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Clusters of Galaxies… Budapest University, MTA-Eötvös François Mernier …and the surprisesoftheir spectacularhotatmospheres Clusters ofgalaxies… K complex ) ⇤ Fe ) α [email protected] - Wallon Super - Wallon [email protected] Fe XXVI (Ly (/ Fe XXIV) L complex ) ) (incl. Ne) α α ) Fe ) ) α ) α α ) ) ) ) α ⇥ ) ) ) α α α α α α Si XIV (Ly Mg XII (Ly Ni XXVII / XXVIII Fe XXV (He S XVI (Ly O VIII (Ly Si XIII (He S XV (He Ca XIX (He Ca XX (Ly Fe XXV (He Cr XXIII (He Ar XVII (He Ar XVIII (Ly Mn XXIV (He Ca XIX / XX Yo u are h ere ! 1 km = 103 m Yo u are h ere ! (somewhere behind…) 107 m Yo u are h ere ! (and this is the Moon) 109 m ≃3.3 light seconds Yo u are h ere ! 1012 m ≃55.5 light minutes 1013 m 1014 m Yo u are h ere ! ≃4 light days 1013 m Yo u are h ere ! 1014 m 1017 m ≃10.6 light years 1021 m Yo u are h ere ! ≃106 000 light years 1 million ly Yo u are h ere ! The Local Group Andromeda (M31) 1 million ly Yo u are h ere ! The Local Group Triangulum (M33) 1 million ly Yo u are h ere ! The Local Group 10 millions ly The Virgo Supercluster Virgo cluster 10 millions ly The Virgo Supercluster M87 Virgo cluster 10 millions ly The Virgo Supercluster 2dFGRS Survey The large scale structure of the universe Abell 2199 (429 000 000 light years) Abell 2029 (1.1 billion light years) Abell 2029 (1.1 billion light years) Abell 1689 Abell 1689 (2.2 billion light years) Les amas de galaxies 53 Light emits at optical “colors”… …but also in infrared, radio, …and X-ray! Light emits at optical “colors”… …but also in infrared, radio, …and X-ray! Light emits at optical “colors”… …but also in infrared, radio, …and X-ray! Optical Abell 1689 Abell 1689 (2 899 130 981 light years) Les amas de galaxies 53 X-rays Abell 1689 Abell 1689 (2 899 130 981 light years) Les amas de galaxies 53 RayonsX-rays X OptiqueOptical Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 The brighter, the denser! RayonsX-rays X OptiqueOptical Hot atmospheres… are hot! (~10 to 100 million ºC) Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 Stars, planets, galaxies,… Stars, planets, galaxies,… ~20% ~80% Stars, planets, Hot atmospheres galaxies,… ~15% ~85% Stars, planets, galaxies,… Hot Dark matter atmospheres Fornax cluster (62 million light years) Hot atmospheres are studied in Budapest (ELTE)! • Temperature (Kiran Lakhchaura, Norbert Werner) • Chemical composition (François Mernier, Norbert Werner) • Cosmological simulations (Nhut Truong) 1. Temperature Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 6 000 000 K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 612 000 000 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 61224 000 000 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 6122437 000 000200 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 612243760 000 000200 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 61224376080 000 000200 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 61224376080120 000 000200 000 000 000 000 K K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 61224376080 000 000200 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 612243760 000 000200 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 6122437 000 000200 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 61224 000 000 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 612 000 000 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 6 000 000 K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 !" 6122437 000 000200 000 000 K K optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 Rayons X Optique hotter…? Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 Rayons X Optique …or cooler? Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 When a X-ray photon escapes, the gas is losing energy… The brighter, the denser! Make the gas The gas cools down! dense again! PPVV == nRnRTT Rayons X Optique The surrounding gas The central pressure “falls” in the centre… drops!Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 The Centaurus cluster C) o Temperature (x1000 000 not cold enough! 0 20 40 60 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Distance from center (x1000 light years) The Centaurus cluster Central cluster galaxies should look like this… …but they look like this. …but they look like this. What prevents the hot gas from cooling? M87 M87 Supermassive black hole! M87 Jet Supermassive black hole! 5 000 light years M87 Hercules A galaxy Radio Hercules A galaxy X-ray Hercules A galaxy cavities! X-ray Hercules A galaxy 700 000 light years Radio Optical X-ray Hercules A galaxy NGC 5813 older cavities raising bubbles very old cavities NGC 5813 Perseus cluster gas motions (?) raising bubbles old cavities Perseus cluster Optical MS 0735.6+7421 (2.6 billion light years) Radio MS 0735.6+7421 (2.6 billion light years) X-ray MS 0735.6+7421 (2.6 billion light years) cavities! X-ray MS 0735.6+7421 (2.6 billion light years) 1 000 000 light years Radio Optical X-ray MS 0735.6+7421 (2.6 billion light years) But how exactly jets/cavities (re)heat the gas? We don’t know (yet)… 2. Chemical composition Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 optical, UV,… gamma ray Rayons X Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 O Mg Si S Ar Ca Fe Ni Fe Rayons X optical, UV,… gamma ray Optique Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 Cluster hot atmospheres contains diverse chemical elements… The elemental bricks of life are present even at the largest scale structures of the Universe! Abell 1689 Les amas de galaxies 54 Primordial nucleosynthesis H (~75%) He (~25%) Li (traces) Big Bang Exploding stars (supernovae) are the only way to produce elements other than H and He… “We are made of starstuff.” - Carl Sagan Mg S O Ni Si Fe Ca How and when did exploding stars eject their products outside of their galaxies? The Centaurus cluster The Centaurus cluster Mernier et al. (2018c) amount of Fe distance from the centre Mernier et al. (2018c) amount of Fe The intracluster medium was enriched when the Universe was at its dawn (“only” 2 or 3 billion years old!) distance from the centre 3. Cosmological simulations CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS • Clusters of galaxies are the largest structures of our Universe • Their evolution is impacted by cosmology and gravity,… LARGE SCALES • …but also by stars and supermassive black holes! SMALL SCALES Optical light (seen by our eyes) does not reveal all the mysteries of our Universe! Planets, stars, galaxies,... are only a tiny part of it!.
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