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WFPC2 World Wide Web Page: • URL Version 10.0 August 2008 Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 Instrument Handbook Space Telescope Science Institute 3700 San Martin Drive Baltimore, Maryland 21218 [email protected] Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration User Support For prompt answers to any question, please contact the STScI Help Desk. • E-mail: [email protected] • Phone: (410) 338-1082 (800) 544-8125 (U.S. only, toll free) World Wide Web Information, software tools, and other resources are available on the WFPC2 World Wide Web page: • URL: http://www.stsci.edu/hst/wfpc2 Revision History Instrument Version Date Editor WFPC2 10.0 August 2008 Matt McMaster, John Biretta WFPC2 9.2 October 2006 John A. Biretta WFPC2 9.1 October 2005 Inge Heyer, John A. Biretta WFPC2 9.0 October 2004 Inge Heyer, John A. Biretta WFPC2 8.0 October 2003 Anton Koekemoer, Inge Heyer WFPC2 7.0 October 2002 John A. Biretta, Lori M. Lubin WFPC2 6.1 July 2001 John A. Biretta, Inge Heyer WFPC2 6.0 June 2001 John A. Biretta, Inge Heyer WFPC2 5.0 June 2000 John A. Biretta, Inge Heyer WFPC2 Update June 1999 Stefano Casertano WFPC2 Update June 1998 Andrew Fruchter, Inge Heyer WFPC2 4.0 June 1996 John A. Biretta WFPC2 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 March 1993; May 1994; June 1995 Christopher J. Burrows WF/PC-1 3.0 April 1992 John W. MacKenty WF/PC-1 1.0; 2.0; 2.1 October 1985; May 1989; May 1990 Richard Griffiths Send comments or corrections to: Space Telescope Science Institute 3700 San Martin Drive Baltimore, Maryland 21218 E-mail:[email protected] Table of Contents Acknowledgments.........................................................ix Chapter 1: Introduction............................................. 1 1.1 Instrument Overview .................................................... 1 1.1.1 Field-of-View............................................................... 2 1.1.2 Spectral Filters............................................................ 3 1.1.3 Quantum Efficiency and Exposure Limits................... 4 1.1.4 CCD Detector Technology.......................................... 4 1.1.5 UV Imaging................................................................. 5 1.1.6 Aberration Correction and Optical Alignment ............. 6 1.2 Comparison of WFPC2, ACS, NICMOS, and STIS ............................................................................ 6 1.2.1 Comparison of WFPC2 and ACS ............................... 7 1.2.2 Comparison of WFPC2 and NICMOS ...................... 11 1.2.3 Comparison of WFPC2 and STIS............................. 12 1.3 History of WFPC2 ....................................................... 13 1.4 The Previous vs. Current Generation: WF/PC-1 vs. WFPC2 .................................................... 15 1.5 Organization of this Handbook ................................ 17 1.6 The Help Desk at STScI............................................ 18 1.7 Further Information ..................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Instrument Description ............... 21 2.1 Science Objectives ..................................................... 21 2.2 WFPC2 Configuration, Field-of-View, and Resolution........................................................................ 22 2.3 Overall Instrument Description ................................ 23 2.4 Quantum Efficiency..................................................... 26 2.5 Shutter ........................................................................... 28 2.6 Serial Clocks ................................................................ 30 iii iv Table of Contents 2.7 Overhead Times.......................................................... 33 2.8 CCD Orientation and Readout................................. 35 2.9 Calibration Channel .................................................... 37 Chapter 3: Optical Filters ...................................... 39 3.1 Introduction ................................................................... 39 3.2 Choice of Broad Band Filters ................................... 46 3.3 Linear Ramp Filters .................................................... 46 3.3.1 Spectral Response ................................................... 47 3.3.2 Target Locations....................................................... 53 3.3.3 LRF Photometric Calibration .................................... 56 3.4 Redshifted [OII] Quad Filters.................................... 59 3.5 Polarizer Quad Filter .................................................. 59 3.5.1 Polarization Calibration............................................. 60 3.6 Methane Quad Filter ................................................. 63 3.7 Wood’s Filters .............................................................. 66 3.8 Red Leaks in UV Filters............................................. 67 3.9 Apertures....................................................................... 72 Chapter 4: CCD Performance ............................ 77 4.1 Introduction ................................................................... 77 4.2 Quantum Efficiency..................................................... 79 4.3 Dynamic Range ........................................................... 80 4.4 Read Noise and Gain Settings ................................ 81 4.5 Bright Object Artifacts ................................................ 82 4.5.1 Blooming................................................................... 82 4.5.2 Horizontal Smearing ................................................. 82 4.5.3 Diffraction Effects and Ghost Images ....................... 83 4.6 Residual Image............................................................ 84 4.7 Flat Field Response.................................................... 85 4.8 Dark Backgrounds ...................................................... 87 4.8.1 Sources of Dark Current........................................... 87 4.8.2 Dark Current Evolution ............................................. 89 4.8.3 Darktime ................................................................... 92 4.9 Cosmic Rays ................................................................ 94 4.10 SAA and Scheduling System Issues.................... 98 4.11 Radiation Damage and Hot Pixels...................... 100 Table of Contents v 4.12 Photometric Anomalies: CTE and "Long vs. Short"............................................................ 102 4.12.1 CTE Trends and Causes ...................................... 103 4.12.2 Photometric Effects of the CTE Anomaly ............. 105 4.12.3 Physical Effects of the CTE Anomaly ................... 110 4.12.4 Mitigating CTE During Observations .................... 116 4.12.5 Final Characterization of the CTE Anomaly ......... 119 4.12.6 The Long vs. Short Anomaly ................................ 119 4.13 WF4 CCD Anomaly ................................................ 122 Chapter 5: Point Spread Function ........................................................................ 125 5.1 Effects of OTA Spherical Aberration .................... 125 5.2 Aberration Correction ............................................... 130 5.3 Wavefront Quality...................................................... 131 5.4 CCD Pixel Response Function .............................. 132 5.5 Model PSFs ................................................................ 133 5.6 PSF Variations with Field Position........................ 134 5.6.1 Aperture Corrections vs. Field Position .................. 138 5.7 PSF Variations with Time / OTA Focus ............... 141 5.8 PSF Anomaly in F1042M Filter.............................. 146 5.9 Large Angle Scattering ............................................ 147 5.10 Ghost Images .......................................................... 148 5.11 Optical Distortion..................................................... 150 5.11.1 Pixel Area Correction............................................ 156 5.11.2 34th-Row Defect................................................... 157 5.11.3 Geometric Distortion Closeout Calibrations.......... 157 Chapter 6: System Throughput and SNR / Exposure Time Estimation ........... 161 6.1 System Throughput .................................................. 161 6.2 On-Line Exposure Time Calculator....................... 166 6.3 Target Count Rates .................................................. 167 6.3.1 Count Rates for Stellar Sources ............................. 167 6.3.2 Count Rates for Power Law Sources ..................... 168 6.3.3 Count Rates for Emission Line Sources................. 168 6.4 Sky Background ........................................................ 169 vi Table of Contents 6.5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation .......................... 171 6.5.1 Point Sources -- PSF Fitting ................................... 172 6.5.2 Point Sources -- Aperture Photometry.................... 175 6.5.3 Extended Sources .................................................. 176 6.6 Exposure Time Estimation...................................... 179 6.7 Sample SNR Calculations....................................... 180 6.7.1 Point Sources ......................................................... 180 6.7.2 Extended Sources .................................................. 187 6.7.3 Emission Line Sources ........................................... 188 6.8 Photometric Anomalies............................................ 194 6.9 Red Leaks in UV Filters........................................... 195 6.10 Long-term Photometric
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