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Book of Abstracts BOOK OF ABSTRACTS OPENING SESSION Opening lecture 1 Global change is a challenging parameter for plant pest risk assessment. Charles Manceau1 1Anses – French agency for food, environmental and occupational health & safety, 7 rue Jean Dixméras, F- 49044 Angers Cedex 01, France Global change refers to planetary-scale changes in the Earth system which includes human society. Global change encompasses climate, land use, biodiversity, trade of plant and plant parts and has a strong and well defined impact on plant health despite the short time frame under consideration. Emerging plant diseases present many serious issues for human well-being, whether in agricultural, forestry, environmental or regulatory arenas. The temporal and spatial scales of plant disease emergence are defining features related to local, national and global drivers. These include the increases in global trade, of course, but also the introduction of novel crop, changes in production systems, interactions occurring at the landscape level and the impact of climate change. Agroecology is a one of the drivers that raise questions about the predictability of emerging plant diseases Pest risk analysis (PRA) is the process used by National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) as the technical justification for phytosanitary measures. PRA is defined by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) as “the process of evaluating biological or other scientific and economic evidence to determine whether a pest should be regulated and the strength of any phytosanitary measures to be taken against it.” The process requires a risk assessment to characterize the risk and risk management to determine appropriate measures. PRAs are mainly performed in the context of the international trade. An introduced pathogen in one region that leads to an emerging disease may have been endemic, widespread and sometimes cryptic in another. Besides, it may be re-emergence of a disease which had disappeared because of modifications in production systems. Genetic changes through hybridization can lead to host shifts and adaptations. Less often, the emerging disease may be caused by a pathogen that is hitherto new to science. Keywords: emerging diseases, Pest risk analysis, IPPC Opening lecture 2 Valuing Biodiversity and Biotic Interactions for Crop protection in Agroecology Philippe Lemanceau1, Françoise Lescourret2, Sandrine Petit1 1Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France 2Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRA, Domaine Saint-Paul, F-84914 Avignon, France The intensive agriculture initiated after the second world war is now considered as being unsustainable because of the erosion of resources (e.g. soils, biodiversity, fossil energy) and the high use of inputs (pesticides, fertilizers, water) with possible deleterious effects both on the environment and on the quality of agricultural products. Accordingly, an increasing interest is given to agroecology with the development of cropping systems which value biodiversity and biotic interactions in agroecosystems. Various illustrations and prospects will be given on the role of biodiversity and biotic interactions in (i) soilborne disease suppression, (ii) the balance between the disservices and services provided by weeds, (iii) keeping the level of pests below a harmfulness threshold. This presentation will encompass the evaluation of (i) the beneficial effects on crop protection of biodiversity (level and composition) and biotic interactions (including trophic networks), and of (ii) the enhancement of these effects by appropriate crop management (including the choice of plant genotypes) at the plot and landscape levels, allowing the decrease of pesticide use while keeping the productivity high enough. Session 1. FROM PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS TO INTERACTIONS WITHIN PHYTOBIOMES (Salle Jean Bart) Keynote lecture 1 Phytobiome ecology: developing novel approaches for sustainable disease management Linda L. Kinkel, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Microbes and plants exist within complex networks of interacting plant and microbial species, the phytobiome. Our work explores the interacting roles of plant community diversity, plant host, and microbial species interactions in determining the pathogen-suppressive potential and composition of soil microbiomes, and the consequences for plant productivity. Using culture-based approaches, we found that rhizosphere Streptomyces associated with the same plant host were significantly more pathogen-suppressive when the host grew in monoculture vs. within a high-diversity plant community. In contrast, populations of Streptomyces in the rhizosphere of plant hosts growing in high-diversity communities were more niche-differentiated than populations associated with the same host in monoculture. These data suggest that plant community diversity plays a critical role in determining the likelihood of antagonistic arms race coevolution vs. niche differentiation among sympatric soil populations, with significant implications for plant disease suppression. Amplicon sequencing of rhizosphere communities associated with different plant hosts provide insights into non-cultured taxa associated with disease suppression. In total, our work illustrates how diffuse networks of species interactions over diverse spatial scales contribute to determining the pathogen- suppressive and plant growth-promoting potential of indigenous soil microbes, and suggests specific crop management approaches targeting species interactions that offer potential for sustainable disease control. Keywords: phytobiome, disease suppression, coevolution, suppressive soil, antagonist, Streptomyces Keynote lecture 2 Individual-based ecology of the phyllomicrobiome Johan Leveau1 1University of California, Department of Plant Pathology, Davis, CA 95616, USA The interactions of plant-associated microorganisms among themselves and with their host are complex and take place across a wide range of spatial scales. There is a limited understanding of the types, mechanisms, and outcomes of these interactions at the lowest scale, i.e. at the level of individual microbes, and how these interactions link to observations at higher-level spatial scales. Here, I will explore recent progress that has been made in the field of individual-based ecology of the phyllomicrobiome, i.e. the plant leaf surface as a habitat for microorganisms. I will present examples from our own work to highlight the value of the individual-based approach as well as the use of new research tools that allow the single-cell interrogation of a microbe’s experience of its environment, the deconstruction of leaf surface complexity to understand the impact of microscale factors such as leaf surface topography, and the in silico simulation and prediction of individual-based interactions in a heterogeneous environment. Keywords: phyllosphere, individual-based ecology Session 1 Oral 1 Plant-microbe interactions in strawberry grown in sustainable and disease suppressive substrates Jane Debodea, Caroline De Tendera, Ana Shein Lee Diaza,b, Tina Kyndtb, Bart Vandecasteelea, Hilde Muyllea and Martine Maesa aInstitute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Merelbeke-Melle, Belgium. bGhent University, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Research group Epigenetics & defence, Gent, Belgium. Peat based substrates are not sustainable and often fail to support biological control, even when inoculated with biocontrol agents. Locally produced plant fibres may allow for partially replacing peat in substrates. Moreover, they may easily be colonized by microorganisms and in this way promote the installation of biological control agents resulting in disease suppressiveness. Strawberry pot trials were conducted using miscanthus straw as a 20% v/v amendment in peat. The miscanthus straw was extruded and pre-colonized with the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum (MSEXTRI treatment). Strawberry plants grown in this treatment were significantly less susceptible to Botrytis cinerea inoculated on the fruits as compared to 100% peat and peat with 20% v/v extruded miscanthus straw (MSEX treatment). Both bacterial and fungal rhizosphere communities were studied using 16S rDNA V3-V4 and ITS2 metabarcoding, respectively. The specific presence of Trichoderma in the rhizosphere was studied using platings on semi-selective medium. The strawberry defence response was studied through gene expression analysis. Adding extruded miscanthus straw significantly reduced the fungal diversity in the strawberry rhizosphere. Surprisingly, in the MSEXTRI treatment, the relative abundance of the fungal Humicola spp. was highly increased as compared to the 100% peat and MSEX treatment, whereas the relative abundance of the Trichoderma spp. was low in all treatments. Humicola spp. are known for their potential in lignocellulose degradation and induced resistance. Plating on semi-selective medium showed that only the strawberry roots of the MSEXTRI treatment were consistently colonised by Trichoderma. Bacterial communities maintained their diversity and did not exhibit significant changes, although some genera shifted in relative abundance between the treatments. The strawberry plants grown in the MSEXTRI treatment showed an up-regulation of defence genes Fachi2-1, Fachi2-2 and FaPAL as compared to the other treatments. This might be correlated with the observed changes in the rhizosphere
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