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US Strategic Retrenchment and Security-Seeking Behaviors of the US Allies in Northeast Asia Seok Ryul Kang Purdue University

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US Strategic Retrenchment and Security-Seeking Behaviors of the US Allies in Northeast Asia Seok Ryul Kang Purdue University Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 8-2016 US strategic retrenchment and security-seeking behaviors of the US allies in Northeast Asia Seok Ryul Kang Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Kang, Seok Ryul, "US strategic retrenchment and security-seeking behaviors of the US allies in Northeast Asia" (2016). Open Access Dissertations. 780. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/780 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School Form 30 Updated PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Seok Ryul Kang Entitled US STRATEGIC RETRENCHMENT AND SECURITY-SEEKING BEHAVIORS OF THE US ALLIES IN NORTHEAST ASIA For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Is approved by the final examining committee: Dr. Keith L. Shimko Chair Dr. Aaron M. Hoffman Dr. Harry R. Targ Dr. Eric N. Waltenburg To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Thesis/Dissertation Agreement, Publication Delay, and Certification Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 32), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy of Integrity in Research” and the use of copyright material. Approved by Major Professor(s): Dr. Keith L. Shimko Approved by: Dr. Eric N. Waltenburg 6/14/2016 Head of the Departmental Graduate Program Date US STRATEGIC RETRENCHMENT AND SECURITY-SEEKING BEHAVIORS OF THE US ALLIES IN NORTHEAST ASIA A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University By Seok Ryul Kang In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2016 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii For my beloved wife, Sooyoung. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express appreciation to those who guided, supported, and encouraged me while I was working on this dissertation. First of all, I would like to appreciate Dr. Keith L. Shimko with his commitment to serving as the main advisor of the dissertation. His feedback and suggestion greatly helped shape this dissertation. I would also like to appreciate Dr. Aaron M. Hoffman, Dr. Harry R. Targ, and Dr. Eric N. Waltenburg with their commitment to serving on the dissertation committee. I also express appreciation to the sponsorship of the Fulbright, the financial assistantship of my department and the graduate school. I am also indebted to my family and friends. To my wife, Sooyoung, thank you so much for supporting and encouraging me. To my son, Yejun, thank you for all of the joy you bring to my family. To my parents, Sinung Kang and Kyungnam Lee, and my mother-in law, Youngja Kong, I am so much indebted to your support and love. I appreciate Dr. John Grutzner with all of encouragement and editorial comments for the dissertation. To him and his wife, Jocelyn Grutzner, I and Sooyoung are blessed to have you as a friend here in West Lafayette. To Charlie Edgar and Joyce Edgar, I appreciate you with the friendship with my father and my family, which has maintained so long. Finally, all praise, honor, and glory be to God, through whom I have been given all I have. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1.Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2. A Regional State’s Security Assessment under the Retrenchment of Its Patron ...... 5 1.3. A Regional State’s Security-Promoting Domestic Drives in Response to its Patron’s Retrenchment ................................................................................................................... 9 1.4. A Regional State’s Military Behaviors against the Strategic Interests of Its Patron17 1.5. Research Design ..................................................................................................... 22 1.5.1. Research Hypotheses ....................................................................................... 22 1.5.2. Case Selection .................................................................................................. 23 1.5.3. Measurement of Variables ................................................................................ 27 1.6. Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER 2. CASE STUDY OF JAPAN ........................................................................ 40 2.1. Japan’s Perception of Security ................................................................................ 40 2.1.1. Japan’s Security Assessment in Response to the Nixon Doctrine .................... 40 2.1.2. The Nixon Shock and Japan’s Assessment of the US Reliability .................... 44 2.1.3. The Amelioration of Japan’s Security Concern................................................ 48 2.2. Japan’s Minimalist Defense Posture during the 1970s ........................................... 53 2.2.1. The Rise and Fall of the Independent Defense Concept .................................. 53 2.2.2. The Establishment of the Standard Defense Force Concept ............................ 59 2.2.3. The Establishment of the One Percent of GNP Limit to Defense Spending .... 63 v Page 2.3. Japan’s Military Policies to Honor the U.S. Strategic Interests .............................. 68 2.3.1. Japan’s Disengagement from Nuclear Weapons Development ........................ 68 2.3.2. Enhancement of Security Cooperation between the US and Japan ................. 72 2.4. Realism, Constructivism and Japan’s Security-Seeking Behaviors ....................... 75 2.5. Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................ 82 CHAPTER 3. CASE STUDY OF SOUTH KOREA ........................................................ 87 3.1. The ROK Leadership’s Perception of Security ...................................................... 87 3.1.1. Nixon Administration’s Force Withdrawal from South Korea ........................ 87 3.1.2. ROK’s Security Assessment in Response to the US Force Withdrawal .......... 90 3.1.3. ROK’s Security Assessment under Détente in Northeast Asia ...................... 100 3.2. The ROK Leadership’s Security-Promoting Domestic Drives ............................. 106 3.2.1. The ROK Initiatives to Increase Indigenous Military Capabilities ................ 106 3.2.2. Military Expenditure and Taxation for Autonomous Defense Capability ....... 110 3.2.3. The Development of Heavy Industrialization in South Korea ........................ 115 3.2.4. Establishment of the Societal Base of Autonomous Defense Posture ........... 120 3.3. The ROK’s Military Behaviors against the US Strategic Interests....................... 124 3.3.1. ROK’s Development of Missile Capability ................................................... 124 3.3.2. ROK’s Pursuit of Nuclear Weapons during the 1970s ................................... 129 3.4. Chapter Conclusion .............................................................................................. 137 CHAPTER 4. CASE STUDY OF TAIWAN .................................................................. 141 4.1. The ROC Leadership’s Perception of Security ..................................................... 141 4.1.1. The Taiwan Issue between Washington and Beijing ...................................... 141 4.1.2. Taiwan’s Assessment of US Reliability ......................................................... 147 4.1.3. Taiwan’s Expulsion from the United Nations ................................................ 151 4.1.4. Taiwan’s Assessment of the PRC’s Threats ................................................... 153 4.2. Taiwan’s Security-Promoting Domestic Drives in the 1970s ............................... 158 4.2.1. Development of the Defense Industry in Taiwan ........................................... 158 vi Page 4.2.2. Establishment of a Centralized Decision-Making Process ............................ 162 4.2.3. Military Expenditure and Taxation ................................................................ 164 4.2.4. The Development of Heavy Industrialization in Taiwan ............................... 167 4.2.5. Policy of Taiwanization .................................................................................. 174 4.3. The Rise and Fall of Taiwan’s Nuclear Development Project in the 1970s ......... 178 4.4. Chapter Conclusion .............................................................................................. 190 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION........................................................................................ 195 5.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 195 5.2. Review of Theory and Research Design .............................................................. 196 5.3. Synthesis of Empirical Findings ..........................................................................
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