (UC Berkeley) “For NASA, this number — every fifth star has a planet somewhat like Earth — is important because successor missions to Kepler will try to take an actual picture of a planet, and the size of the telescope they have to build depends on how close the nearest Earth-sized planets are,” said Andrew Howard, astronomer with the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii. “An abundance of planets orbiting nearby stars simplifies such follow-up missions.” The team, which also included planet hunter Geoffrey Marcy, UC Berkeley professor of astronomy, cautioned that Earth-sized planets in Earth-sized orbits are not necessarily hospitable to life, even if they orbit in the habitable zone. “Some may have thick atmospheres, making it so hot at the surface that DNA-like molecules would not survive. Others may have rocky surfaces that could harbor liquid water suitable for living organisms,” Marcy said. “We don't know what range of planet types and their environments are suitable for life.” Analysis of four years of precision measurements from Kepler shows that 22% ± 8% of Sun-like stars have Earth-sized planets in the First Earth-Sized, Rocky Exoplanet Found habitable zone. If these planets are as prevalent locally as they In a related research project designed to find potential life-bearing planets, a team of are in the Kepler field, then the distance to the nearest one is astronomers found the first Earth-sized and Earth-like planet outside the solar system around 12 light-years. meaning, it had a rocky composition like that of Earth. They reported their finding on October Credit: Petigura (UC Berkeley), Howard (UH-Manoa), 20, 2013. Known as Kepler-78b, this exoplanet orbits its star every 8.5 hours, making it much Marcy (UC Berkeley) too hot to support life.

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 17 The team, led by Dr. Andrew Howard of the Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, measured the mass of the planet using the Keck I telescope with HIRES installed. With a radius 1.2 times that of the Earth and a mass 1.7 times the Earth’s, Kepler- 78b has a density the same as Earth’s, suggesting that it also is made primarily of rock and iron. Its star is slightly smaller and less massive than the Sun and is located about 400 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus.

Watery Asteroid Discovered in Dying Star Points to Habitable Exoplanets Finding an Earth-like planet in a habitable zone is one thing, but finding one with water on its surface would be most interesting. Proving water’s existence on a planet remains an elusive and difficult goal, Artist impression of the planet requiring a coincidence of a recent impact of a small body like an asteroid or comet, a stellar Kepler-78b and its host star. Credit: Karen Teramura (UH/IfA) surface that is calm and stable, and the high spectral resolving power of HIRES on Keck I. Astronomers at the universities of Cambridge and Warwick published evidence on October 10, 2013, demonstrating that asteroids around at least one other star contain a significant amount of water, stating this is the first “reliable evidence” for water-rich, rocky planetary material in any extrasolar planetary system. White dwarfs are the evolutionary end points of Sun-like stars, the nearly exhausted embers, the stellar cores. They have nearly pristine surfaces, consisting of almost pure hydrogen and helium. Against this simple background, in-falling gas and dust can be seen, giving clues to the composition of the planetary system surrounding the star. In the case of the white dwarf GD 61, astronomers found the shattered remains of an asteroid that apparently contained huge amounts of water. GD 61 and its planetary system have the potential to contain Earth-like exoplanets. The asteroid analyzed by the team is at least 90 km in size and possibly much larger and is composed of 26 percent water mass, similar to Ceres, the largest asteroid in the main belt of our solar system. Both are vastly more water-rich than the Earth. Earth is essentially a “dry” planet, with only 0.02 percent of its mass as surface water, meaning oceans came long after it had formed, most likely when water- rich asteroids in the solar system crashed into our planet. The research team, led by Cambridge’s Institute of Astronomy’s Jay Farihi, describes it as a “look into our future.” Six billion years from now, alien astronomers studying the rocky remains around our burned out sun might reach the same conclusion: terrestrial planets once circled our parent star. “These water-rich building blocks, and the terrestrial planets they build, may in fact be common — a system cannot create things as big as asteroids and avoid building planets, and GD 61 had the ingredients to deliver lots of water Artist impression of a rocky and to their surfaces,” Farihi said. “Our results demonstrate that there was definitely potential for water-rich asteroid being torn apart by the strong gravity of the habitable planets in this exoplanetary system.” white dwarf star GD 61. Similar objects in the Solar System likely This debris was chemically analyzed using HIRES on Keck I to detect a range of elemental delivered the bulk of water on abundances in the white dwarf’s contaminated atmosphere, including magnesium, silicon and Earth and represent the building iron, which, together with oxygen, are the main components of rocks. blocks of the terrestrial planets. Credit: Mark A. Garlick (space-art. co.uk), University of Warwick and After sifting through the data, “We knew we were looking at a rocky asteroid with substantial University of Cambridge. water content — perhaps in the form of subsurface ice — like the asteroids we know in our solar system such as Ceres,” said Boris Gänsicke from the University of Warwick.

18 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT Massive Eruptions on Jupiter’s Moon Io We end our tour of Keck science from the past year with dessert: some dramatic results from our own neighborhood of the Universe that were published on August 4, 2014. Our own Solar System continues to provide surprises revealed by Keck Observatory’s adaptive-optics systems. Within a two-week period, astronomers using Keck and Gemini observatories observed three massive volcanic eruptions occurring on Jupiter’s moon Io. The researchers speculated that these presumed rare “outbursts,” which can send material hundreds of miles above the surface, might be much more common than previously thought. “We typically expect one huge outburst every one or two years, and they’re usually not this bright,” said Imke de Pater, professor and chair of astronomy at the University of California, Berkeley, and lead author of one of two papers describing the eruptions. “Here we had three extremely bright outbursts, which suggest if we looked more frequently, we might see many more of them on Io.” Images of Io obtained at different Io, the innermost of Jupiter's four large Galilean moons, is about 2,300 miles across, and, aside infrared wavelengths (in microns, from Earth, is the only known place in the solar system with volcanoes erupting extremely hot μm, or millionths of a meter) with Keck II on Aug. 15, 2013 (a-c) and lava like that seen on Earth. Because of Io’s low gravity, large volcanic eruptions produce an the Gemini North telescope on umbrella of debris that rises high above its surface, even feeding a torus of molecules that orbit Aug. 29, 2013 (d). Credit: Imke de Pater and Katherine de Jupiter in the plane of Io’s orbit. Kleer (UC Berkeley) De Pater’s long-time colleague and co-author Ashley Davies, a volcanologist with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said the recent eruptions resemble past events that spewed tens of cubic miles of lava over hundreds of square miles in a short period of time. “These new events are in a relatively rare class of eruptions on Io because of their size and astonishingly high thermal emission,” he said. “The amount of energy being emitted by these eruptions implies lava fountains gushing out of fissures at a very large volume per second, forming lava flows that quickly spread over the surface of Io.” All three events, including the largest, most powerful eruption of the trio on Aug. 29, 2013, were likely characterized by “curtains of fire,” as lava blasted out of fissures perhaps several miles long. De Pater discovered the first two massive eruptions on Aug. 15, 2013, using NIRC2 behind Keck II’s AO system. The brightest, at a caldera named Rarog Patera, was calculated to have produced a 50-square-mile, 30-foot-thick lava flow, while the other, close to another caldera called Heno Patera, produced flows covering 120 square miles. Both were nearly gone when imaged five days later. “We are looking at several cubic miles of lava in rapidly emplaced flows,” said Davies, who has developed models to predict the volume of magma erupted based on spectroscopic observations. “This will help us understand the processes that helped shape the surfaces of all the terrestrial planets, including Earth and the Moon.” Volcanoes were first noted on Io in 1979, and subsequent studies by the Galileo spacecraft, which first flew by Io in 1996, and ground-based telescopes show that eruptions and lava fountains occur constantly, creating rivers and lakes of lava. But large eruptions, creating vast lava flows, in some cases thousands of square miles in area, were thought to be rare. Only 13 were observed between 1978 and 2006, in part because only a handful of astronomers, de Pater among them, regularly scan the moon. The team hopes that monitoring Io’s surface annually will reveal the style of volcanic eruptions on the moon, constrain the composition of the magma, and accurately map the spatial distribution of the heat flow and potential variations over time. This information is essential to a better understanding of the physical processes involved in the heating and cooling processes on Io, de Pater said. From our Solar System to the farthest galaxy known, Keck Observatory continues to provide astronomers with the tools and opportunities to continue to make breakthroughs along many fronts in astronomy. The gorillas remain on the forefront of scientific discovery, wherever they decide to sit.

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 19 20 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT 2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 21 Keeping Up With Technology An inside look at some of the technology that makes the W. M. Keck Observatory home to the most scientifically productive telescopes on Earth

A comprehensive maintenance program Cassegrain instrument rotators, the facility and a dedicated operations team keep 226 rotators on the bent Cassegrain ports, mechanical systems with 1,894 pieces of and the rotators on the Nasmyth platform equipment running strong. And the team’s instruments – critical components to allow combined 75-plus years of summit-only the telescope to tracks objects billions of experience is key to ensuring that Keck light-years away. Observatory doesn’t just keep going, but stays on the bleeding-edge of technology These recent upgrades address former advancements. limitations, particularly the open loop pointing, tracking performance and the The In 2014, Keck Observatory’s professional maximum slew rate, all of which were below staff once again outdid themselves — specification. observatory’s upgrading and implementing technology mechanical that supercharged observation power, saved “Originally commissioned 20 years ago, the money on energy costs, improved computer TCS system had performance limitations,” systems have performance and more. In this report we said Bob Goodrich, Keck Observatory look at progress made on key projects that project scientist in charge of the TCS run continuously continue to advance Keck Observatory’s upgrade. “It also was getting difficult capabilities. to maintain. More modern technologies 365 days a year were available, and we were losing enough telescope time to problems with the system for 24 years. Under Control that we felt it was time to upgrade it with something that would work better for us.” The multiyear initiative to upgrade the telescope control system — TCS — saw Those upgrades included eliminating significant progress in FY 2014. obsolete components and replacing select components for improved performance, The TCS provides drive and position/ reliability and maintainability — all while velocity sensing for telescope azimuth using as much of the existing TCS hardware axes, elevation axes, the secondary mirror and software as possible. Previous spread: The Keck Summit and for the telescope dome. The system Crew proudly poses between optimizes focus and optical alignment and One key upgrade made was the replacement Keck I & Keck II, the largest and most keeps the dome shutter opening aligned of the telescope’s azimuth and elevation scientifically productive telescopes on earth. with the telescope aperture as the equipment encoder systems. The old encoder system, Credit: Ric Noyle is moved. The TCS also controls the while effective, had limitations. If the encoder

22 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT wheel slipped and the encoder no longer February. Spearheaded by Keck Observatory The Ko’a Heiau Holomoana on the fairly represented the telescope position then operations engineering manager Thomas western slope of Kohala Mountain is thought to be an observatory for it would only recalibrate when the telescope Nordin, the project will save the observatory spotting other islands of Polynesia. passed a known absolute position. The new significant electricity costs and position Keck The Polynesian wayfinders are system addresses this limitation by using Observatory as a leader in alternative energy commonly regarded as the greatest of an encoder tape that is constantly read and navigators. within the U.S. astronomy landscape. Credit: Mark Devenot always knows where the telescope structure itself is pointing. The 120kW solar array consists of 696 photovoltaic solar panels installed at “The new system will allow us to achieve two locations, one at Keck Observatory extremely high pointing accuracy anywhere headquarters and the other at the visiting- in the sky,” Goodrich said. scientists quarters. The Keck II telescope is undergoing those “The system will pay for itself in eight years,” upgrades first, with completion expected in said Nordin. “The anticipated life of the early 2015. Similar upgrades to Keck I will PV system is at least 20 years, providing follow with anticipated completion in FY 2016. the observatory with at least 12 years of free electricity — freeing up resources for other important projects at Keck Observatory.” Here Comes The Sun Between February 1 and September In 2014, the W. M. Keck Observatory 30, 2014, the headquarters’ PV system From far left: had its moment in the sun. A five-month produced more than 211,000 kWh, saving TCSU Team: Shui Kwok, Ean James, Jimmy Johnson, Tomas Krasuski. project to upgrade the observatory’s energy Keck Observatory $75,000 and preventing Robert Novak and Paul Stomski in front efficiency using solar power was completed in 281,000 pounds of carbon dioxide from of TBAD. Credit: Ric Noyle

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 23 being released into the atmosphere. The visiting- scientists quarters has seen similar success, producing 35,186 kWh, saving $12,000 and preventing 47,000 pounds of carbon dioxide release. In considering the switch to solar, other alternative energy sources were evaluated. “We considered wind energy and performed a 16-month study logging wind data from a tower near the front office,” Nordin said. “Ultimately, it was decided that PV was the most cost-effective solution.” “Waimea is surprisingly sunny,” Nordin noted. “And the frequent, light afternoon rains help keep the solar panels clean and cool, which improves their efficiency.” In addition to the PV panel installations, engineers are working to upgrade Keck Observatory’s energy efficiency in other ways over the coming year. Headquarters has been outfitted with energy efficient lamps, and computer platforms are due for an upgrade to ones that conserve more electricity. When air conditioners come up for replacement, they’re being switched out with high-efficiency units. Pumps and fans on the summit are being outfitted with variable speed drives to reduce energy consumption. The future of Keck Observatory’s energy-efficiency efforts are bright indeed.

Better Optics, Better Observations Adaptive Optics has been in use at the Keck Observatory since 2004. AO systems allow astronomers to better observe the light of distant stars while removing the disturbances introduced by Earth’s atmosphere. This is an area known as high-angular resolution astronomy, in which Keck Observatory dominates. “The turbulence in the Earth’s atmosphere produces distortion of the light that comes into our telescope,” said Sean Adkins, instrument program manager at Keck Observatory. “We significantly reduce its affects with our adaptive-optics systems.” In 2014, the adaptive-optics team, led by Peter Wizinowich, continued upgrades to the AO systems to make the observations of both telescopes even more accurate. That’s a big win, as AO is increasingly used by the observing community: 37 percent of refereed science papers published since April 2014 is based on AO observations.

Top: Tod von Boeckmann inspecting a segment. Middle: Ed Wetherell and Scott Lilley adjusting and validating a new Laser. Bottom: Josie Ward and Denny Birch building the summit cluster for visualization. Credits: Ric Noyle A major improvement to the Keck II AO The TBAD system assesses the signal a matter of minutes, and the system system is the implementation of a near- strength from aircraft transponders as they can flexibly respond to changing infrared, tip-tilt sensor. Many stars shine “squawk,” or broadcast, pertinent data to computing needs. For instance, Keck brighter in the infrared spectrum than in the airports and other aircraft. TBAD detects Observatory staff used to order new visual spectrum. Both Keck Observatory the radio-frequency signals using two physical servers and install them AO systems rely on guide stars to determine bore-sighted radio antennas. Using wide- when more computing power was atmospheric tip-tilt. With an IR tip-tilt and narrow-beam antennas, the system needed. Now, virtualization allows sensor, these systems can access far more compares aircraft squawk signal strength someone like Birch to clone a virtual guide stars to correct atmospheric distortions to thresholds defined by Stomski and his server and create a new one in a few in a much larger percentage of the sky. team. If an aircraft is detected within the minutes — with just a few clicks. If no natural guide star is available, a laser narrow beam, the laser is automatically Data recovery and redundancy guide star is created with our laser system, shuttered. saw major improvements, too. The which is also being improved. A new center- This new system detects aircraft more system “snapshots” servers regularly, launch laser system is being developed for reliably than human spotters and saves a meaning that Birch and his team can Keck II. With center projection, the system significant amount of money. delete a virtual server and replace can reduce the perspective elongation of it with a restored one from the guide star images — leading to more accurate “We were actually the first facility of any snapshot — losing only a few minutes observations. kind to get an automated aircraft protection of data in the event of a system system approved by the FAA under these crash. Virtualized systems also have These advancements promise higher new rules,” Stomski said. The most recent each other’s backs: The system resolution AO observations, and lay the incarnation of the system was implemented automatically disperses loads and foundation for the next big project Wizinowich on Keck I in 2014. tasks to other servers if a server fails. and his team are tackling: the development of a new laser for the Keck II AO system. “The laser we use now was constructed in Taking A Byte Out Of Bits Running Virtual the late 1990s. It uses a lot of electrical power Since its inception, Keck Observatory Machines Dramatically and generates a relatively small amount of has harnessed the power of the computer Cut Power Costs light-return from the sodium ions,” said to push mankind’s understanding of the “The system saved us about $85,000 Adkins. “The new laser will have more cosmos. To stay on the cutting edge, a team power, and consume only about one-tenth of in FY 2014,” Birch said. “It will save led by Denny Birch, Keck Observatory’s even more as we migrate desktops.” the electricity.” manager of computer and networking systems, began migrating the observatory’s These projects are a few examples of Flying The Friendly Skies physical servers to virtualized platforms Keck Observatory’s relentless pursuit in 2012. Virtualization provides increased of great science made possible by its While the laser guide-star adaptive-optics performance, reliability and cost savings for world-class mechanical, software and systems improve clarity of our vast universe, Keck Observatory’s computer operations. electrical engineers. these powerful lasers could pose dangers to the eyes of pilots flying aircraft near the “The virtual servers are crazy fast and observatory. crazy efficient,” Birch said. Until recently, the Federal Aviation Virtualization is, at its core, the Administration required humans to monitor consolidation of the main components airspace around the observatory on nights of normal computers (CPU, disk drive, the lasers were active. These spotters could memory) into a smaller number of shared shutter the lasers if aircraft flew too close, but components that can then be made they faced tough environmental conditions more powerful. The speed offered by and long hours on the summit that sometimes virtualization can come from the higher compromised their ability to provide optimal performance components, and it is cheaper safety oversight. and takes less energy by sharing their resources. To overcome these hardships and better protect pilots, Keck Observatory engineer For Keck Observatory, virtualization Paul Stomski and his team updated Keck saves money on physical hardware and Following spread: Observatory’s aircraft-protection system with electricity costs, as well as provides better A unique view from behind Keck II’s powerful 10-meter mirror at the Milky a key piece of technology called Transponder system stability, recovery features and Way and the cosmos beyond. Based Aircraft Detector. performance. Tasks that took days now take Credit: Ric Noyle

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 25

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 27 Education & Outreach Keck Observatory has long been recognized as having the finest, most impactful education and outreach programs of any similar astronomy research facility based upon both qualitative and quantitative metrics. In this year’s annual report, we highlight some of the activities that brought to life our mission “… to share our discoveries and inspire the imagination of all.” The educational impact of our programs is both local and global with a typical cumulative reach of more than 20,000 Friends and Fans every week. What follows is a summary of five of the myriad ways we share and inspire the world with our science.

Keck Nation Keck Nation is a four-star list of Scientists, Friends and Fans get first access to Science News, Events and new content as we create it.

Our average open rate across all campaigns was 30.3%. Industry Average 21.4%

Our average click rate across all campaigns was 3.9%. Industry Average 2.4% This is an example of a “Science News” email header that was sent out in Most popular email: COSMIC MATTERS: RARE SUPERNOVA 2014, one of six different series of emails we regularly send to nearly 11,000 EXPLODES IN FRONT OF KECK'S GIGANTIC EYE; 11.5% Click subscribers. rate; Sent on January 24, 2014.

When the weather is clear, the West Hawaii Astronomy Club sets up their impressive telescopes outside the Kahilu Theatre for participants of the Astronomy Talks for get a better look at the heavens. Credit: Ric Noyle

28 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT Astronomy Talks Classroom Visits We hosted six Astronomy Talks last fiscal year attended Schools from all over Hawaii Island send students to by about 1,500 people and played them on our website our Headquarters as well as receive members from our and social media channels 10,803 times. Outreach team to learn more about science, physics and astronomy. 21 school visits reached 480 students

Top: Members of the Keck Observatory Outreach Team (Mikel Brand, Steve Jefferson, Luis Rizzi, Julia Sinnibus, Marc Kacais, Randy Campbell, Jim Lyke, Al Honey, Liz Chock) provide experiments and excitement to kids of all ages, in the hope of fueling their passion to pursue science. Middle and bottom: Students from around the island come out to headquarters in Waimea to be inspired by the universe. Credits: Ric Noyle, Andrew Cooper, Andrew Cooper

A Deep View on the Early Universe, Extreme Makeovers and Overweight Galaxies with Dr. Mariska Kriek (August 13, 2014)

First Light in the Universe, the End of the Cosmic Dark Ages with Dr. Michael Bolte (June 19, 2014)

Zooming into the Center of our Galaxy with Keck Observatory with Dr. Leo Meyer (May 20, 2014)

Examining the Planet-Forming Zone Around New Stars with Dr. Greg Doppmann (February 11, 2014)

The Search for Other Earths with Dr. Andrew Howard (November 21, 2013)

The Wonder of Comet ISON, A Relic From the Beginning of the Solar System with Dr. Carey Lisse (October 24, 2013)

Credit: Andrew Cooper

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 29 Live Observing Runs Social Media There is no eyepiece to look through, so twice last year Content is King and, as operators of the two largest and we broadcast Live Observing Runs so our friends and most scientifically productive telescopes on Earth, we fans could see what the visiting scientists do during are proud to share information that cannot be created their coveted time at Keck Observatory. anywhere else on the planet.

Friends 4500 6900 8300 2012 2013 2014

During the Live Observing Run, one of the scientists shows more than 2,000 viewers a live shot of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy as seen by the mighty Keck Observatory. Followers 700 1400 2700 2012 2013 2014

Live From Keck Observatory: The Supermassive Black Hole Keck Observatory hosts the UCLA Galactic Center Group (July 7, 2014)

Comet ISON with Dr. Carey Lisse (October 28, 2013)

Live Observing Run videos were played 7,218 times.

Keck Observatory Guidestars The Guidestars are patrons of the W. M. Keck Observatory, who, in addition to contributing cash donations to Keck’s instrumentation programs, also give generously as volunteers committed to educating and informing guests who visit the Keck Headquarters in Waimea. This docent program offers enthusiasts a rare insider view into the discoveries and technologies of Keck Observatory and Hawaii astronomy. In 2014, the Guidestars were Rosalind Butterfield, Carol Davies, Elaine Dobinson, Richard and Sue Humphries, Scott Neish, Maureen Salmi, Jane Sherwood, Elizabeth Sonne, Robert Steele, Jack Toigo, and Marcia and Stanley Wishnick. Credit: Ric Noyle

30 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT The 13,796-foot Mauna Kea summit has no nearby mountain ranges to roil the upper atmosphere. Few city lights pollute Hawaii night skies and for most of the year the atmosphere above Mauna Kea is clear, calm and dry. Credit: Andrew Hara

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 31 Stars Close to Home The W. M. Keck Observatory pays tribute to several astronomer stars who have shown brightly over many years The professionals of Keck Observatory made 2014 a banner year in their dedication to promote humanity’s understanding of the cosmos and prove the brightest stars often are found closest to home. Here we recognize select milestones in Keck Observatory’s distinguished community.

An Optics Visionary Retires In July 2014, renowned astronomer Harland Epps retired from his position at the University of California, Santa Cruz, where he was professor of astronomy and astrophysics. Over his long career, Epps developed optics for astronomical instruments, including some of those used at the Keck Observatory. His latest contributions to Keck Observatory were the optics on the Multi-Object Spectrograph For InfraRed Exploration, or MOSFIRE, on the Keck I telescope, which was completed in 2012. In 2014, Epps also was honored by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific for his contributions to optics developments in the field. He will be greatly missed.

Harland Epps Interim Director of UC Observatories Steps Down Astronomer Sandra Faber stepped down from her role as interim director of the University of California Observatories, a research unit at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her two- year role ended in June 2014. In addition to playing a major role in research and telescope development at the Keck Observatory, her work as a professor at UC Santa Cruz and as a member of the Keck Observatory community focused primarily on galaxy formation. In 2013, Faber was awarded the National Medal of Science by President Barack Obama who called her, according to the Santa Cruz Sentinel, “one of the world’s foremost experts in the evolution of the universe.”

Master Scheduler’s Career Honored by The Man Sandra Faber In 2014, the Keck Observatory community bid farewell to Barbara Schaefer, the longtime telescope scheduler who announced her retirement. Jerry Nelson, astronomer and project scientist who conceived of and designed the Keck Observatory, penned a fitting tribute to her. In the tribute, Nelson mentioned Schaefer’s longtime commitment to the Keck Observatory, saying: “You have devoted much of your career to Ten Meter Telescope/Keck, as have I. For me it started in 1977 and not too long after that I met you and infected you with the giant telescope bug. You bounced around between Kitt Peak and the IRTF at Maunakea, but finally came to Berkeley at LBL where you took up the job of helping to make the Ten Meter Telescope a reality.” He also noted Schaefer’s unflagging dedication to the observational community and how her drive turned astronomers’ dreams into reality. “Your many skills and dedication were crucial in our successes, and your sassy and spunky ways got us through more than one rough spot. You were always willing to do whatever it took Barbara Schaefer (right) to get the job done right.”

32 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT Nelson ended by pointing out what everyone in the Keck Observatory community has learned over Schaefer’s storied career: “You are unique and played a critical role in building and operating the Keck telescopes. I trust you are rightly proud of all that you have done, and as a result what the Keck telescopes have achieved.”

Accolades for Observers in the Keck Observatory Community

The Keck Observatory and its community of observers played an integral role in expanding R. Brent Tully knowledge of our galactic neighborhood. And the scientific community took notice. In 2014, University of Hawaii at Manoa astronomer R. Brent Tully and his team won the Gruber Foundation Cosmology Prize for their work in Near Field Cosmology. Tully and his team study our “nearby” universe to map out far larger galactic vistas, including a supercluster of galaxies that spans 500 million light-years. Tully has regularly observed at the Keck Observatory since 1997. Keck Observatory played a central role in the work of 2013’s Cozzarelli Prize winners. The award is given by the National Academy of Sciences to recognize scientific excellence and originality. It was awarded to University of Hawaii at Manoa astronomer Andrew Howard, Geoffrey Marcy University of California, Berkeley astrophysicist Geoffrey Marcy, and graduate student Erik Petigura for their paper, which statistically proves that 20 percent of Sun-like stars in the Milky Way have Earth-sized planets orbiting in their habitable zones. Howard and Petigura wrote the paper using data from the Keck Observatory and NASA’s Kepler spacecraft. The paper’s findings give NASA and other scientists concrete information used to hunt for Earth-like worlds that may support life.

Erik Petigura

Mauna Kea is a very special place. Credit: Andrew Hara

2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 33 Science Bibliography Refereed publications FY2014

Key to Publications: Alavi, A.; Siana, B.; Richard, J.; et al. Berg, T.; Ellison, S.; Venn, K.; Prochaska, J. Ultra-faint Ultraviolet Galaxies at z~2 A search for boron in damped Ly Behind the Lensing Cluster Abell 1689: systems A&A: Astronomy & Astrophysics the Luminosity Function, Dust Extinction MNRAS 434 2892 2013α October and Star Formation Rate Density AJ: The Astronomical Journal ApJ 780 143 2014 January Berthier, J.; Vachier, F.; Marchis, F.; et al. Physical and dynamical properties of the AREPS: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Alonso, R.; Moutou, C.; Endl, M.; et al. main belt triple Asteroid (87) Sylvia Sciences Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT Icarus 239 118 2014 September space mission: XXIV. CoRoT-24: A Ap&SS: Astrophysics and Space Science transiting multi-planet system Bezanson, R.; van Dokkum, P.; A&A 567A 112 2014 July van de Sande, J.; et al. ApJ: The Astrophysical Journal Tight Correlations between Massive Anglada-Escudé, G.; Arriagada, P.; Galaxy Structural Properties and ApJS: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Tuomi, M.; et al. Dynamics: The Mass Fundamental Plane Two planets around Kapteyn’s star: a cold was in Place by z ~ 2 AsNa: Astronomische Nachrichten and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the ApJ 779 L21 2013 December CMDA: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical nearest halo red-dwarf MNRAS 443 L89 2014 September Bizzocchi, L.; Filho, M.; Leonardo, E.; et al. Astronomy Bulgeless Galaxies at Intermediate Icarus: Icarus Arnold, J.; Romanowsky, A.; Brodie, J.; et al. Redshift: Sample Selection, Color The SLUGGS Survey: Wide-field Stellar Properties, and the Existence of Powerful JQSRT: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy Kinematics of Early-type Galaxies Active Galactic Nuclei and Radiative Transfer ApJ 791 80 2014 September ApJ 782 22 2014 February MNRAS: Monthly Notices of the Royal Ascaso, B.; Lemaux, B.; Lubin, L.; et al. Blom, C.; Forbes, D.; Foster, C.; et al. The Violent Youth of Bright and Massive The SLUGGS Survey: new evidence for a Astronomical Society Cluster Galaxies and their Maturation tidal interaction between the early-type Nature: Nature over 7 Billion Years galaxies NGC 4365 and NGC 4342 MNRAS 442 589 2014 July MNRAS 439 2420 2014 April PASP: Publications of the Astronomical Society Barger, A.; Cowie, L.; Chen, C.; et al. Boley, P.; Linz, H.; van Boekel, R.; et al. of the Pacific Is There a Maximum Star Formation Rate The VLTI/MIDI survey of massive young PRL: Physical Review Letters in High-Redshift Galaxies? stellar objects. Sounding the inner ApJ 784 9 2014 March regions around intermediate- and high- PSS: Planetary and Space Science mass young stars using mid-infrared Barth, A.; Voevodkin, A.; Carson, D.; interferometry Science: Science Wozniak, P. A&A 558 A24 2013 October A Search for Optical Variability of Type 2 Quasars in SDSS Stripe 82 Bonnefoy, M.; Currie, T.; Marleau, G.; et al. AJ 147 12 2014 January Characterization of the gaseous companion kappa Andromedae b. New Bastien, F.; Stassun, K.; Pepper, J.; et al. Keck and LBTI high-contrast observations Radial Velocity Variations of A&A 562 A111 2014 February Photometrically Quiet, Chromospherically Inactive Kepler Stars: A Link Between RV Borka, D.; Jovanovic, P.; Borka Jovanovic, V.; Jitter and Photometric Flicker Zakharov, A. AJ 147 29 2014 February Constraining the range of Yukawa gravity interaction from S2 star orbits Batista, V.; Beaulieu, J.; Gould, A.; et al. JCAP 11 050 2013 November MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb: First Microlensing Planet Possibly in the Habitable Zone Bower, G.; Markoff, S.; Brunthaler, A.; et al. ApJ 780 54 2014 January The Intrinsic Two-dimensional Size of Sagittarius A* Bechter, E.; Crepp, J.; Ngo, H.; et al. ApJ 790 1 2014 July WASP-12b and HAT-P-8b are Members of Triple Star Systems Bowler, B.; Liu, M.; Kraus, A.; Mann, A. ApJ 788 2 2014 July Spectroscopic Confirmation of Young Planetary-mass Companions on Wide Bedin, L.; Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Orbits Gonzalez Hernandez, J.; et al. ApJ 784 65 2014 March Improved Hubble Space Telescope Proper Motions for Tycho-G and Other Stars in Brewer, B.; Marshall, P.; Auger, M.; et al. the Remnant of Tycho’s Supernova 1572 The SWELLS survey – VI. Hierarchical MNRAS 439 354 2014 March inference of the initial mass functions of bulges and discs Beichman, C.; Gelino, C.; Kirkpatrick, J.; MNRAS 437 1950 2014 January et al. WISE Y Dwarfs As Probes of the Brown Brodwin, M.; Stanford, S.; Gonzalez, A.; et al. Dwarf-Exoplanet Connection The Era of Star Formation in Galaxy ApJ 783 68 2014 March Clusters ApJ 779 138 2013 December Bennett, D.; Batista, V.; Bond, I.; et al. MOA-2011-BLG-262Lb: A Sub-Earth-Mass Brown, M. Moon Orbiting a Gas Giant Primary or a The Density of Mid-sized Kuiper Belt High Velocity Planetary System in the Object 2002 UX25 and the Formation of Galactic Bulge the Dwarf Planets ApJ 785 155 2014 April ApJ 778 L34 2013 December

34 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT Buchhave, L.; Bizzarro, M.; Latham, D.; et al. Croll, B.; Rappaport, S.; DeVore, J.; et al. Dorman, C.; Widrow, L.; Guhathakurta, P.; Three regimes of extrasolar planet radius Multiwavelength Observations of the et al. inferred from host star metallicities Candidate Disintegrating Sub-Mercury A New Approach to Detailed Structural Nature 509 593 2014 May KIC 12557548b Decomposition from the SPLASH and ApJ 786 100 2014 May PHAT Surveys: Kicked-up Disk Stars in Burt, J.; Vogt, S.; Butler, R.; et al. the Andromeda Galaxy? The Lick-Carnegie Exoplanet Survey: Crossfield, I.; Barman, T.; Hansen, B.; ApJ 779 103 2013 December Gliese 687 b—A Neptune-mass Planet Howard, A. Orbiting a Nearby Red Dwarf Warm ice giant GJ 3470b I. A flat Dowell, C.; Conley, A.; Glenn, J.; et al. ApJ 789 114 2014 July HerMES: Candidate High-redshift transmission spectrum indicates a Galaxies Discovered with Herschel/SPIRE Bussmann, R.; Pérez-Fournon, I.; Amber, S.; hazy, low-methane, and/or metal-rich ApJ 780 75 2014 January et al. atmosphere Gravitational Lens Models Based on A&A 559 A33 2013 November Drummond, J.; Carry, B.; Merline, W.; et al. Submillimeter Array Imaging of Herschel- Dwarf planet Ceres: Ellipsoid dimensions selected Strongly Lensed Sub-millimeter Cucchiara, A.; Prochaska, J.; Perley, D.; et al. and rotational pole from Keck and VLT Galaxies at z>1.5 Gemini Spectroscopy of the Short GRB adaptive optics images ApJ 779 25 2013 December 130603B Afterglow and Host Icarus 236 28 2014 July ApJ 777 94 2013 November Cantalupo, S.; Arrigoni-Battaia, F.; Dupree, A.; Brickhouse, N.; Cranmer, S.; Prochaska, J.; et al. Currie, T.; Cloutier, R.; Debes, J.; et al. et al. A cosmic web filament revealed in A Deep Keck/NIRC2 Search for Thermal Structure and Dynamics of the Accretion Lyman-α emission around a luminous Emission from Planetary Companions Process and Wind in TW Hya high-redshift quasar Orbiting Fomalhaut ApJ 789 27 2014 July Nature 506 63 2014 February ApJ 777 L6 2013 November Dupuy, T.; Liu, M.; Ireland, M. Carolo, E.; Desidera, S.; Gratton, R.; et al. Currie, T.; Daemgen, S.; Debes, J.; et al. New Evidence for a Substellar Luminosity A vigorous activity cycle mimicking a Problem: Dynamical Mass for the Brown planetary system in HD 200466 Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Candidate Companion Below/Near the Dwarf Binary Gl 417BC A&A 567 A48 2014 July ApJ 790 133 2014 August Deuterium-Burning Limit In The Young Carrasco Kind, M.; Brunner, R. Binary Star System, ROXs 42B Durré, M.; Mould, J. Exhausting the information: novel ApJ 780 L30 2014 January Young Star Clusters in the Circumnuclear Bayesian combination of photometric Region of NGC 2110 redshift PDFs Currie, T.; Burrows, A.; Daemgen, S. ApJ 784 79 2014 March MNRAS 442 3380 2014 August A First-Look Atmospheric Modeling Study of the Young Directly-Imaged Planet-Mass Dutta, R.; Srianand, R.; Rahmani, H.; et al. Castro, P.; Gizis, J.; Harris, H.; et al. Companion, ROXs 42Bb A study of low-metallicity DLAs at high Discovery of Four High Proper Motion L ApJ 787 104 2014 June redshift and C II* as a probe of their Dwarfs, Including a 10 pc L Dwarf at the physical conditions L/T Transition Cushing, M.; Kirkpatrick, J.; Gelino, C.; et al. MNRAS 440 307 2014 March ApJ 776 126 2013 November Three New Cool Brown Dwarfs Errmann, R.; Torres, G.; Schmidt, T.; et al. Chen, J.; Wang, X.; Ganeshalingam, M.; et al. Discovered with the Wide-field Infrared Investigation of a transiting planet Optical Observations of the Type Ic Survey Explorer (WISE) and an Improved candidate in Trumpler 37: An Supernova 2007gr in NGC 1058 Spectrum of the Y0 Dwarf WISE astrophysical false positive eclipsing ApJ 790 120 2014 August J041022.71+150248.4 spectroscopic binary star AJ 147 113 2014 May Chonis, T.; Blanc, G.; Hill, G.; et al. AN 335 345 2014 January The Spectrally Resolved Lya Emission of Dawson, R.; Johnson, J.; Fabrycky, D.; et al. Errmann, R.; Raetz, St.; Kitze, M.; et al. Three Lyα-selected Field Galaxies at z ~ Large eccentricity, low mutual inclination: The search for transiting planets using 2.4 from the HETDEX Pilot Survey the three-dimensional architecture of a ApJ 775 99 2013 October the YETI network hierarchical system of giant planets CoSka 43 513 2014 March Cohen, J.; Christlieb, N.; Thompson, I.; et al. 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2014 ANNUAL REPORT • W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY 35 Fitzpatrick, P.; de Pater, I.; Luszcz-Cook, S.; Graham, M.; Djorgovski, S.; Drake, A.; et al. Kacprzak, G.; Cooke, J.; Churchill, C.; et al. et al. A novel variability-based method for The Smooth Mg II gas distribution Dispersion in Neptune’s Zonal Wind quasar selection: evidence for a rest through the interstellar/extra-planar/halo Velocities from NIR Keck AO Observations frame ~54 day characteristic timescale interface in July 2009 MNRAS 439 703 2014 March ApJ 777 L11 2013 November Ap&SS 350 65 2014 March Graur, O.; Rodney, S.; Maoz, D.; et al. Kammer, J.; Knutson, H.; Howard, A. W.; Fletcher, L.; de Pater, I.; Orton, G.; et al. Type-Ia Supernova Rates to Redshift 2.4 et al. Neptune at summer solstice: Zonal from CLASH: The Cluster Lensing And A Spitzer Search for Transits of Radial mean temperatures from ground-based Supernova Survey with Hubble Velocity Detected Super-Earths observations, 2003-2007 ApJ 783 28 2014 March ApJ 781 103 2014 February Icarus 231 146 2014 March Greene, J.; Seth, A.; Lyubenova, M.; et al. Kane, S.; Howell, S.; Horch, E.; et al. Foster, C.; Arnold, J.; Forbes, D.; et al. Circumnuclear Molecular Gas in Limits on Stellar Companions to The SLUGGS Survey: outer triaxiality of Megamaser Disk Galaxies NGC 4388 and Exoplanet Host Stars With Eccentric the Fast Rotator elliptical NGC 4473 NGC 1194 Planets MNRAS 435 3587 2013 November ApJ 788 145 2014 June ApJ 785 93 2014 April

Foster, C.; Lux, H.; Romanowsky, A.; et al. Haas, M.; Leipski, C.; Barthel, P.; et al. Kanekar, N.; Prochaska, J.; Smette, A.; et al. Kinematics and simulations of the stellar 3C 220.3: a radio galaxy lensing a The spin temperature of high-redshift stream in the halo of the Umbrella Galaxy submillimeter galaxy damped Lyman systems MNRAS 442 3544 2014 August ApJ 790 46 2014 July MNRAS 438 2131 2014 March α Foster, J.; Arce, H.; Kassis, M.; et al. Harris, H.; Dahn, C.; Dupuy, T.; et al. Kaplan, D.; Boyles, J.; Dunlap, B.; et al. The Binary White Dwarf LHS 3236 Distributed Low-mass Star Formation in A 1.05 M Companion to PSR J2222- ApJ 779 21 2013 December the IRDC G34.43+00.24 0137: The Coolest Known White Dwarf? ApJ 791 108 2014 August Hartman, J.; Bakos, G.; Torres, G.; et al. ApJ 789 119⊙ 2014 July Fox, O.; Bostroem, K.; Van Dyk, S.; et al. HAT-P-44b, HAT-P-45b, and HAT-P-46b: Three Transiting Hot Jupiters in Possible Karnath, N.; Prato, L.; Wasserman, L.; et al. Uncovering the Putative B-Star Binary Orbital Parameters for the Two Young Companion of the SN 1993J Progenitor Multi-Planet Systems AJ 147 128 2014 June Binaries VSB 111 and VSB 126 ApJ 790 17 2014 July AJ 146 149 2013 December Hinkley, S.; Pueyo, L.; Faherty, J.; et al. Frank, M. J. Kawakita, H.; Dello Russo, N.; Vervack, R.; Observational dynamics of low-mass The Kappa Andromedae System: New Constraints on the Companion Mass, et al. stellar systems Extremely Organic-rich Coma of Comet AN 335 486 2014 January System Age and Further Multiplicity ApJ 779 153 2013 December C/2010 G2 (Hill) during its Outburst in 2012 Frebel, A.; Simon, J.; Kirby, E. ApJ 788 110 2014 June Segue 1: An Unevolved Fossil Galaxy Howard, A.; Sanchis-Ojeda, R.; Marcy, G.; et al. from the Early Universe Kelly, P.; Fox, O.; Filippenko, A.; et al. ApJ 786 74 2014 May A Rocky Composition for an Earth-sized Exoplanet Constraints on the Progenitor System Fremling, C.; Sollerman, J.; Taddia, F.; et al. Nature 503 381 2013 November of the Type Ia Supernova 2014J from The rise and fall of the Type Ib supernova Pre-explosion Hubble Space Telescope Huber, D.; Carter, J.; Barbieri, M.; et al. iPTF13bvn – Not a massive Wolf-Rayet Imaging Stellar Spin-Orbit Misalignment in a star ApJ 790 3 2014 July Multiplanet System A&A 565 A114 2014 May Science 342 331 2013 October Kenney, J.; Geha, M.; Jachym, P.; et al. Gal-Yam, A.; Arcavi, I.; Ofek, E.; et al. Transformation of a Virgo Cluster Dwarf Hueso, R.; Pérez-Hoyos, S.; A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu Irregular Galaxy by Ram Pressure Sánchez-Lavega, A.; et al. from spectral observations of a stellar Stripping: IC3418 and its Fireballs Impact flux on Jupiter: From superbolides ApJ 780 119 2014 January wind to large-scale collisions Nature 509 471 2014 May A&A 560 A55 2013 December Kipping, D.; Forgan, D.; Hartman, J.; et al. Gavazzi, R.; Marshall, P.; Treu, T.; The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler Huff, E.; Eifler, T.; Hirata, C.; et al. 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Disintegrating Asteroid P/2013 R3 MNRAS 439 1015 2014 March Detection of CH4 in the GV Tau N ApJ 784 L8 2014 March Protoplanetary Disk ApJ 776 L28 2013 October Johnson, S.; Chen, H.; Mulchaey, J.; et al. Discovery of a transparent sightline at Kirkpatrick, J.; Schneider, A.; Gizis, J.; Burgasser, A.; Berger, E.; et al. ρ 20 kpc from an interacting pair of Fajardo-Acosta, S.; et al. Kepler Monitoring of an L Dwarf I. The galaxies The AllWISE Motion Survey and The Photometric Period and White Light Flares MNRAS≲ 438 3039 2014 March Quest for Cold Subdwarfs ApJ 779 172 2013 December ApJ 783 122 2014 March Jones, T.; Ellis, R.; Schenker, M.; Stark, D. Glazebrook, K. 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36 W. M. KECK OBSERVATORY • 2014 ANNUAL REPORT Kobulnicky, H.; Kiminki, D.; Lundquist, M.; Marion, G.; Vinko, J.; Wheeler, J.; et al. Mostardi, R.; Shapley, A.; Nestor, D.; et al. et al. High-Velocity Line Forming Regions in the Narrowband Lyman-Continuum Imaging Toward Complete Statistics of Massive Type Ia Supernova 2009ig of Galaxies at ~ 2.85 Binary Stars: Penultimate Results from ApJ 777 40 2013 November ApJ 779 65 2013 December the Cygnus OB2 Radial Velocity Survey ApJS 213 34 2014 September Martin, N.; Ibata, R.; Rich, R.; et al. Müller, T.; Miyata, T.; Kiss, C.; et al. The PAndAS Field of Streams: stellar Physical properties of asteroid 308635 Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z.; Kozlowski, S.; structures in the Milky Way halo toward (2005 YU55) derived from multi- Wyrzykowski, L.; et al. Andromeda and Triangulum instrument infrared observations during a A plausible (overlooked) super-luminous ApJ 787 19 2014 May very close Earth approach A&A 558 A97 2013 October supernova in the SDSS Stripe 82 data Martin, N.; Chambers, K.; Collins, M.; et al. ApJ 778 168 2013 December Spectroscopy of the Three Distant Napolitano, N.; Pota, V.; Romanowsky, A.; Andromedan Satellites Cassiopeia III, Kraus, A.; Ireland, M.; Cieza, L.; et al. et al. Lacerta I, and Perseus I The SLUGGS survey: breaking Three Wide Planetary-Mass Companions ApJ 793 L14 2014 September to FW Tau, ROXs 12, and ROXs 42B degeneracies between dark matter, anisotropy and the IMF using globular ApJ 781 20 2014 January Massari, D.; Mucciarelli, A.; Ferraro, F.; et al. cluster subpopulations in the giant Chemical and kinematical properties elliptical NGC 5846 Kudritzki, R.; Urbaneja, M.; Gazak, Z.; et al. of Galactic bulge stars surrounding the A Direct Stellar Metallicity Determination stellar system Terzan 5 MNRAS 439 659 2014 March in the Disk of the Maser Galaxy NGC 4258 ApJ 791 101 2014 August Naud, M.; Artigau, É.; Malo, L.; et al. ApJ 779 L20 2013 December McCully, C.; Jha, S.; Foley, R.; et al. Discovery of a Wide Planetary-mass Larsen, S.; Brodie, J.; Forbes, D.; Strader, J. 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MNRAS 438 1611 2014 February O’Rourke, J.; Knutson, H.; Zhao, M.; et al. Measurement of the Dispersion of Warm Spitzer and Palomar Near-IR Radiation from a Steady Cosmological Melis, C.; Zuckerman, B.; Rhee, J.; et al. Secondary Eclipse Photometry of Two Hot Source Copious Amounts of Hot and Cold Dust Jupiters: WASP-48b and HAT-P-23b ApJ 778 73 2013 November Orbiting the Main Sequence A-type Stars ApJ 781 109 2014 February HD 131488 and HD 121191 Liu, F.; Asplund, M.; Ramirez, I.; et al. ApJ 778 12 2013 November Ofek, E.; Zoglauer, A.; Boggs, S.; et al. A high precision chemical abundance SN 2010jl: Optical to Hard X-Ray analysis of the HAT-P-1 stellar binary: Meyer, L.; Witzel, G.; Longstaff, F.; Ghez, A. 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