IPS EAST ZONE MEET CUM NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ·2017

"CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVE IN PLANT HEALTH MANAGEMENT UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO"

Nf.'TI~~IIJI~ll2:1-24. 2.)17 Farmers' Academy and Convention Centre (Lake Hall), BCKV, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India Indian Phytopathological Society

East Zone Meet cum National Symposium - 2017

on

Challenges and Perspective in Plant Health Management under Climate Change Scenario 23rd and 24th November, 2017

ABSTRACT

CUM

SOUVENIR

Organised by

Department of Plant Pathology

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV)

Mohanpur- 741252, Nadia, West Bengal

and

Indian Phytopathological Society

Division of Plant Pathology

Indian Agriculture Research Institute

New Delhi- 110012, India Abstract cum Souvenir

Indian Phytopathological Society East Zone Meet cum National Symposium – 2017 on “Challenges and Perspective in Plant Health Management under Climate Change Scenario”

Organised by: Department of Plant Pathology Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV) Mohanpur- 741252, Nadia, West Bengal and Indian Phytopathological Society Division of Plant Pathology Indian Agriculture Research Institute New Delhi- 110012, India

Compiled & Edited by: S.Das, A.Basu, P.S.Nath, S.Dutta, S.Jash, A.RoyBarman, R.Mondal, S.Mahapatra, A.K.Ghorai, U. B. Oraon and P.Sarker

Published by: Department of Plant Pathology Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur- 741252, Nadia, West Bengal

Date of publication: Kalyani, The 23rd November, 2017

Opinions in these publications are those of the authors and not the Department of Plant Pathology or the Society

Printed at: Bishnupriya Printers, Shop No. 70 2 No. Market, Kalyani, Nadia PREFACE

At the heart of the sustainable development goals are targets to end hunger, achieve food security, and improve nutrition. Our motherland is no exception to this! Food security continues to be high on the list of development priorities of India because the country’s relatively high rates of economic growth have not led to a reduction in hunger and under nutrition whereas overwhelming majority of the Indian population depend upon agriculture as their primary source of income. Growing global population in present backdrop of climate change has put tremendous challenges before the agricultural scientists to meet the ever-growing demands of food and nutritional security. Injudicious use of natural resources, lack of well-formulated crop production and protection technologies for raising agricultural and horticultural crops and the ill-effects of climate change are imposing onerously challenging dimensions particularly in relation to the crop productivity, sustainable food and livelihood security of farmers and increasing vulnerability to natural calamities. Plant pests and diseases could potentially deprive humanity of over 50% of crop production and combined with postharvest spoilage and deterioration in quality, these losses become critical, especially for resource-poor regions. However, the components of climate change, such as global warming, ground water depletion, shifting rainfall pattern, changing dimensions of natural calamities, depletion of cryosphere etc. has manifold influence on agriculture and efficiency of crop protection practices. Varietal uniformity of crops coupled with increasing genetic variability of pest and pathogens, excessive use of pesticides and changing climatic scenario has led to the outbreak of many pest and pathogens considered to be less important earlier. However, biological interactions laid behind are rather complex and integrated solutions and international co-ordination in their implementation is considered essential. The Indian Phytopathological Society (IPS) has been constantly trying to address some of these vexed issues and focussing on the problem related to food security vis-a-vis sustainable agriculture in existing backdrop since its birth. Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal in collaboration with IPS(East Zone) are now organising East Zone meet cum National Symposium on “Challenges and Prospective in Plant Health Management under Climate Change Scenario with two major objectives: (a) understanding the present scenario in plant protection and (b) to invite the researchers on a common platform for exchanging their experiences, knowledge, views, innovative ideas and latest developments on this aspect for preparing a road map to handle the issues of plant health management for food security under climate change scenario. It is proposed and hoped that with adequate domestic participation of researchers across the country in a common interactive platform in the Symposium, it would be possible to formulate relevant strategies for conservation of biodiversity, improving crop productivity with resilience to the plant health and mitigating traumas of climate change. S. Das S. Dutta

National Symposium on “Challenges and Prospective in Plant Health Management under Climate Change Scenario & IPS (EZ) Meet November 23-24, 2017

Day I: 23.11.2017 Event/Session Time Breakfast 8.00-8.30 AM Registration 8.30 -9.30 AM Inauguration Session (Venue – Auditorium hall) 9:30-10:30 AM Invitation of the dignitaries to the dais 9.30-9.35 AM Welcome to the dignitaries with flower & bouquet 9.35-9.40 AM Opening Song 9.40-9.45 AM Lightning of Lamp & inauguration by Vice-Chancellor, BCKV 9.45-9.50 AM

Welcome address by Director of Research, BCKV 9.50-10.00 AM Address by the President, Vice-Chancellor, BCKV 10.00-10.10 AM Address by the Organizing Secretary 10.10-10.20 AM Address by the Chief Guest, Vice-Chancellor, Kalyani University 10.20-10.30 AM Address by the Special Guest, ADG Plant Protection, ICAR, New Delhi 10.30-10.40 AM Releasing of the Abstract cum Souvenir book by the dignitaries on the 10.40-10.45 AM dais Address by the Guest of Honour, President, IPS 10.45-10.55 AM Address by the Guest of Honour, Secretary, IPS 10.55-11.05 AM Felicitation to the teachers ‘of Plant Pathology 11.05-11.25 AM Vote of thanks by Co-organizing Secretary 11.25-11.30 AM Hi Tea 11:30-11:45 AM Memorial Lecture (Venue – Auditorium hall) Prof. S.B. Chattopadhyay Memorial Lecture 11:45-12:15 PM Chairman: Prof. C. Sen; Co-Chairman: Prof. D.C. Khatua Prof. A.K. Sinha Memorial Lecture 12:15-12:45 PM Chairman: Prof. N. Mukherjee; Co-Chairman: Prof. A.K. Chowdhury Prof. S. Mukhopadhyay Memorial Lecture 12:45-01:15 PM Chairman: Prof. A. K. Chowdhury; Co- Chairman: Prof. P.S. Nath

Lunch Break 1:15 – 2:00 PM T.S. – I: Taxonomy of Plant Pathogens, Pathogen diversity and 2:00-3:30 PM plant disease diagnostics (Venue – Auditorium hall) Chairman: Prof. S. Chowdhury, Rapporteur: Prof. B. N. Panja T.S. – II: Survey, Surveillance & epidemiology of major & 2:00-3:30 PM emerging diseases of crops (Venue – Auditorium hall) Chairman: Prof. I. Bhattacharya, Rapporteur: Prof. A. Saha

T.S. – III: Chemicals/Non-chemicals in Plant disease management 3:30-5:00 PM (Conference Hall -1) Chairman: Prof. P.S. Nath, Rapporteur: Prof. J. Tarafdar T.S. – IV: Biotechnological approaches for Plant disease 3:30-5:00 PM management (Conference Hall -1) Chairman: Prof. B.N. Chakraborty, Rapporteur: Prof. A. K. Chowdhury Tea break 5:00-5:10 PM Narashiman Award Lecture (Venue – Auditorium hall) 5:10-6:30 PM A.P.S. Travel Grant (Venue – Auditorium hall) 6:30-7:00 PM Cultural Event (Venue – Auditorium hall) 7:00-8:30 PM

Day II: 24.11.2017 T.S. – V: Host-Pathogen interactions (Venue – Auditorium hall) 9:30-10:30 AM Chairman: Prof. A. Basu, Rapporteur: Prof. G. Mandal T.S. – VI: Plant health management by manipulation of 9:30-11:00 AM rhizosphere, phyllosphere & plant nutrition (Conference Hall -1) Chairman: Prof. U. Chakraborty, Rapporteur: Dr. T.K. Bag T.S. – VII: Recent trends in management of postharvest disease in 10:30 AM-12:00 protected cultivation (Venue – Auditorium hall) PM Chairman: Prof. B. Dasgupta, Rapporteur: Prof. J. Saha Poster Session 12:00-2:00 PM T.S. – VIII: Role, strategies & pentagonal interrelationships of 12:30-2:00 PM industries, government, SAU’s, NGO’s & farmers (Venue- Front Side Lawn) Chairman: Mr. P. Ghosh, Co Chairman: A. Tarafder Lunch break 2:00-2:30 PM Valedictory Session 2:30-4:00 PM

Content

Prof. S.B. Chattopadhyay Memorial Lecture

Delivered by : Dr. P.K. Chakrabarty, ADG (Plant Protection), ICAR

Chairman: Prof. C. Sen; Co-Chairman: Prof. D.C. Khatua 11:45-12:15 PM Venue: Auditorium Hall

Prof. A.K. Sinha Memorial Lecture

Delivered by: Prof. Tapas Kundu, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore

Chairman: Prof. N. Mukherjee; Co-Chairman: Prof. A.K. Chowdhury 12:15-12:45 PM Venue: Auditorium Hall

Prof. S. Mukhopadhyay Memorial Lecture

Delivered by : Dr. Bikas Mandal, Principal Scientist, Division of Plant Pathology, IARI, NEW DELHI

Chairman: Prof. A. K. Chowdhury; Co- Chairman: Prof. P.S. Nath 12:45-1:15 PM Venue: Auditorium Hall

Technical Session I: Taxonomy of plant pathogens, pathogen diversity and plant disease diagnostics 2:00-3:30 PM Venue: Auditorium Hall Chairman: Prof. S. Choudhury

Rapporteur: Prof. B.N. Panja

Lead Lectures Sl.No. Papers and Authors Page No. 1 DIVERSITY, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF 5 BACTERIAL WILT OF SOLANACEOUS CROPS IN INDIA - Dinesh Singh and R. K. Ranjan 2 MYCOTHERAPY –AN EMMERGING TREATMENT FOR 6 CANCER PATIENTS - Swapan Kumar Ghosh 3 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN TROPICAL MOUNTAINS: 9 AN ILLUSTRATION OF ALTERED BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASES AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION - Robert John Chandran Oral Presentation 1 OXALATE AND MINERAL CONTENTS IN EDIBLE 10 MUSHROOMS: A NUTRITIONAL BETTERMENT - Rishu Sharma and Binoy Ghorai 2 PREVALENCE AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF MAJOR 11 POTATO VIRUSES IN PUNJAB, INDIA – Ankit Kumar Ghorai

3 CULTURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF 12 Cercospora canescens ISOLATES CAUSING CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT OF MUNGBEAN IN WEST BENGAL - Arghya Banerjee 4 Exploring the methods for higher bioconversion of agricultural 13 wastes through Pleurotus cultivation and enrichment of SMS - M.K.Biswas Poster Presentations

1 CULTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIO-CHEMICAL 14 VARIABILITY OF DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF Colletotrichum truncatum OF GREENGRAM Tanya Marak, Yashi Umbrey*, Sunita Mahapatra, and Srikanta Das

2 VARIATION IN Ralstonia solanacearum CAUSING BACTERIAL 15 WILT OF BRINJAL IN SUNDARBAN REGION OF WEST BENGAL - Saktipada Mandal, Bholanath Mondal, Palash Mondal and Dinesh Chandra Khatua

3 STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL, CULTURAL AND 16 BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferae-indicae CAUSING BACTERIAL CANKER DISEASE OF MANGO K. Ray, H.Rizvi, S.Dutta Banik, , A. Dasgupta, S. Jash and S.K. Ray

4 CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF Colletotrichum musae (BERK. 18 AND CURT) ARX. CAUSING ANTHRACNOSE OF BANANA AND ITS SAFE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES - Ankita Roy1*, Debalina Majhi1, Sanam Halsana2, Pradip Sarkar2 , Ivi Chakraborty and Jayanta Saha2

5 LEAF SPOT AND FRUIT ROT OF STRAWBERRY CAUSED BY 19 Neopestalotiopsis clavispora IN INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS OF INDIA - Kailash Kumar1, Sunita Mahapatra2 and Joydeep Banerjee3 6 SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA OF CHICKPEA & COWPEA AND 20 THEIR MANAGEMENT - Susanta Mandal1 and Mohan Kumar Biswas2

7 STUDIES ON CULTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND 21 Biochemical Aspects Of Colletotrichum acutatum IN AGLAONEMA - Tushnima Chaudhuri et al.

Technical Session II: Survey, surveillance and epidemiology of major and emerging diseases of crops

Venue : Conference Hall 2:00-3:30 PM

Chairman: Prof. I. Bhattacharya

Rapporteur: Prof. A. Saha

Technical Session II: Survey, surveillance and epidemiology of major and emerging diseases of crops Lead Lectures Sl.No. Papers and Authors Page No. 1 WHEAT DISEASE SCENARIO UNDER CHANGE IN CLIMATIC 22 CONDITION IN SOUTH ASIA - A.K. Chowdhury, P.M. Bhattacharya and C. Chattopadhyay 2 AEROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE 23 FORECASTING OF CERTAIN AIRBORNE FUNGAL DISEASES OF RICE IN NORTH 24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL - Kashinath Bhattacharya, Mouli Saha & Arindom Chakraborty

3 USING PATHOGEN POPULATION INFORMATION TO 24 IMPROVE LATE BLIGHT CONTROL: A STUDY OF THE 2013- 2014 LATE BLIGHT EPIDEMIC IN EASTERN INDIA –A WORK IN PROGRESS - Sanjoy Guha Roy

Oral Presentation 1 ASSESSMENT OF YIELD LOSS OF GREENGRAM (Vigna 26 radiata) DUE TO COLLETOTRICHUM TRUNCATUM IN WEST BENGAL - Trina Sandham 2 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SPREAD of Tomato leaf curl virus 26-27 (ToLCV) IN TOMATO AT DIFFERENT DATES OF PLANTING IN RELATION WITH DIFFERENT WEATHER PARAMETERS UNDER INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS OF WEST BENGAL - Poly Saha 3 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, ON MYCELIAL 28 PROGRESSION, SCLEROTIAL PRODUCTION AND SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT BY Rhizoctonia solani, Incitant Of Wire Stem Disease Of Cabbage - Shikha Pathak 4 DYNAMICS OF Sclerotinia SCLEROTIORUM OCCURRENCE IN 28-29 EASTERN AND NORTHEASTERN INDIA IN THE CHANGING CLIMATE SCENARIO - Tasvina R. Borah.

5 Effect of Temperature, moisture, organic matter and light onsclerotial 29 survival and germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum - S.Hansda, Tasvina. R. Borah, S.K.Ray, K.Ray and S.Dutta

Poster Presentations 1 EFFECT OF SOWING DATES, VARIETIES AND WEATHER 30 FACTORS ON PROGRESSION OF SPOT BLOTCH OF WHEAT - Sanju Tamang, Rajkumar Debsharma and Sunita Mahapatra

2 DISEASES OF SWEET FLAG (Acoruscalmus L.) OCCURING IN 31 THE NEW ALLUVIAL ZONE OF WEST BENGAL AND THEIR MANAGEMENT - Siddharth Singh and Goutam Mondal 3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BACTERIAL CANKER DISEASE OF 32 MANGO UNDER SUBTROPICAL REGION OF WEST BENGAL - H. Rizvi, G. Datta, S. Patar, R. Mondal, S. Dutta and S.K. Ray

Technical Session III: Chemicals/Non-chemicals in plant disease management

3:30-5:00 PM Venue: Auditorium Hall

Chairman: Prof. P.S. Nath

Rapporteur: Prof. A.K. Chowdhury

Technical Session III: Survey, surveillance and epidemiology of major and emerging diseases of crops Lead Lectures Sl.No. Papers and Authors Page No. 1 SPECTRUM AND MANAGEMENT OF TUBEROSE, 33 CHRYSANTHEMUM AND GERBERA DISEASES IN THE GANGETIC PLAIN OF WEST BENGAL - B. N. Panja, R. Chejara, A. De and J. Saha 2 Disease Management in Grapes: Role of Fungicides and 34-35 Resistance Mitigation –Sujoy Saha

3 NEW MOLECULES AS SAVIOUR OF RICE DISEASES - Manas 36 Kumar Bag Oral Presentation 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIATION IN IN-VITRO 37 SENSITIVITY OF Sclerotium rolfsii TO DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES AND THEIR EC50 VALUE - Ritesh Kumar

2 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF ANTHRACNOSE 38 (Colletotrichum truncatum) Of Greengram In Green House Condition - Tanusree Das

3 PRECISE PHENOTYPING OF WHEAT FOR IDENTIFICATION 39 OF TRAITS RELATED WITH RESISTANCE TOWARDS SPOT BLOTCH OF WHEAT - Sukram Thapa 4 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES 40 FOR CONTROLLING MBCD CAUSING BACTERIAL CANKER OF MANGO - K.Ray

5 EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AS RESISTANCE INDUCER 42 AGAINST NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE OF MAIZE (Zea mays) - Srabani Debnath; Rahamatullah Middya; Sonali Biswas; Arghya Banerjee and Anirban Maji

Poster Presentations 1 BIOEFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST PHYTOPHTHORA 43 INFESTANS CAUSING LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO UNDER LABORATORY IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT - Saidul Islam, Sk Sadikur Rahaman, Bholanath Mondal and Dinesh Chandra Khatua

2 SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis 44 hypogaea L.) AND IT’S MANAGEMENT - Manas Sardar and Mohan Kumar Biswas 3 EFFECT OF IPFENCARBAZONE 25% SC (DINKAR) AGAINST 45 MAJOR WEEDS FOR CROP HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPLANTED RICE (Oryza Sativa) - r. Smritikana Sarkar1 and Dr. Amitava Sarkar2

4 STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF Fusarium oxysporum f sp 46 cubense causing PANAMA WILT OF BANANA. - D. Rana*, S. Murmu**, R. Saha* P. Jena* and D.K.Misra 5 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BOTANICALS AGAINST 47 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Of Papaya Under In-Vitro Condition - Debanjana Debnath*, SunitaMahapatra, and Srikanta Das 6 THE INTERVENTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN 47 PATHOGEN MANAGEMENT - Samrat Adhikary, Ritesh Kundu and Anandkumar Naorem 7 MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM ROOT ROT OF BEAN 48 BY Trichoderma harzianum AND SILICON - AYANA CHAKRABORTY

8 ROLE OF DIFFERENT SECONDARY METABOLITES 49 PRODUCED BY AZOTOBACTER ISOLATES IN PROMOTING PLANT GROWTH - Rajib Dey1, Kanish Sarkar2, Nirmal Mandal1, Subrata Dutta2

9 MANAGEMENT OF EARLY BLIGHT OF POTATO BY USE OF 50-51 NON CONVENTIONAL CHEMICALS - D. Panda and A. Chakraborty

Technical Session IV: Biotechnological approaches for plant disease management

3:30-5:00 PM Venue: Auditorium Hall

Chairman: Prof. B.N. Chakraborty

Rapporteur: Prof. J. Tarafder

Lead Lectures Sl.No. Papers and Authors Page No. 1 EXPLOITATION OF PLANT VIRUS GENOME AS USEFUL 52 GENETIC TOOL - Anirban Roy* and Bikash Mandal

2 PRODUCTION OF VIRUS FREE TRUTHFUL QUALITY 53 POTATO SEED TUBERS THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION OF AEROPONICS - T.K Bag 3 VIRUS DISEASES OF TUBER CROPS: DIAGNOSIS AND 54 MANAGEMENT - Jayanta Tarafdar Oral Presentations 1 rDNA GENE SEQUENCE BASED PHYLOGENY AND RAPD 55 ANALYSIS OF Bipolaris sorokiniana, A SPOT BLOTCH PATHOGEN OF SORGHUM - Priyanka Bhattacharjee

Day-II (24.11.2017)

Technical Session V: Host-pathogen interaction

9:30-10:30 PM (24.11.2017) Venue: Auditorium Hall

Chairman: Prof. A. Basu Rapporteur: Prof. G. Mondal

Lead Lecture Sl.No. Papers and Authors Page No. 1 PATHOGENS BEHAVIOR IN COMPATIBLE AND 56 INCOMPATIBLE INTERACTION USING PROTEOMICS APPROACH: A CASE STUDY IN Alternaria brassicicola Infecting Arabidopsis thaliana - Arup K Mukherjee Oral Presentations 1 Precise phenotyping of wheat for identification of traits related with 57 resistance towards spot blotch of wheat - Sukram Thapa, M. Dolpriya Devi, A. K. Chowdhury, R. Chand and P. M. Bhattacharya.

Poster Presentations 1 SCREENING OF WHEAT GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO 58 SPOT BLOTCH IN TERAI REGION OF WEST BENGAL - Satyajit Hebram, Rakesh Patsa, Saikat Das and Manmatha Hansda

2 ASSESSMENT OF CHOCOLATE SPOT DISEASE TOLERANCE 59 IN FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) GENOTYPES - Sanket Kumar, Santanu Layek, Anamika Upadhyay, Sk Masudul Islam and M. K. Pandit

Technical Session VI: Plant heath management by manipulation of rhizosphere, phyllosphere and plant nutrition Chairman: Prof. U. Chakraborty Rapporteur: Dr. T.K. Bag

9:30-11:00 PM (24.11.2017) Venue: Conference Hall

Lead Lectures Sl.No. Papers and Authors Page No. 1 HARNESSING PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING 60 MICROORGANISMS FOR GROWTH PROMOTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TEA ROOT DISEASES - U. Chakraborty

2 FINE TUNING ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA (AM) 61 TECHNOLOGY FOR CAPTURING ECOSYSTEM SERVICE OF NATIVE AM FUNGI IN TERMS OF IMPROVING P NUTRITION OF UPLAND RICE (Oryza sativa L.) – A CLIMATE SMART OPTION – D. Maiti Oral Presentations

1 SALT TOLERANT RHIZOSPHERIC Bacillus sp. FROM 62 COASTAL REGION PROMOTING PLANT GROWTH AND ALLEVIATING BIOTIC AND SALT STRESS -A. R.Burman, S. Das, A. Dasgupta and S. Dutta

2 MANAGEMENT OF FUNGAL WILT OF MANDARIN PLANTS 63 WITH SPENT MUSHROOM COMPOST OF AGARICUS BISPORUS - Shibu Barman, Priyanka Bhattacharya, Usha Chakraborty and Bishwanath Chakraborty

3 INFLUENCE OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON NUTRIENT 64 UPTAKE, ROOT COLONIZATION, AND YIELD OF BOTTLE GOURD - Imtinungsng Jamir1, Asit Kumar Mandal1, Tridip Bhattacharjee2, Praveen Kumar Maurya2 and Arup Chattopadhyay2

4 INFLUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS (H2O2) AND AMMONIA 65 (NH3) ON BIOCONTROL ACTIVITY OF SOME PHYLLOPLANE YEASTS - DarsanaDilip K.C.1, Uday BikashOraon*, D. Boral and Jayanta Saha 5 ANTAGONISTIC YEASTS FROM PHYLLOPLANE AGAINST 66 Colletotrichum musae- *D. Baral, U.B. Oraon, S. Halsana and J. Saha 6 SHELF LIFE OF THE TALC DASED FORMULATED PRODUCT 67 OF Beauveria bassiana AND ITS EFFECT ON HOST INSECTS - M. Debnath1, P. Mondal2 and S.K. Mandal3

Technical Session VII: Recent trends in management of post harvest disease in protected cultivation

10:30-12:00 PM (24.11.2017) Venue: Auditorium Hall

Chairman: Prof. B. Dasgupta

Rapporteur: Prof. J. Saha

Technical Session VII: Recent trends in management of post harvest disease in protected cultivation Lead Lectures Sl.No. Papers and Authors Page No. 1 BIO-CONTROL BY YEAST: A SAFE ALTERNATIVE WAY TO 68 MANAGE POST HARVEST DISEASES. – Jayanta Saha* and Uday Bikash Oraon

Oral presentations 2 EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON DIFFERENT 69 PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L) - Pragun Pal1, Dr. Subhasis Mondal2

Poster Presentations

1 SHELF LIFE IMPROVEMENT AND QUALITY MAINTENANCE 70 OF MANGO FRUITS BY PHYSICAL TREATMENTS - Aman kumar*, Subhramalya Dutta, Ivi Chakraborty and Jayanta Saha1

2 POTENTIALITY OF PLANT EXTRACT BASED 71-72 FORMULATION AGAINST FUNGAL PLANT PATHOGENS - Pradip Sarkar1*, Susamoy Kundu1, Ankita Roy1, Soumen Saha2, R K Kole2, B N Panja1 and J Saha1

Technical Session: Prof. M.J. Narasimhan Academic Merit Award Day-I (23.11.2017) 5:00-6:30 PM Venue: Auditorium Hall Chairman: Mr. P. Ghosh

Rapporteur: Mr. S. R. Das

Abstracts Sl.No. Papers and Authors Page No. 1 INFLUENCE OF WEATHER INDICES ON SPOT BLOTCH 73 DISEASE OF WHEAT IN NORTH EASTERN PLAIN ZONE OF INDIA - R. PATSA1, S. HEMBRAM1and P.M. BHATTACHARYA 1 2 CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF FUNGICIDES 74 INDUCED NOVEL PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN 1 (PR1) GENE IN TOMATO (SOLANUMLYCOPERSICUM) CV. PATHARKUCHI - Sarbani Das, Neelanjana Choudhury and Jayanta Tarafdar. 3 STUDIES ON VARIABILITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND 75 MANAGEMENT OF TWIG BLIGHT DISEASE OF CHILI CAUSED BY Choanephora cucurbitarum - Siddhartha Das1, Subrata Dutta*2 & Bholanath Mondal3 4 EFFECT OF SOIL ABIOTIC FACTORS AND CROPPING 76-77 SYSTEM ON SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII DISEASE CONDUCIVE/SUPPRESSIVENESS - Suraj Goldar*, Sujit Kumar Ray and Subrata Dutta 5 STUDY ON BLAST DISEASE OF RICE AND ITS 78 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES - Suman Dutta and Sekhar Bandyopadhyay 6 VARIABILITY OF DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF SCLEROTINIA 79-80 SCLEROTIORUM AND ITS MANAGEMENT - S. Hansda, S.K. Ray and S. Dutta

Poster presentation of TS-(I-VII) Day-II (24.11.2017) 12:00-2:00 PM For poster presentation:  Complete your poster display at least 15 min before time  Be present at your poster during official presentation time  Keep ready a brief handout giving more details to anybody who seeks more information about your presentation  Make your and your poster’s presentation felt

Prof. S.B. Chattopadhyay Memorial Lecture PRESERVE CROP BIOSECURITY TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITY

Pranjib K. Chakrabarty Assistant Director General (Plant Protection & Biosafety), ICAR, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi Abstract The agrarian history of India has made crops vulnerable to unintentional onslaught of plant pathogens which can have dramatic economic consequences in the food, feed and fibre sectors. Spectacular progress has been made by India towards ensuring food security buoyed by an unprecedented production of 275 million tons of food grains and 300 million tons of horticultural commodities during 2016-17. This has largely come through area expansion and acceleration of agricultural crop production, besides substantial improvement in productivity. The yawning gap still seems to exist between per unit area productivity in agriculture in India compared to the western world. Unless sustainability of the growth in food production is insured through continuous improvement in yields from the limited land, it would be extremely difficult for the country to ensure food security for the whopping population of 1.6 billion people by 2050. One of the challenges include threat to food security due to chronic, emerging and invasive pests and diseases. Plant diseases on an average are estimated to cause yield reductions of 15-20% in the principal food and cash crops. Threat to agricultural biosecurity in present day is further exacerbated due to movement of 2 billion people through airports and 18 million containers through sea-ports as part of the global trade across the world every year. Invasive insect pests and diseases do not respect International borders. Recent reports of outbreak of several invasive pests and diseases from across the international borders have posed serious threat to crop biosecurity. Besides invasives pathogens can be new, emerging, re-emerging, chronic and threatening. The threatening pathogens are of utmost importance as they can have an unexpected adverse effect on the economy, international trade and the environment. The diversity of the plant pathogen on the earth together with the global changes and development create an excellent cradle for the eruption of exotic invasive diseases, whether unintentionally or deliberately introduced. Two basic approaches i.e. prevention and preparedness needs to be adopted to ensure crop biosecurity and maximize food security against any sort of tampering whether natural, inadvertent or intentional. Head blight of wheat and barley and blast of wheat are the two major cereal diseases which are causing a havoc globally and continue to be a threat for entry in India. Murshidabad and Nadia districts of West Bengal reported the entry of blast like disease in wheat through the porous Bangladesh border and stern steps were taken to burn the crops so as to prevent the further dissemination of the pathogen. A new race of

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 1 wheat stem blast UG-99 is a menace globally as it negated several resistant genes including Sr31. It is reported to be present as far as Iran and depends on air movement at a specific direction to cause a threat to India. Several invasive pathogens like Peronosopora manshurica causing downy mildew of soybean, Uromyces beticola, causing rust of sugarbeet etc. are yet to be reported in India and needs to be quarantined in a stringent manner. Blast of banana caused by Pyricularia angulata which was previously not present is reported from India and needs a focused attention. The tropical race 4 (TR4) of Panama wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense is suspected to have entered in the country. The main goal when a new pathogen is detected is its ultimate eradication, and it involves a concerted complex of detection, risk assessment, adoption of the appropriate strategy and careful execution of all the control procedures. Successful eradication relies on preparedness i.e. rapid response and the use of appropriate strategy. Adoption of the strategy to eliminate invasive pathogens depends on the realistic assessment of the effectiveness of the various approaches and the feasibility for their success. However, prior to eradication, prevention of the pathogen at its inception should be carried out by means of strict quarantine, pest-free seed and transplants. If the pathogen is already introduced, in to the new area, efforts must be made to reduce the initial inoculum of the invaded pathogen and prevents its spread. Fungicides continue to be the major arsenal for eradicating or containing of EID in India. In developed countries, pesticide use is 20 times more than in India. Per hectare consumption of pesticide in India is 460 g a.i./ha which is lower than the world average of 500 g a.i/ha. During last two decades the focus on pesticide research shifted to search and develop new green chemistries or newer bio-rational or “low risk” pesticides having novel modes of action, which have replaced many old and conventional pesticides. Biorational or “reduced risk” pesticides are synthetic or natural compounds that effectively control pests, but have low toxicity to non-target organisms and the environment The diagnostic infrastructure of the country needs to be comprehensive to ensure the early detection of EID pathogen. While traditional symptom-based and morphological diagnostics remain important, nucleic acid and protein based technologies have greatly increased the accuracy of detecting the pathogens. Experts have opined that there should be a balance between prevention and preparedness as too much focus on security and secrecy will hamper the necessary free and open conduct of science and information exchange which is fundamental to both prevention and preparedness. Finally, secure communication systems are a mandate to ensure biosecurity vis-a-vis food security. Communication should encompass early warning systems and the implementation of rapid response plans. A global connectivity needs to be developed that will transcend political boundaries, geography and economic vitality, so as to achieve crop biosecurity for the country.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 2 Prof. A. K. Sinha Memorial Lecture

EPIGENETICS, LIFE BEYOND GENE SEQUENCE: IMPLICATIONS IN HUMAN AND PLANT HEALTH

Tapas K. Kundu Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur Post, Jakkur, Bangalore-64, INDIA.

Abstract The DNA sequence of living organisms codes for RNA and is referred to as ‘Gene’. However, the gene sequence alone cannot determine the regulation of gene expression (function) during development, signal response and disease manifestation. Small chemical modifications of gene (DNA sequence) and its associated proteins, such as DNA methylation, histone methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation etc. regulate the gene function on and above the gene sequence. Therefore, it is termed as ‘Epigenetics’. Epigenetics is related to not only our tissue type but also to all the activities, behavior and ability to fight diseases. We do inherit some epigenetic modifications, and this phenomenon is referred to as ‘Transgenerational Epigenetics’. But most of the epigenetic modification are trans-cellular and are closely linked to different diseases which are not hereditary. This phenomenon is universal and therefore applicable for the plant world also. Different biotic and abiotic stress induces several epigenetic modifications in plant system. In order to combat with heat, drought and pathogenic infections like in human, plant also alters the landscape of DNA methylation, histone modification and expression of several non coding RNAs. Interestingly, genetic or chemical modulation of these modifications severely affect the plant defence mechanism and thereby survivality. Recent advances in our understanding of the epigenetic system in the plant suggest that like in human health, in plants also there are enormous scope to intervene the epigenetic health for better plant protection and crop production.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 3 Prof. S. Mukhopadhyay Memorial Lecture

BEGOMOVIRUS-THE MOST SIGNIFICANT VIRAL PATHOGEN IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE

Bikash Mandal Advanced Center for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, India Email: [email protected]

Abstract Plant viruses are important constraints in agriculture production. Currently, 1390 plant virus and viroid species are recognized all over the world. Begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) is the largest group of plant viruses. Globally, 322 begomovirus species have been officially recognised. India is one of the important centres for begomoviruses origin and diversity. About 25 % of the globally known begomovirus species have been documented in India. This is so far the largest number of members(82 begomovirus species) known in any genera of plant viruses in India.Begomovirus disease problems in agriculture has emerged in India during 1980s.Whitefly, Bemisiatabaciis the exclusive vector of begomoviruses and is responsible for the outbreaks of begomoviruses. Viral genomic component, DNA-A alone or in combination with DNA-B or betasatellitecauses yellow mosaic, yellow vein mosaic and leaf curl diseases in numerous plant species. Vegetable and pulse crops are most affected in India. Viruses in general and begomoviruses in particular are difficult to control. The conventional approaches are not effective in managing the disease problems. Resistant cultivars are the most practical input to the management but limited success so far has been achieved in India. International trade in agriculture, climate change, resurgence of vector whitefly, deployment of new crop cultivars and intensive cultivations of crops throughout the seasons are important factors of outbreaks of begomovirus diseases in India and other countries.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 4 technical session I

Taxonomy of plant pathogens, pathogen diversity and plant disease diagnostics

S-1/L-1

DIVERSITY, DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL WILT OF SOLANACEOUS CROPS IN INDIA

DINESH SINGH1 and R. K. RANJAN2 1Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi -110 012 2Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa Samastipur, Bihar E- mail: [email protected]

Abstract Bacterial wilt disease of solanaceouscrops incited by Ralstonia solanacearum(Smith) Yabuuchi et al., 1995 is a major devastating soil borne disease inthe world, limiting the production of these crops.The loss caused by this disease isvery high, ranging from 2 to 100% depending on environmental conditions, crops and strains of pathogen. The affected plants show a typical wilt symptoms and browning of vascular tissue in roots and stems and tubers. The pathogen is a gram -ve, rod shaped, motile with 1 to 4 polar flagella, aerobic, non-fluorescent, positive in catalase and oxidase tests and forms nitrites from nitrates and negative in levan production and starch hydrolysis. Virulent isolates on 2,3,5-Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride(TTC) medium develop fluidal, irregular colonies havingperipheral white and pinkish in centre. The optimum growth of the bacterium on artificial medium occurs at temperature of 28 to 32oC. Race 1 and bvs 3 & 4 are prevalent in tomato chilli capsicum and brinjal in India whereas race 1 and 3 infect the potato. Presently,R. solanacearum strains are categorized into four genetic groups called phylotypes which reflect thegeographical origin and also ancestral relationships between the strains.For detecting R. solanacearum,polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based techniques are usually applied using amplification of ribosomal sequences (16S rRNA) and other conserved genes of bacteria. To improve the sensitivity, various modifications have been made like enrichment in SMSA broth, nutrient broth or CPG brothto allow bacteria to multiply prior to do conventional PCR, called as BIO-PCRand multiplex -PCR protocols have been developed. A simultaneously detecteither R. solanacearum or E. carotovora subsp. carotovora or both the pathogens from tubers of potato.Genetic diversity of R. solanacearum has been studied by using different molecular methods such as RAPD, Rep-PCR and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequencing. Management of bacterial wilt disease of solanaceous crops is very difficult due to its soil borne nature. Different workers throughout the world have made efforts to control this disease by using cultural, chemical, and biological and host resistance methods, either alone or in combination of these methods.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 5 S-1/L-2

MYCOTHERAPY –AN EMMERGING TREATMENT FOR CANCER PATIENTS

Swapan Kumar Ghosh Associate Professor, Cancer Research Unit, Molecular Mycopathology Lab, PG Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda centenary College, Rahara, Kolkata -118 Corresponding address: [email protected]

Abstract There is a global resurgence of interest in the use of natural product/s to treat almost all diseases including the difficult to treat cancer! Therefore, searching of new potent drugs against cancer is immense important. Biotherapy is now coming in cancer therapy (Vanneman and Dranoff, 2014). Mycotherapy is one biotherapy where fungi or mushroom or their products are used to treat cancer as alternative to current cancer therapies (Chemotherapy, radiation and surgery). The mushrooms belong to the kingdom Fungi and latter is regarded as one of the most diverse groups of organisms and a recent estimate even suggested that there may be over 5.1 million species (Blackwell 2011). Mushrooms alone are represented by about 14,000 species, of which approximately 850 species are recorded from India (Manoharachary et al, 2005). Recently, it has been discovered that many mushroom species are miniature pharmaceutical factories producing hundreds of novel constituents with miraculous biological properties (Shin et al. 2010). Lucas et al (1957) got the first credit for demonstrating the anti-cancer activity of mushrooms (Boletus edulis and other mushrooms) against implanted Sarcoma 180 line in mice. Fifty nine years passed after Lucas’s research, how many attempts have been made to bring mushroom or mushroom products to bed side of cancer patients are the main features in this discussion. Shitake (Lentinus edodes) contains a glucan called AHCC and is used in treatment of cancer in Japan due to its immune-enhancing function. AHCC also is sold in the U.S. under the brand name ImmPower™ (American BioSciences, Inc., Blauvelt, NY 10913). Lentinan, a compound found in Shitake, is used as an intravenous anti-cancer drug with antitumor properties. Clinical studies have associated lentinan (i.e. 0.5–1.0 mg lentinan per day, intravenous), especially in Japan and China, with a higher survival rate, higher quality of life and lower recurrence of cancer patients with stomach cancer, colon cancer and other carcinomas in comparison to patients who had chemotherapy alone (Parris 2000). Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that L. edodes extract induced a transient G1arrest. PSK from Coriolus versicolor, is a polysaccharide consist of sugars associated with a small fragment of protein. It is marketed as Krestin (Jong 1999). Once in 1987, it was a top selling anticancer agent in Japan and annual sale total 358 million dollars and accounted for

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 6 25.2 % of country’s total sale of anticancer drugs(Chang ,1993). Till now it is prescribed against colon, stomach and esophagus cancer in Japan and China. Ganoderma lucidum,Reishi contains diverse biological compounds, including polysaccharides [(1→3) and/or β-(1→6)-D-glucans] that stimulate the immune system, triterpenoids ( ganoderic acids, lucidimol-A, -B, ganodermanondiol, ganoderiol F and ganodermanontrio) and triterpenes (triterpene aldehydes, including lucialdehydes A, B, and C,) that demonstrate cytotoxicity against cancer cells. The anticancer activity of Reishi is attributed to the inhibition of signaling pathways involved with cell adhesion, proliferation, survival, invasion and degradation of the extracellular matrix. The inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by ganoderic acid T, a lanostane triterpenoid or other bioactive of G. lucidum in human prostate cancer, cervical and breast cancer cell lines. In 1998, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted Maitake (Grifola frondosa) products, as an investigational new drug application, to conduct a phase II pilot study using maitake D -fraction on patients with advanced breast and prostate cancers. The broth of Agaricus blazei induced LDH leakage in three cancer cell lines, whereas the activities of caspase 3 and the DNA fragmentation were enhanced the most in androgen independent PC3 cells (Prostate cancer). The protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecules were elevated by the broth of A. blazei in PC3 cells (Yu et al.2009). Irofulven is one clinical successfully anticancer drugs marketed by MGIPHARMA, Inc., Bloomington, MN. It is chemically 6- hydroxymethylacylfulvene- an alkylating agent isolated from Mushroom- Omphalotus illudens. Its mechanism of action is to inhibit DNA synthesis and to induce apoptosis. Its clinical trial success is in phase I and phase II trials of human cancer (ovarian carcinoma & advanced renal cell). Recently, it is widely accepted that cancer is formed by many pathways but disregulation of mainly two pathways such as MAPK (Dhillon et al2007) and NF-kB pathways (DiDonato et al 2013) are very important. NF- κB is increasingly recognized as a crucial player in many steps of cancer initiation and progression. During these latter processes NF- κB cooperates with multiple other signaling molecules and pathways. Prominent nodes of crosstalk are mediated by other transcription factors such as STAT3 and p53 or the ETS related gene ERG. These transcription factors either directly interact with NF- κB subunits or affect NF- κB target genes. Crosstalk can also occur through different kinases, such as GSK3- β, p38, or PI3K, which modulate NF- κB transcriptional activity or affect upstream signaling pathways (Hoesel et al 2013). In our Cancer research unit, with Prof. Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty, Illinois University, Chicago, USA, an attempt to evaluate different edible and medicinal mushrooms from West Bengal as anticancer agents against cervical, breast, lung and pancreatic cancer has been taken. The inhibitory and cytotoxic effects of Calocybe indica have been tested based on MTT assay, on human Ewing's sarcoma MHH ‐ES‐1 and breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. The IC50 values of WE and ME in MHH‐ES‐1 cell line were 55.25±1.201mg /ml and 46.56±0.134 mg/ml respectively while these values of MCF7 cell line were 52.12±0.15mg/ml and 47.94±0.09 mg/ml respectively. Treated cancer cells were studied by PI and DAPI staining under inverted fluorescence microscope. It indicates that both WE and ME of this mushroom has

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 7 anticancer activity (Ghosh, 2015).The fruit bodies of other mushrooms (Lenzites sp, Schizophyllum commune, Asterius hygometrica, Ganoderma spp etc ) are potent antioxidant and effective for inhibition of many cancer cell lines as tested in our experiments. The mushrooms are being molecularly identified on PCR based ITS 1- 5.8S- ITS2 of r DNA. The fractions of ME and EE of C. indica cause up regulation of p53, P21 and caspase3 genes in MCF7 and PAN1 cell lines as observed through Western Blotting. Up regulations of these genes indicate the apoptosis of cancer cells. Recently cancer stem cells(CSCs) research opens a new treatment of cancer by targeting CSCs The polysaccharopeptide (PSP) extracted from Coriolus versicolor targets prostate CSCs in vitro and suppresses tumor formation in vivo. There is more need to assay their bioactive metabolites that can be used as possible remedies for cancer treatments. It is expected that mycotherapy may increase immunity of patients, kill the target specific cancer cells and increase the normal life span of cancer patients. Selected References: 1. Blackwell M 2011 The fungi: 1, 2, 3 … 5.1 million species? Am J Bot. 98 (3):426–438 2. Chang.ST 1993 Mushroom Biology and mushroom products ,Chinese University Press, Hong kong PP576-602. 3. 3.Dhillon AS, S Hagan1, O Rath1 and W Kolch1,2007 MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer Oncogene (2007) (Nature Group) 26, 3279–3290. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210421 4. Hoesel B and Johannes A Schmid The complexity of NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer Molecular Cancer 2013, 12:86 http://www.molecular- cancer.com/content/12/1/86 5. Ghosh SK.2015 Study of anticancer effect of Calocybe indica mushroom on breast cancer cell line and human Ewings sarcoma cancer cell lines. N Y Sci J 2015;8(5):10-15]. (ISSN: 1554-0200). http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork. 6. Lucas E H, Ringler R L, Byarrum RU, Stevens JA, Clarke DA, Stock CC.1957. Tumor inhibitors in Boletus. DA, Stock CC. Tumor inhibitors in Boletus edulis and other Holobasidiomycetes, Antibiotics Chemother;7:1 -14 7. Parris K. 2000 The Use of Mushroom Glucans andProteoglycans in Cancer Treatment, Alternative Medicine Review,; 5(1) :4-27. 8. Shin A, J Kim, SY Lim, G Kim, MK Sung, ES Lee, J Ro. 2010. Dietary mushroom intake and the risk of breast caner based on hormone receptor status, Nutr. Cancer, 62:4, 476-483. 9. Vanneman and Dranoff, 2014 Nature Rev Can-2014.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 8 S-1/L-3

CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN TROPICAL MOUNTAINS: AN ILLUSTRATION OF ALTERED BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASES AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION

Robert John Chandran Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata Mohanpur 741246, West Bengal, INDIA

Abstract Global climate change is likely to modify complex biological interactions that affect pest and pathogens impacts, causing disruption of ecological communities and species extinctions. Such changes are likely to have greater impact in ecologically sensitive regions such as tropical mountains. Here, we present evidence for globallyconsistent responses in vegetation dynamics to recent climate change in the world’s mountain ecosystems located inthe pan-tropical belt (30°N–30°S). We analyzed decadal-scale trends and seasonal cycles of vegetation greennessusing monthly time series of satellite greenness (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and climate data for theperiod 1982–2006 for 47 mountain protected areas in five biodiversity hotspots. The time series of annual maximumNDVI for each of five continental regions shows mild greening trends followed by reversal to stronger browningtrends around the mid-1990s. During the same period we found increasing trends in temperature but only marginalchange in precipitation. The amplitude of the annual greenness cycle increased with time, and was strongly associatedwith the observed increase in temperature amplitude. We applied dynamic models with time-dependent regressionparameters to study the time evolution of NDVI–climate relationships. We found that the relationship betweenvegetation greenness and temperature weakened over time or was negative. Such loss of positive temperature sensitivityhas been documented in other regions as a response to temperature-induced moisture stress. We also useddynamic models to extract the trends in vegetation greenness that remain after accounting for the effects of temperatureand precipitation. We found residual browning and greening trends in all regions, which indicate that factorsother than temperature and precipitation also influence vegetation dynamics. Browning rates became progressivelyweaker with increase in elevation as indicated by quantile regression models. Tropical mountain vegetation is considered sensitive to climatic changes, so these consistent vegetation responses across widespread regions indicatepersistent global-scale effects of climate warming and associated moisture stresses.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 9 S-1/O-1

OXALATE AND MINERAL CONTENTS IN EDIBLE MUSHROOMS: A NUTRITIONAL BETTERMENT

Rishu Sharma and Binoy Ghorai Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chadra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Mohanpur-741252

Abstract Mushrooms have long been celebrated as a source of powerful nutrients, but they can also help meet the dietary recommendations. Mushrooms are low in calories, fat-free, cholesterol-free, gluten-free, and very low in sodium, yet they provide important nutrients, including selenium, potassium (8%), riboflavin, niacin, vitamin D and more. Mushrooms probably contain every mineral present in their growth substrate including substantial quantities of phosphorous and potassium, lesser amounts of calcium and iron and appear to be an excellent source of vitamins especially thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin, biotin and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C). Selenium is a mineral that works as an antioxidant to protect body cells from damage. Ergothioneine is a naturally occurring antioxidant that also may help protect the body’s cells. Mushrooms provide 2.8-4.9 mg of ergothioneine per serving of white, portabella mushrooms. The total oxalate content has been observed to range from 45 (Hericium erinaceus) to 104 (Morchella conica), mg/100 g dry matter (DM), while the soluble oxalate levels ranged from 34 (Lactaius delicious) to 65 (Phellinus florida) mg/100g DM but not detected in Hericium erinaceus, Sparassis crispa, Geastrum arinarius, Boletus edulis, Helvella crispa, and Ganoderma lucidum respectively and very low in Lactaius delicious (34), Russula brevepis (35), and Cantharellus clavatus (37) mg/100g DM. Overall, the percentage of soluble oxalate content of the mushrooms ranged from 34 to 65% of the total oxalate content which suggests that, the selected edible mushrooms presents no risk to people liable to kidney stone formation while other foods like some spices and vegetables can supply significant amounts of soluble oxalates. Also some fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, Mucor, Boletus sulfurens, and Sclerotinia, synthesize oxalic acid up to 4–5 g/100 g dry weight (DW) However, the oxalate contents of edible mushrooms in different locations may vary depending on the species, cultivars, climates, processing, and extraction methods. Thus, the future thrust should be given to this aspect, a major breakthrough could be achieved in kidney stone diseases cure.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 10 S-1/O-2

PREVALENCE AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF MAJOR POTATO VIRUSES IN PUNJAB, INDIA

Ankit Kumar Ghorai, Shikha Sharma, Santokh Singh Kang and Abhishek Sharma Department of Plant Pathology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India Email- [email protected]

Abstract Survey was conducted over six major potato growing districts of Punjab during December of 2014 and 2015, respectively. Leaf samples of 95 potato plants showing various virus diseases like symptoms were collected during survey for the two consecutive years. These leaf samples were crushed in extraction buffer and were exposed against antisera of seven major potato viruses viz. PVX, PVYn, PVYo/c, PVA, PVM, PVS and PAMV in DAS/TAS-ELISA. Study on various symptoms produced by these viruses on potato was done. Among the potato viruses, the highest incidence was recorded for PVX, 41.36 % and 89.47 % in the year 2014 and 2015, respectively. Maximum collection of infected potato plants were found to be co-infected with PVX and PVYn (73.68 %) in 2015 which exhibited rugose mosaic type of symptoms. Potato plants infected simultaneously with multiple potato viruses were accompanied with malformation of leaves, rosetting and severe stunting. The per cent viral disease incidence recorded was correlated with aphid populations observed over potato grown in these districts. The highest viral disease incidence was recorded in Hoshiarpur district, 17.47 % and 21.07 % for the year 2014 and 2015, respectively. This was due to relatively more abundance of aphid population in Hoshiarpur district (57 and 72 per hundred compound leaves of potato) among others. Species associated with potato has been identified as Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii on the basis of morphological characters. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) set up on the DNA isolated from the aphids using specific primers showed the desired amplicon of ~ 750 base pair. Sequence anyalysis by Blastn software revealed Aphis gossypii as prevalent aphid species on potato grown in Punjab.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 11 S-1/O-3

CULTURAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF Cercospora canescens ISOLATES CAUSING CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT OF MUNGBEAN IN WEST BENGAL

Roshon Dangmei, Arghya Banerjee and Partha Sarathi Nath Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, 741252, WB, India Email: [email protected]

Abstract Greengram is an important pulse crop of India. It is attacked by several pathogens among which Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora canescens Ellis and Martin is one of the most destructive foliar disease adversely affecting the yield. in vitro cultural variability in respect of mycelial growth pattern; colony diameter, colony colour, zonations, type of margin and sporulation were studied by using twelve different culture media. Of the twelve media, only four medium supported conidial sporulation viz., Carrot leaf extract agar (CLA), Mungbean leaf extract dextrose agar (MDA), Mungbean leaf extract sucrose agar (MSA) and Mungbean leaf extract oatmeal agar (MOA). Among the sporulating media identified, MOA medium was the best in producing maximum conidial length in isolate SMC-14 (246.81+8.56μm) whereas MDA produced maximum breadth of conidia in isolate UMC-1 (9.75 + 0.04 μm) as compared to other media producing conidial spores. The maximum of average colony diameter was produced by MOA (43.58 mm) and minimum colony growth by Asthana Hawker Agar (8.98 mm) medium. Also, MOA medium produced average maximum growth rate of 1.26 mm/day. Keywords: Cercospora, greengram, sporulation, variability

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 12 S-1/O-4

EXPLORING THE METHODS FOR HIGHER BIOCONVERSION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTES THROUGH Pleurotus CULTIVATION AND ENRICHMENT OF SMS

M. K. Biswas Department of Plant Protection, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharari, Sriniketan, Birbhum,W.B.India Email id: [email protected]

Mushrooms are popular for their delicacy, flavour and food value. Oyster mushroom has several advantages like requirement of the tropical or sub-tropical climate, fast growth rate, easy cultivation technology and good acceptability at consumers’ level. Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp) is a fast growing edible mushroom and easily cultivated on various lingo-cellulosic waste materials with minimum effort of decomposing the substrates and controlled environmental conditions. Attempts were made to increase the production of oyster mushroom under the agro-ecological condition of red and lateritic belt of West Bengal. Out of different substrates tested for their suitability in P. florida cultivation, paddy straw was found to be most appropriate substrate for this region which exhibited maximum biological efficiency (84%) followed by paddy straw+ wheat straw (1:1). The yield of mushroom was increased further by the incorporation of different nitrogenous and lipid based supplements. In case of nitrogenous supplementation, maximum biological efficiency (111.2%) was obtained from 5% saw dust supplemented substrate followed by 5% rice bran (106%) and mustard cake (101.8%). Incorporation of coconut oil @ 0.01 ml/ g to paddy straw substrate during spawning gave highest yield (103.6% B.E,) and minimum spawn run period (16 days) followed by sunflower oil supplemented substrate (103.6%). Out of the nine competitor mould fungi observed, green mould (A. niger and Trichoderma spp.), Inky caps (Coprinus spp. ) and Sclerotium rolfsii were the predominant fungi of this region causing maximum damages to crop. Chemical treatment (bavistin 75 ppm + formalin 500 ppm ) was found to be most effective in reducing the mycelial growth of four contaminants (55.29 to 76.92%). However, extract of A. indica (neem) showed minimum inhibition on the growth of mushroom mycelium (4.4%) and exhibited maximum (36.92 to 47.06 %) inhibitory effect against the mycelium of different competitor moulds fungi (Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma spp., Coprinus spp. and Sclerotium rolfsii) followed by extracts of Tagetes spp. (7.78%) and (23.61 to 43.53%) inhibition respectively on the mycelium of P. florida and mould fungi in vitro. A range of 14.75 to 28.42% increase in yield was obtained when the substrate was treated

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 13 chemically. While, a range of 41.17 to 69.38% reduction in the incidence of inky caps and 52.61 to 65.36% reduction in green moulds were recorded with different phyto- extracts which increased the mushroom production up the tune of 19.95% in vivo. Different nitrogen fixing bacteria were used to enrich the spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and their performance was assessed in tomato plants. Maximum height (66.3 cm), average shoot biomass (129g), average root biomass (33.3g) and yield (1.48 kg/plant) was recorded from the SMS enriched with Azotobacter spp. + Azospirillum spp. (1:1) followed by SMS enriched with Azotobacter spp. While in case of biological controlling agent, the SMS enriched with the combination of P. fluorescens and T. viride (1:1) showed maximum plant height (61 cm), shoot biomass (137g), root biomass (29g) and yield (1.15 kg). Spent mushroom substrate when bio-converted into vermicompost with the application of earth worm Eisenia foetida, cow dung and Azotobacter, it gave highest plant height 72 cm, maximum average dry shoot biomass/ plant 136g, highest dry root biomass 43.67g and best yield 1.717 kg/ plant of tomato. The above information will help the mushroom growers to select their substrates and methods for increasing the biological efficiency of oyster mushroom in the region. Key words: Pleurotus, substrates, supplementation, competitor moulds, SMS

S-1/P-1 CULTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIO-CHEMICAL VARIABILITY OF DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF Colletotrichum truncatum OF GREENGRAM Tanya Marak, Yashi Umbrey*, Sunita Mahapatra, and Srikanta Das Dept. of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252 Email i.d*: [email protected]

Abstract A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the variability among the eight isolates of Colletotrichum truncatum of greengram collected from different locations on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Cultural variability was studied by using nine different culture media viz., Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), Potato Carrot Agar (PCA), Oat Meal Agar (OMA), Corn Meal Agar (CMA), Carrot Agar (CA), Sabouraud’s Agar (SA), Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA), Richard’s Agar

(RA) and V8 Juice Agar. Colony colour varied in different media from white or white with light brown centres which later changed to black or dark to light brown with increase in the age of the fungal cultures. Mostly, the colonies had fluffy or cottony mycelial growth with slight variations and regular to irregular white margin. PDA,

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 14 PCA, CA and RA produced maximum mycelial growth (90 mm) at 10 DAI. Minimum growth was observed on SA (69.56 mm) and V8 juice agar media (55.42 mm) and their difference was statistically significant. Morphological variability among the isolates was studied by comparing their conidial length, breadth and length and breadth of setae and their differences were statistically significant. Biochemical variability among the -esterase and peroxidise profiling. Positive activity was observed for both α- and β- esterase. α- esterase enzyme showed the highest enzyme activity in terms of maximum numbers of banding loci among the three isozymes tested. The findings of the present study clearly revealed that cultural, morphological and biochemical variability did exist among the different isolates of C. truncatum. Keywords: Antracnose, Greengram, Cultural, Morphological and Biochemical variability

S-1/P-2 VARIATION IN Ralstonia solanacearum CAUSING BACTERIAL WILT OF BRINJAL IN SUNDARBAN REGION OF WEST BENGAL

Saktipada Mandal1, Bholanath Mondal1, Palash Mondal1 and Dinesh Chandra Khatua2 1Department of Plant Protection, Palli-Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India, 2Ex-Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, B.C.K.V., Mohanpur, Nadia

Abstract Aggressiveness of eight different isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. [Namkhana (RSN), Kakdwip (RSK), Jaynagar II (RSJ), Mathurapur II (RSM),

Gosaba (RSG), Hingalganj (RSHI), Haroa (RSHA) and Sandeshkhali II (RSS)] causing bacterial wilt was studied in controlled condition. The bacterium was isolated from infected brinjal plants of eight different blocks under Sundarban region (Coastal Alluvial Agro-climatic Zone) of West Bengal. Brinjal seeds (var. Muktakeshi) were sown in plastic trays in rows containing sterilized soil. Two sets of experiments were conducted with three replications. Forty-eight hours old cultures of R. solanacearum grown in TZC medium was used as inoculum. Bacterial suspension (CFU=1.5 x 108 cells/ml) was applied over the wounded roots of 15 days old seedlings and kept in controlled humid chamber at 26±1ºC with 98% RH followed by counting of wilted seedlings at 24 hours interval. Isolates of different ecotypes did not show any variation in respect to physico-biochemical traits while they differ in their aggressiveness. RSJ and RSM were more virulent causing 100% seedling death within 10 DAI (days after

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 15 inoculation) followed by RSS and RSHA (cent per cent seedling death within 15days). The eight isolates were categorized in three different groups: (i) Group A - most aggressive group includes RSJ and RSM, (ii) Group B - moderate aggressive group consisting of RSS and RSHA, and (iii) Group C - less aggressive group consisting of

RSK, RSN, RSG and RSHI. Presence of more aggressive isolates in Jaynagar II (RSJ) and

Mathurapur II (RSM) blocks of South 24 Parganas and Sandeshkhali II (RSS) and Haroa

(RSHA) blocks of North 24 Parganas might be due to higher cropping intensity, restless cultivation of solanaceous vegetables and population of varied wild herbs act as reservouir of inoculum. Though lesser aggressiveness is being observed in other blocks under Sundarban region, still much more attention is required and similar strategies needs to be followed for sustainable production and productivity of brinjal including other solanaceous vegetables. Different eco-friendly strategies need to be developed to minimize the disease incidence in these areas. S-1/P-3 STUDY OF MORPHOLOGICAL, CULTURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferae-indicae CAUSING BACTERIAL CANKER DISEASE OF MANGO

K. Ray, H.Rizvi, S.Dutta Banik, , A. Dasgupta, S. Jash and S.K. Ray Department of Plant pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, Pin-741252 Corresponding email i.d.- [email protected]

Abstract Bacteria causing mango canker(Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferare-indicae) has been successfully isolated from infected plant parts (leaves, petiole and fruits) of different mango (Mangifera indica) cultivars, namely, Himsagar, Amarpali, Bombai, Ratna, Arka Anmol, Neelshan and Neeluddin from different mango growing district of West Bengal. The purified pathogenic Xanthomonas isolates (13) were characterized on the basis of their morphology (cell shape, cell arrangement), cultural (colony type, growth rate, fluidal character and pigment production) studies following the different methods of staining including Gram staining and Relief staining. Some biochemical studies like H2S production, Catalase test, Ammonium production etc were also done. Majority of the isolates collected from Nadia were high to low virulent in nature, whereas the ones collected from other districts like Murshidabad and Hooghly were found to be moderately virulent. Approximately 69.2 % of the isolates of Xcmi of alluvial-agro-ecological region of West Bengal were found to be moderately virulent

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 16 whereas 23.1% showed low virulence. Among thirteen isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferare-indicae, BMoL9 was found to be highly virulent on mango.

Majority of the isolates were found to be moderately virulent whereas BGF10, HmJL11 and AmGF5 isolates were found to be low virulent. Twelve isolated bacterial cultures produced lemon yellow colored colonies with varying degrees of intensities of yellow color whereas one isolate collected from Murshidabad gave white colored colonies on PSPA media at 28±10C. Only four isolates were able to produce yellow halo on artificial inoculation and these lie in the group of being high to moderately virulent and most of the high to moderately virulent isolates took minimum time (4-5days) for symptom initiation. Thus, the time taken by isolates for symptom expression was found to be positively correlated to the virulence of the Xcmi isolates. Interestingly, it has been observed that the isolate obtained from leaf (BMoL9) of cultivar Bombai was the most virulent among thirteen isolates whereas the one isolated from the fruit (BGF10) of the same cultivar was found low virulent. The bacterium showed positive test for

H2S, NH3 production, catalase and oxidase, utilized various carbon sources viz., galactose, maltose, arabinose, cellobiose, mannose, fructose and sucrose but did not utilize dulcitol, mannitol, inocitol and rhamnose. The hierarchical cluster analysis of the enzymatic activities studied for Xcmi isolates revealed that there is high similarity between enzymatic grouping of isolates and their virulence / pathogenicity. A significant positive correlation was observed between the pectinase and cellulase activity with the virulence of Xcmi isolates. Pectinase and cellulase activity was found to be the most important predictor for virulence analysis of Xcmi isolates of West Bengal. In mono-inoculation of Xcmi a population of 1.9 X 109 cfu/cm2 of mango leaf was reached within 7 days. At this stage the susceptible reaction was fully developed on mango leaf. Increase in the levels of phenol content in host plant has been studied as a response to the pathogen inoculation on mango plant which was found maximum on 6th day (6.23) after the inoculation procedure. Keywords: Aggressiveness study, bacterial wilt, brinjal, Ralstonia solanacearum

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 17 S-1/P-4 CULTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF Colletotrichum musae (BERK. AND CURT) ARX. CAUSING ANTHRACNOSE OF BANANA AND ITS SAFE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Ankita Roy1*, Debalina Majhi1, Sanam Halsana2, Pradip Sarkar2, Ivi Chakraborty and Jayanta Saha2 AICRP on Fruits, 2Depertment of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia, W.B. *Email: [email protected]

Abstract Banana anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum musae (Berk and Curt) Arx. is considered as one of the most important diseases of banana in the global level and is one of the major constraints to banana production. It deteriorates the post-harvest quality and nutritive value of the fruits and renders them unfit for marketing and consumption. Experiments were conducted with aims to study its cultural characteristics and sporulation behaviour and to find out a safe alternative to synthetic fungicides for reducing post-harvest anthracnose development on banana. Its cultural characterization on different media revealed that on potato dextrose agar medium the radial growth was highest followed by Richard’s synthetic agar medium preferably at higher temperature (300C). Among different carbon sources it favoured dextrose followed by sucrose and fructose. The pathogen showed variation in sporulation pattern on those above mentioned media. Effect of different hot water treatments and different plant extracts as well as their combinations to manage the post-harvest anthracnose of banana (c.v. Martaman) was also studied. Hot water treatment at 520C for 15 minutes of unripe matured banana checked anthracnose development till 12 days. While anthracnose development was further reduced and shelf life of ripe banana was increased by combination of hot water treatment at 520C for 10 minutes and 15 minutes with choloform extract of Glycosmis whole plant and Polyalthia leaves and test fungicide carbendazim(0.1%) over control. Whereas the plant extract formulations and fungicide carbendazim (0.1%) as sole did not show encouraging results. Moreover, post-harvest physiological and bio-chemical attributes of treated bananas were observed. Thus, a combination of hot water treatment and plant extracts could further be tested with other cultivars.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 18 S-1/P-5 LEAF SPOT AND FRUIT ROT OF STRAWBERRY CAUSED BY Neopestalotiopsis clavispora IN INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS OF INDIA Kailash Kumar1, Sunita Mahapatra2 and Joydeep Banerjee3 1,2Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal-741252, India 3Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal-741252, India

Abstract Neopestalotiopsisclavispora a new pathogen based on both morphological and molecular characteristics has been described here. This pathogen was isolated from the infected leaves of strawberry (Frgaria x Ananossa) for the first time from Indo- Gangetic plains of West Bengal in India. This pathogen is one of the major constrain in strawberry production in this region as well as in other region of having similar climatic conditions. Typical symptom appeared as a small necrotic lesion with a grey coloured centre and purplish brown margin. The spots were scattered on the leaves and gradually the spots coalesced to each other and covered large necrotic areas causing gradual conversion from green areas in to black necrotic areas. As the spots were older and matured, black coloured acervulus developed form the necrotic portion. Morphologically the pathogen was very much similar with the genus Neopestalotiopsis previously reported from other countries. Through molecular characterization the pathogen in the present study was confirmed as Neopestalotiopsisclavispora. Microscopic study revealed that the conidia of N. clavispora possessed apical appendages and small basal appendage. In the present study the isolated pathogen was tested in some leading strawberry varieties of India. Although all the cultivars showed the pathogen susceptibility under laboratory as well as field conditions, the variety “Sabrina” depicted moderately high resistance in leaves as well as fruits among the tested varieties. Keywords: Conidia; Fruit rot; Indo-Gangetic plains; Leaf spot; Neopestalotiopsisclavispora; Strawberry

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 19 S-1/P-6 SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA OF CHICKPEA & COWPEA AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

Susanta Mandal1* and Mohan Kumar Biswas2 Department of Plant Protection, Visva-Bharati, Birbhum, W.B, India Corresponding author Email address*[email protected]

Abstract The mycoflora associated with seeds of chickpea and cowpea at the stage of storage brings about several undesirable changes making them unfit for consumption and sowing. Further, association of mycoflora adversely affects quality and health of seeds. In the present investigation, mycoflora associated with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)& cowpea (Vignaunguiculata L.) were detected by blotter and agar plate methods. Five fungal species viz., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus spp., were found to be associated with seeds of chickpea in both blotter and agar plate methods. Whereas, six fungal species viz., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp., Alternaria spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus spp., were observed with the seeds of cowpea. Among the fungal species Fusarium was more prominent in chickpea seeds 32.00% & 43.33% respectively in blotter and agar plate methods. In case of cowpea Aspergillus spp. (26.67%) was observed agar plate method. While Fusarium spp. (13.33%) was found to be more in cowpea seeds in blotter paper methods. Different concentration of chemicals ( 0.1 & 0.2 %) and plant extracts ( 5 & 10 %) were taken to minimize the seed borne infection under In-vitro condition.Neem leaf extract @10% was found to be best among the plant extracts tested followed by 10% concentration garlic extract which provide 80% & 70% seed germination of chickpea. The garlic extract (10%) was recorded much superior in case of cowpea under in-vitro condition which promote 70% seed germination followed by 10% neem leaf extract (50% seed germination). Treatment of seeds with chemicals reduced the infection of mycoflora and hence increases the germination percentage significantly over control. Carbendazim was reported to be most appropriate seed treating chemical among the treatments which gave highest seed germination on Chickpea 83 % - 90 %, followed by Captan cowpea 76.67- 83% at 0.1% & 0.2% concentration respectively. The above information are much helpful to growers for protecting their seeds during storage. Key words: Seed mycoflora, Detection, Identification, In-vitro management

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 20 S-1/P-7

STUDIES ON CULTURAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF Colletotrichum acutatum IN Aglaonema

Tushnima Chaudhuri*, Mounika Katakam, Birendranath Panja, Jayanta Saha Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, B.C.K.V., Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India *Email: [email protected]

Abstract Aglaonema, also called Chinese evergreen, is a popular and low-maintenance houseplant, which not only beautifies our home but also promotes healthier lives by cleaning pollutants from the air.Taking into consideration all these points, the demand for ornamental plants is increasing gradually.The foliage which is considered as the economic part is attacked by different diseases.The various cultural and morphological characteristics of Colletotrichum acutatum from Aglaonema were studied which were grown on different carbon containing media.Out of six carbon sources viz. Potato dextrose agar(PDA),Peptone salt agar(PSA),Czepek’s Dox Agar(CDA), dextrose in CDA medium was replaced by the same amount of sucrose(CDASWS) and lactose(CDASWL) and Oat meal agar(OMA) used for the radial growth of the fungus, it was evident that the most effective medium for rapid growth of Colletotrichum acutatum was on PSA medium followed by CDA and CDASWS media. The rate of growth was highest in PSA medium where it attained full growth in 144 hrs of incubation. Significant difference was noted in the dimensions of acervuli,setae and conidia with regards to change in media constituents,wherein it shows that OMA medium produces acervuli,conidia, setae of higher dimensions. The bioassay of three non-systemic fungicides viz. Blitox, Mancozeb and Chlorothalonil and one systemic fungicide Difenoconazole using six different concentrations along with control were examined. It was found that Difenoconazole exhibited the highest percent inhibition at EC50 value of 7.907µ/ml and lowest percent inhibition incase of Blitox with a EC50 value of 223.4µ/ml.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 21 technical session II

Survey, surveillance and epidemiology of major and emerging diseases of crops

S-2/L-1 WHEAT DISEASE SCENARIO UNDER CHANGE IN CLIMATIC CONDITION IN SOUTH ASIA A.K. Chowdhury, P.M. Bhattacharya and C. Chattopadhyay Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya Pundibari, Coochbehar, West Bengal 736165

Abstract Climate change threatens the agriculture production both directly through changes in plant growth and indirectly through impacts on crop diseases. Wheat production is also under terminal heat stress due to rise in minimum temperature and Spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana under changing climate scenario has become a major production-constraint in intensive rice-wheat cropping systems of South Asia which is characterized by high temperature (coolest month greater than 17oC) and high humidity. The risk of severe spot blotch epidemics seems increasing with heat stress in particular in the Indian sub-continent as it is influenced by high temperature and relative humidity. The aggressiveness of spot blotch isolates is variable which explains why genetic resistance appears to be rather unstable apart from atmospheric conditions influencing pathways governing disease resistance. Again, resistance to spot blotch is quantitative rather than qualitative and interacts with both plant height, the number of days required for the plant to reach maturity, leaf angle and leaf waxiness, complicating the analysis of pathogen variation. The genetic analysis of spot blotch resistance has been pursued by considering the trait as a quantitative trait locus, and to this end a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population has been developed from the cross cv. Sonalika (susceptible) x cv. Yangmai6 (resistant) at CIMMYT and exposed to spot blotch pathogen at various locations, including at Coochbehar, where some RILs are observed resistant to pathogen. Beside this, some genotypes developed at IIWBR, Karnal were shown resistant in North Eastern Plain Zone of India. An integrated approach including host resistance, good agronomy and reasonable chemical control is needed to reduce the losses. Isolates of the pathogen also showed variation in aggressiveness. Effective resistance can be expressed as a reduction of the epidemiological components and consequently a slow progress in the disease. The reduction in these epidemiological components is directly linked to cellular events that hamper the development of the pathogenic fungus inside the plant, or cause its death. Recently, two most promising lines showing consistent resistance to spot blotch suitable for South Asia have developed. Recently, 18 central components of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) signaling pathways as well as the genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway have

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 22 been identified in wheat. The disease is effectively managed by application of fertilizer dose of 120:60;60 kg/ha (N:P:K) with twice application of Tebuconazole as spray. The first recorded occurrence in Asia of wheat blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, pathotype Triticum (synonym Pyricularia oryzae) in Bangladesh in 2016 has been a concern in neighbouring countries including India considering its capacity of crop loss up to 100%. Due to poor / non-existence of effective genetic resistance, the sole means of control is either by the application of fungicides or adoption of beneficial cultural practices. Beside this, as the disease has been endemic in parts of South America for the last 30 years, a coordinated program of research and development is required to combat the disease. S-2/L-2 AEROBIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND DISEASE FORECASTING OF CERTAIN AIRBORNE FUNGAL DISEASES OF RICE IN NORTH 24 PARGANAS, WEST BENGAL

Kashinath Bhattacharya1, Mouli Saha1 & Arindom Chakraborty2 Department of Botany1, Department of Statistics2, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan- 731235, West Bengal, India Email: [email protected]

Abstract An aerobiological investigation was carried out over paddy fields in Barasat and Basirhat of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal during three consecutive rabi and kharif seasons (2013-2015) of rice crop with major objectives (a) to assess the airspora over crop canopy of rice with reference to meteorological factors, (b) to use aerobiological and meteorological data in understanding the epidemiology of three major fungal diseases (blast, brown spot and false smut) of rice, and (c) to provide a better and efficient disease forecasting system for such rice crop diseases. Airborne pathogenic fungal spores were trapped both by Burkard personal sampler and Anderson two stage sampler for two consecutive crop seasons at weekly intervals. Spore types were found to vary with different growth stages. The correlation between meteorological variables and spore and CFU counts showed that maxT is statistically significant with the spore dispersal in rabi season, while spore load and CFU counts are negatively correlated with maxT and RH in kharif season in both the sampling sites. The statistical analysis through Cox PH model shows that the 1st day of disease incidence was mainly correlated with spore concentration. Hence the early incidence of diseases, in both rabi and kharif seasons, is directly proportionate with the respective pathogenic spore concentration. AFT model for blast disease in rabi season depicts that

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 23 disease incidence was correlated both with pathogenic spore concentration and max Rain, while in kharif it was by spore concentration alone. In brown spot disease of rabi season, it was correlated both with pathogenic spore concentration and maxT, while in kharif season first day of disease incidence was influenced by spore concentration alone. In false smut disease, maxT, minT, maxWind speed and spore load had cumulative effect on the disease incidence in rabi season, while it was correlated with pathogenic spore load alone in kharif season. From step down equation it is revealed that disease severity was increased significantly with increase in age of the plant and atmospheric spore load for all the diseases. In addition, meteorological parameters like maxT, minT and RH also played a significant role on severity of brown spot disease in rabi season and false smut disease in kharif season. The regression model made from the present study would be beneficial to the farmers for prediction of fungal diseases of rice in West Bengal. Models proposed in the present study need to be validated. Key words: Aerobiology, rice field, blast, brown spot and false smut diseases, epidemiology, statistical model, forecasting, West Bengal, India

S-2/L-3 USING PATHOGEN POPULATION INFORMATION TO IMPROVE LATE BLIGHT CONTROL: A STUDY OF THE 2013-2014 LATE BLIGHT EPIDEMIC IN EASTERN INDIA –A WORK IN PROGRESS Sanjoy Guha Roy 1Department of Botany, West Bengal State University, Kolkata 700126, India Correspondence: [email protected]

Abstract ‘Know thy enemy’ is a good adage in every walk of life; especially so in understanding disease management. Pathogen populations like those of late blight (LB) causing Phytophthora infestans with ‘two speed genomes’ continues to be a scourge of potato and tomato crops worldwide as they overcome management practices such as host resistance and fungicides, are often geospatially diverse and adept at being adaptable in a short interval of time. Management practices must therefore also target the entire pathogen population and adapt accordingly. Advanced genomic and marker techniques have allowed us to increasingly decipher different pathogen populations in a single geographical region. It is thus important to understand the population biology of plant pathogens and correlate it to field characteristics to develop effective and sustainable counter strategies. A comprehensive approach to population change tracking has been developed in Europe by the EuroBlight consortium with a database that tracks pathogen diversity in space

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 24 and time and it has already been demonstrated that surveillance to detect pathogen population change greatly benefits effective LB management, similarly also in USA (USABLIGHT). These in turn have spawned in South America, the Tizon Latino (LatinBlight) and Africa (AfricaBlight) consortiums and working models as well as in Asia (ASIABLIGHT), but without any contribution till date from India in case of the latter. Pathogen monitoring also informs longer-term management issues. Data on the contemporary pathogen population is, for example, critical for plant breeders to ensure their LB resistance breeding programmes are relevant and for developers of decision support systems (DSS) to account for the traits of the current pathogen population. My laboratory has taken the lead along with our international partners in jointly studying the epidemic late blight population of 2013-2014 in eastern India and characterized it for genetic [mitochondrial DNA haplotype, effector diversity, 12-plex microsatellite markers (also known as simple sequence repeats SSR)] and phenotypic (fungicide sensitivity, mating type, host specificity, virulence) diversity and compared it with worldwide isolates. This data provided new baseline information for populations of P. infestans in India and we being a partnering laboratory of Euroblight, it will be shortly hosted on the euroblight portal along with contribution to ASIABLIGHT. Some of the results from our studies which will be discussed indicate that a migrant European 13_A2 genotype was responsible for the 2013-14 epidemic, replacing the existing populations. Mutations have generated substantial sub-clonal variation with 24 multi- locus genotypes (MLGs) found, of which 19 were unique variants not yet reported elsewhere globally. Samples from West Bengal were the most diverse and grouped alongside MLGs found in Europe, the UK and from neighbouring Bangladesh but were not linked directly to most samples from south India. The pathogen population was broadly more aggressive on potato than on tomato and resistant to the fungicide metalaxyl. All forms of the AVR3a effector were of expectedly of EM type but the two novel non-synonymous mutations at positions 15 (signal peptide) and 124 (loop 3) within the avr3a locus found suggest these populations may be unique among current known 13_A2 populations. Pathogen population diversity was higher in regions around the international borders with Bangladesh and Nepal. Overall, the multiple shared MLGs suggested genetic contributions from UK and Europe in addition to a sub- structure based on the geographical location within India. Based on the population genetic analyses, three probable pathways for interstate migration may occur in India; one incudes movement of P infestans from the South Indian population upwards towards Bihar, the second from the bordering regions into West Bengal, possibly from neighboring countries like Bangladesh and Nepal. A third possibility includes direct import of infected tubers from Europe. However, the resultant homoplasy can confound such analysis of dispersal pathways. Our data indicate the need for improved phytosanitary procedures and continuous surveillance to prevent the further introduction of aggressive lineages of P. infestans into the country.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 25 S-2/O-1 ASSESSMENT OF YIELD LOSS OF GREENGRAM (Vigna radiata) DUE TO Colletotrichum truncatum IN WEST BENGAL

Tania Marak, Trina Sandham*, Venisetty Punnamchander, Sunita Mahapatra, and Srikanta Das Dept. of Plant Pathology, BCKV, Mohanpur-741252 Email i.d: [email protected]

Abstract Anthracnose of greengram caused by Colletotrichum truncatum occur severely in pulse growing areas of West Bengal every year. A greengram variety Sonali was used to assess the effect of fungicide and its different numbers of sprays on yield losses. Three sprays of Propiconazole 25 EC (0.1%) at 10 days interval beginning from 20 days after sowing resulted in lowest anthracnose under moderate disease pressure and four sprays for high disease pressure resulted in highest pod yield of 5.17q/ha and 5.08q/ha respectively. Highest avoidable losses of pod yield and percent yield loss over potential yield due to anthracnose were 48.82% and 3.55% for three sprays and 49.74% and 1.77% for four sprays respectively. The result showed that three sprays of Propiconazole 25 EC (0.1%) resulted in minimum disease severity and maximum profit whereas under high disease pressure four sprays were essential for minimum disease severity and maximum profit in West Bengal. Keywords: Anthracnose, avoidable yield loss, greengram, , spraying, yield loss

S-2/O-2 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SPREAD OF TOMATO LEAF CURL VIRUS (TOLCV) IN TOMATO AT DIFFERENT DATES OF PLANTING IN RELATION WITH DIFFERENT WEATHER PARAMETERS UNDER INDO- GANGETIC PLAINS OF WEST BENGAL

Madhumita Maity, Poly Saha and Partha Sarathi Nath Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavdyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum) is one of the most important vegetable in India. It is known as "protective foods" for its high nutritive value and also fetch handsome amount of money for the medium to small scale farmers. In India, it is grown almost all

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 26 the states including West Bengal where it is the second large grown vegetable just after potato. Every year, its production has been threatened by several biotic stresses and the disease caused by one white fly transmitted Gemini virus i.etomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV), has become a disease of international importance due to its devastating nature in the tomato growing areas of the world and known to cause up to 75% reported by Sastry and Singh (1973) and Saikia and Muniyappa (1989). Therefore, a study was conducted at the University Instructional Farm, Jaguli, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009to determine the temporal and spatial prevalence of ToLCVdepicted through different dates of planting in relation to the prevailing weather condition. Planting was done from 16th August to 29th December at an interval of 15 days. “Patharkuchi” a susceptible tomato variety was selected for permitting natural epiphytotic conditionand the disease severity measured as AUDPC. The results from the two years pooled data revealedthat the onset time of the disease lies between 30 and 60 days after transplanting and continued upto90 DAT,when transplanting was done up to 30th October planting and in late transplanting i.e after October,progress of the disease continued up to 80 days after planting.The six independent weather variables like maximum and minimum temperature and their differences, maximum and minimum relative humidity and rainfall were considered andthe two years pooled mean showed that the disease severity had negative and highly significant correlation with Tmax,Tmin and R.Hminbut positively correlated with temperature differences (Tmax- Tmin) and which was also statistically significant. Rest of the parameter included in the study showed no significant relation with the disease severity but found to exhibit either positive or negative correlated with the whitefly population. This situation remains valid for up to 30th October planting but after that no significant correlation was found between disease severity and weather parameters.The disease severity and whitefly population was dependent on maximum and minimum temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity and rainfall. The result from the two year pooled data showed that the 15 DAT whitefly populations was positively correlated with 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 DAT disease severity and all were significant at 1% level. For proper prediction of the disease severity and whitefly population it is necessary to identify all those meteorological parameters and interaction between them as the affect the tomato leaf curl virus disease. This will be helpful in giving early warning to the farmers regarding build up of whitefly population and appearance of disease severity. Reference: Saikia, A.K. and V. Muniyappa.(1989). Epidemiology and control of tomato leaf curl virus in Southern India. Tropical Agric.66: 350-354. Sastry and S.J. Singh.(1973). Assessment of loss in tomato by tomato leaf curl virus.Indian J. Mycol. Plant Pathol.27: 274-297.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 27 S-2/O-3 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, ON MYCELIAL PROGRESSION, SCLEROTIAL PRODUCTION AND SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT BY Rhizoctonia solani, INCITANT OF WIRE STEM DISEASE OF CABBAGE

Shikha Pathak1, Pramod Kumar Sarwa1, Subrata Dutta1 and S.K. Ray1 1Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture,Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur- 741 252, Nadia, West Bengal Abstract Rhizoctonia solani (teleomorph: Thanatephoruscucumeris) was first observed on tubers of potato, and has proven to be a destructive and widespread fungal pathogen of many plant species.The pathogen is difficult to manage due to theexistence of high level variability of the isolates, low inherent level of resistance of crop cultivarsand wide host range of the pathogen, ability to survive in soil for a long time due to melanized sclerotia and mycelial production and complex interaction of crop rhizosphere, soil environmental factors and microbiota. Cabbage is an important cole crop vegetable widely cultivated in theGangetic alluvial region of West Bengal and is affected by the wire stem disease incited by R. solani. Various factors affect the infection process of the pathogen on cabbage.Highest growth rate of all the isolates was observed at 30oC with the optimum being observed for majority of the R. solani cabbage isolates between 25oC-30oC. Sclerotial production was found to be highest at 30oC for majority of the R. solani cabbage isolates.Also highest lesion development and progression was observed at 30 oC followed by 25 oC for all the R. solani cabbage isolates.

S-2/O-4 DYNAMICS OF Sclerotinia sclerotiorum OCCURRENCE IN EASTERN AND NORTHEASTERN INDIA IN THE CHANGING CLIMATE SCENARIO Tasvina R. Borah1,2, S. Dutta1, A. Roy Barman1,3 and S. K. Ray1 1: Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal – 741252;2:ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland 797106; 3.Regional Research Station (CSZ), Akshayanagar, Kakdwip, 24-Parganas (South), West Bengal – 743347 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary a soil borne cosmopolitan fungus infects the agricultural, horticultural, forest as well as wild plant species worldwide. It is a common pathogen in the cool moist temperate regions, but because of evolving genetic

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 28 diversity and greater adaptability, it has also become significantly important in the hot humid subtropical areas. Under congenial weather conditions the pathogen is also known to inflict considerable losses to the production of various economically important crop plants in India. As early as 1915, Sclerotinia stem rot of mustard was reported from Pusa (Bihar). Agricultural crops like brinjal, rapeseed and Indian mustard, chickpea, hardwood species and other miscellaneous crops were recorded as hosts of the fungus from the eastern and north eastern regions during 1988-89. Subsequently, infection of S. sclerotiorum on various crops was reported for the first time from various parts of India. The pathogen has been reported to attack many new hosts each season and the list of record of new hosts is set in the increasing trend with more than twenty five hosts reported from West Bengal after 2000. S. sclerotiorum isolates collected from different hosts of the eastern and north eastern regions of the country showed morphological variability, however, variability in terms of the sequence of the ITS regions was negligible. It has become an emerging and remerging pathogen in vegetables, pulses, oilseeds and flower crops more particularly at Assam, Nagaland, Sikkim and West Bengal. The changes in the weather parameters during the last five years, more particularly sudden fluctuations in the average minimum temperature and average relative humidity in the region might have led to the changes in the dynamics of occurrence of S. sclerotiorum in the regions.

S-2/O-5 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE, ORGANIC MATTER AND LIGHT ON SCLEROTIAL SURVIVAL AND GERMINATION OF Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

S. Hansda, Tasvina. R. Borah, S.K. Ray, K. Ray and S. Dutta Department of Plant Pathology, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia-741252 Abstract Experiment was conducted to study the factors affecting survival andcarpogenic germination of sclerotiato predict the production of apothecia and ascospores.Sclerotial viability was lowest for all sampling dates at the soil surface, followed by 3 and 5 cm depth, while on 15 cm depth had the highest viability for all sampling treatments. At 10ºC temperature carpogenic germination of sclerotia was exhibited after 30 days of incubation in all treatmentsexcept in the treatment where preconditioned sclerotia were impregnated in vermi compost. Among the seven different treatments the highest (90%) carpogenic germination of sclerotia was recorded in soil followed by sand (30%) after 45 days of incubation under field capacity condition. High moisture favourscarpogenic germination of sclerotia as compared to comparatively less moisture. No carpogenic germination of sclerotia was observed when preconditioned

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 29 sclerotia were impregnated in vermin compost and it was also observed that incorporation of vermin compost in sand and soil at different ratios also reduced carpogenic germination of sclerotia as compared to sole sand or soil. Sclerotiaof S. sclerotiorumgerminate to produce stipes in varied number which later fuse to produce cup shaped apothecia in the presence of light. Highest number of stipes per sclerotia (14) was recorded on soil under field capacity condition followed by sand (10). Under40% ≤ filed capacity it was observed that highest number of stipes per sclerotia (8) was recorded on sand followed by soil (6) respectively. In case of 25ºC temperature no sclerotia was germinated in all treatments. Apothecia formation was observed under light and light/dark cycles (12/12 hr) but no apothecia formation was observed under dark condition. Under continuouslight, apothecia formation was found to be comparatively faster than alternate light dark cycles (12/ 12 hr). Thus, the present findings also indicated that light had a triggering factor for initiation of apothecia formation and hence, no apothecia formation was observed under dark condition.High moisture level in soil favoured the carpogenic germination of sclerotia than the lower soil moisture level and incorporation of organic amendments in soil / sand reduced the carpogenic germination of sclerotia both under high and comparatively low soil moisture.

S-2/P-1 EFFECT OF SOWING DATES, VARIETIES AND WEATHER FACTORS ON PROGRESSION OF SPOT BLOTCH OF WHEAT Sanju Tamang*, Rajkumar Debsharma and Sunita Mahapatra Dept. of Plant Pathology, BCKV, Mohanpur-741252 Email i.d: [email protected] Abstract Field experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of three sowing dates and six weather parameters on the disease progression of spot blotch of wheat on twelve different popular varieties of wheat. In the 1st date of sowing (17th Nov, 2016) it was observed that maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin ), soil temperature ( ST) and minimum relative humidity(RHmin) were negatively correlated with disease severity whereas, maximum relative humidity (RHmax) and bright sunshine hours (BSH) were positively correlated with disease severity. It indicated that with 0 0 0 0 0 0 increase in Tmax (23.75 C -32.62 C), Tmin ( 6.15 C -23.9 C ), ST (12.54 C -25.10 C ) and RHmin (39.14%-74.0%) there was a decrease in disease whereas, in increase in

RHmax (83.2%-98.50%) and BSH (2.7-8.9) the severity was increased. In the 2nd date of sowing (24th Nov. 2016) it was observed that all the five meteorological factors were not significantly correlated for disease reaction for all the tested varieties. Only

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 30 exception Tmin is negatively correlated with disease severity. In 3rd date of sowing (1st December 2016) similar trends has been showed. But irrespective of varieties it was observed that late sowing showed more disease (115.45) than early sown (935.55). In respect to the varieties PBW-343(906.00) and HD 2009(954.00) showed minimum disease severity irrespective of all three dates of showing. Keywords: date of sowing, variety, spot blotch, wheat, weather factor

S-2/P-2 DISEASES OF SWEET FLAG (Acoruscalmus L.) OCCURING IN THE NEW ALLUVIAL ZONE OF WEST BENGAL AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

Siddharth Singh and Goutam Mondal Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) is an importantmedicinal plant,commonly known as Bach in Hindi, belongs to family Acoraceae. In India, rhizomes and leaves have been used from the Ancient and Vedic periods.It is used in the treatment of epilepsy, rheumatic arthritis, cold and cough,bronchial asthma,malaria and cancer.In the present investigation, four diseaseson sweet flag namely, rhizomesrot(Sclerotium rolfsii), leaf spot(Passaloraacori), leaf blight or anthracnose (Colletotrichumgloeosporioides)and rust (Uromycesacori)have been identifiedin the New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal and their seasonalityhave been studied in the year, 2015-16 and 2016-17. In case ofrhizomes rot, leaveswere witheredgradually from the base and rhizomes were rotted.In leaf spot disease was characterized by dark brown to black necrotic lesions on leaves with lighter grey to whitish centre surrounded by yellow hallow. In leaf blight or anthracnose, dark blighted lesion with yellow margin appeared on margin of the leaves and extended gradually to the middle of leaves.The rust appeared as reddish brown to dark brown colour pustules and covered on all over the surface of leaves.Out of five varieties tested viz.,Aihagaripalli,Gaddipalli, Munipalli, Symbolia and Nagireddigudem, the maximum severity was up to 93.66%on Symbolia cultivar.Again, five isolates ofTrichodermaviz., T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were tested for their antagonistic activities against Sclerotium rolfsii and Colletotrichumgloeosporioides through dual culture test.Moreover, all have the ability to affect both pathogens. Five botanicals have been tested in-vitro, where the leaf extract of aswhwagandha (Withaniasomnifera) have been found effective against C. gloeosporioides andS. rolfsiiand the leaf extract of tulsi (Ocimumtenuiflorum) have been effective against S. rolfsii.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 31 S-2/P-3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BACTERIAL CANKER DISEASE OF MANGO UNDER SUBTROPICAL REGION OF WEST BENGAL

H. Rizvi, G. Datta, S. Patar, R. Mondal, S. Dutta and S.K. Ray Department of Plant pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, Pin-741252 Email address- [email protected]

Abstract Diseases caused by plant pathogenic bacteria constitute an emerging threat to global food security. Mango bacterial canker disease (MBCD), known as mango canker, bacterial spot, leaf spot, black spot, mango blight, bacterial black spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae (Xcmi) is considered a major threat for quality mango production in West Bengal condition as the average severity of the disease on fruits in West Bengal condition have been estimated to be 39.10 per cent (Anonymous, 2008). Major mango growing belts in West Bengal fall under conditions of typical subtropical climate with a maximum relative humidity (> 90%) and a range of Maximum temperature (> 30.00C) during the fruiting season (Anonymous, 2008) that favored disease development. Thus occurrence of MBCD in the plains of subtropical region in West Bengal has become a serious concern. To take necessary action a disease prediction model should develop. To fulfil the objective work has done for development of region specific disease prediction model for MBCD caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferae- indicae, percent disease severity has been observed on randomly selected 15 Himsagar mango trees at an age group of 5-7 years and data on weather parameters like temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed and sunshine hours has been recorded on daily basis for developing of the model and finding out the correlation of PDI with these parameters. The meteorological parameters namely relative humidity, rainfall and temperature (minimum) were found to be positively correlated with the disease severity of MBCD on mango cultivar Himsagar. Relative humidity (maximum and minimum) and rainfall combined together could able to explain 73% variation of the disease severity based on stepwise multiple regressions as these two parameters are important predictors associated with the MBCD.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 32 technical session III

Chemicals/Non-chemicals in plant disease management

S-3/L-1 SPECTRUM AND MANAGEMENT OF TUBEROSE, CHRYSANTHEMUM AND GERBERA DISEASES IN THE GANGETIC PLAIN OF WEST BENGAL

B. N. Panja, R. Chejara, A. De and J. Saha Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur - 741235, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Abstract Tuberose, chrysanthemum and gerbera are economically and commercially important flower crops in West Bengal with huge potential in employment generation, export and entrepreneurship development. Adoption of improved and intensive technology for enhancing production and productivity invites a large number of diseases that adversely affect growth, vigour, yield and quality of these three flower crops. As per the record of diseases so far reported from different countries of the world, tuberose is affected by 8 fungal, 2 bacterial, 1 viral and 2 nematode diseases; chrysanthemum is affected by 16 fungal, 1 bacterial, 6 viral and 3 nematode diseases whereas gerbera by 15 fungal, 2 bacterial and 2 viral diseases. In tuberose six diseases e.g leaf tip blight (Phoma mondouriensis), stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii), anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria polyanthi), Cladosporium leaf spot (Cladosporium sp.) and foliar nematode (Aphelenchoides besseyi) were recorded and their pathogenicities were established. Of these diseases, tip blight disease was most important and a disease scoring card was developed for its assessment in the field. Out of 14 germplasm screened against tip blight disease, 1 germplasm was found resistant, 5 moderately resistant, 7 moderately susceptible and 1 susceptible. Out of 6 weather parameters examined, maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity were negatively and minimum temperature was positively correlated with percent disease index (PDI). However, maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity and rainfall were identified as critical weather parameters through step down regression equation. Out of 8 fungicides tested, Score (Difenoconazole) and Amistar (Azoxystrobin) reduced the PDI and rate of spread (ROS) of leaf tip blight disease. In chrysanthemum, four diseases viz. Leaf blotch (Septoria chrysanthemella), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria chrysanthemi), collar rot (Rhizoctonia solani) and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora chrysanthemi) were registered. Of these, leaf blotch diseases was identified as most damaging and a disease scoring card was also been developed for its assessment. Out of 77 non-hybrid and 109 hybrid germplasm screened against Cercospora leaf spot, 32 and 69 germplasm were identified as highly resistant

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 33 respectively. Out of 6 weather parameters examined, maximum and minimum relative humidity were noted positively and sunshine hour was negatively correlated with PDI. Maximum temperature, maximum and minimum relative humidity were identified as critical. Score and Amistar were found superior to other fungicides in the reduction of PDI and ROS of disease followed by Tilt (Propiconazole). In gerbera, ten fungal diseases e.g. Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora gerberae), crown rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), white rot ( S. rolfsii), Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria alternata), powdery mildew (Golovinomyces cichoracearum), petal anthracnose (Gloeosporium sp.), leaf anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici), Phoma leaf spot (Phoma sp.), neck rot (Choanephora infundibulifera) and disc floret rot (Fusarium sp.) were listed. Of these diseases, Cercospora leaf spot and Choanephora neck rot were important. Out of 13 germplasm tested, 2 were resistant to Cercospora leaf spot. Minimum temperature, minimum relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days were identified as critical weather parameters for Cercospora PDI increment. But relative humidity was the only weather parameter considered critical for its ROS. Indofil M 45 (Mancozeb), Captan 50 WP (Captan), Score and Tilt were found effective against the management of Cercospora leaf spot. Out of 12 germplasm tested, the lowest incidence of neck rot was recorded in two germplasm. In in vitro testing, Captan 50 WP, Score, Tilt and Nativo (Tebuconazole + Trifloxystrobin) were found effective in mycelial growth inhibition of neck rot pathogen. The lowest EC 50 value was recorded in Score followed by Nativo. In Sclerotium rolfsii, Kavach (Chlorothalonil), Indofil M 45 and Beam (Tricyclazole) caused the highest inhibition of mycelial growth whereas Captan, Kavach, Indofil M- 45, Tilt and Bavistin (Carbendazim) caused maximum mycelial growth inhibition in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. S-3/L-2 DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN GRAPES: ROLE OF FUNGICIDES AND RESISTANCE MITIGATION Sujoy Saha Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology) ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Manjri Farm, Pune-412307 Abstract Fungicide use is the most important component of disease management programmes in grape production systems. This is because fungal diseases such as downy mildew and powdery mildew, have the potential to destroy the crops rendering them unsaleable. However, most fungal diseases are difficult to eradicate as, despite attempts at eradication, disease outbreaks can continue to occur across several growing seasons. The devastating impact of fungal diseases have goaded the use of fungicides on grapes

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 34 and resulted in it being considered best practice to avoid colossal economic losses. However, the regular use of fungicides can potentially pose a risk to the environment, particularly if residues persist in the soil or migrate off-site and enter waterways. For instance, concerns have been raised over the long term use of copper-based fungicides, which can result in an accumulation of copper in the soil which in turn can have adverse effects on soil organisms and potentially pose a risk to the long-term fertility of the soil. To ensure the sustainability of grape production system, a balance needs to be found between controlling fungal disease risks to crops and protecting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well. The past few decades have been the witness of several changes in the paradigm of plant disease control through fungicides. The iconic discovery of Bordeaux mixture in 1885 was the corner-stone for fungicide development in grapes and since then farmers have been benefitted by the advent of fungicides like dithiocarbamates, quinones, benzimidazoles, phenylamides, morpholines, azoles etc. The grape world is now visualizing the emergence of new generation, highly specific fungicides which has a multi-prong effect on the disease triangle. Not only the fungicides are capable of curative effect, but also have the attributes of altering the carbohydrate levels of the host or simulate the host defense system. Boscalid, Metconazole and Mefenoxam and are some of the fungicides which possesses the above mentioned characteristics and are expected to be in the global market within 2020. After 2020, fungicides like Triflumizole, Amisulbrom, Cyflufenamid, Valifenalate etc. are expected to come to the fore because of their low doses and ability to mitigate resistance risk. In the present scenario, however, triazoles and QoI fungicides like strobilurins are predominant in the global market but carboxylic acid amides like Dimethomorph, Iprovalicarb, Mandipropamid etc. and Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors like Fluopyram, Fluxapyroxad and Penflufen are also gaining a steady importance. All the fungicides discovered/developed so far have a direct mode of action on the target pathogens. If lesion development on the host plant could be suppressed, disease control compounds could replace fungicides e.g Probenazole. Fungicide resistance is a major bottleneck in disease management in grapes. Resistance in downy mildew based on Cys b gene (G143A) against QoI fungicides, cellulose synthase gene (PvCesA3) against CAA fungicides and resistance in powdery mildew based on CYP51 gene (14α-demethylase) against triazole fungicides have been detected in India from major grape growing areas. Use of resistance breakers like potassium salt of phosphoric acid, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide along with bio control agents are gradually picking up. Research into the potential resistance risks posed by fungicide use is needed so that evidence-based policy decisions can be made on the future management of fungicide use in high value crops like grapes. This need is driven by an increasing community expectation for governments and industry to implement measures to protect environmental assets. In addition, from marketing perspectives, there is increasing pressure on agricultural industries to demonstrate their ‘clean and green’ credentials to address concerns from consumers and to maintain market access.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 35 S-3/L-3 NEW MOLECULES AS SAVIOUR OF RICE DISEASES Manas Kumar Bag ICAR – National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Asian countries cover most of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing areas (88.95%) of the world and contribute ~90% of rice production and consumption. In Asia, India is the highest producer of rice after China. But rice production is constrained by various biotic and abiotic stresses of which various pathogens causing diseases like blast, sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, brown spot, bacterial blight and false smut are also responsible for the losses. Numerous studies have been done for protecting rice from different diseases. Besides the various cultural practices, three strategies, biological control, chemical control, and genetic resistance, have been employed to manage rice diseases. Although these approaches have yielded improvements in rice protection, there was still a need for an effective approach that would provide large-scale protection. Specific bacterial strains and fungal isolates have been used for biological control; for example, fresh suspensions and powdered formulations of bacteria and fungi. However, pathogen variation and the lack of suitable biological agents and time for establishing, limit the efficacy of biological controls, although such measures remain as suitable for disease management because they are environment friendly. Adoptions of resistant varieties are the best but lack of appropriate resistant variety for the targeted pathogens and ecology are not quite easy to develop. Chemical control will always be the best if selected right one for the right pathogen and applied at right time, right doses and following right method of application. Again the heavy usages of fungicide leads to development of resistance by the pathogens emerged as a new constraint. This amalgamated with the growing demand by the farmers for crop protection agents with low use rates, a benign environmental profile and a low toxicity to human and wild life, further gave an impetus to the search of new molecule of fungicides with novel modes of action. Several experiment proved strobilurin based molecules like azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, metominostrobin manage the disease effectively and eco-friendly way than other commercially available fungicides. More over combination product of two different fungicides having different mode of action found more effective as it delayed the development of resistance of a particular pathogen, eg. Trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole. Chemicals are the best solution for managing emerging pathogens also. Again, if more than two diseases appear

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 36 simultaneously then chemical is the only readily available solution for managing the menace because a variety having multiple disease resistance is not always in our hand. Hence, chemicals are the best for management of diseases though it alone is not desirable due to the concern of environment hazards. But an integrated approach of adopting any other available methods along with chemicals will ensure sustainability and ecological safety.

S-3/O-1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIATION IN IN-VITRO SENSITIVITY OF

Sclerotium rolfsii TO DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES AND THEIR EC50 VALUE

Ritesh Kumar, Abhijeet Ghatak and Arun P. Bhagat Department of Plant Pathology, Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India Corresponding author Email address: [email protected] Abstract Sclerotium rolfsii is the fungal pathogen causing collar rot disease having wide host range and causes severe economic loss worldwide. It causes disease over 270 host genera in the United States alone, and at least 100 families with 500 species of plants are susceptible to this pathogen. The chemicals used for control of collar rot disease are fungicides apply through seed priming. Moreover, a few fungicides are available commercially to manage this disease effectively. By keeping the management point of view an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of nine fungicides grouped in three different mode of action comprising of three fungicides in each group at different concentrations viz., 0, 10, 50, 100 and 150 ppm by poisoned food technique and Effective Concentration (EC50) value was determined for each fungicide.The best fungicide with lowest EC50 was hexaconazole, which rendered 41.9 and 40.9 µg/ml

EC50 for experiment 1 and experiment 2, respectively. The highest EC50 was recorded for mycobutanil with recordings of 461.5 and 473.7 µg/ml for experiment 1 and experiment 2, respectively. The observation obtained in this study revealed no relation between fungicide and EC50.

Key words : Collar rot, EC50value, fungicides, Sclerotium rolfsii

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 37 S-3/O-2 INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT OF ANTHRACNOSE (Colletotrichum truncatum) OF GREENGRAM IN FIELD CONDITION Tania Marak, Tanusree Das*, Sunita Mahapatra, and Srikanta Das Dept. of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252 Email i.d : [email protected] Abstract Plant based pesticides which are relatively economical, safe and non hazardous were used successfully against the test pathogen. A field study was conducted to test the efficacy of 6 botanicals and 6 fungicides in compatible doses with 4 different bio- antagonists against the anthracnose of greengram caused by Colletotrichum truncatum in field condition for two consecutive years (2013 and 2014). The results obtained during kharif 2013, all the treatments were significantly superior over the untreated control. The least percent disease index (PDI) (8.41%) with highest grain yield of 7.67 q/ha was recorded in the treatments viz., single spraying of Propiconazole 25% EC @ 0.1% + one spray of garlic @ 0.15% + one spray of T. harzianum @ 4g (8.41%) followed by one spray of Propiconazole 25% EC + two sprays of garlic (10.23%) they were statistically significant among themselves. The results obtained during kharif 2014 followed the similar trends as the results of kharif, 2013. The pooled data also showed that the least PDI was recorded in the treatment combinations of single spraying of Propiconazole 25% EC @ 0.1% + single spraying of garlic @ 0.15% + single spraying of T. harzianum @ 4g) (8.20%) with highest grain yield (7.81 q/ha). Cost benefit ratio was also highest (4.37) incase of spray with same doses of Propiconazole, garlic and T. harzianum. It indicated that the spraying of Propiconazole along with Garlic and T. harzianum was effective against anthracnose (C. truncatum) and which is also in affordable limits of the farmers.

Key words: Botanicals, Bioantagonists, Greengram, Fungicides

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 38 S-3/O-3 PRECISE PHENOTYPING OF WHEAT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TRAITS RELATED WITH RESISTANCE TOWARDS SPOT BLOTCH OF WHEAT Sukram Thapa1, M. Dolpriya Devi2, A. K. Chowdhury2, R. Chand3 and P. M. Bhattacharya2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 2 Department of Plant Pathjology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar 3Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi Abstract To meet the demand of wheat in internal and external market, gradually wheat area has expanded to non-traditional warmer parts of South Asia which includes Eastern India, Bangladesh and Terai of Nepal. These areas are characterized by warm temperature with high humidity and thus provide an ideal environment for foliar diseases particularlySpot Blotch caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana. On an average, a South Asian country loses 17-20% of crop yield through leaf blight disease, which can be devastating for small farmers in the Eastern Gangetic Plains. The sources of higher levels of resistance had been achieved using conventional breeding methods, mainly because of the polygenic nature of this resistance. So, precision phenotyping of the genotypes is extremely important to find the markers for further selection process. For the purpose an attempt was made to study the variation in response of the genotypes to spot blotch, which may be due to variation in host, pathogen or environment and further may be used as diagnostic trait for resistant stock of germplasm. The present investigation involved over 600 different genotypes including a RIL population of Sonalika x Yangmai 6 cross constituting 2 sets of germplasm obtained from BHU through a CGIAR Research Grant project with variation in disease response and other related traits including phenological, morphological, physiological and symptomatological characters. Finally 55 genotypes with 8 susceptible checks were planted and classified on the basis of selected traits to explain the disease. The germplasm was planted with two replications under protected and non-protected condition following proper statistical procedures to study different phenotypic traits. Multivariate analysis of the traits in relation to disease indicated that a few traits like number of lesions, rate of chlorophyll decline and canopy temperature may be considered as the major phenotypic traits related with disease tolerance in the field.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 39 S-3/O-4 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLLING MBCD CAUSING BACTERIAL CANKER OF MANGO

K.Ray, H. Rizvi, S. Patar, R. Das, S. Dutta and S.K. Ray Department of Plant pathology Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, Pin-741252 [email protected] Abstract Before going to use any chemicals in field trials it is required to study them under controlled laboratory conditions so as to avoid the loss and damage caused to the flora and fauna due to it’s over dosage. Here, planning was done to evaluate effect of eight antibiotics namely Neomycin, Kanamycin, Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Streptomycin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Streptocycline; Copper oxychloride, Bleeching powder, and different plant oils (Neem oil, Clove oil, Lemon grass oil ,Garlic oil, Pine oil, Cinnamon oil, Castor oil) against Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferae-indicae causing bacterial canker of mango. Bacteria were found to be susceptible against all the antibiotics with varying degree of susceptibility and the best among them were selected for management practices. Copper oxychloride and bleeching powder alone or in combination at their respective doses reduced the disease severity of MBCD on fruits as compared with the untreated control. Among all treatments of chemicals, Streptocycline @ 100 ppm with copper oxychloride @ 0.3% showed the minimum disease severity (6.66%) followed by Chloramphenicol @ 100 ppm + copper oxychloride @ 0.3%) with a disease severity of 9.01% and Tetracycline @ 100 ppm with copper oxychloride @ 0.3% (10.03%) during the year 2011 & 2012. Streptocycline, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline in combination with Copper oxychloride gave good results and were found to be effective both in reducing the growth of mango bacterial canker pathogen X. campestris pv. mangifera indicae and MBCD under field conditions. Maximum fruit yield (91kg/plant) in case of chemicals has been obtained in mango trees treated with the combination of Streptocycline @ 200 ppm and copper oxychloride @ 0.3% followed by 85kg/plant produced by the tree sprayed with Chloramphenicol @ 200 ppm + copper oxychloride @ 0.3% and Streptocycline @ 100 ppm with copper oxychloride @ 0.3% with a production of 83kg/ plant. The benefit cost ratio among the treatments involving chemicals was maximum (4.06) through application of Streptocycline @ 200 ppm and copper oxychloride @ 0.3% followed by 3.94 with use of Streptocycline @ 100 ppm and copper oxychloride @ 0.3% and 3.94 in Copper oxychloride @ 0.3% revealing that the combination gave

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 40 promising results in terms of good disease control and least disease severity ultimately fetching a good return from the produce. All of the seven plant oils namely, neem oil, pine oil, castor oil, garlic oil, cinnamon oil, clove oil and lemon grass oil successfully suppressed the bacterial growth. The best results have been observed in garlic oil producing 29.3mm inhibition zone followed by cinnamon oil (28.0mm) and clove oil (15.7mm) 72hrs after the inoculation. The minimum zone of inhibition is observed in the case of castor oil (1.2mm) followed by pine oil (5.8mm).All the seven plant oils were able to manage the disease to various extents in comparison to the control (46.30%). Among the treatments, two sprays with garlic oil showed the minimum disease severity of 4.96% followed by neem oil with a disease severity of 8.04% and Clove oil (14.16%) during the year 2011 & 2012 (pooled) whereas the disease severity obtained in control was 47.73%. Maximum disease severity has been observed in castor oil (32.87%) followed by pine oil (26.64%). Treatments showed differences in their efficacy in controlling the mango bacterial canker disease. Similar results have been obtained after the second spray of plant oils when the dose was doubled to 5.0ml/liter. Results reveal that the minimum disease severity (5.10%) has been obtained after the second spray of garlic oil followed by trees sprayed with neem oil (6.54%) and clove oil with the disease severity of (11.08%) whereas the disease severity in trees kept as control was 47.55%.Fruit yield obtained in mango trees after the spray with plant oils was maximum (120kg/plant) in garlic oil at a concentration of 5.0 ml/lit followed by 80kg/plant sprayed with neem oil and cinnamon oil (74kg/plant) at the similar concentrations. In case of plant oils, the benefit cost ratio was maximum (5.80) in garlic oil @ 5.0ml/lit followed by 4.89 when garlic oil used @ 2.5ml/lit and 4.01 in neem oil @ 5.0ml/lit revealing that the plant oils gave promising results in terms of good disease control and least disease severity ultimately fetching a good return from the produce.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 41 S-3/O-5 EFFECT OF SALICYLIC ACID AS RESISTANCE INDUCER AGAINST NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT DISEASE OF MAIZE (Zea mays)

Srabani Debnath; Rahamatullah Middya; Sonali Biswas; Arghya Banerjee and Anirban Maji Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, AICRP on Maize Improvement, Mohonpur, Nadia Abstract Experiment was conducted in the field condition with five different treatments using Salicylic acid (SA) for minimizing the incidence and intensity of Northern leaf blight disease of maize during 2016 in both kharif and rabi seasons under randomized Block Design in four replications with the test hybrid – BN105. Salicylic acid is a phenolic phytohormone which plays a role in the resistance to pathogens by inducing the production of pathogenesis related proteins and is involved in the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in which a pathogenic attack on one part of the plant induces resistance in other parts. The four treatments were T1 – 50ppm salicylic acid(SA) as seed priming(SP); T2 – 100ppm SA (SP & foliar spray after 24hrs); T3 – 150ppm foliar spray of SA before 24hrs of inoculation; T4 – 200ppm foliar spray of SA before 24hrs of inoculation and T5 – seed dip in water and spraying of water. Lower germination percentage (85.87%) was found in case of the seeds primed with SA. During kharif season maximum disease control (41.89%) with lowest Percent Disease Index (PDI = 21.75) and maximum yield (10.26 kg/plot) was observed in case of foliar spray of 150ppm salicylic acid before 24 hrs of inoculation followed by 200ppm foliar spray of SA before 24 hrs of inoculation with no significant difference among them. Key words: Northern leaf blight, Salicylic acid, seed priming, Foliar spray,Resistance inducer, SAR

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 42 S-3/P-1 BIOEFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST Phytophthora infestans CAUSING LATE BLIGHT OF POTATO UNDER LABORATORY IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT

Saidul Islam1, Sk Sadikur Rahaman2, Bholanath Mondal1* and Dinesh Chandra Khatua3 1Department of Plant Protection, Palli-Siksha Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan 2Department of Horticulture, Faculty of agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla agricultural university, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh 3Ex-Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia *e-mail ID: [email protected]

Abstract The experiment was conducted in laboratory in aqueous environment to evaluate bioefficacy of fungicides against Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary causing late blight of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during February, 2015. Small portion of leaf tissue from advancing margin of late blight lesion if placed in water in petriplate, the pathogen grows beyond the area of the leaf tissue and produce good mycelial growth in water leading to sporangia formation. Infected leaves of potato var. Kufri Jyoti were collected from field in morning hours, cut into small pieces (1.0cm x 0.5cm), and were placed in a petriplate containing fungicide suspension (0.1, 0.05 and 0.025%) or sterile filtered tap water. There were sixteen treatments and three replications. The plates were incubated at room temperature for 48h and observed under microscope. Among fifteen fungicides tested, Derosal (carbendazim) and Shine-35 (metalaxyl) showed very negligible or little effect. However, metalaxyl when associated with mancozeb (Matco) inhibited mycelial growth and sporangia formation. Blitox (copper oxychloride), Avtar (hexaconazole + zineb) and Vitavax Power (Carboxin + Thiram) inhibited mycelial growth only at higher concentration. Adequate inhibition of mycelial growth and sporangia formation was recorded in Indofil Z-78 (zineb), Indofil M-45 (mancozeb), Mirador (azoxystrobin), Acrobat (dimethomorph) and Melody Duo (Iprovalicarb + Propineb). Highest inhibition of both mycelial growth and sporangia formation were evidenced in Ethaboxam (a thiazole carboxamide fungicide) followed by FolioGold (Chlorothalonil + Metalaxyl) and Kavach (Chlorothalonil). Ethaboxam recorded more efficacious followed by FolioGold and Kavach than others. This rapid laboratory evaluation method is truly useful to select effective fungicide(s) against late blight of potato quickly within 48-72h. Keywords: late blight, potato, laboratory evaluation, fungicide, management

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 43 S-3/P-2 SEED BORNE MYCOFLORA OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogaea l.) AND IT’S MANAGEMENT

Manas Sardar¹ and Mohan Kumar Biswas² Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal - 741252 E-mail:[email protected], [email protected] Abstract Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) belongs to the family Fabaceae, sometime called Leguminosae. It is the fifth most important oilseed crop in the world and cultivated in the hot weather regions. India is the second largest producer (9.67 MT/yr.) of groundnut in the world, followed by China. Gujarat is the highest groundnut producing state in India whereas; in West Bengal this oilseed crop is cultivated during Rabi and Kharif season. Groundnut is very susceptible to the various pathogens like Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Alternaria sp., Colletotrichum sp., Macrophomina phaseolina, Penicillium sp. and Botrytis sp. to observe the seed mycoflora agar plate method proved to be better than the standard blotter method. Under in- vitro condition among the five botanical formulations, neem leaf extract showed maximum germination 50.67 percent and 61.33 percent on groundnut with 500 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively. Trichoderma viride proved its supremacy in terms of germination percentage on groundnut seeds with 500 ppm and 1000 ppm. Carbendazim showed maximum germination (85.33 %) on groundnut seeds with 0.2 percent concentration under in- vitro condition. Under in-vivo condition neem leaf extract showed maximum germination on groundnut seeds 54.67 percent and 61.33 percent with 500 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively. Whereas, Trichoderma viride was found most suitable among the treatments which exhibited maximum germination percentage of 89.33 percent & 96.00 percent on groundnut seeds with 500 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively. Carbendazim showed maximum seed germination of groundnut 85.33 percent with 0.2 percent concentration. These findings will provide an idea about the seed mycoflora associated with the seeds of oilseed crops and their management with easy available chemicals and bio- products. Key Words: seed born mycoflora, detection method, management, loss, control

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 44 S-3/P-3 EFFECT OF IPFENCARBAZONE 25% SC (DINKAR) AGAINST MAJOR WEEDS FOR CROP HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF TRANSPLANTED RICE (Oryza Sativa)

Dr. Smritikana Sarkar1 and Dr. Amitava Sarkar2 1. Assistant Professor, AICRP on Weed Management, BCKV. 2. Assistant Director Of Agriculture, Govt. of W.B. Email: [email protected] Abstract Rice (Oryza Sativa) is a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production (rice, 741.5 million tonnes in 2014), after sugarcane (1.9 billion tonnes) and maize (1.0 billion tonnes) (FAO 2017). Rice production is challenged by multiple pests, with weeds reducing global rice production by around 10% (Oerke, 2006). Weeds compete with crops for natural and applied resources besides being responsible for reducing quantity and quality of agricultural productivity [Rao et al. 2015]. Traditionally, weed control in rice has been largely dependent on manual weeding and water management. However, herbicide application has increased significantly over the last decade due to labor shortages, low herbicide prices, increased herbicide effectiveness, and water scarcity. In many parts of the world, herbicides are being increasingly used to replace tillage in order to improve environmental conditions. In comparison to tillage, herbicide use reduces erosion, reduces fuel use, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, reduces nutrient runoff and conserves water. Therefore, an experiment was conducted during Kharif season, 2017 at D Block farm, Kalyani, BCKV to evaluate the influence of Ipfencarbazone 25% SC (DINKAR) against major weeds in transplanted rice. The experiment was carried out in

Randomised Block Design with three replications having eight treatments viz., T1:

Ipfencarbazone 25%SC @ 85.53 a.i. (g)/ha as Pre-emergence, T2: Ipfencarbazone

25%SC @ 114.05 a.i. (g)/ha as Pre-emergence, T3: Ipfencarbazone 25%SC @ 142.56 a.i. (g)/ha as Pre-emergence, T4: Pretilachlor 50% EC @ 750 a.i. (g)/ha as Pre- emergence, T5: Butachlor 50% EC @ 2000 a.i. (g)/ha as Pre-emergence, T6: Bispyribac

Sodium 10% SC @ 20 a.i. (g)/ha as Post - emergence, T7: Two hand weeding at 25 &

50 days after transplanting, T8: Untreated (Control). Among different treatments, T2 treatment i.e., application of Ipfencarbazone 25%SC @ 114.05 a.i. (g)/ha as Pre- emergence showed best control over major weeds about 82% over other treatments in the crop field. Application of T2: Ipfencarbazone 25%SC @ 114.05 a.i. (g)/ha as Pre- emergence maintained its superiority with highest grain yield of rice of about 4.21 t/ha.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 45 S-3/P-4 STUDIES ON MANAGEMENT OF Fusarium oxysporum f sp cubense CAUSING PANAMA WILT OF BANANA

D. Rana*, S. Murmu**, R. Saha* P. Jena* and D.K. Misra *Department of Plant pathology, BCKV, Mohanpur Nadia, **SSMP, BCKV, Mohanpur Nadia, AICRP on Fruits, Directorate of Research Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Kalyani – 741 235 (West Bengal), India. Mail id: [email protected] Abstract Banana and plantain (Musa spp Fam-Musaceae) are among the most important crops in tropical and subtropical countries. The world production during 2011-12 was 30.5 million tons of banana, however, export reduction of 46% from Philippines and India mainly due to this disease and unfavourable weather factor (FAO report, 2015-16). Among the maladies the panama wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense is the most destructive disease of banana. In India the panama wilt is the main constrain for commercial production and in some areas severity may goes up to 80-90% with susceptible varieties (Mustafa & Thangavallu, 2011) disease. The soil borne pathogen has a great variability and 14 isolates were collected from different varieties and locations. Efforts were made with chemicals and bio-inoculants towards sensitivity against the isolates. Trichoderma viride and Trichodema harzinium isolates were tested against 14 Foc isolates in PDA medium. Maximum percentage inhibition of Foc-10 was obtained against Trichoderma viride (79.03), while maximum percentage inhibition against Trichoderma harzinium was recorded from Foc-7. Among the treatment least inhibition was obtained in Foc-11(32.60) against Trichoderma harzinium. Differential response of the isolates was recorded with sensitivity of chemical fungicides (Mancozeb and Chlorathalonil) under in-vitro condition with PDA medium. In in-vivo sensitivity test with the same chemicals used in bio-assay was also carried out during this investigation, using a susceptible cultivar (Martaman-AAB). The small piece of work provides some information about the pathogen, disease management; however, detail information is needed about field level management to reduce the diseases effectively under field condition. Key words: Banana, Fusarium Oxysporum f.sp cubense, isolates, management.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 46 S-3/P-5 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BOTANICALS AGAINST Colletotrichumgloeosporioides OF PAPAYA UNDER in-vitro CONDITION

Debanjana Debnath*, Sunita Mahapatra and Srikanta Das Dept. of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252 Email i.d:[email protected] Abstract Colletotrichumgloeosporioides is the most worldwide devastating plant pathogenic fungi especially during storage in papaya. Use of fungicide and other compound to prevent the infection could cause undesirable attribute either to human and animal or to the environment due to high level of toxic residues of this chemicals and fungicides. So, an in-vitro studies of six essential oils were tested against this pathogen. In-vitro study showed that the growth of the pathogen inhibited by all the six botanicals at its different concentrations and maximum was noticed in palmarosa oil at 0.3% concentration (79.84%) followed by 0.25% concentration (72.23%). Among six botanicals the minimum ED50 value against this pathogen was palmarosa oil (0.1%) followed by lemon grass oil (0.14%).As, these oils act as fungistate, volatile in nature, no residual toxicity, easily biodegradable and also have no ecological and environmental hazards can be exploited or used for plant disease management particularly for the post-harvest decay of fruits. Key words:Botanicals, Papaya, Fungistate,in-vitro,fruit rot

S-3/P-6 THE INTERVENTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PATHOGEN MANAGEMENT

Samrat Adhikary*, Ritesh Kundu and Anandkumar Naorem Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry & Soil science. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia

Studies on different accounts and conditions started revealing the true nature of nanotechnology in food production, either on major or long term basis. Products incorporating nanomaterials such as nanopesticides, nanofertilizers, and nanosensors are being commercialized in agricultural sector in order to enhance the the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural practices by requiring less input and generating less

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 47 waste than conventional products and approaches. Moreover, this said technology guarantees the users from multifaceted benefits including controlled release of agrochemicals and site targeted delivery of various macromolecules needed for improved plant disease resistance, efficient nutrient utilization and enhanced plant growth. But, in contrast to the prevailing ideas on nanotechnology, a farrago of views on its pros and cons in agriculture is worth debating. Concerns have been raised about potential adverse effects of nanoparticles on biological systems and the environment such as toxicity generated by free radicals leading to lipid per oxidation and DNA damage. synthetic fungicides. Nanofungicides based on silver nanoemulsion tackle fungal pathogen problems in agriculture and hold promise in the future Further improved research must be carried out in different conditions in order to increase the perspective of this technology and use it as one of the important man-made interventions in pathogen management. Keyword – nanotechnology, pest management, agriculture

S-3/P-7 MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM ROOT ROT OF BEAN BY Trichoderma harzianum AND SILICON

Ayana Chakraborty Depatment of Botany,Basirhat College, Basirhat – 743412, 24 Parganas (North) Email id: [email protected]

Abstract Root rot of bean caused by Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli is one of the important destructive disease caused maximum loss during vegetative growth. Trichoderma harzianum is well known a parasite of fungal plant pathogen and certain stains can also induce systemic resistance in plant against several pathogens. Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the lithosphere and plays an important role in biosphere. The experiment was conducted to study the effect of simultaneous application of Trichoderma harzianum and silicon amendment against the Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli under in vivo condition. Bean seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% sodium hypochloride, washed with sterile distilled water and planted into the soil. Silicon solution (2 mM) was added to the soil at the ratio of 1:10 (V/W). Plants were kept in green house condition for six weeks and examined for root rot symptoms and growth parameters as plant height, fresh and dry weight of root and foliage. The results showed that seed treatment with either Trichoderma harzianum and silicon oxide

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 48 showed reduced disease symptom, though maximum disease reduction and improvement of plant growth, yield was observed in simultaneous treatment with Trichoderma harzianum and silicon oxide. S-3/P-8 ROLE OF DIFFERENT SECONDARY METABOLITES PRODUCED BY Azotobacter ISOLATES IN PROMOTING PLANT GROWTH

Rajib Dey1, Kanish Sarkar2, Nirmal Mandal1, Subrata Dutta2 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology1& Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture2, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur- 741 252, Nadia, West Bengal, INDIA Email: [email protected] Abstract Azotobacter spp. are aerobic, free-living soil microbes that fix N from the atmosphere, which is used as a biofertilizer in the cultivation of most crops. Azotobacter represents the main group of heterotrophic free living nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Azotobacter spp. are most specifically noted for their nitrogen fixing ability but they have also been noted for their ability to produce different growth hormones (IAA and other auxins, such as gibberllins and cytokinins), vitamins and siderophores. Azotobacter is capable of converting nitrogen to ammonia, which in turn is taken up by the plants. It has several metabolic capabilities which create interests to scientists, who are working towards a better agriculture. Azotobacter spp. has the highest metabolic rate of any organisms.The Azotobacter isolates were morphologically identified first, and characterization was completed through different biochemical assays and also molecular assay by Azotobacternif gene specific Nif H-g1 primer pairs. The Azotobacter isolates were studied for in vitro plant growth promoting assay and in vitro antagonistic potentiality test against soil borne pathogen Rhizoctoniasolani. Further studies on quantitative estimation of IAA, HCN and siderophore were performed following standard protocols and were found positive. All the isolates can promote plant growth by producing IAA. Also, the isolates produced significant quantities of IAA without addition of tryptophan in the culture media. Among them AZT8 was recorded the best showing chilivigor index 1105.44 and producing IAA, 118.08 µg/ml and AZT3 was found to be the most antagonistic against Rhizoctoniasolani, exhibiting percent inhibition at 72.2%. And finally, due to the innate potentiality of producing an array of antifungal metabolites and plant growth promoting substances the consortium of isolates AZT3 and AZT8 can be exploited for bio-intensive disease suppression in sustainable agriculture.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 49 S-3/P-9

MANAGEMENT OF EARLY BLIGHT OF POTATO BY USE OF NON CONVENTIONAL CHEMICALS

D. Panda and A. Chakraborty Department of Plant Protection, Palli Siksha Bhavana, Santiniketan

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to find out efficacy of different non-conventional chemicals to manage the early blight of potato in field condition through seed treatment. Experiment on management of the disease was carried out with seven chemicals i.e. Lithium sulphate, Calcium chloride, Oxalic acid, Salicylic acid, Iron sulphate, Potassium bicarbonate and Ascorbic acid. It is evident from the result presented that T3 i.e. oxalic acid @ 1 ml/ lit exhibited best result in terms of percent disease incidence (28.73%) and percent disease intensity (18.16%) at 73 DAP as compared to control treatment (T8) where percent disease incidence was 45.33% and 30.16% respectively. The overall disease reduction was 39.79% over control which was also highest compared to all other treatments. Not only that, the total tuber yield was also highest i.e. 27.03 tonnes/ha. Among all other treatments, the next best result was recorded from treatment T1, where lithium sulphate @1g/lit resulted 35.21% disease reduction over control treatment with total production 26.30 tonnes/ha. This was followed by potassium bicarbonate (T6) with incidence and intensity per cent 31.81% and 21.90% respectively at 73 DAP. Based on the studies of management studies of early blight of potato through different non-conventional chemicals Before onset of disease revealed that, treatment T3 i.e. oxalic acid @ 1 ml/ lit exhibited best result in terms of per cent disease incidence (69.10%) and per cent disease intensity (18.66%) at 73 DAP as compared to control treatment (T8) where percent disease incidence was 94.27% and 32.95% respectively. The overall disease reduction was 43.37% over control which was also highest compared to all other treatments. Not only that, the total tuber yield was also highest i.e. 25.51 tonnes/ ha. Among all other treatments, the next best result was obtained by treatment T1, where lithium sulphate @1g/lit resulted 41.31% disease reduction over control treatment with total production 23.65 tonnes/ha. Experiment on management of the disease (After onset of disease) was carried out with

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 50 seven chemicals Lithium sulphate, Calcium chloride, Oxalic acid, Salicylic acid, Iron sulphate, Potassium bicarbonate and Ascorbic acid, it was evident from the result presented in that treatment T3 oxalic acid @ 1 ml/ lit exhibited best result in terms of percent disease incidence (32.62%) and percent disease intensity (24.32%) at 73 DAP as compared to control treatment (T8) where per cent disease incidence was 51.29% and 42.00% respectively. The overall disease reduction was 42.10% over control which was also highest compared to all other treatments. Not only that, the total tuber yield was also highest i.e. 25.31 tonnes/ ha. Among all other treatments, the next best result was obtained by treatment T1, where lithium sulphate @1g/lit resulted 34.95% disease reduction over control treatment with total production 24.79 tonnes/ ha. This was followed by potassium bicarbonate (T6) with incidence and intensity per cent 37.00% and 29.50% respectively at 73 DAP. In this treatment per cent disease reduction over control was 29.76% with total tuber yield 23.67 tonnes/ha. Seven chemicals were evaluated in in vitro condition for their conidial germination efficacy against Alternaria solani. It was observed that, oxalic acid (T3) @ 1.0 ppm concentration exhibited highest per cent inhibition of conidial germination (88.89%) over control (T8) after 24 hrs. The next best conidial germination inhibition (75.00%) was observed in case of lithium sulphate (T1) @ 1ppm concentration. This was followed by potassium bicarbonate where (T6) 71.43% conidial germination inhibition was observed @ 1 ppm concentration after 24 hrs. In all other treatments like salicylic acid (T4), (1ppm concentration), iron sulphate (T5) (1ppm concentration) and calcium chloride (T2) (1ppm concentration) and ascorbic acid (T7) the per cent conidial germination inhibition over control was 66.67, 45.46, 33.34 and 27.80% respectively. Least percentage of conidial germination inhibition was observed in case of ascorbic acid (T7) where only 27.80% inhibition of conidial germination was observed at 1ppm concentration. The data indicated that treated seeds along with different abiotic elicitors significantly enhanced the phenol content as compared to control and highest induction of phenol content observed in oxalic acid (T3) treated plant (64.77mg/100gm) followed by lithium sulphate treated plant, whereas least phenol content was observed in water treated plant that is control plant.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 51 technical session IV

Biotechnological approaches for plant disease management

S-4/L-1 EXPLOITATION OF PLANT VIRUS GENOME AS USEFUL GENETIC TOOL

Anirban Roy and Bikash Mandal Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi – 110012 Email: [email protected] Abstract Plant viruses are one of the major limiting factors for production of crop plants throughout the World. Though major research endeavour focused on detection and management of plant viruses, many literatures showed their potential use as transient expression of heterologous gene(s) or silencing of genes.Plant virus based gene delivery system can also be used to deliver other gene constructs including siRNA against different pests and pathogens and thus showing their potentiality as DNA- vaccines. Besides that, recently, with the discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system, it has been shown that a plant virus based gene delivery system could efficiently deliver guide RNA into the plant. We have developed two plant virus based transient gene expression systems, which can efficiently express foreign protein inside the plant. A highly infectious clone of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, a cucurbit-infectingtobamovirus was utilized for designing of gene expression vector. Two versions of vector were examinedfor their efficacy in expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in Nicotianabenthamiana.In another attempt we have modified an infectious clone of a begomovirus, croton yellow vein mosaic virus, and a replicon vector withonly the ability to replicate inside the plant was developed.A GFP gene was cloned in this replicon vector andagroinoculated to N. tabacum resulted in localizedexpression of GFP at 5 dpi.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 52 S-4/L-2 PRODUCTION OF VIRUS FREE TRUTHFUL QUALITY POTATO SEED TUBERS THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION OF AEROPONICS

T.K Bag Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, PUSA, New Delhi 110012, India E mail : [email protected] Abstract Potato is vegetatively propagated crop which is infected by several harmful virus diseases. Degeneration of potato is a problem due to virus infection. Farmers are advised to replace the seed potato tubers for every 4 years for getting good harvest. Supplying of good quality seed tubers to the farmers at right time is a real challenge in the national level. Biotechnological interventions along with tissue culture and suitably engineered growing structure called aeroponics can provide a future solution to the rapid production of truthful quality as well as breeder seed of potato. With this aim, CPRI has developed and standardized aeroponics system in India. Our Team in CRPI Regional station, Shillong, Meghalaya has initiated a prototype of this aeroponic structure suitable for the NEH region. Under tissue culture based seed production system, virus free microplants of potato are produced after proper diagnostic test of mother plants by ELISA, Nucleic acid spot hybridization test or PCR etc. These micro- plants are then serially multiplied through nodal cutting and cultures on Modified MS media for three weeks and then the full grown harden microplants are planted on Aeroponic panel for soilless production of mini tubers. The study was conducted at Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m AMSL, 25.54°N, 91.85°E) during summer season (March to August, 2013, 2014) to evaluate the performance of three potato varieties viz. Kufri Megha, Kufri Himalini and Kufri Himsona in an aeroponics system installed under net cum polyhouse. Potato micro-plants of these varieties were hardened for about 10 days and then transplanted on the growth panels, each containing 28 plants at spacing of 14 cm x 16 cm. The nutrient solution containing all the essential macro and micro-nutrients in appropriate proportion suitable for growing potato crop were supplied to the root zone by intermittent spraying at 3-4 minutes interval for 20 seconds in fine mist to keep it saturated. The root initiation begins within 4-5 days in all the varieties. First harvesting was done after 30-45 days depending on varieties by picking the mini-tubers with diameters larger than 20-25 mm (3g). Subsequent harvesting was done at an interval of 10 days. Maximum number of mini-tubers/plant was recorded in Kufri Himalini (53.58) followed by Kufri Himsona (46.48) and Kufri

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 53 Megha (40.08). Kufri Himalini (3.62 kg) produced maximum yield of mini-tubers/m2 followed by Kufri Himsona (3.38 kg) and Kufri Megha (2.60 kg). The mean minitubers weight was highest in Kufri Himsona (5.03) followed by Kufri Himalini (4.32) and Kufri Megha (2.91). In general, Kufri Megha produced more number of small sized minitubers while Kufri Himsona produced less number of large sized minitubers. Kufri Himalini exhibited an optimum combination in terms of number of mini-tubers produced and its size. The aeroponics system for quality seed production can serve as a potent tool to increase the production of mini-tubers in initial generation of multiplication to manifolds which will help in attaining self sufficiency for seed potato availability within the NE region. S-4/L-3 VIRUS DISEASES OF TUBER CROPS: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

Jayanta Tarafdar Professor, Department of Plant Pathology & Officer in Charge of AICRP on Tuber Crops, Kalyani Centre, Directorate of Research Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani 741235, West Bengal

Abstract Tropical tuber crops possess high photosynthetic ability coupled with the capacity to yield under marginal lands, adverse biotic and abiotic stress etc. The nutritional advantages of these crops make a dent in the development programmes especially in rural areas. Among the tropical tuber crops, aroids (elephant foot yam and upland & lowland taro), sweet potato, yams (greater yam) and yam bean are grown extensively either as a sole crop in farming systems or as intercrops which are critical contributor of global food security. Among all the diseases reported in India, cassava mosaic virus, Sweetpotato Virus diseases (SPVD), dasheen mosaic virus in elephant foot yam and taro are the major importance as they cause considerable reduction in the yield and serious threats for quality planting material production. Most of the tuber crops are propagated vegetative means which makes the plants more vulnerable to easy transmission of viruses throughout the season and successive years. Sweetpotato Feathery mottle Virus (SPFMV), Sweetpotato leaf curl (SPLV) and sweetpotato net vein begomo virus, sweetpotato mild mottle virus, dasheen mosaic virus infecting taro and EFY and Cassava mosaic virus (CMD) prevailing in West Bengal have been detected and characterized. These diseases very quickly spread in the field through the planting materials. However, rapid detection and diagnosis of viruses in tuber crops have been carrying out for disease free quality planting material production in tuber

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 54 crops. Investigation of the viruses by molecular and serological diagnostics has revealed fascinating techniques that enable these to perceive a wide range of viruses infect tuber crops. Our recent insights demonstrating that the viruses of diverse genomes infect several tuber crops which provide exciting future prospects for advanced studies and to improve virus disease resistance in tuber crops.

S-4/O-1 rDNA GENE SEQUENCE BASED PHYLOGENY AND RAPD ANALYSIS OF Bipolaris sorokiniana, A SPOT BLOTCH PATHOGEN OF SORGHUM

Priyanka Bhattacharjee1, Arnab Sen2, Usha Chakraborty1, Bishwanath Chakraborty1 1Immuno phytopathology laboratory 2Cytogenetics and bio-informatics laboratory Cytogenetics laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal Abstract Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] is the one of the most important cereal crop in the world. It is the staple food grain for over 750 million people who live in the semi- arid tropics of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Global production of sorghum is currently estimated for 57.6 million tonnes, with Asian countries contributing 20% of the total production. Within Asia, India is the largest producer of sorghum grain. Recently there have been severe signs of decline sorghum decline caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana resulting in decreased production of sorghum in villages of kalimpong and Darjeeling. In the present study, initially, several strains of fungus were isolated from diseased leaves of Sorghum bicolor which were morphologically identified as Bipolaris sorokiniana. Genomic DNA of B.sorokiniana isolated from infected leaves was purified and PCR amplification of 18s rDNA was done using specific primers. Amplified product (1200 bp) was sequenced and aligned against ex-type strain sequences of B.sorokiniana from NCBI GenBank using BLAST and phylogenetic analysis was obtained using MEGA4 software. RAPD PCR analysis and DGGE analysis of amplified genomic DNA were done.The evolutionary history was inferred using the UPGMA method. Amplification of ITS region of the rDNA can be considered as a rapid technique for identifying pathogens successfully in all cases.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 55 V

technical session

Host - pathogen interactions

S-5/L-1 PATHOGENS BEHAVIOR IN COMPATIBLE AND INCOMPATIBLE INTERACTION USING PROTEOMICS APPROACH: A CASE STUDY IN Alternaria brassicicola INFECTING Arabidopsis thaliana

Arup K Mukherjee1,3*, Benjamin A Horwitz1, Rina Zuchman2, Tamar Ziv2, Sophie Lev1, Shimon Gepstein1 1 Department of Biology, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion, Haifa-32000, Israel 2Smoler Proteomics Center, Department of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel 3*Present Address: Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack-753006, Odisha, India

Abstract

It was assumed that Alternaria brassicicola cannot establish compatible interactions with Arabidopsis thaliana but we for the first time using a transcriptomics approach proved that compatible interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype DiG infected with Alternaria brassicicola do exist. In another study we also followed the differential expression of different sets of genes in an incompatible interaction of A. brassicicola with A. thaliana using proteomics approach. Most studies usually have focused on the host to study the host-pathogen interactions. Relatively few works have been so far reported to study the behavior of pathogen in the compatible and incompatible hosts. In the present study we have made an attempt to study the differential gene expression of A. brassicicola in different hosts of A. thaliana (compatible and incompatible) using proteomics approach. The result showed gene regulations that are different in compatible and incompatible interactions. It was interesting to note that in approximately 50% of cases the proteomics data did not match with transcriptomics data. Later on it was established by other workers that for about 50% of fungal genes, regulation at the transcript and protein levels do not match.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 56 S-5/O-1 PRECISE PHENOTYPING OF WHEAT FOR IDENTIFICATION OF TRAITS RELATED WITH RESISTANCE TOWARDS SPOT BLOTCH OF WHEAT

Sukram Thapa1, M. Dolpriya Devi2, A. K. Chowdhury2, R. Chand3 and P. M. Bhattacharya2 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 2 Department of Plant Pathjology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar 3Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi

Abstract

To meet the demand of wheat in internal and external market, gradually wheat area has expanded to non-traditional warmer parts of South Asia which includes Eastern India, Bangladesh and Terai of Nepal. These areas are characterized by warm temperature with high humidity and thus provide an ideal environment for foliar diseases particularlySpot Blotch caused by Bipolarissorokiniana. On an average, a South Asian country loses 17-20% of crop yield through leaf blight disease, which can be devastating for small farmers in the Eastern Gangetic Plains. The sources of higher levels of resistance had been achieved using conventional breeding methods, mainly because of the polygenic nature of this resistance. So, precision phenotyping of the genotypes is extremely important to find the markers for further selection process. For the purpose an attempt was made to study the variation in response of the genotypes to spot blotch, which may be due to variation in host, pathogen or environment and further may be used as diagnostic trait for resistant stock of germplasm. The present investigation involved over 600 different genotypes including a RIL population of Sonalika x Yangmai 6 cross constituting 2 sets of germplasm obtained from BHU through a CGIAR Research Grant project with variation in disease response and other related traits including phenological, morphological, physiological and symptomatological characters. Finally 55 genotypes with 8 susceptible checks were planted and classified on the basis of selected traits to explain the disease. The germplasm was planted with two replications under protected and non-protected condition following proper statistical procedures to study different phenotypic traits. Multivariate analysis of the traits in relation to disease indicated that a few traits like number of lesions, rate of chlorophyll decline and canopy temperature may be considered as the major phenotypic traits related with disease tolerance in the field.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 57 S-5/P-1 SCREENING OF WHEAT GERMPLASM FOR RESISTANCE TO SPOT BLOTCH IN TERAI REGION OF WEST BENGAL

Satyajit Hebram1, Rakesh Patsa1, Saikat Das2 and Manmatha Hansda2 1Regional Research station, Terai zone, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, W.B. 2AICW&BIP, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal

Abstract

Resistance to spot blotch is the most important objectives in Terai zone and they are the major factor that adversely affects wheat yield and quality and finally causes considerable economic damage. This study was aimed at screening elite wheat germplasm against Bipolaris soroaniana causing spot blotch disease. In addition to the reduction in yield the diseases deteriorates the seed quality. So, in this investigation effort has been made to screen the germplasm against the pathogen under natural condition by artificial inoculum with aqueous spore suspension (spore concentration @ 103/ml) of the pathogen. Among the one hundred seventy six wheat genotypes screened under natural epiphytotic condition at Agriculture Research Farm, U.B.K.V. Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India, during 2014-15. The scoring was done different stage on Flag (F) and F-1 leaf in 0-9 scale where, 0 indicates no blight and 1-upto 10% blighted area and so on. Data was recorded at three different crop growth stages such as flowering, dough and hard dough stages. Among the three stages, blight record at hard dough stage was most distinct in terms of giving clear comparison between resistant and susceptible entries and therefore data at hard dough stage was used for final categorization of test entries. Among the 148 entries 02 were resistant and 39 genotypes were moderately resistant, 53 lines were found to be susceptible, 54 lines are highly susceptible entries and not a single entry were found highly resistant during this season.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 58 S-5/P-2 ASSESSMENT OF CHOCOLATE SPOT DISEASE TOLERANCE IN FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) GENOTYPES

Sanket Kumar, Santanu Layek, Anamika Upadhyay, Sk Masudul Islam and M. K. Pandit Department of Vegetable Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Development of high yielding varieties with an adequate resistance or tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses is the main aim of any crop breeding program. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the minor vegetable crop in India, having rich source of proteins. It has been attacked by several diseases, among them chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae) is the most destructive disease that cause drastic losses in faba bean yield worldwide. The present investigation was conducted at the District Seed Farm (A-B block), B.C.K.V., Kalyani Simanta, Nadia, West Bengal, during 2016-2017. The 36 faba bean lines with 2 check lines, ICARUS (Resistant) and Fam 54B (Susceptible), were evaluated for screening tolerance/ resistance against chocolate spot diseases through observing the number of infected leaves and size of the sporulating lesions. Disease severity on leaves was rated using 1-9 rating scale and Percentage severity index (PSI) was calculated. The highest mean disease severity index was 58.03 % recorded in FLIP16-188 followed by FLIP16-180 (54.99 %), FLIP16-172 (51.66 %) and FLIP16-213 (51.09 %) indicated that these lines were highly susceptible among all faba bean lines. ICARUS (Resistant) was recorded only 29.79% disease severity that showed maximum tolerance against chocolate spot. However, among Faba bean lines FLIP16-165 (32.48 %), FLIP15-018 FB (34.34 %) and FLIP16-206 (35.65 %) were observed most tolerant against chocolate spot diseases after check, ICARUS. Therefore, these chocolate spot tolerant lines might be used for inheritance of tolerant genes to other faba bean genotypes and also a great potential for direct use in various faba bean breeding programmes.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 59 technical session VI

Plant health management by manipulation of rhizosphere, phyllosphere and plant nutrition

S-6/L-1 HARNESSING PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING MICROORGANISMS FOR GROWTH PROMOTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TEA ROOT DISEASES

U. Chakraborty , B. N. Chakraborty, A.P.Chakraborty and K.Sunar Immuno-Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri-734013, West Bengal Email : [email protected]

Abstract

Rhizosphere microorganisms of tea were initially tested in vitro for PGPR traits such as - phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, IAA production, and antagonism against fungal pathogens. On the basis of positive results for these, Bacillus megaterium, B.pumilus B.altitudinus, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Paenibacillus lentimorbus and Serratia marcescens. Were selected for application in vivo. These PGPR enhanced growth of tea varieties in the nursery as well as in the field. Plant growth promotion was determined in terms of increase in height of plants, number of leaves, their biomass and number of shoots. Foliar application of the bacteria also gave significant results. All of them were very effective in solubilization of soil phosphates as evidenced by higher root phosphate content in the roots of plants grown in treated soil. In order to determine the tolerance of the bacteria to insecticides, in vitro tests were conducted which indicated that the bacteria could tolerate more than 100 times the concentration applied in the field. Since insect attack is a problem in tea plantations, for improving health of tea plants, an integrated approach involving a low dose of commonly applied insecticide, and a PGPR, gave very good results. Sustainability of the applied bacteria in soil was tested by PTA-ELISA and Dot immunobinding assay using polyclonal antibodies raised against the PGPRs. The PGPR could protect the plants against brown root rot caused by Fomes lamaoensis, root rot by Poria hypobrunnea and sclortial blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Either foliar or soil application of the PGPR led to enhancement in activities of defense related enzymes- -1, 3 glucanase, in tea leaves. Total phenols also increased quantitatively, along with an increase in isomers of catechins, which are important flavonoids of tea leaves. Immunological detection of the pathogens in soil revealed reduction in their population. The bacteria could survive in bioformulations of rice husk, talc powder, saw dust and tea waste for more than nine months. Application of bioformulations gave results comparable to those of live bacterial cell applications. It is evident from the results of the present study that application of PGPRs in the soil lead to biopriming of the plants through induced.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 60 S-6/L-2 FINE TUNING ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA (AM) TECHNOLOGY FOR CAPTURING ECOSYSTEM SERVICE OF NATIVE AM FUNGI IN TERMS OF IMPROVING P NUTRITION OF UPLAND RICE (Oryza sativa L.) – A CLIMATE SMART OPTION

D Maiti, Neha Nancy Toppo, Mukesh Nitin, Binit Kumar and CV Singh Central Rainfed Upland Rice Research Station (Unit of ICAR – National Rice Research Institute), Hazaribag, 825 301, Jharkhand (India) E-mail ID: [email protected]

Abstract

About 22% (7 m ha) of total rice growing area in India is under uplands which is rainfed and drought prone. The ecology is characterized by poor organic matter content and water holding capacity of soils with acidic reaction. Upland rice is predominantly grown as subsistence farming by poor farming community with low productivity owing to several unfavorable climatic and edaphic factors of which poor P acquisition is important. Aerobic soil conditions of uplands, on the other, favors activities of native AM fungi (AMF) which are known to promote higher P acquisition by crops and more active in moisture stress environment, which is becoming more acute under climate change situations, particularly in rainfed ecology. With the hypothesis that augmenting activities of native AMF flora, which is highly diversified in rainfed uplands, would improve P acquisition of upland rice, several avenues viz.; manipulations in (i) rice based cropping systems, (ii) cultural management and (iii) application of on-farm produced AMF mass inculum were evaluated and promising AMF-supportive components were identified. Integration of these components resulted additive effects in terms of improvement in P acquisition and concomitant grain yield of upland rice. The promising components were further fine tuned through field experiments and on- farm evaluations in farmers’ fields and revised AM-technology for upland rice was established which comprises of following components. 1. Rice based cropping system options; a) Two years crop rotation of maize (Zea mays L.) relay cropped by horse gram (Dolichos biflorus L.) in first year and upland rice in second year b) Two years crop rotation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) in first year and upland rice in second year 2. Reduced (by 33% over recommendation) P- fertilizer application in rice under either of the AMF supportive rice based cropping systems

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 61 3. Application of P- fertilizer in the forms of DAP and rock phosphate in equal halves in rice 4. Application of on-farm produced improved AMF mass inoculums (soil root based) will further enhance grain yield of rice.

S-6/O-1 SALT TOLERANT RHIZOSPHERIC Bacillus sp. FROM COASTAL REGION PROMOTING PLANT GROWTH AND ALLEVIATING BIOTIC AND SALT STRESS

A. R. Burman, S. Das, A. Dasgupta and S. Dutta Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, Email : [email protected]

Abstract

Salt Stress is the osmotic forces exerted on plants when they are growing in excessively saline conditions. Salinity remains one of men’s oldest environment and horticultural problems and challenging to scientist for production and productivity in our state. Around 10% of the world’s total arable land is salt affected. On 25th May 2009, severe cyclone Aila hit the Bay of Bengal coast of The Indian Sundarban region with it tidal surges of up to 6.5 metres, affecting 11 coastal districts. This surge of water damaged and washed away over 1,743 kms of embankments, removing the only protection available to many people along the coast. This tidal surge causes floods over the entire region which brought high salinity and pH. This flood increased salinity and pH condition of agricultural land and highly affected crop production. Introduction of salt- tolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that enhance crop growth in saline soil is a way to tackle this problem. The proposed idea is that root-colonizing bacteria that produce phytohormones and antagonistic metabolites are thought to stimulate plant growth as well as help in nutrient recycling in the rhizosphere microorganisms, thus, reducing the effects of salinity in the environment and provides resistance to plants from biotic stresses. In this study, 33 isolates of rhizobacteria were isolated from rhizosphere of bani, dhani, horkoch, groundnut, onion and sunflower collected from costal belt of West Bengal. Eight isolates could grow well in 10% NaCl concentration. From the evaluation of the rhizobacterial isolates in vitro by dual culture method, 8 were found to be potent in enhancing plant growth. The isolates were identified as Bacillus spp. based on sequencing of the 16S rDNA regions. Studies revealed that that the 8 rhizobacterial

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 62 isolates were highly antagonistic against Sclerotium rolfsii under in vitro condition and inhibited the vegetative growth of the fungus at varied level. Salt tolerance of the isolates was correlated with vigour index and the production of NH3, IAA, HCN, siderophore and chitinase whereas vigour index of mungbean seeds using these isolates was correlated with their salt tolerance and the production of IAA, HCN and siderophore. Based on plant growth promotion, salt stress alleviation and antagonistic activity in vitro, these isolates could be utilized for region specific ecofriendly management of plant diseases and salt stress thereby improving crop yield.

S-6/O-2 MANAGEMENT OF FUNGAL WILT OF MANDARIN PLANTS WITH SPENT MUSHROOM COMPOST OF Agaricus bisporus

Shibu Barman*, Priyanka Bhattacharya, Usha Chakraborty and Bishwanath Chakraborty Immuno-Phytopathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Siliguri -734013, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Citrus is an important economic crop of North Bengal. Dry root rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum is one of the most serious diseases found in mandarin. In the present study spent mushroom composts (SMC) of Agaricus bisporus was used both in aqueous and powdered forms for the management of wilt of Citrus reticulata caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The inhibition of fungal growth by spent mushroom substrate in both in vitro and in vivo was done. Spent composts significantly reduced fungal wilt of citrus plant under green house conditions and produced larger growth inhibition zones of bacteria on artificial medium. Disease severity was reduced by application of SMC which was evident with increased activity of defense enzymes (PAL, POX, and β-1,3- glucanase and chitinase) and cellular localization of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence using PAbs of chitinase and glucanase and FITC conjugates. Moreover, spent mushroom compost improved all agronomic characteristics of citrus plants such as plant height, number of flower per plant, number of shoots per plant, root length, root weight, and dry plant weight. The ability of spent mushroom compost to reduce disease severity and enhance plant growth could be attributed to the alteration of physical structure of soil and encouragement of plant friendly microbes by the compost. The effect of SMC on phyto-chemical composition of leaf was evaluated by GC-MS.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 63 S-6/O-3 INFLUENCE OF MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE, ROOT COLONIZATION, AND YIELD OF BOTTLE GOURD

Imtinungsng Jamir1, Asit Kumar Mandal1, Tridip Bhattacharjee2, Praveen Kumar Maurya2 and Arup Chattopadhyay2 1Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya 2Department of Vegetable Science, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

Abstract

The present investigation was conducted at AICRP on Vegetable Crops, BCKV, Kalyani, (W.B.) during the 2nd week of August, 2016 in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatments included soil drenching with different strain of mycorrhiza (Bolt SP, NZBBA9048, NZBBA9049 and NZBBA9050). Thirteen growth and yield parameters were studied. Plant tissue analysis (N ,P, K, Zn) was done as per standard methods using fruits of marketable maturity collected at 3rd picking. Collected root samples from field were properly cleared with tap water and then with distilled water. After that, they were autoclaved in 10% KOH at 15lb pressure for 20 minutes. Cleared roots were rinsed with acidified water (0.1N HCl) for several times. The roots were then stained with 0.05% cotton blue (0.05% cotton blue solution in lactophenol). Excess stain was removed from the root samples and they were observed under compound microscope. The data revealed that different mycorrhizal products influenced the growth and reproductive parameters of bottle gourd. Irrespective of the treatments, non-inoculated plants established the symbiosis, but the root colonization level was lower than the root colonization observed in the plants inoculated. The indigenous mycorrhiza (AMF) could colonize only 15% in case of untreated plants. All the mycorrhizal treatments applied in the present study were found to be efficient root colonizer than control. The treatment BOLT SP @ 250 g/ha was found to be best colonizer in bottle gourd root system. BOLT SP colonized 60% and 74% roots after 6 and 8 weeks, respectively followed by NZBBA 9049 @ 500g/ha and NZBBA 9050 @ 500g/ha. It can concluded from the study that the efficacy of these mycorrhizal products to increase crop yield and nutrient uptake varied between the treatments, although inoculation with BOLT SP @ 250 g/ha and NZBBA9049 @ 500 g/ha always resulted in better ways. Key word: Mycorrhizal fungi, nutrient uptake, root colonization, bottle gourd

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 64 S-6/O-4

INFLUENCE OF OXIDATIVE STRESS (H2O2) AND AMMONIA (NH3) ON BIOCONTROL ACTIVITY OF SOME PHYLLOPLANE YEASTS

Darsana Dilip K.C.1, Uday BikashOraon*, D. Boral and Jayanta Saha Department of Plant Pathology, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal-741252 1 Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, KAU, Thrissur, Kerala- 680656 *Presenting & corresponding author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The limitations of synthetic fungicides for the control of plant diseases have prompted the utilization of antagonistic microorganisms as a promising alternative to the former, particularly to control postharvest decay. In previous studies, several antagonistic yeasts have shown high encouraging biocontrol efficiency and great potential for practical application. Adverse conditions such as oxidative stress limit the bioefficacy of antagonistic yeasts against hemibiotrophic pathogens in in-vivo conditions. Hemibiotrophic postharvest pathogen (eg. Colletotrichum musae) when gets activated from its quiescent state becomes necrotic, triggering an oxidative burst in the host tissue to facilitate its further development and colonization. As a consequence, biocontrol yeasts have to face the challenge to survive and exert its potential to control the pathogen or the disease. Thus the efficacy of biocontrol yeasts against postharvest pathogens is also determined by their ability to withstand oxidative stress (Macarisin et al., 2010). On the other hand ammonia (NH3) was reported to act as a signalling molecule in colony differentiation, helping yeasts to survive the oxidative stress. The present study was attempted to investigate the effect of ammonia in providing oxidative stress tolerance to some of the potential antagonistic yeasts, ScYZ 7, CtYZ 27, YP1 obtained from phylloplanes. The result indicated that exogenous oxidative stress has a significant effect on the viability and biocontrol efficacy of the above mentioned antagonistic yeasts. The study also implicated that extraneous source of ammonia triggers an oxidative stress resistant response in the bicontrol yeasts. Key words: Biocontrol yeast, Collectotrichum musae, Oxidative stress systematic resistance besides direct mechanisms of growth promotion and pathogen inhibition.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 65 S-6/O-5 ANTAGONISTIC YEASTS FROM PHYLLOPLANE AGAINST Colletotrichum musae

*D. Baral, U.B. Oraon, S. Halsana and J. Saha Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741252. *Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Control of post harvest losses of banana fruit basically anthracnose, still depends on the use of the synthetic fungicides. When food safety is concerned, people are interested to find out the most promising alternatives to synthetic fungicides. Modern approaches of biological control by using antagonistic yeasts are proved to be promising for controlling post harvest diseases. Investigation was undertaken to select antagonistic yeasts from phylloplane to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum musae causing anthracnose of banana. Twenty seven yeasts were isolated from the phylloplane of bottle gourd, mustard, cabbage, brinjal, cauliflower and from the yeast cake used for alcohol fermentation. In vitro test was done against the test pathogen Colletotrichum musae following the dual culture plate techniques. Wide variation in cultural behavior including colour, growth and consistency of yeast colonies isolated from the different sources were observed. Out of twenty seven yeasts isolated viz., YD27, YDP2, YDP8, YDP13, YDP17 and YDP22 showed the considerable reduction in growth performance of anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum musae. This may be explored further to develop a formulated product as safe alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling different post harvest diseases.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 66 S-6/O-6 SHELF LIFE OF THE TALC DASED FORMULATED PRODUCT OF Beauveria bassiana AND ITS EFFECT ON HOST INSECTS

M. Debnath1, P. Mondal2 and S.K. Mandal3 1 Nadia Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bidhan Chandra Krishi viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur, Pin:741234 2Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agriculture, Visva Bharati 3Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi viswavidyalaya

Abstract

Beauveria bassiana was grown in yeast peptone dextrose broth in 100 ml broth in 250 ml conical flask in 25+1 0C temperature and 80 + 5% R.H. for 21 days and talc based formulated product was prepared from the fungi. The CFU count of the formulated product reflected that in ambient temperature the shelf life of the product depends on season. In summer season when the talc based product was formulated in the month of April with initial CFU count 4.167 X108 CFU/g and was kept in ambient temperature, it satisfied the CIB standard (> 108 CFU/ g) up to the month of July i.e three months with 1.167 X108 CFU/g. But when the same product was kept in the refrigerator in 8+10C temperature, it remained viable up to the month of October i.e. six months with CFU count 1.5 X108 CFU/g. When the product was sprayed on the host insect Coryra cephalonica, it was observed that decreasing CFU count reduces the mortality percentage of the host insect but it also depends on the ambient temperature. The result reflected that the product which was kept in the refrigerator and having higher CFU/g (3.667 X108 CFU/g) can cause mortality to 40% host insect only in the month of june. In the months of July, August and September also the mortality percentage of the host insect was quite low though the product having higher CFU/g which was 2.667 X108 CFU/g, 2.333 X108 CFU/g and 1.833 X108 CFU/g respectively. In the month of October the product resulted quite higher mortality percentage of 42% with lower CFU count which was 1.5 X108 CFU/g. The scenario was quite different in the winter season. When the product was formulated in the month of November with initial CFU count 4.33 X108 CFU/g, it maintained it viability up to the month of April of the next year i.e five months with 1.667 X108 CFU/g. In the winter months the mortality percentages of the host insects were also higher ranging from 73 – 60 %, though mortality percentage decreased with decreasing CFU count. In the winter months also the product remained viable for six months in refrigerated condition. The result reflected that the viability of the product in the refrigerated condition doesn’t depend on the season. The officacy of the products on host insects, kept either in ambient temperature or in refrigerated condition, were more or less equivalent.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 67 VII

technical session

Recent trends in management of post harvest disease in protected cultivation

S-7/L-1 BIO-CONTROL BY YEAST: A SAFE ALTERNATIVE WAY TO MANAGE POST HARVEST DISEASES

JayantaSaha* and UdayBikashOraon Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal – 741252 *Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Significant losses in harvest fruit can be directly attributable to decaying fungi. Some of these pathogenic fungi are also the source of mycotoxins that are harmful to humans. Biological control of postharvest decay of fruits, vegetables and grains using antagonistic yeasts has been explored as one of several promising alternatives to chemical fungicides.Yeast species have been isolated over the past few decades from a variety of sources, including fruit surfaces, the phyllosphere, soil and sea water, and their potential as postharvest biocontrol agents has been investigated. The most effective are Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida sake, C. oleophila, C. Tropicalis, Metschnikowia spp. and yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, which are able to reduce or inhibit the growth of fungi causing post harvest spoilage such as Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Penicillium and Rhizopus etc. causing rots of fruit or act on other field phytopathogens across the globe (Drobyet al., 1993; Lima et al., 1997; Wisniewski et al., 2007, Sten et al., 2014, Zhimo et al., 2015, 2016). Several mechanisms have been proposed as responsible for their antagonistic activity, including competition for nutrients and space, parasitism of the pathogen, secretion of antifungal compounds, induction of host resistance, bio-film formation. It has been recognized that a biocontrol system is composed of a tritrophic interaction among the host (eg.fruit), the pathogen and the yeast, all of which are affected by environmental factors. Microbial antagonists are applied either before or after harvest, but postharvest applications are more effective than preharvest applications. The new paradigm shift proposed in the biocontrol research includes the integration of low risk chemical fungicides, natural anti-microbial substances, and physical means such as hot water treatment, irradiation in the bio-control process; the enhancement in the expression of crucial biocontrol genes and/or combining genes from different biocontrol agents in the mass production, formulation and storage; the use of genetically modified organisms as biocontrol agents; and the research towards discovering new antagonists instead of the ones currently used in practice. Efficacy and consistent performance in controlling postharvest diseases are the hurdles that must be overcome if the use of yeast

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 68 biocontrol agents and other alternatives are to be widely used commercially. Formulae of effective biocontrol preparations based on yeasts have been under investigation. Yeast based technologies and products (eg. Aspire® containing Candida oleophila, Yield Plus® containing C. albidus) for post-harvest disease management of fruits are already practiced and developed in Europe. In this regard, the use of antagonistic yeasts has been especially emphasized since the production of toxic secondary metabolites (antibiotics) is generally not involved in their inhibitory activity (Wisniewski and Wilson, 1992), however some yeast are able to synthesize vitamin-B beneficial for the consumers. Till date several workers have reported the biocontrol activity of yeast against a wide range of plant pathogens isolated from different sources around the world but extensive survey needs to be carried out in India to isolate potential biocontrol yeast to explore the precise information about the frequency and distribution and diversity of distinct biocontrol yeast isolates with greater stress tolerance capacity under storage as well as field environmental conditions. The diversity of yeast had been the answer to fulfill human necessities and protecting food in the early times of civilization, and, undoubtedly, it is going to continue being a source of new solutions in the future.

S-7/O-1 EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L)

Pragun Pal1, Dr. Subhasis Mondal2 Department of Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, West Bengal, India Email id:[email protected]

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at the Central Research Farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur, Nadia, West Bengal, during the years 2015-2016 in randomized block design. Paclobutrazol, a growth retardant was applied@ 2.5 g.a.i/tree through soil drench method to 20 years old un-pruned grafted mango plant cv. Himsagar on first day of each month from July to February. Along with the untreated control, total nine treatments, those were triplicated considering each plant as replication. The study indicated that the lower rate of root uptake, respiration and transpiration is related to the checking of vigour of the mango plants, though paclobutrazol has a promoting effect on the rate of photosynthesis.The present work

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 69 has opened that the September month and in around is the right time of paclobutrazol application which gives the most desirable result in checking vegetative growth by checking different physiological processes and promoting reproductive growth of the species. Water uptake also influence transpiration rate through plant growth regulator. Definite doses, time of application of paclobutrazol and physical growth parameters of orchard are interrelated.

S-7/P-1 SHELF LIFE IMPROVEMENT AND QUALITY MAINTENANCE OF MANGO FRUITS BY PHYSICAL TREATMENTS

Aman Kumar*, Subhramalya Dutta, Ivi Chakraborty and Jayanta Saha1 Dept. of Post Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops, Faculty of Horticulture, 1Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia (W.B.)-741252. *Presenting author: Email- [email protected]

Abstract

A rough estimate of about 30% post harvest losses of fruits and vegetables during storage, transport and marketing is a major concern for increasing total consumable production in India. Effective measures like pre harvest application of ripening inhibitors & anti-microbial agents, modified atmospheric packaging, waxing with synthetic anti-microbial compounds, low temperature storage are some recommendations against postharvest perishable crop losses. The physical methods and use of antagonistic microorganisms are now considered safe alternative to the synthetic compounds. Keeping the above facts in view, the present investigation was carried out to increase the shelf life of highly perishable tropical fruit like mango by using combinations of physical treatments like γ-irradiation and hot water treatment followed by low temperature storage. Fresh unripe mango (cv Lakshmanbhog) fruits collected from research plantation (from Malda) treated with hot water dipping at 45°C for 10 mins or 50°C for 2 mins followed by γ-irradiation using Cobalt-60 in irradiation chamber GC-5000 at 0.75 KGy. The treated fruits kept in paper packets and stored in cold chamber at 12°C resulted in shelf life extension of 20 days over untreated control (6 days) without changes in the quality parameters like colour, firmness, TSS, ascorbic acid, β-Carotene content and titrable acidity contents. After 26 days of storage, fruits started to show brown-black blemishes

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 70 of peel slowly due to some physiological reasons. However, pulp and stone remained unchanged till 35 days of storage. The untreated fruits showed symptom of anthracnose disease which is the major cause of spoilage. Hot water treatment for longer duration totally inhibited anthracnose development but reduced the sensory attribute to make the fruits unacceptable to the consumer beyond 10 days of storage. On the other hand, higher doze (1-1.5KGy) hastened the ripening within 7 days to make the fruits spoiled beyond 7 days of storage. The above mentioned treatment combination may be recommended for improvement of shelf-life of mango (cv Lakshmanbhog) keeping the quality parameters intact. This may further be tested with other varieties of mango and other perishable tropical fruits in a large scale.

S-7/P-2 POTENTIALITY OF PLANT EXTRACT BASED FORMULATION AGAINST FUNGAL PLANT PATHOGENS

Pradip Sarkar1*, Susamoy Kundu1, Ankita Roy1, Soumen Saha2, R K Kole2, B N Panja1 and J Saha1 1Department of Plant Pathology, 2Department of Agricultural Chemicals, BCKV, Mohanpur; West Bengal, India *Presenting author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In pursuance of searching for safer alternative to synthetic fungicides, solvent based extracts of leaves (different growth stages) and inflorescence of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.), Glycosmis pentaphylla and Polyalthia longifolia plants were formulated and tested in-vitro against different fungal plant pathogens viz. Colletotrichum capsici, C. musae, Alternaria alternate Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis Vexans and Rhizoctonia solani isolated from field crops whereas C. gloeosporioides and Doplodia natalensis from post harvest crops. Results of In-vitro poison food technique revealed that Polyalthia old leaf extract (20EC formulation) showed highest mean per cent inhibition (54.62 %) of radial growth irrespective of fungal pathogens over control whereas standard fungicide Carbendazim (@5μg/mL) showed 50.27 % radial growth inhibition which was followed by fern leaf and Polyalthia new leaf extract. Among the test fungi, R. solani exhibited the highest sensitivity (65.17 %) towards plant extracts irrespective of solvents used followed by D. natalensis, C. capsici, P. vexans, C. musae and A. alternata showed the least (29.07 %). Among the three solvents used methanol extract

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 71 showed highest mean inhibitory effect over control (52.85 %) followed by chloroform and hexane extract. The hexane extract of Glycosmis whole inflorescence, methanol extract of Fern leaf, chloroform extract of Polyalthia new leaf and Glycosmis leaf showed a better In-vitro inhibitory effects against post harvest plant pathogens viz. C. gloeosporoides, , Doplodia natalensis. When the harvested mango fruits (c.v. Himsagar) were treated with 0.2% formulation of these four extracts no significant changes were observed in the post harvest quality of mango but the effect of these extracts on extension of shelf life of mango fruits on keeping quality was found almost comparable to that of Carbendazim (@ 1gm/L) at 10 days of storage under room temperature. Therefore, plant extracts based formulations could effectively be used for in vitro and in vivo management of some fungal pathogens isolated from field and post harvest crops.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 72

PROF. M. J. NARASIMHAN ACADEMIC MERIT AWARD

Prof. M.J. Narasimhan Academic Merit Award 2017 INFLUENCE OF WEATHER INDICES ON SPOT BLOTCH DISEASE OF WHEAT IN NORTH EASTERN PLAIN ZONE OF INDIA

R. Patsa1, S. Hembram1 and P.M. Bhattacharya1 Department of Plant Pathology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar-736165 Corresponding author Email address: [email protected]

Abstract

The second most important food crop of the country is wheat. The productivity of wheat in India is low (2.95 t/ha) as compare to China (5.34 t/ha) in 2015-16. Biotic stresses play an important role for significant yield loss, among them Bipolaris sorokiniana is one of the most destructive diseases, which attacks wheat plant at most crucial growth stage. Yield losses due to spot blotch disease in wheat are reported to range from 15.5% to 100% under favorable weather condition. Environmental factors play crucial role for initiation and spread of the disease. Results revealed that maximum spore germination was recorded at 30°C temperature followed by 25°C temperature, whereas, highest length and width of new borne secondary conidia and conidiophore was recorded at 15°C followed by 20°C temperature. Formation time of new borne secondary conidia and conidiophore was shorten at 25°C temperature followed by 20°C. Under light condition at varying temperature no sporulation was observed. Under field condition, vegetative phase of both the cultivar (UBW-9 and Sonalika) was reduced with delayed sowing. Reproductive phase of the crop between days to flowering and days to physiological maturity was recorded with delayed planting. The late sown crop has less plant height than normal sowing. The numbers of grain per spike of both the cultivars were more in timely sown plant than the late sown. In cultivar UBW-9 grain per spike (49.06) was always higher than the Sonalika (35.11). The relation between thousand grain weight and date of sowing indicates that thousand grain weight was more in early sown as compared to late sown crop in both the cultivars. The Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was significantly higher in 4th, 5th and 6th date of sowing. Rate of increment of disease in susceptible variety was 10.08 AUDPC per day in contrast to resistance genotype with only 3.66 AUDPC per day with delayed planting from 16th November. At the same time it was also observed that a susceptible variety losses 45.5 kg of yield per hectare per day where as a resistance variety losses 37.5 kg per hectare per day with delayed planting from 16th November. The effects of Canopy temperature on plant yield were found to be significant at first date of sowing than delayed sowing. The AUDPC/degree-days

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 73 increased significantly as a function of sowing time from 26th November to 16th December. Highest chlorophyll content (650.86) was recorded in UBW-9. In Sonalika Chlorophyll contain was always lower than the UBW-9 because in Sonalika disease severity was much higher. Weather indices like minimum temperature, minimum & maximum relative humidity are highly correlated with disease development. From the field data, step wise multiple regression models were developed keeping disease severity as dependent variables and weather variables as independent variables for prediction of disease development for both susceptible and resistant cultivars, where in both cases variability can be explained to the extent of 92 % and 81% respectively.

CHARACTERIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF FUNGICIDES INDUCED NOVEL PATHOGENESIS RELATED PROTEIN 1 (PR1) GENE IN TOMATO (Solanumlycopersicum) cv. PATHARKUCHI

Sarbani Das, Neelanjana Choudhury and JayantaTarafdar Department of Plant Pathology Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya, Mohanpur 741252, West Bengal

Abstract

Pathogenesis Related Protein gene family play important roles in the regulation of various biological processes such as the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses.In this work, we isolated PR1 gene from a tomato cultivar PatharKuchi, which was dependently expressed in leaves and PR5 gene was consistently expressed with or without application of inducing agents.Total RNA was extracted from leaves from untreated control and Ssalicylic acid (SA, Aspirin), Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) and the fungicides viz. BenalaxylM and Valifenalatetreated plants in the growth chamber and in MOPS buffer. M-MLV reverse transcriptase was used to synthesize cDNA from total RNA. PCR and qRT-PCR was conducted and 18S and Actingeneswere used as calibration control. Treatment of SA, MeJA, BenalaxylM and Valifenalateamplified the PR1 genewith specific primer pairs but the untreated control plants failed to induce.On the other hand, we also characterized the PR5under untreated or induced conditions and the results showed that high independent expression of PR5 and 18S gene have occurred in tomato leaves.The consensus nt sequences of PR 5 and PR 1 have been gene bank accessed number ofLT855381 and LT856234 respectively. The current Tomato Genome version SL3.0 and Annotation ITAG3.10 [New] confirmed the location of the homologous PR 5 gene Solyc08g080670 [61,057,123 <61,057,875] (96.87 centisomes) and PR 1 gene (Solyc00g174330 and Solyc0g174340) on chromosome 8 of tomato genome which confirmed the temporal regulation of PR 5

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 74 gene in tomato plants but PR 1 gene in tomato was differentially regulated as PR 1 family gene.The qRT-PCR analyses also offered strong support that PR1 gene was expressed inBenlaxyl M (CT value 33.04) and Valifenalte (CT value 20.85) dependent manner whereas the negative control had no CT value.We speculated that expression profiling of PR1 gene may help to predict the functions of some specific fungicides involved in induction-mediated resistance as well as direct fungicidal activity to the invading pathogen like P. infestans in tomato conferring superior efficacy of the particular fungicides.

STUDIES ON VARIABILITY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF TWIG BLIGHT DISEASE OF CHILI CAUSED BY Choanephora cucurbitarum.

Siddhartha Das1, Subrata Dutta*2 & Bholanath Mondal3 Department of Plant Pathology, BCKV1,2, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal: 741252, India Department of Plant Protection, Visva-Bharati1,3 , Birbhum, West Bengal: 731235, India *E.mail of Corresponding Author – [email protected]

Abstract

Chili (Capsicum annum L./Solanaceae) is the universal spice in India. It is affected by as many as 26 diseases, at different stages of crop growth among which “Twig blight” is one of the major disease and agro-lock situation suffered by chilli cultivars, in monsoon season par year. Based on this recent agro climatic situation our research objective is sub-divided into five key objectives - I] morphological and pathological variability of Choanephora cucurbitarum. II] Studies on host range of Choanephora cucurbitarum. III] Effect of temperature and wetness duration on spore biology IV] Studies on the effect of weather variables on twig blight disease severity and V] Studies on the effect of different fungicidal molecules on management of twig blight disease of chilli. For the fulfillment mentioned key objectives we have followed several strategies like survey and surveillance of disease specific domains of Gangetic alluvial region, estimation of disease severity, isolation and morpho-cultural characterization of the pathogen by using different methods, molecular detection and variability study among different isolates, detection of most influencing factor for disease spreading, estimation of meteorological factors compare to previous weather condition for the detection of increasing disease rate, managemental approach of the pathogen through bio-control

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 75 and fungicidal molecules, construction of epidemiological modeling for disease prediction. Results revealed that among the 26 different tested media CEPDA (chilli extract potato dextrose agar) (4.74) and 30°C temperature supported (7.9) the highest radial growth rate and suitable for sporulation, pH 5 was observed to be best for growth of C.cucurbitarum (2.37 cm) followed by pH 5.5. Our investigation on host range first times explores some unknown hosts of this pathogen from India. Temperature range between 28-30 °C along with 70-90% moisture level and 16 hours minimum surface moisture triggers the mycelial growth as well spore germination. Molecular detection of rDNA region was further confirmed by ITS sequencing (using ITS-1 and ITS-4 primers) and get 98-100 % homology with NCBI available data base. Simultaneously variability study with comparative analysis was done among collected isolates and C.cucurbitarum isolates of different geographical locations in NCBI-Genbank database by intra and inters grouping cladistics. Pseudomonas fluorescence the most potent biocontrol agent and two chemical fungicide Nativo (25% Trifloxystrobin and 50% Tebuconazole) and TATA contaf (Hexaconazole 5% EC) are very much effective for disease suppression and control measures. Disease prediction with three different epidemiological modeling (linear regression, binary logistics, and canonical discriminant analysis) of field data helps to construct a brief knowledge about the disease nature. Among which binary logistic model is best fitted for prediction of disease risk/non risk period. The present research signifies at its own and opens a new direction by adding some new information regarding disease nature, host indexing, disease management and establishing disease prediction model.

EFFECT OF SOIL ABIOTIC FACTORS AND CROPPING SYSTEM ON Sclerotium rolfsii DISEASE CONDUCIVE/SUPPRESSIVENESS

Suraj Goldar*, Sujit Kumar Ray and Subrata Dutta Department of Plant Pathology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur-741252 [email protected]

Abstract

Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. (telomorph: Athelia rolfsii (Cruzi) is a widespread soil borne pathogen in vegetable producing areas. It is a devastating soil-borne fungus and it infects more than 500 plant species belonging to 100 plant families in tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Sclerotium rolfsii represents both unity and diversity

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 76 in fungi. It may be a plant pathogen, a parasite, a symbiont, or a facultative parasite. Its pathogenesis is complex; and has heterogeneity of strains and diversity in host range. Temperature, moisture, pH and fungal nutrition have shown a significant influence on disease caused by S. rolfsii over various hosts. The pathogen is difficult to manage due to the existence of high level of variability of isolates, low inherent level of resistance of crop cultivars, wide host range of the pathogen, ability to survive in soil for a long time due to melanized sclerotia and mycelial production. Complex interaction of crop rhizosphere, soil environmental factors and microbiota also influence the suppressiveness and conduciveness of soil towards soil-borne plant pathogen. Suppressive soil serve as an excellent agent for plant disease management. The most common hosts of this pathogen are the legumes, crucifers, cucurbits and crops of solanaceous family. Survival, population build up, successful parasitic relationship and rate of spread of Sclerotium rolfsii in soil-plant system depend on different types of crops in sequence, rhizosphere microbial diversities, soil physio-chemical and biological characteristics and abiotic stress factors like soil moisture and temperature. The thorough understanding of these factors with special emphasis on the influence of different rotational crops for declining of S. rolfsii population in rice/vegetable/jute based cropping system of West Bengal will help in managing the diseases incited by the pathogen on many crops. Cereal/ grass family dominated cropping sequence and brassicaceae family rotated cropping sequence reduced sclerotial population and disease incidence of S. rolfsii. Cruciferous vegetable based cropping system i.e. Brinjal- Rice-Cabbage, Jute-Rice-Cabbage and cereal based cropping system like Maize-Rice- Rice and Maize-Rice-Tomato are the important cropping sequences of this region considering both for reduction in sclerotial population and disease incidence and also for harnessing higher economic return. Seasonal deviation and fluctuation of sclerotial population was noticed and population was found to be higher during Rabi and pre- kharif season, while very low sclerotial population was noticed in kharif season under rice based cropping system. Crop types, soil types, duration of submergence, soil physico-chemical and microbiological parameters along with weather and soil factors were found to conjointly influence the sclerotial population of the soil. Key words : Sclerotium rolfsii, Crop rotation and Sclerotia,.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 77 STUDY ON BLAST DISEASE OF RICE AND ITS MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

*Suman Dutta and Sekhar Bandyopadhyay Department of Plant Pathology, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Coochbehar

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.)crop is subjected to various biotic stresses and among them,Blast is the most important and destructive disease of rice, which is caused by Pyriculariaoryzae(Teleomorph-MagnaportheoryzaeCouch) formally known as Pyriculariagrisea(Cooke) Sacc.] (Couch and Kohn, 2002). The pathogen was isolated from the rice field of UBKV instructional Farm. The best media for the pathogen was found to be Oat meal agar & PDA media whereas the growth was highest at 300C temperature.Among five carbon and four nitrogen sources (in vitro) glucose and potassium nitrate was noticed to be the best for the growth of the pathogen .The cultural growth of the pathogen was optimum at pH 6. The size of the conidia measured about 17.96 - 26.64 μm × 7.36 - 9.22 μm(average 22.42 × 8.59 μm) from leaf sample and 12.06 - 19.95 μm × 5.38 - 9.06 μm (average 16.45 × 7.46 μm) when grown in media. The length of the conidia was higher in leaf sample than in media. Mostly 2 celled conidia were found from rice grain media and 3 celled conidia from infected leaf sample. Only in sterilized rice grain the conidia of the pathogen were produced after 55-60 days.Under in-vitro condition, all the chemicals tested showed good growth inhibition over control. The lowest ED 90 value of 399.82 ppm was found in (Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WP). A highly susceptible rice variety swarnaMashuri(MTU 7029) was planted in randomized block design and the application of various fungicides namelyAzoxystrobin 23% SC 1ml/l, Tricyclazole 75% WP 1gm/l, Azoxystrobin 23% EC+Difenoconazole 25% EC 0.4ml/l, Tebuconazole 50% EC+Trifloxystrobin 25% WG 0.4gm/l, Tebuconazole 25% EC 1ml/l, Difenoconazole 25% EC 1ml/l, Tricyclazole 75% WP+Mancozeb 75% WP 3gm/l of water was done. All the fungicides proved to be effective in the management of rice blast disease but the lowest AUDPC of 348.15 was recorded by 3 sprayings with Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 25% WP which is closely followed by 3 times spray with Azoxystrobin 23% EC + Difenoconazole 25% EC with an AUDPC of 362.96. These two treatments are at par with each other. The highest AUDPC of 687.65 was recorded in control.

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 78 VARIABILITY OF DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF Sclerotinia sclerotiorum AND ITS MANAGEMENT

S. Hansda, S.K. Ray and S. Dutta Department of Plant Pathology, BCKV, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal

Abstract

Sclerotiniasclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, the causal fungus of Sclerotinia rot or white blight or white mould or stem disease is a ubiquitous, necrotrophic, homothallic, soil- borne, destructive plant pathogenic fungi reproducing asexually through sclerotia and sexually through self-fertilization to produce ascospores. In the present study, fourteen isolates from brinjal, and one of isolate each from french bean, cucumber and tulsi were primarily isolated, purified by single hyphal tip/single sclerotial method. Majority of the WB isolates of S. sclerotiorumarebelonging to slow to medium growth rate group. Among the isolates, 28.57% isolates (SS-7, SS-9, SS-13, SS-14) were distributed in low biomass producer group, 64.28% isolates (SS-1, SS-2, SS-3, SS-4, SS-5, SS-8, SS-10, SS-11, SS-12) in moderate and 7.14% of isolates (SS-6) in high biomass producer group. Wide level of variability existed among the isolates of S. sclerotiorum. Weight of sclerotia, dry weight of mycelia and number of sclerotia are the important morphological markers for this differentiation. On the basis of mycelia compatibility, 103 combinations (75.74% of all the combination) were recorded as vegetative incompatibility groups among all the isolates. Among the seventeen different isolates of S.sclerotiorum, isolate SS-1, SS-2, SS-3 and SS-4 were compatible with most of the isolates, and among this SS-2 showed highest compatible reaction. The lowest compatible reaction was observed on SS-6, SS-7, SS-8, SS-10, SS-11 and SS-13 isolates. Among fourteen S. sclerotiorumisolates 57.2% isolates belong to moderate to highly virulent groups and 43.2% isolates belong to low to very low virulent groups when evaluated against brinjal (Muktakeshi). Growth rate, sclerotial weight and number were considered to be the important predictor for virulence of S. sclerotiorum isolates of West Bengal. These three morphological and cultural parameters of S. sclerotiorumcan able to predict the variation of virulence of S. sclerotiorumup to sixty one percent.Sclerotial viability was the lowest for all sampling dates (except after one month of the burial where 100% germination recorded in all treatments) at the soil surface, followed by the 3 and 5 cm depth, while the sclerotia that were placed on 15 cm depth had the highest viability for all sampling treatments. Sclerotial germination was more during the winter months when sclerotia were exposed to cool seasonal temperatures.Soil with less moisture and high organic matter content reduced the caprogenic germination of sclerotia and also the infection induced by S.sclerotiorum. Higher level of microbial activity in oraganic amendments soils

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 79 lead to the decay of sclerotia and reduced the caprogenic germination of sclerotia. Apothecia formation was observed under light and light/dark cycles (12/12 hr) but no apothecia formation was observed under dark condition. Under continuous light, apothecia formation was found to be comparatively faster than alternate light dark cycles (12/ 12 hr). Trichodermaviridae, Bacillus-1 and Pseudomonas sp. (FPK-22) were found to be effective antagonist against S. sclerotiorumunder in-vitro condition. Pyraclostrobin+Metiramwas found to be the best fungicides in reducing disease severity (13.80 %) and increased yield (235.1q/ha.) followed by Azoxystrobin (14.60 % & 229.8 q/ha.) in comparison with control (36.60% &172.6 q/ha.).

IPS (EZ) Meet cum National Symposium - 2017 | 80 Wide Range of Products

Portfolio of over 80 brands, two third sales from 'Specialty molecules'

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