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American Logbooks and Journals in Salem, Massachusetts on the Philippines 1796-1894

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American Logbooks and Journals in Salem, Massachusetts on the Philippines 1796-1894 AMERICAN LOGBOOKS AND JOURNALS IN SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS ON THE PHILIPPINES 1796-1894 BY IsAGANI R. MEDINA Before the formal take-over of the Philippines by the United States in 1898, American ships from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New York, and other western ports, have already made stop-overs and traded in Manila and some places in the Visayas and Mindanao. The earliest vessel registered at Salem was in 1797, while the ship Mindoro terminated tP,e foreign commerce of the port of Salem in April, 1897. early as 1845, the bark Mindoro, apparently the earliest American vessel named after an island W. the Philippines have gone to the Archipelago. Soon Boston ships like the Sooloo (built 1861), the Mindoro (built 1864) and the Panay (built 1877) will be named after islands in the Philippines. The Astrea (second) a, 32Mon ship owned by Elias H. Derby, with Henry Prince as master, was .the first American ship to initiate a direct Philippine- American trade route in 1796. Scholars, though, believe that . there were other ·American ships 1796 coming from Providence, Boston. and Georgetown which ante-dated .the Astrea. The McHales, for one, think that the Massachusetts was the first American ship to have stopped in the Philippines, that is, at in 1790. The pioneering voyage of the Astrea was recorded ·in a journal kept by the fa,mous mathematician Natha:- niel Bowditch ( 1773-1838), and because of its significance, was edited by Thomas R. McHale and Mary . C. McHale and published in 1962 by Yale University as Early American-Philippine Tt·ade; the Journal of Nathaniel Bowditch in Manila, 1796. Earlier, in 1955, Benito Legarda, Jr., defended his doctoral dissertation in Economics at Harvard entitled Foreign Trade, Ecanomic Change and Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century Philippines which indeed is an important contribution to the early trade and commercial relations. In 1965, the compiler of this preliminary finding aid of available source materials, spent part of his time as a fellow of the University of the Philip- pines in the two well-known repositories of logbooks and journals in the United States: the Essex Institute · and the Peabody Museum at Salem, Massachusetts, to survey Filipiniana materials particularly on the early Philip- pine-American relations. In fact, his article "Filipiniana in the North American Review, 1854-1902", which appeared in the Journal of Philippine Librarian- ship I (March, 1968), pp. 75-83,: deals along the same lines. He also surveyed the collections of the Harvard University libraries and the Boston 177 178 ASIAN STUDIES Public Library, which equally yielded some source materials on the subject. The Hunnewell Papers, for instance, at the Houghton Library at Harvard, has a logbook of the John Gilpin, a clipper ship, which made 118 days' voyage from Boston to Honohilu (Hawaii, then known as Sandwich Islands), including Manila, from April, 1855 to April 30, 1857. Pertinent portions on Manila are found on pages 72-89 (voyage from Honolulu to Manila), pages 90-94 (at Manila), and pages 95-135 (from Manila to New York). Of course, the McHales used the original manuscript of the Astrea journal available at the Bowditch Collection of the Rare Book Department of the Boston Public Library ( f;IE.5092.93). Other libraries and archives surveyed and Fili- piniana items noted down were that of the Salem Public Library, the Boston Athenaeum, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston University; the Whaling Museum at New Bedford, the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, all in Massachusetts; the Brown University at Providence, Rhode Island; the Yale University libraries at New Haven, Connecticut, among others. Because logbooks, official (and private) journals are the full written record of the ship's voyage, they are undeniably reliable first-hand source materials on the late 18th and early 19th century Philippines as seen through the American eyes. They are positive proofs of the American interest in the trade with the Far East, including the Philippines, before 1898. They record significant primary information and insights on the folkways of the natives heretofore not mentioned in other available sources, as in the case of the journals of the brig Spy ( 1832-1834) and the ship Logan ( 1837-1839). Places like Manila and Cavite, as ports of entry, are best described, sometimes accompanied by sketches of land elevations, like that one found in the private journal of Jacob Crowninshield of the frigate Congress (1819-1821) and the journal of the brig Nautilus (1821-1822). Through these docu- ments, we can see that the Americans even before the opening of Manila to world commerce in 1834, have gone as far as Zamboanga and Guam, from the capital, as recorded by Mrs. William Haswell on board the barque Lydia. Passengers, too, like William B. Huntington, en route to Manila from New York, kept a journal of his voyage aboard the clippership Contest (February 21-June 28, 1863). Some of them include illustrations and list of the crew members. A number of these vessels that entered the Philippines met their fate in a number of ways, either outside or within the Archipelago. The Per- severance had to cross arms with a French privateer off the Bahamas in 1799; the Active, the first American vessel from Salem to trade with Fiji, was later on sold to the Portuguese at San Salvador in 1810; the Endeavour was plundered of $4,500 by a privateer from Colombia while en route to Manila in 1825; the brig. Otter was lost on Anegardo Reef in 1829; the Friendship was assaulted and captured by the Malays off Kuala Batu (Sumatra) in 1831; the Glide dashed against the Takanova reef at Fiji in 1832; the bark Derby was attacked by the Malay pirates in 1834 and finally AMERICAN LOGBOOKS AND JOURNALS IN SALEM 179 shipwrecked at Falkland Islands in 1838; and the Formosa was lost off the Alias Straits (Java) in 1880. The Philippine typhoons, too, were the causes of the loss or damage of these vessels, so that they :were then either condemned or sold in Manila. The Crusoe was lost during a strong typhoon at Manila in 1831; the St. Paul, after recording twelve Salem-Manila voyages, was wrecked off the San Bernardino Straits in 1851, while the Panay was destroyed on Simara Island in 1890. Either condemned or sold were the brig Peru in 1827, the schooner Spy in 1832 and the bark Samos about 1846. The following finding guide on American logbooks and journals on the Philippines were selected from the holdings of the Essex Institute and the Peabody Museum. They are now arranged in such a way that the chronological or historical approach is maintained, to show the earliest entries in each institution on the subject. Call numbers used by the two repositories are given at the -last line of each entry, to facilitate the location of the materials and in some instances, to see the number or kind (whether photo- stat or typewritten) of copies possessed by them. Part II of the finding aid is a "Preliminary Checklist of American Vessels that Entered the Philippines, 1790-1894", culled from a variety of sources but mainly from the basic listing ( tnat is, Part I) of logbooks and journals. The compiler hopes to complete this study through the kind assistance of other scholars interested in the subject. In addition to the logbooks and journals, the Essex Institute has important Filipiniana books and pamphlefs as Gonzalez de Mendoza's Dell' historia della China (3d Italian edition, 1586); Salmon's Hedendagsche historie ( 6 vols., 1736); Guignes' Voyages ( 3 vols., 1808); Sainte-Croix's Voyage ( 3 vols., 1810); Dobell's Sept Annees en Chine (1838); D'Almeida's A Lady's Visit to Manila and Japan (1863); Mrs. Hillard's My Mother's Journal (1900) on the 5-years' stay at Manila; Macao and the Cape of Good Hope ( 1829- 1834); Madrolle's Chine du Sud (1916); Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the PhiUppines for the years 1865, 1866, 1875, 1898 and 1911. Four views about the 1863 earthquake is captured in the 46 photograph album marked Photographic Views of Hongkong, Canton, Manila and Siam. Interesting and useful Filipiniana for the writing of 19th century Philippine economic history are the Price Current published and issued by the Ker & Co. of Manila of which they have for the years 1866 to 1906; the Circular of Exports for the years 1865-1867 by the Peele, Hubbel & Co. (existing in Manila from 1822-1887); five numbers of the Precios Corrientes de Manila (July 20 and August 10, 1839; October 17, 1840 and March 27 and April 3, 1841); an issue for January 5, 1895 of the Market Reports of the Smith, Bell & Co.; the January 4, 1890 issue of the Bi-Weekly Circular of the Warner, Blodgett & Co. and its Exports from Manila, Iloilo and Cebu during 1895 and Warner, Barnes & Company's Bi-Weekly Circular for March 24, 1899. Four boxes of the Russell & Sturgis Co. founded in 180 ASIAN STUDIES Manila in 1827-1876, a gift from the Essex Institute, are now in the Baker Library of the Harvard University, which includes important documents dating from 1868-1886. Three interesting items on shipping are List of Penalties Concerning Port Regulations of Manila, September, 1828 in Spanish, French, English and German; Regulations to be Observed by Merchant Vessels in the Bay and Ports of Manila from July 15, 1842, a broadside measuring 44 x 33 centimeters, in Spanish, English and French, and cion Para Navegar en la Bahia de Manila, y Reglas que Rigen en Sus Fondeaderos, Manila, 1854, another broadside measuring 44 x 33 ems.
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