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This Electronic Thesis Or Dissertation Has Been Downloaded from the King’S Research Portal At This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Dynamics and Institutionalisation of the Japan – US Naval Relationship (1976- 2001) Guran, Elizabeth Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Title: The Dynamics and Institutionalisation of the Japan – US Naval Relationship (1976-2001) Author: M. Elizabeth Guran The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ You are free to: • Share: to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: • Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). • Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. • No Derivative Works: You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. The Dynamics and Institutionalisation of the Japan – US Naval Relationship (1976-2001) M. Elizabeth Guran Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of War Studies King’s College University of London January 2008 Abstract At the start of the twenty-first century, cooperation amongst international navies has once again emerged as an important element of international affairs, given new global security challenges, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. As such, the Japan-US naval relationship has been a relatively under-studied topic. The thesis pursues two interrelated objectives. First, it identifies and discusses the dynamics that have driven and in some cases constrained the development and institutionalisation of the Japan-US naval relationship over a 25-year period, between 1976 and 2001. Second, it examines the relationship between naval cooperation and institutionalisation in this particular naval relationship. A variety of factors contributed to the development and institutionalisation of the Japan-US naval relationship during this time period. The research indicates that the internal dynamics within the naval relationship, combined with external influences such as threat perceptions, national leadership influence and domestic politics drove and/or constrained the relationship at various times. The proposition advanced by this thesis is that when the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force and US Navy operate together against a mutually acknowledged security threat or challenge, sharing risks and the defence burden, a dynamic is created in which cooperation encourages institutionalisation, which in turn facilitates improved cooperation. Institutionalisation is characterised in the thesis by the nature and extent of internal coordination, operational interaction, external linkages and by the depth of the relationship. The analytical framework uses these four components as indicators of progress in the development and institutionalisation of the naval relationship. A mapping technique is employed in the thesis as a tool of analysis to help order issues and provide a structure for comparing empirical data at three points over the course of twenty-five years. i Acknowledgements Over the course of this long journey, I have many people to acknowledge and thank who helped sustain and provide guidance during my work on this thesis. I regret that I cannot identify everyone by name. My first thanks goes to my supervisor, Dr. Joanna Spear, Associate Professor of International Affairs and Director of the Elliott School’s Security Policy Studies Program at George Washington University. She graciously kept me as her student long after she left King’s College and her wise words helped steer the structure and substance of this project. I also want to thank King’s College and the Department of War Studies, whose patience I appreciated as I worked diligently to complete this thesis, while continuing to work for the US Government—a feat more difficult than I ever could have imagined. I owe much to my family for their encouragement, understanding and tolerance over the course of my studies, including many shortened or missed holidays. I regret sadly that my father, who was here at the start of this project, is not here now to see its conclusion. I believe he would be proud. My friends, as well as colleagues at the US Government Accountability Office (GAO), deserve my heartfelt thanks. I tried their patience on numerous occasions, I’m sure, but they stood by me during the tough times and provided much inspiration and moral support. The Unity of Washington, DC choir was my rock while writing this thesis and buoyed my spirit during our weekly practices. To the Capital Hiking Club, I will return as a hike leader—I promise. I also want to thank the Council on Foreign Relations and Hitachi for providing me the opportunity, in 2002, to work at the National Institute for Defense Studies in Tokyo, as part of the International Affairs Fellowship. The experience provided many valuable interactions with Japan’s Self-Defense Forces, and it gave me a better ii appreciation and understanding of the national security decisionmaking environment in Japan. Finally, I want to thank the many naval officers from both Japan and the United States—active and retired—who graciously provided me with endless hours of interviews. Their professionalism and dedication to their service and to their mission is admirable. With them, I share a love of the sea. iii Table of Contents Page Abstract i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iv Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Literature Review, Research Design and Methodology 6 Institutionalisation International Naval Cooperation—a Historical Perspective Japan-US Naval Relationship Japan-US Security Relationship and Its Institutionalisation Culture and Societal Issues Literature Review Conclusion Research Design and Analytical Framework Chapter 2: Institutional Foundations for the Naval Relationship: 82 1976-1981 The Nature and Basis of the Japan-US Naval Relationship Prior to 1976 Mapping the Japan-US Naval Relationship (1976-1981) Internal Coordination Operational Interactions Institutional Depth External Linkages Summary Other Factors that Influenced the Japan-US Naval Relationship Threat Perceptions Changing Public Opinion and Politics in Japan Defence Burdensharing Defence Cooperation Initiatives Importance of People Summary Conclusion Chapter 3: Maturing of the Naval Relationship: 1986-1991 162 Mapping the Japan-US Naval Relationship (1986-1991) Internal Coordination Operational Interactions Institutional Depth iv External Linkages Summary Other Factors that Influenced the Japan-US Naval Relationship Changing Threat Environment Closer Working Relationships on Security Issues Economic and Other Pressures Summary Conclusion Chapter 4: Strengthening Institutional Links: 1996-2001 213 Mapping the Japan-US Naval Relationship (1986-1991) Internal Coordination Operational Interactions Institutional Depth External Linkages Summary Other Factors that Influenced the Japan-US Naval Relationship Divergence of Interests and Policy Priorities Japan and US Respond to New Security Challenges New Institutional Frameworks Japan’s ‘Special Measures’ Legislation and New Security Cooperation Summary Conclusion Chapter 5: Conclusions 259 Institutionalisation and Cooperation External and Internal Influences on the Naval Relationship Strengths and Weaknesses of Mapping as a Methodological Tool The Future of the Japan-US Naval Relationship and Related Future Research Final Summary Tables Table 1: Japan-US Combined Training in the Vicinity 85 of Japan (1973-1976) Table 2: National Disclosure Policy Towards Japan 96 (January 1977) Table 3: Japan-US
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